Effect of Organic formulation on Sheath blight incidence · Thamarai Selvi M*, Darwin Christdhas...

Effect of Organic formulation on Sheath blight incidence

Thamarai Selvi M*, Darwin Christdhas Henry L., Sutha Raja Kumar, R. Jaiganesh V. and Kannan C,

Department of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar – 608 002,

Cuddalore DT, Tamil Nadu. *Corresponding author E-mail: [email protected]

ABSTRACT The Present studies were undertaken to investigate the effect of various organic formulations against sheath blight of rice caused by Rhizoctonia solani. The organic formulation viz., P. fluores, Sargassum wightii (brown seaweed algae), and were tested against sheath blight disease with the specific concentration in a pot culture experiment under Kuruvai and Samba seasons. Among the various treatments Combined application of Pseudomonas fluortescens and Sea weed extract Sargassum wightii recorded the minimum sheath blight disease incidence and increase the bio metric characters of rice. Key words: Sheath Blight, Rice, Seaweed extract, Bio control agent, Per cent disease incidence

Introduction

Rice (Oryza sativa L.), which is being cultivated for several years in our country, is

not just a grain, but is the lifeline and the second most important crop next to wheat. In India,

rice production was approximately 104.32 million tonnes in 2017 (IRRI, 2016-2017). Indian

rice production target for the year 2025 is 140 million ton which can be achieved only by

increasing the rice production two million ton per year in the coming decade (Anonymous,

2006). The majority of rice (90%) is being produced in Asian countries with china and India

being the major producer (IRRI, 2008).

With less land available to expand rice growing areas with competing demands from

urbanization and industrialization on existing rice lands and irrigation water, production

increase should come from intensive agriculture in existing lands of favourable and less

favourable areas. The other major rice producing countries are Indonesia, Bangladesh,

Vietnam, Thailand, Myanmar, Philippiens, Brazil, and Japan.

Rice cultivation is often subjected to several biotic stresses from diseases like blast,

sheath blight, stem rot and bacterial blight which are important ones.The sheath blight fungus

survives in soil over winter as sclerotia or as mycelium. Both sclerotia and mycelia survive in

infected plant debris (Hei Leung et al., 2003) Infected chaff may carry through wind, water or

agricultural implements to cause infection on rice and weeds (Roy, 1993). The sclerotia can

infect rice plants at a soil depth of 1-3cm (Chenjiaet al., 2000). The disease affects all parts of

the rice plant at all stages of crop growth, Seedling (Kannaiyan and Prasad,1978), Active

JASC: Journal of Applied Science and Computations

Volume VI, Issue IV, April/2019

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tillering (Sarkeret al., 1993), booting or flowering (Rodrigueset al., 2002), early heading and

grain filling (Santhoshet al., 2003), and also cause seed infection (Acharyaet al., 2004).

Normally fungicides are primary means of controlling plant diseases. But the use of

chemical fungicides is under special scrutiny for posing potential environmental threat as the

indiscriminate use of chemical fungicides resulted in environmental pollution and ill-health to

biotic community as a whole. Even if acceptable fungicides are applied the pathogen often

develops resistance and produce new biotypes. The increased consumer preference for

healthy agricultural products and environmental risks associated with chemical residues in

food are the major driving forces for the search of new safer control methods.

The present studies were undertaken to investigate the effect of various organic

formulations against sheath blight of rice.

