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7/18/2019 Effect of Chlorophyll Concentration Variations from Extract of Papaya Leaves on Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell
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Abstract—In this paper, extract of papaya leaves are used as a
natural dye and combined by variations of solvent concentrationapplied on DSSC (Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell). Indonesian geographiclocated on the equator line occasions the magnitude of the potentialto develop organic solar cells made from extracts of chlorophyll as a
substitute for inorganic materials or synthetic dye on DSSC material.Dye serves as absorbing photons which are then converted intoelectrical energy. A conductive coated glass layer called TCO(Transparent Conductive Oxide) is used as a substrate of electrode.
TiO2 nanoparticles as binding dye molecules, redox couple iodide/tri-iodide as the electrolyte and carbon as the counter electrode in theDSSC are used. TiO2 nanoparticles, organic dyes, electrolytes, and
counter electrode are arranged and combined with the layeredstructure of the photo-catalyst absorption layer. Dye absorptionmeasurements using a spectrophotometer at 400-800 nm lightspectrum produces a total amount of chlorophyll 80.076 mg/l. The
test cell at 7 watt LED light with 5000 lux luminescence wasobtained V oc and I sc of 235.5 mV and 14 μA, respectively.
Keywords—DSSC (Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell), natural dye,
chlorophyll, absorption.
I. I NTRODUCTION
OLAR energy is one of the alternative energy that can be
used by humans today. Unlike fossil energy that is
expected to be exhausted in 40 years for oil, 60 years for
natural gas, and 200 years for coal [1]. Indonesia
geographically located on the equator line leads this country
can receive the sunlight more than other countries,
approximate 4.8 kW/m2/day [2]. Based on this phenomenon,
solar energy in Indonesia is the most potential energy to be
used as a source of renewable alternative energy. One of the
technologies that harvests sunlight and converts to electrical
energy is solar cells.DSSC (Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell) have been developed by
Grätzel as alternative energy resource through the discovery of
a new solar cell material with a mimic photosynthesis called
photo-electrochemical reaction [4]. Photosynthesis process
that converts light into chemical energy is the basic of the
chemical approach to the process of changing light into
electrical energy in the DSSC. Development has been offering
Eka Maulana is with the Department of Electrical Engineering, BrawijayaUniversity, Jalan Veteran No. 10 Malang 65145 Indonesia (phone: +62-85-
649-589-668; fax: +62-341-551-430; e-mail: [email protected]).
Sholeh Hadi Pramono, Dody Fanditya, and M Julius are with the
Department of Electrical Engineering, Brawijaya University, Malang,
Indonesia (e-mail: [email protected], [email protected],[email protected]).
cost-efficiency of production, flexible substrates, and low-cost
materials.
Dye commonly used is Ruthenium ( Ru) complex as this
type of synthetic dye was almost close to pure resulting in an
efficiency of 11% [5]. Due to the dye Ruthenium is high cost
to obtain, so in this paper used chlorophyll dye substances
obtained from papaya leaves. The dye role on DSSC acts as
the photon absorption and then a process of excitation of
electrons in the dye molecules to produce electrical energy [6].
The dye ability absorbs the photon is very important thing due
to there is need for characterization. The characterization
needed to determine ability of dye absorbs photons and will
further affect the output power generated combined by TiO2
layer [7]-[9]. Photon absorption level by chlorophyll
dependent on the concentration of chlorophyll which is
influenced by the amount of leaves used the solvent
concentration and the duration of chlorophyll release process
at stirring time. This paper investigates the effect of variations
of this combination to obtain characteristic of the DSSC
performances.
II. METHOD
A. Structure Design
DSSC structure was designed by combining two layers of
glass with different TCO opposite layer. The first glass
(photo-electrode) is composed of layers of TiO2 paste which
has been soaked with a solution of chlorophyll and given
electrolyte solution; while the other glass consists of layers of
carbon as the counter electrode (counter-electrode). DSSC
physical structure is shown in Figs. 1 and 2.
