中日話題的對比分析 - lib.must.edu.tw ·...

32 pp.359-377 Volume 32, Minghsin Journal, August 2006

32, Volume 32, Minghsin Journal 359

(marker)

(WA)(GA)

(topic)

Comparative Study; Topic between Mandarin and Japanese Yumi Kurihara

Department of Hotel Management, Minghsin University of Science and Technology

Abstract Kanji (Chinese character) is used in Mandarin and Japanese. However, there are some differences between

them; Mandarin belongs to the China-Tibetan language family; while the Japanese belongs to the Altaic

language family. Moreover, Mandarin doesnt have any case markers, subject, and object marker. On the other

hand, the Japanese has many case markers: For example, WA is used as a topic marker, and Ga as a subject

marker. Therefore, Chinese students often make errors when they speak Japanese.

In this study, in terms of some topics which are divided into five categories: object-transfer style, both

subject-topic style, part of subject transfer style, verb-ellipsis style and non-transfer style, the Mandarin

and Japanese language will be compared. Thus, the Chinese learners error will be predicted.

Keyword: Comparative study, Topic, Teaching Japanese as a second language

1.1

(Subject)(Object)(Case Marker)

1 Tel03-5593142 3776

[email protected]


(particle)1(WA)(GA)

(1) *2

(2) *

(1)(2)

(3) *

(4) *

(3)

4

1.2

subject

topic

topic is what we are talking about

(discourse)

1 2000 2


1.3

2.1

(2004)

(5) a. TsukiWA utsukushii desu ne.

b.

TsukiGA utsukushii desu ne.

(6) a. AmeWA hutteimasu

b.

AmeGA hutteimasu

(5)a b

(6)b a

(WA)(GA)Kuno (1973b38)

1 Kuno (1973b)

1

(topic)

TaroWA gakusei desu.

WA

2

(contrast)

AmeWA hutteimasuga, yukiWA hutteimasen.

1

(neutral

descriptions)

Oya, Taro GA kimashita.


2

(exhaustive listing)

TaroGA gakusei desu.

GA

3

(object marking)

Bokuwa hanako GA sukida.

1

1 2.1.2

23

1(neutral descriptions)

(7) TegamiGA kita.

(8) AmeGA hutteiru.

(9) Taihenda, TaroGA byokida.

(7)(8)

(9)

2(exhaustive listing)X(and only)XIt is X that

(10) TaroGA gakusei desu.

(11) BokuGA sushiga tabetai.

(10)4

3 1 4 (10)(11)


(11)

3(object marking)(transitive verbs)

(transitive adjectives)

(12) Tarowa HanakoGA sukida.

(13) IeGA hoshii.

(WA)(GA)

2.2

(topic)(subject)

Li and Thompson

Li and Thompson (1976,1981)(subject)(syntax)

(selectional relations)(verb-agreement)

(discourse)(what the sentence is about)(Li and Thompson,1981:91-95)

(topic)

(subject)

NP

1 Li and Thompson (1976,1981)

(14) John is easy to please. (15) John appears to be angry. (16) (17) (18) 5 (19) (20)

5


Li and Thompson (1976,1981) (14)(15)John

be easyappear

Li and Thompson (1976,1981)

1.

(discourse)

(selectional relations)(verb-agreement)

2.

VSO

(Structure)(Function)

3.1 3.2 3.1 3.2

3.1

Kuroda(1965)6(1996) Kuroda(1965)

Kuroda(1965)7movement

1.

(DS)(SS)8

9 a-e

(21) 10 Kono honWA Taro ga yonda.

a. [] [] []

b. [] [] []+(marking)

c. []- []-- []

d. []-- []- []

6 KUNO1973b:62 7 (movement) 8 (deep structure, DS)(surface

structure, SS) 9 10


e. []- []- []

S

VP

NP

t

NP

N

S

Topic

V

2

()

(22) ()

S

VP

NP

NP

N

t

S

Topic

V

3

(DS)(topic)

2.

Kuroda(1965)11

(23) SakanaWA Taiga oishii.

Kuroda(1965)(topic)

11 KUNO(1973a:36)


S

S

Adj

NP

Topic

4

Chafe(1976)

(topic, Chinese-style)

(1996) Kuroda(1965)1.

//2.

3. 4.

5.

(1996)

1. 2. 1 3. 2 4. 5.

