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Effect of earth on transmission line, bundle conductor & method of gmd

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Topic Effect of earth on transmission line, Bundle conductor & Method of GMD
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Page 1: Effect of earth on transmission line, bundle conductor & method of gmd

TopicEffect of earth on transmission

line, Bundle conductor & Method of GMD

Page 2: Effect of earth on transmission line, bundle conductor & method of gmd

EFFECTS OF EARTH ON THE CAPACITANCE OF THREE PHASE TRANSMISSION LINESThe capacitance of transmission line is affected by the presence of earth. Because of earth, electric field of a line is reduced. If we assume that the earth is a perfect conductor in the form of a horizontal plane of infinite extent, we realize that the electric field of charged conductors above the earth is not the same as it would be if the equipotential surface of earth were not present.       The method of images is used while considering this type of problems. For this consider a single phase line having 2 conductors as shown in the Fig.       

Page 3: Effect of earth on transmission line, bundle conductor & method of gmd

 

A fictitious conductor is placed below each conductor of the same size and shape as the overhead conductor lying directly below the original conductor at a distance equal to twice the distance of the conductor above the plane of ground. If the earth is removed and a charge equal and opposite to that an overhead conductor is assumed on the fictitious conductor, the plane midway between conductor and its image is an equipotential surface and occupies the same position as the equipotential surface of earth. This fictitious conductor is called image conductor having the charge opposite to that of overhead conductor.

Page 5: Effect of earth on transmission line, bundle conductor & method of gmd

oComparing above equation with expression for capacitance of single phase line without considering the effect of earth, we can see that earth tries to increase the capacitance of line by small amount.

oBut the effect is negligible if the conductors are high above ground compared to distances between them.

Page 6: Effect of earth on transmission line, bundle conductor & method of gmd

Bundle Conductorso Bundled Conductors are used in transmission lines where the voltage exceeds 230 kV.

o At such high voltages, ordinary conductors will result in excessive corona and noise which may affect communication lines.  

o The increased corona will result in significant power loss.  Bundle conductors consist of three or four conductors for each phase.

o The conductors are separated from each other by means of spacers at regular intervals.  Thus, they do not touch each other.

Page 7: Effect of earth on transmission line, bundle conductor & method of gmd

How Bundle Conductor Work.ofor extra high voltage lines corona causes a large problem if the conductor has only one conductor per phase. Corona occurs when the surface potential gradient of a conductor exceeds the dielectric strength of the surrounding air.

oThis causes ionization of the area near the conductor. Corona produces power loss. It also causes interference with communication channels. Corona manifests itself with a hissing sound and ozone discharge. Since most long distance power lines in India are either 220 kV or 400 kV, avoidance of the occurrence of corona is desirable. 

Page 8: Effect of earth on transmission line, bundle conductor & method of gmd

oThe high voltage surface gradient is reduced considerably by having two or more conductors per phase in close proximity. This is called conductor bundling .

oThe conductors are bundled in groups of two, three or four . The conductors of a bundle are separated at regular intervals with spacer dampers that prevent clashing of the conductors and prevent them from swaying in the wind. They also connect the conductors in parallel. 

Page 9: Effect of earth on transmission line, bundle conductor & method of gmd

Advantage Of Bundle Conductoro Bundled conductors are primarily employed to reduce the corona loss and radio interference. However they have several advantages:

o Bundled conductors per phase reduces the voltage gradient in the vicinity of the line. Thus reduces the possibility of the corona discharge. (Corona effect will be observed when the air medium present between the phases charged up and start to ionize and acts as a conducting medium. This is avoided by employing bundled conductors)

o Improvement in the transmission efficiency as loss due to corona effect is countered.o Bundled conductor lines will have higher capacitance to neutral in comparison with single lines. Thus they will have higher charging currents which helps in improving the power factor.

Page 10: Effect of earth on transmission line, bundle conductor & method of gmd
Page 11: Effect of earth on transmission line, bundle conductor & method of gmd

Method of GMD• Concept of Self-GMD and Mutual-GMD The use of self geometrical mean distance and mutual geometrical mean distance (mutual-GMD) simplifies the inductance calculations, particularly relating to multi conductor arrangements. The symbols used for these are respectively Ds and Dm. 

• Self-GMD (DS) : 

• In order to have concept of self-GMD (also sometimes called Geometrical mean radius ; GMR), consider the expression for inductance per conductor per metre

• =  

• =  

Page 12: Effect of earth on transmission line, bundle conductor & method of gmd

In this expression, the term 2 × 10-7 × (1/4) is the inductance due to flux within the solid conductor. For many purposes, it is desirable to eliminate this term by the introduction of a concept called self-GMD or GMR. If we replace the original solid conductor by an equivalent hollow cylinder with extremely thin walls, the current is confined to the conductor surface and internal conductor flux linkage would be almost zero. 

Consequently, inductance due to internal flux would be zero and the term 2 × 10-7 × (1/4) shall be eliminated. The radius of this equivalent hollow cylinder must be sufficiently smaller than the physical radius of the conductor to allow room for enough additional flux to compensate for the absence of internal flux linkage.

Self - GMD.  

Page 13: Effect of earth on transmission line, bundle conductor & method of gmd

The mutual-GMD is the geometrical mean of the distances form one conductor to the other and, therefore, must be between the largest and smallest such distance. In fact, mutual-GMD simply represents the equivalent geometrical spacing. 

The mutual-GMD between two conductors (assuming that spacing between conductors is large compared to the diameter of each conductor) is equal to the distance between their centres i.e. 

Dm = spacing between conductors = d 

For a single circuit 3-φ line, the mutual-GMD is equal to the equivalent equilateral spacing i.e., (d1 d2 d3) 1/3 .

Dm = (d1 d2 d3) 1/3 

The principle of geometrical mean distances can be most profitably employed to 3-φ double circuit lines. Consider the conductor arrangement of the double circuit shown in Fig. below Suppose the radius of each conductor is r.

 Fig. Self-GMD of conductor = 0·7788 r 

Self-GMD of combination aa´ is Ds1 = (

Self-GMD of combination bb´ is Ds2 = (

Self-GMD of combination cc  is Ds3 = (′Equivalent self-GMD of one phase Ds =(

Mutual-GMD. 

Page 14: Effect of earth on transmission line, bundle conductor & method of gmd

• The value of Ds is the same for all the phases as each conductor has the same radius Mutual-GMD between phases A and B is 

• DAB = (Dab × Dab × Da b × Da b ) 1/4 ′ ′ ′ ′• Mutual-GMD between phases B and C is 

• DBC = (Dbc × Dbc × Db c × Db c ) 1/4 ′ ′ ′ ′• Mutual-GMD between phases C and A is 

• DCA = (Dca × Dca × Dc a × Dc a ) 1/4 ′ ′ ′ ′• Equivalent mutual-GMD, Dm = (DAB × DBC × DCA) 1/3 

• It is worthwhile to note that mutual GMD depends only upon the spacing and is substantially independent of the exact size, shape and orientation of the conductor.

Page 15: Effect of earth on transmission line, bundle conductor & method of gmd

THANK YOU


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