B. Material
A glass substrate was used in this research was conductive
(Indium Tin Dioxide coated) transparent glass ( Aldrich corp.,
TCO-ITO) cut with area of 2x2 cm with surface resistivity of
15-25Ω/sq. TCO (Transparent Conductive Oxide) is a
transparent conductive glass that function as the body of the
solar cell and it conductive layer. This solar cell body serves
as a charge flows. Nano powder TiO2 ( Aldrich corp., titanium
dioxide) 21 nm particles size were used as photoactive layer
material. Nano-porous TiO2 has a band gap energy of 3.2 eV
is needed as transparent semiconductor in most solar light
spectrum. In addition, the TiO2 structure that the pore size in
the nano-scale will increase the system performance due to
nano-porous structure has the characteristics of high surfacearea so it will increase the amount of dye that absorb.
Effect of Chlorophyll Concentration Variations from
Extract of Papaya Leaves on Dye-Sensitized SolarCellEka Maulana, Sholeh Hadi Pramono, Dody Fanditya, M. Julius
S
World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology
International Journal of Electrical, Computer, Electronics and Communication Engineering Vol:9 No:1, 2015
49International Scholarly and Scientific Research & Innovation 9(1) 2015
I n t e r n a t i o n a l S c i e n c e I n d e x V o
l : 9 , N o : 1 , 2 0 1 5 w a s e t . o r g / P u b l i c a t i o n / 1 0 0 0 0 3 1 7
7/18/2019 Effect of Chlorophyll Concentration Variations from Extract of Papaya Leaves on Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/effect-of-chlorophyll-concentration-variations-from-extract-of-papaya-leaves 2/4
et
m
A
th
e
fo
1.
2.
3.
e
le
c
di
s
th
Fi
v
vc
T
3
a
S
o
b
th
C. Substrate
TCO glass
hanol for 10
aterial so tha
fter the clea
e container a
aporates. M
llowing proc
Mixing sol
M) of KI ( Add of 0.1
stirred byKeep the
aluminum D. Dye Prep
Manufacturi
traction of c
aves first we
mparison th
stilled water
bsequently c
en put into 5
g. 3 (a).
The basic
riation ratio
lume of soncentrations
e solutions
, 120 and 18
sorbance o
ectrophotom
the results
and total chl
e Winterman
Fig. 1 Layer
Fig. 2 Side v
and Electroly
s placed in
minutes so
no addition
ing is compl
nd allowed t
king the ele
dure:
ution from 1
otassium io
27 g (0.05 M
agnetic stirr solution in
foil.aration
g process
hlorophyll fr
ighed in acc
at has been
and then dri
rushed with
ml of ethan
ize was 10
etween the
lvent (ml)were varied
ere also sti
0 minutes. O
f chlorophy
eter at the w
btained, amo
rophyll cont
s and De Mot
13.7
25.8
2
Structure of D
ew of DSSC st
te Solution P
a clean cont
sterile and
l resistance
eted the sub
advance up
ctrolyte solu
ml distilled
ide) and 9 ml
) I2 (Iodide) i
er.a dark bott
of dye use
om the leave
rdance with
designed. L
d. Papaya le
porcelain c
l solvent. Pa
grams of
ass of chloro
of 1:5, 2:5,include of 7
rer for time
bservation w
ll by a
avelength of
unt of chloro
ined in the d
s formula;
665 5.76
649 7.60
.0 665
SC
ructure
eparation
ainer and so
eliminate im
alues on TC
strate remove
to the glass
tion is done
ater with 0.8
of acetonitril
nto the soluti
e and wrap
d the princi
s of papaya.
the variation
aves washe
aves that hav
p until smo
aya leaf is s
papaya leav
phyll (gram)
and 3:5.0%, 80% an
variations co
as done by us
himadzu U
300-800 nm.
phyll-a, chlor
ye is analyze
649
665
6.10 665
ked in
urities
glass.
d from
ethanol
by the
g (0.5
e.
on then
ed by
ple of
Papaya
of the
using
e clean
th and
own in
s with
and the
Solventd 98%.
