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明新學報 32 pp.359-377 Volume 32, Minghsin Journal, August 2006 明新學報 32 , Volume 32, Minghsin Journal 359 中日話題的對比分析 栗原祐美 明新科技大學旅館事業管理系 摘要 雖然中文和日文都是使用漢字的語言,但中文屬於漢藏語系,日語則是阿爾泰語系的語言,因此兩 者的語言差距不小。例如,中文沒有任何主語、賓語等格標記(marker)。而日語則是幾乎所有的名詞之後 都要有標誌,例如「は」(WA)一般認為其表示話題、「が」(GA)則表示主語。正由於中日文兩者之間的差 異,因而造成中籍學習者學習日語時的障礙。 本文將中文話題(topic)分為五:「賓語提前型」、「主語兼任話題型」、「部分主語提前型」、「動詞省略 型」和「無移位型」,並進行中日話題的對比分析。這樣可以預測中籍學生學日語話題時容易犯錯的地方。 關鍵字:中日對比分析、話題、日語教育 Comparative Study; Topic between Mandarin and Japanese Yumi Kurihara Department of Hotel Management, Minghsin University of Science and Technology Abstract Kanji (Chinese character) is used in Mandarin and Japanese. However, there are some differences between them; Mandarin belongs to the China-Tibetan language family; while the Japanese belongs to the Altaic language family. Moreover, Mandarin doesn’t have any case markers, subject, and object marker. On the other hand, the Japanese has many case markers: For example, WA is used as a topic marker, and Ga as a subject marker. Therefore, Chinese students often make errors when they speak Japanese. In this study, in terms of some topics which are divided into five categories: “object-transfer style”, “both subject-topic style”, “part of subject transfer style”, “verb-ellipsis style” and “non-transfer style”, the Mandarin and Japanese language will be compared. Thus, the Chinese learner’s error will be predicted. Keyword: Comparative study, Topic, Teaching Japanese as a second language 一、緒論 1.1 研究動機與目的 中文的一大特色是主語(Subject) 、賓語(Object)等都沒有任何格標誌(Case Marker) 。而日語幾乎所有的 旅館事業管理系講師 地址:新竹縣新豐鄉新興路 1 Tel03-5593142 3776 E-mail[email protected]
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  • 32 pp.359-377 Volume 32, Minghsin Journal, August 2006

    32, Volume 32, Minghsin Journal 359

    (marker)

    (WA)(GA)

    (topic)

    Comparative Study; Topic between Mandarin and Japanese Yumi Kurihara

    Department of Hotel Management, Minghsin University of Science and Technology

    Abstract Kanji (Chinese character) is used in Mandarin and Japanese. However, there are some differences between

    them; Mandarin belongs to the China-Tibetan language family; while the Japanese belongs to the Altaic

    language family. Moreover, Mandarin doesnt have any case markers, subject, and object marker. On the other

    hand, the Japanese has many case markers: For example, WA is used as a topic marker, and Ga as a subject

    marker. Therefore, Chinese students often make errors when they speak Japanese.

    In this study, in terms of some topics which are divided into five categories: object-transfer style, both

    subject-topic style, part of subject transfer style, verb-ellipsis style and non-transfer style, the Mandarin

    and Japanese language will be compared. Thus, the Chinese learners error will be predicted.

    Keyword: Comparative study, Topic, Teaching Japanese as a second language

    1.1

    (Subject)(Object)(Case Marker)

    1 Tel03-5593142 3776

    [email protected]

  • 32, Volume 32, Minghsin Journal 360

    (particle)1(WA)(GA)

    (1) *2

    (2) *

    (1)(2)

    (3) *

    (4) *

    (3)

    4

    1.2

    subject

    topic

    topic is what we are talking about

    (discourse)

    1 2000 2

  • 32, Volume 32, Minghsin Journal 361

    1.3

    2.1

    (2004)

    (5) a. TsukiWA utsukushii desu ne.

    b.

    TsukiGA utsukushii desu ne.

    (6) a. AmeWA hutteimasu

    b.

    AmeGA hutteimasu

    (5)a b

    (6)b a

    (WA)(GA)Kuno (1973b38)

    1 Kuno (1973b)

    1

    (topic)

    TaroWA gakusei desu.