1.

(1996)

1-1

(24) KonohonWA Chichiga kattekureta.

1-2

(25) ChichiWA Konohon o kattekureta.


(26) Taro karewa totemo ganbariya da.

2425

2. 1

(27) ZouWA Hanaga nagai

1-2

1-2

(28) [] []

3. 2

(29) KakiryoriWA Hiroshimaga honba da.

1

1 2

(30) [] [] []

1 2


4.

(31) ShinbunWA kozeni o goyoi kudasai.

(31)

(31)

(32) [S1 ] [S2]

S

S2

S1

t

S

topic

4

(33) TokkyuWA sakini shiteiken o konyu shimasu.

(34) Spaghetti WA jikan ga kakaru.

(33)

(34)

5.


(35) SakanaWA tai ga oishii.

(36) [] theme [] [] (38) Chafe(1976)


Kuroda(1965)(1996)

(24)

(23)

(1996) 123 4

5

2

1.

KonohonWA Chichiga kattekureta.

2.

ChichiWA Konohono kattekureta.

3.

ZouWA Hanaga nagai

KakiryoriWA Hiroshimaga honba da. 4.

ShinbunWA kozeni o goyoi kudasai.


5.

SakanaWA tai ga oishii.

3.2

(Huang,1982)1992(1984)

1.

Huang(1982)12(movement)

(37)

S

VP

NP

t

NP

N

S

Topic

V

5

Huang(1982)

2.

(1992:44-50) Huang(1982)(37)


Fruits, I like applesFish, I like

bream fish

(38) [] theme [] [] []

12 (1992:44-50)


S

S

VPNP

Topic

NPN V

6

(1992)

Chomsky(1957)13(island conditions)

1992

(38)

(1984)

(WA)(1984)

1. /

2. //

3 /

4. /

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

13.

14.

15. /

16.

17.

18.

19.

13 (1992:44-47)


20.

21.

(1984)

(Huang1982)1992

(37)

(38)

(topic,Chinese-style)(topic)

(1984)

Huang(1982)(1992)(1984)

3

1.

2.

3.

4.

3.3


4

4.1

(1996)(clause-linking)

(aboutness)14

(39) NP

(39) A . Kodomotachi ga imasen ne.

14 (1996)(1997)

(clause-linking)(aboutness)


B .

KodomotachiWA ima mukoude curry o tukutte imasu.

B1

KareraWA ima mukoude curry o tukutte imasu.

(40) A Kodomotachi ga imasen ne..

B

Curry WA ima mukoude kodomotachiga tukutte imasu.

7

(39) A B

B1

(40) B

(40)

(predicate)

(41) ZouWA Hanaga nagai

(42) KakiryoriWA Hiroshimaga honba da.

(43) SakanaWA tai ga oishii.


8

(41)

(42)

(43)

(dual function)(clause-linking)

(aboutness)

4.2

(1992)(1996)

(1992:210)15(aboutness)

(44) a. 16 b.

c.

d.

(44)b

c

d

(1997,1999)(1992)

(clause-lingking)

(45) A: B:

B (45) A B

15 16


(anaphoricity)

(1978,)(topic chain)

(46) a) i17 b) 0i

c) 0i

d) 0i j

e) 0j

a-e 5bc d(i) a

e)(j)c) e)(45)(46)

(dual function)

4.3

4.1 4.2 (dual function)(clause-linking)

(aboutness)

(zero anaphora)

(predicate)

5

A. B.

A B

17 (i)(j)(46)(i)0(i)


(pedagogical grammar)

Richards.Jack C.. 1998. . English-Chinese edition

p.513

.1996. .. . P.1-13

.1999. .. P.112-129

.1992. .. P.32-218

..1995. . . P.4-80

.1984.-.

. P.111-123

.1999...

. P.312-345

.1996... P.18-82

.2004... P.77-143

Chafe, Wallance. L. 1976. Givenness, Contrastiveness, Difiniteness, Subjects, Topics, and Point of View. in

Subject and Topic. New YorkAcademic Press. P.27-55

Kuno, Susumu. 1973b. The structure of Japanese language. MassachusettsMIT press. P.37-95

Kuroda, S.-Y. 1965. Generative Grammatical Studies in the Japanese Language. Ph.D. dissertation, MIT,

Cambridge, Mass P.45

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