sist of
ing the
-1601
Based
ophyll-
d using
(1)
(2)
(3)
Fi
(P
th
ap
ho
m
w
cr
sp
th
al
T
ca
de
co
[1
ar
an
te
th
ap
le
in
g. 3 (a) Papay
E. Preparatio
In the man
A) of 1.5 g
mixture is
proximately
mogeneous
nufacture o
ighed 0.5 g
ated is adde
atula spoons
F. Coating of
Formed area
conductive
o functions a
e Thickness
be stacke
posited on
mbination of
], [11] were
formed of TG. Firing Pr
TiO2 Paste h
d then in-firi
perature of
TiO2 with T
H. Immersio
TiO2 –coating
proximately
f. The TiO2 l
Fig. 3 (b).
leaf (b) Imme
the chlorop
Fig. 4 D
n of TiO2 Pa
facturing of
was added t
stirred with
30 minut
solution. PV
TiO2 paste.
rams, then t
d to the TiO
ixed with 1
TiO2 Paste o
pasta deposit
lass, formin
s a regulator
f paste on th
in layers
top of the
the doctor bl
applied to he
iO2 on the Tcess of TiO2
as been flat
ng in an ele
450°C. it wa
CO glass.
of TiO2 in C
TCO layer
0 minutes, t
ayer immersi
sion process o
yll dye solutio
SC prototype
te
TiO2 paste,
o 13.5 ml of
a magnetic
s until th
A serves a
Furthermore
he suspensio
2 powder wit
drops or 0.7
TCO Glass
ed with the h
an area of 2
f the thickne
e glass surfac
according to
area that h
ding and bru
lp the smoot
O glass werePaste
on the surfac
tric furnace
s made a bet
hlorophyll D
as soaked in
en a layer o
on in the dye
TiO2-coated
n
Polyvinyl
distilled wate
stirrer at 80
e thickene
a binder
TiO2 powd
n which ha
h a ratio Ti
ml of PVA.
lp of scotch t
x 2 cm. Scot
ss of the TiO
e by the scot
need. Past
as been ma
sh painting
paste. Areas
shown in Fig
e of the TC
for 30 minut
ter contact b
e Solution
the dye solut
TiO2 will b
solution was
CO in
lcohol
r, then
°C for
and
in the
r was
been
2 of 2
ape on
h tape
paste,
h tape
TiO2
de by
ethods
which
. 4 (b).
glass
es at a
etween
ion for
green
shown
World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology
International Journal of Electrical, Computer, Electronics and Communication Engineering Vol:9 No:1, 2015
50International Scholarly and Scientific Research & Innovation 9(1) 2015
I n t e r n a t i o n a l S c i e n c e I n d e x V o
l : 9 , N o : 1 , 2 0 1 5 w a s e t . o r g / P u b l i c a t i o n / 1 0 0 0 0 3 1 7
7/18/2019 Effect of Chlorophyll Concentration Variations from Extract of Papaya Leaves on Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell
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I. Preparation of Counter-Electrode Carbon
Making counter-electrode is done by heating the conductive
side of the TCO glass candle flame for about 30 seconds until
the average carbon to cover the TCO conductive glass. Carbon
TCO glass attached to the specified dimensions according to
the dimensions of TCO coated glass TiO2 paste is 2x2 cm2.
J. Provision of Electrolytes
Giving electrolyte by means of using a pipette dropped by 4
drops or as much as 0.25 ml. Electrolyte solution is used as the
electron transport of carbon to the dye.
K. Assembling DSSC
After each component DSSC successfully created dah
ready, then do the assembly process to form a solar cell.
Assembly is done by gluing glass photo-electrode TCO and
TCO glass counter-electrode sandwich structure and then
clamped with a clip so that attachment is denser and does not
shift. The results of the DSSC have shown in Fig. 4.