    WA

    2

    (contrast)

    AmeWA hutteimasuga, yukiWA hutteimasen.

    1

    (neutral

    descriptions)

    Oya, Taro GA kimashita.

  • 32, Volume 32, Minghsin Journal 362

    2

    (exhaustive listing)

    TaroGA gakusei desu.

    GA

    3

    (object marking)

    Bokuwa hanako GA sukida.

    1

    1 2.1.2

    23

    1(neutral descriptions)

    (7) TegamiGA kita.

    (8) AmeGA hutteiru.

    (9) Taihenda, TaroGA byokida.

    (7)(8)

    (9)

    2(exhaustive listing)X(and only)XIt is X that

    (10) TaroGA gakusei desu.

    (11) BokuGA sushiga tabetai.

    (10)4

    3 1 4 (10)(11)

  • 32, Volume 32, Minghsin Journal 363

    (11)

    3(object marking)(transitive verbs)

    (transitive adjectives)

    (12) Tarowa HanakoGA sukida.

    (13) IeGA hoshii.

    (WA)(GA)

    2.2

    (topic)(subject)

    Li and Thompson

    Li and Thompson (1976,1981)(subject)(syntax)

    (selectional relations)(verb-agreement)

    (discourse)(what the sentence is about)(Li and Thompson,1981:91-95)

    (topic)

    (subject)

    NP

    1 Li and Thompson (1976,1981)

    (14) John is easy to please. (15) John appears to be angry. (16) (17) (18) 5 (19) (20)

    5

  • 32, Volume 32, Minghsin Journal 364

    Li and Thompson (1976,1981) (14)(15)John

    be easyappear

    Li and Thompson (1976,1981)

    1.

    (discourse)

    (selectional relations)(verb-agreement)

    2.

    VSO

    (Structure)(Function)

    3.1 3.2 3.1 3.2

    3.1

    Kuroda(1965)6(1996) Kuroda(1965)

    Kuroda(1965)7movement

    1.

    (DS)(SS)8

    9 a-e

    (21) 10 Kono honWA Taro ga yonda.

    a. [] [] []

    b. [] [] []+(marking)

    c. []- []-- []

    d. []-- []- []

    6 KUNO1973b:62 7 (movement) 8 (deep structure, DS)(surface

    structure, SS) 9 10

  • 32, Volume 32, Minghsin Journal 365

    e. []- []- []

    S

    VP

    NP

    t

    NP

    N

    S

    Topic

    V

    2

    ()

    (22) ()

    S

    VP

    NP

    NP

    N

    t

    S

    Topic

    V

    3

    (DS)(topic)

    2.

    Kuroda(1965)11

    (23) SakanaWA Taiga oishii.

    Kuroda(1965)(topic)

    11 KUNO(1973a:36)

  • 32, Volume 32, Minghsin Journal 366

    S

    S

    Adj

    NP

    Topic

    4

    Chafe(1976)

    (topic, Chinese-style)

    (1996) Kuroda(1965)1.

    //2.

    3. 4.

    5.

    (1996)

    1. 2. 1 3. 2 4. 5.

    1.

    (1996)

    1-1

    (24) KonohonWA Chichiga kattekureta.

    1-2

    (25) ChichiWA Konohon o kattekureta.

  • 32, Volume 32, Minghsin Journal 367

    (26) Taro karewa totemo ganbariya da.

    2425

    2. 1

    (27) ZouWA Hanaga nagai

    1-2

    1-2

    (28) [] []

    3. 2

    (29) KakiryoriWA Hiroshimaga honba da.

    1

    1 2

    (30) [] [] []

    1 2

  • 32, Volume 32, Minghsin Journal 368

    4.

    (31) ShinbunWA kozeni o goyoi kudasai.

    (31)

    (31)

    (32) [S1 ] [S2]

    S

    S2

    S1

    t

    S

    topic

    4

    (33) TokkyuWA sakini shiteiken o konyu shimasu.

    (34) Spaghetti WA jikan ga kakaru.

    (33)

    (34)

    5.

  • 32, Volume 32, Minghsin Journal 369

    (35) SakanaWA tai ga oishii.

    (36) [] theme [] [] (38) Chafe(1976)

    (topic, Chinese-style)

    Kuroda(1965)(1996)

    (24)

    (23)

    (1996) 123 4

    5

    2

    1.

