EEOS 350 – Quantitative Hydrogeology. Syllabus an (optimistic) approximation of what we will cover. Text: Fundamentals of Ground Water, Schwartz and Zhang, 2003. http://www.wiley.com/WileyCDA/WileyTitle/productCd-0471137855.html - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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September 4, 2007 EEOS 350 – Quantitative EEOS 350 – Quantitative Hydrogeology Hydrogeology Syllabus Syllabus an (optimistic) an (optimistic) approximation of what we will approximation of what we will cover. cover. Text: Fundamentals of Ground Text: Fundamentals of Ground Water, Schwartz and Zhang, 2003. Water, Schwartz and Zhang, 2003. http://www.wiley.com/WileyCDA/Wi http://www.wiley.com/WileyCDA/Wi leyTitle/productCd-0471137855.ht leyTitle/productCd-0471137855.ht ml ml ERRATA!! Need to go through and ERRATA!! Need to go through and highlight the errors in your highlight the errors in your text! text!
Syllabus Syllabus an (optimistic) an (optimistic) approximation of what we will approximation of what we will cover.cover.
Text: Fundamentals of Ground Text: Fundamentals of Ground Water, Schwartz and Zhang, 2003. Water, Schwartz and Zhang, 2003. http://www.wiley.com/WileyCDA/Wihttp://www.wiley.com/WileyCDA/WileyTitle/productCd-0471137855.htleyTitle/productCd-0471137855.htmlml
ERRATA!! Need to go through and ERRATA!! Need to go through and highlight the errors in your text!highlight the errors in your text!
– Water level mapWater level map– Slug testsSlug tests– Install transducersInstall transducers– Run pumping testRun pumping test
September 4, 2007 3
Water FactsWater Facts Requirements:Requirements:
– A person requires 3 liters/day (3.2 qts/day) of water A person requires 3 liters/day (3.2 qts/day) of water for drinking (minimum survival requirement)for drinking (minimum survival requirement)
– 50 liters/day (13.2 gal/day) for drinking, sanitation 50 liters/day (13.2 gal/day) for drinking, sanitation and hygiene.and hygiene.
– 1300 m1300 m33/yr (940 gal/day) when food production is /yr (940 gal/day) when food production is included. included.
Uses:Uses:– Average US citizen uses 80 to 100 gal/day. During Average US citizen uses 80 to 100 gal/day. During
medieval times, a person only used 5 gal/day (didn’t medieval times, a person only used 5 gal/day (didn’t shower much, I guess).shower much, I guess).
– A single flush of a toilet requires 2-7 gal (same as A single flush of a toilet requires 2-7 gal (same as King Arthur used in a whole day!)King Arthur used in a whole day!)
– 2 gal to brush teeth, 25-50 gal for shower2 gal to brush teeth, 25-50 gal for shower– It takes 1 gal of water to process a quarter pound of It takes 1 gal of water to process a quarter pound of
hamburger.hamburger.– It takes 2072 gal to make 4 tires.It takes 2072 gal to make 4 tires.
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How much water stored (in How much water stored (in %)?%)?
Global renewable water resourcesGlobal renewable water resources~ ~ 40,000 billion cubic meters 40,000 billion cubic meters
(BCM)(BCM) Accessible in both space & timeAccessible in both space & time
~ ~ 20,000 BCM20,000 BCM Minimum human freshwater Minimum human freshwater
requirements = 1,300 mrequirements = 1,300 m33/yr per person/yr per person ~ ~ 7,800 BCM7,800 BCM
Human requirementsHuman requirements
~ ~ 39% of total supply and yet…39% of total supply and yet…
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……in the year 2000:in the year 2000:– 1 billion people lacked access to 1 billion people lacked access to
improved drinking waterimproved drinking water»2 out of 5 Africans2 out of 5 Africans
– 2.4 billion lacked access to 2.4 billion lacked access to improved sanitationimproved sanitation»fewer than half of all Asiansfewer than half of all Asians
Source: Global Water Supply and Sanitation Assessment 2000 Report, WHO
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…because freshwater is not evenly distributed.
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What makes water so What makes water so unique?unique?
Water is the only substance found Water is the only substance found in all three states (phases) at in all three states (phases) at ambient temperatures.ambient temperatures.– Water has unusually high melting and Water has unusually high melting and
boiling points.boiling points.
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What makes water so What makes water so unique?unique?
Water expands when both heated Water expands when both heated or cooled from 4or cooled from 4°C.°C.– This makes fish VERY happy, but This makes fish VERY happy, but
sometimes not water fowl!sometimes not water fowl!
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What makes water so What makes water so unique?unique?
Water is a “universal solvent”.Water is a “universal solvent”.– High dielectric constant because of it’s High dielectric constant because of it’s
What makes water so What makes water so unique?unique?
Water has a:Water has a:– Extremely low compressibility (water is Extremely low compressibility (water is
considered essentially incompressible).considered essentially incompressible).– high thermal conductivity (that’s why we high thermal conductivity (that’s why we
get cold even when the pool is heated)get cold even when the pool is heated)– Low electrical conductivityLow electrical conductivity– High viscosity (relative to other liquids)High viscosity (relative to other liquids)– High surface tension (making water High surface tension (making water
Physical properties of Physical properties of waterwater
Density, Density, : : – 1,000 kg/m1,000 kg/m33 at at
44°C°C– 1.94 slugs/ft1.94 slugs/ft33 at 40°F at 40°F
Specific weight:Specific weight:
Specific gravity:Specific gravity:
g
w
fSG
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Hydrologic CycleHydrologic Cycle
Water BalanceWater BalanceInflow - Outflow = change in storageInflow - Outflow = change in storage
*assumes conservation of mass *assumes conservation of mass mass mass (in this case, water) is neither created (in this case, water) is neither created nor destroyed within the control nor destroyed within the control volume)volume)
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Water balanceWater balance
For a water balance (or any mass For a water balance (or any mass balance), you need:balance), you need:– Control volumeControl volume the boundaries of your the boundaries of your
analysisanalysis– Water balance termsWater balance terms inputs and inputs and
outputs across the CV, storage within CVoutputs across the CV, storage within CV– Time stepTime step time frame over which your time frame over which your
water balance terms are estimated.water balance terms are estimated.
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Control VolumeControl Volume
For mass (or water) balance For mass (or water) balance analysis, need to establish the size analysis, need to establish the size (scale) of the problem.(scale) of the problem.
For a surface water balance, the For a surface water balance, the control volume is the watershed. control volume is the watershed. (Control volume is much harder to (Control volume is much harder to establish in groundwater balance).establish in groundwater balance).
What is a watershed?What is a watershed?
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Delineating a watershed Delineating a watershed boundaryboundary
Pick a point of interest on the streamPick a point of interest on the stream Start on right or left bank, draw a line away Start on right or left bank, draw a line away
from that point, always maintaining the line from that point, always maintaining the line perpendicular to contoursperpendicular to contours
continue line until it is going opposite of continue line until it is going opposite of starting direction (in general).starting direction (in general).
WS boundaries tend to follow ridge lines.WS boundaries tend to follow ridge lines. Always ask “If I was a drop of water, which Always ask “If I was a drop of water, which
way would I fall”way would I fall” A WATERSHED BOUNDARY NEVER CROSSES A A WATERSHED BOUNDARY NEVER CROSSES A
STREAM CHANNEL.STREAM CHANNEL. Start on opposite bank and do the same for Start on opposite bank and do the same for