L. DSSC Investigating
The experimental setup of DSSC electrical characteristic
was used to obtain the open circuit voltage and short circuit
current. The light measured by lux meter trough the DSSC can
be varied, then the output voltage and current varied too. The
second method, the value of the load resistance is varied to get
electricity performance of DSSC. Some parameters were
observed are open circuit voltage (Voc) and short circuit
current ( Isc), maximum output voltage (V max), and maximum
output current ( I max) to obtain the fill factor (FF ) and
efficiency (η). The FF is defined by the ratio of the maximum
power output of DSSC device is its theoretical power output if both current and voltage were at their maxima, Isc and Voc,
respectively [12].
III. R ESULT AND DISCUSSION
Absorbance chlorophyll dye solution of papaya leaves have
been investigated and measured. Chlorophyll measurement
using spectrophotometer by variation of the ratio papaya
leaves with solvent, solvent concentration and time stirring
were shown in Figs. 5-7. Data analysis of the absorbance to
the wavelengths was used to calculate the number of
chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and total chlorophyll inside dye
solution. The result of a, b, and total chlorophyll at ratio of 1:5are 20.328 mg/l, 54.592 mg/l and 74.804 mg/l, respectively.
The calculation analyses of the ratio of leaves mass and
solvent volume is shown in Table I.
TABLE I
CHLOROPHYLL NUMBER BY VARIATION OF R ATIO OF LEAVES MASS AND
SOLVENT VOLUME
Sample
ratio
Chlorophyll a
(mg/l)
Chlorophyll b
(mg/l)
Total Chlorophyll
(mg/l)
1:5 20.328 54.592 74.804
2:5 20.446 55.556 75.895
3:5 22.690 57.509 80.076
Fig. 5 Absorbance of chlorophyll dye solution by the variation of
ratio between leaves mass (m) and solvent volume (v)
Fig. 6 Absorbance of chlorophyll dye solution by the variation ofethanol solvent concentration
Fig. 7 Absorbance of chlorophyll dye solution by the variation of
stirring time
TABLE IIELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTIC OF DSSC BY VARIATION OF R ATIO OF LEAVES
MASS AND SOLVENT VOLUME
Sample(ratio)
Total Chlorophyll(mg/l)
Voc
(mV) Isc
(μA)Pmax
(watt)
1:5 74.804 160.7 2.8 112.64x10-9
2:5 75.895 203 4 203x10-9
3:5 80.076 235.5 14 824.64x10-9
World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology
International Journal of Electrical, Computer, Electronics and Communication Engineering Vol:9 No:1, 2015
51International Scholarly and Scientific Research & Innovation 9(1) 2015
I n t e r n a t i o n a l S c i e n c e I n d e x V o
l : 9 , N o : 1 , 2 0 1 5 w a s e t . o r g / P u b l i c a t i o n / 1 0 0 0 0 3 1 7
7/18/2019 Effect of Chlorophyll Concentration Variations from Extract of Papaya Leaves on Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell
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a
cth
c
el
ra
T
3:
th
b
c
th
s
h
s
D
c
in
w
th
in
re
in
1)
2)
3)
4)
ELECTRICAL CH
Solvent
(%)
Tot
70
8098
ELECTRICAL CH
Stir time
(minutes)
30
120
180
The maxim
hieved from
rrelated to te amount of
tch more p
ectrical char
tio of leaves
able II. The
5 by 235.5m
ere are differ
the three ty
ncentration.
an the 80%
own in Tabl
ve conseque
bsequent ef
SSC. Increa
lorophyll nu
Fig. 7 and T
ere achieved
e characteriz
creasing line
ached fill fac
According t
vestigation a
DSSC havmethod: d
glass, firin
dye solutio
of DSSC b
Refer to th
solvent vo
maximum
factor of D
Variation
98%. It ca
was 824.6
The variati
T
RACTERISTIC O
CONCENTR
l Chlorophyll
(mg/l)
61.815
75.06780.076
T
RACTERISTIC O
TIM
otal Chlorophyll
(mg/l)
80.076
75.895
75.895
m number o
the variatio
e chlorophyllchlorophyll
otons great
cteristic of
mass and so
oc and Isc
V and 14 μ
ences in the
pes of chloro
The average
and 70% of
e III increas
ces on the
ect on the
ing stirring
ber. Effect
ble IV. The
at 30 minute
ation of the
arly. The D
ors (FF) up t
IV.
the design
d electrical a
e been designye processin
g substrate, i
n, counter el
y active area
e variation o
lume of 1:5,
chlorophyll
SSC of 25%
of solvent c
n be achieve
x10-9 watt at
on of stirrin
BLE III
THE DSSC BY
TION PERCENTA
Voc
(mV)
Is
(μ
218.4 5.