    KonohonWA Chichiga kattekureta.

    2.

    ChichiWA Konohono kattekureta.

    3.

    ZouWA Hanaga nagai

    KakiryoriWA Hiroshimaga honba da. 4.

    ShinbunWA kozeni o goyoi kudasai.

  • 32, Volume 32, Minghsin Journal 370

    5.

    SakanaWA tai ga oishii.

    3.2

    (Huang,1982)1992(1984)

    1.

    Huang(1982)12(movement)

    (37)

    S

    VP

    NP

    t

    NP

    N

    S

    Topic

    V

    5

    Huang(1982)

    2.

    (1992:44-50) Huang(1982)(37)

    (topic, Chinese-style)

    Fruits, I like applesFish, I like

    bream fish

    (38) [] theme [] [] []

    12 (1992:44-50)

  • 32, Volume 32, Minghsin Journal 371

    S

    S

    VPNP

    Topic

    NPN V

    6

    (1992)

    Chomsky(1957)13(island conditions)

    1992

    (38)

    (1984)

    (WA)(1984)

    1. /

    2. //

    3 /

    4. /

    5.

    6.

    7.

    8.

    9.

    10.

    11.

    12.

    13.

    14.

    15. /

    16.

    17.

    18.

    19.

    13 (1992:44-47)

  • 32, Volume 32, Minghsin Journal 372

    20.

    21.

    (1984)

    (Huang1982)1992

    (37)

    (38)

    (topic,Chinese-style)(topic)

    (1984)

    Huang(1982)(1992)(1984)

    3

    1.

    2.

    3.

    4.

    3.3

  • 32, Volume 32, Minghsin Journal 373

    4

    4.1

    (1996)(clause-linking)

    (aboutness)14

    (39) NP

    (39) A . Kodomotachi ga imasen ne.

    14 (1996)(1997)

    (clause-linking)(aboutness)

  • 32, Volume 32, Minghsin Journal 374

    B .

    KodomotachiWA ima mukoude curry o tukutte imasu.

    B1

    KareraWA ima mukoude curry o tukutte imasu.

    (40) A Kodomotachi ga imasen ne..

    B

    Curry WA ima mukoude kodomotachiga tukutte imasu.

    7

    (39) A B

    B1

    (40) B

    (40)

    (predicate)

    (41) ZouWA Hanaga nagai

    (42) KakiryoriWA Hiroshimaga honba da.

    (43) SakanaWA tai ga oishii.

  • 32, Volume 32, Minghsin Journal 375

    8

    (41)

    (42)

    (43)

    (dual function)(clause-linking)

    (aboutness)

    4.2

    (1992)(1996)

    (1992:210)15(aboutness)

    (44) a. 16 b.

    c.

    d.

    (44)b

    c

    d

    (1997,1999)(1992)

    (clause-lingking)

    (45) A: B:

    B (45) A B

    15 16

  • 32, Volume 32, Minghsin Journal 376

    (anaphoricity)

    (1978,)(topic chain)

    (46) a) i17 b) 0i

    c) 0i

    d) 0i j

    e) 0j

    a-e 5bc d(i) a

    e)(j)c) e)(45)(46)

    (dual function)

    4.3

    4.1 4.2 (dual function)(clause-linking)

    (aboutness)

    (zero anaphora)

    (predicate)

    5

    A. B.

    A B

    17 (i)(j)(46)(i)0(i)

  • 32, Volume 32, Minghsin Journal 377

    (pedagogical grammar)

    Richards.Jack C.. 1998. . English-Chinese edition

    p.513

    .1996. .. . P.1-13

    .1999. .. P.112-129

    .1992. .. P.32-218

    ..1995. . . P.4-80

    .1984.-.

    . P.111-123

    .1999...

    . P.312-345

    .1996... P.18-82

    .2004... P.77-143

    Chafe, Wallance. L. 1976. Givenness, Contrastiveness, Difiniteness, Subjects, Topics, and Point of View. in

    Subject and Topic. New YorkAcademic Press. P.27-55

    Kuno, Susumu. 1973b. The structure of Japanese language. MassachusettsMIT press. P.37-95

    Kuroda, S.-Y. 1965. Generative Grammatical Studies in the Japanese Language. Ph.D. dissertation, MIT,

    Cambridge, Mass P.45

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