224.2 8235.5 1
BLE IV
THE DSSC BY
DURATION
Voc
(mV) I
(
235.5 1
191 3
171 2
f a, b, and t
of 3:5 ma
absorbancereleased by
r than 2:5
SSC was o
lvent volum
ere achieved
, respectivel
eak absorba
phyll dye by
maximum
concentratio
ng linearly.
ate of photo
oltage outp
time reduce
f variation s
aximum ele
of stirring ti
output volta
SSC charact
25%.
ONCLUSION
of DSSC, chl
nalysis it can
ed and chara, TiO2 past
mersion Ti
ctrode proce
of 1.8 x 1.8 c
the ratio bet
2:5 and 3:5;
number of 8
at ratio of 3:5
ncentration
d that the ou
solvent conc
time of chlo
ARIATION OF SO
GE
)
Pma
(watt
279.07x
449.24x 824.64x
ARIATION OF ST
sc
A)Pma
(watt
4 824.64x
.6 172x1
.8 119.97x
tal chloroph
s and volu
n Fig. 5. It r solvent at 3:
and 1:5 rati
served by v
which is sh
maximize at
. Fig. 6 sho
ce values ge
variation of
eak of 98%
of solvent,
This differen
absorption
ts produced
the Voc, I
irring time is
ctrical charac
me. The resu
e against cu
eristic have
orophyll abs
be concluded
terized by fo, TiO2-coate
2 TCO substr
sing, and fab
.
ween leaves
it can be ob
0.076 mg/l
.
was 70%, 8
put power o
ntration of 9
rophyll extra
LVENT
)
10-9
10-9
10-9
RRING
10-9 -9
10-9
ll was
e ratio
efers to5 ratio
o. The
ariation
own in
ratio of
s that
nerated
solvent
higher
it was
ce will
and the
by the
c, and
shown
eristics
lt show
rent is
already
rbance
that:
lowingd TCO
ate into
ication
ass to
ain the
nd fill
% and
DSSC
%.
ct ware
DI
(2
[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
[5]
[6]
[7]
[8][9]
[10
[11
[12
Do
De
M.
De
observed o
chlorophyll
and I sc of 2
This researc
KTI, Depart
13-2014) in
A. Quan, “
Preliminary
Roskilde Uni
S. Manan, “So
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Maulana, hecular electron
ctrical Engineeri graduated of B
2009 and grad
versity in 2011.
oleh Hadi Pra
laser applicat
ctrical Engineeris graduated fro
iversitas Indone
0 and 2009, res
field is electron
rical Engineerin
field is microe
rical Engineerin
nd 180 min
achieved at
14 μA, respec
LEDGMENT
rted by a g
ucation and
PUPT-Braw
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ion. He is lect
ng, Brawijaya Um Brawijaya
ia (UI) of Maste
ectively.
c design. He is b
, Brawijaya Uni
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, Brawijaya Uni
tes. The ma
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jaya Univers
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Degree from
n opto-electrote
urer in Depart
niversity (1988-niversity in 1
r and Doctoral
achelor degree s
versity (2010-no
LSI. He is lec
versity (1982-no
imum
by V oc
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onesia
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World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology
International Journal of Electrical, Computer, Electronics and Communication Engineering Vol:9 No:1, 2015
52International Scholarly and Scientific Research & Innovation 9(1) 2015
I n t e r n a t i o n a l S c i e n c e I n d e x V o
l : 9 , N o : 1 , 2 0 1 5 w a s e t . o r g / P u b l i c a t i o n / 1 0 0 0 0 3 1 7