Materials and Methods

Efficacy of organic formulation viz., Pseudomonas fluorescens ,seaweed extracts and

against sheath blight disease of rice in pot culture

The pot culture study was conducted with 7 treatments and three replications at the

Department of Plant Pathology, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar at kuruvai Season

(June to September) (Trail - I) and late Samba (November to April) (Trail - II) Seasons of the

year 2017. Thirty five kilogram of topsoil collected from a rice growing field was steam

pasteurized and filled in cement pot. The organic formulation viz., P. fluorescens, Sargassum

wightii (brown seaweed algae), were tested against sheath blight disease with the following

recommendation in a pot culture experiment. . Sargassum wightii was sprayed 20 per cent

concentration. R. solani was inoculated thoroughly over the plant canopy by one gram rice

hull/rice grain, placed on basal leaves and covered with polythene bags on 20th day after

transplanting. The inoculated plants were incubated in a humid chamber for 48h and

subsequently moved to a green house maintained at 22-28°c, 70-90% relative humidity,

under a light intensity of 85μmol m-1s-1, for 12h photoperiod and subsequently transferred to

a pot culture yard. The below mentioned treatment schedule was designed on the basis of the

above phenomena. The cultivar ADT-36 was raised and the packages of practices were

followed as per the Crop Production Guide, Government of Tamil Nadu (2016) (Plate 11 &

12)

Treatment details

T1- Application of P. fluorescens Seed Treatement @ 10g/kg



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T2- Application of Sargassum wightii ST @ 10g/kg

T3- Application of P. fluorescens + Sargassum wightii ST @ 10g/kg

T4- Application of Sargassum wightii foliar spray @ 10 % at 15, 30, 45 DAT

T5- Application of P. fluorescens + Sargassum wightii foliar spray @ 10 % at 15, 30,45\

DAT

T6= T3+ T5

T7-control.

Disease incidence

The sheath blight incidence was assessed for the plants during their 30th, 45th and 70th

days after transplanting. The intensity of sheath blight was calculated as per cent disease

index (PDI) grade chart proposed by Ravinder Reddy (1982) and using the formula proposed

by McKinney (1923) described earlier.

Plant growth parameters

Growth parameters viz., plant height, no. of productive tillers, 1000 g weight, straw yield and

grain yield were assessed for the plants.

Results:

In the present study, bacterial biocontrol agents, various seaweed extracts were

tested individually and in combination for the compatibility, as well as management of sheath

blight under in vitro and pot culture studies and the mechanism of induced resistance used

against the disease were studied. The results of these experiments are summarized under here.

(Effect of Organic formulation on Sheath blight incidence under greenhouse condition

Season – 1)

The different organic formulations were tested against sheath blight disease incidence

in rice under greenhouse condition. The results showed that, all the organic formulations

significantly reduced the sheath blight disease incidence than the control. Table 1. Among the

treatments, (T6= T3+ T5) recorded the least sheath blight incidence recording 11.0 per cent PDI

followed by T5 recording 12.80 percent disease incidence respectively on the 70th DAT. The

maximum disease incidence and percent inhibition over control was recorded by T4 (15.50 &

6%) respectively.

Effect of organic formulation on growth and yield attributes in rice under greenhouse

condition (Season – 1)



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The rice plants were treated with different Organic formulations and the biometric

observations and yield parameters were recorded on 70 DAT and the results are furnished in

Table 2. All the treatments were effective in promoting the growth and yield parameters of

the plant. Especially, among them treatment(T6 = T3+T5) was found to significantly increase

the mean plant height (117cm) mean number of productive tillers (20nos.), mean 1000g

weight (24g), straw yield (7.60 ton/ha) and grain yield (35 g/plant) as compared to all the

other treatments Which was followed by (T5) which gave good biometric observations and

yield parameters recording mean plant height (115 cm) mean number of productive tillers (19

nos.), mean 1000g weight (22 g), straw yield (7.40 ton/ha) and grain yield (32 g/plant)

respectively .

Effect of Organic formulation on Sheath blight incidence under greenhouse condition

(Season – 2)

The different organic formulations were tested against sheath blight disease incidence

in rice under greenhouse condition. The results showed that, all the organic formulations

significantly reduced the sheath blight disease incidence than the control. Table 3. Among the

treatments, (T6 = T3 +T5) recorded the least sheath blight incidence recording 10.90 per cent

PDI followed by T5 recording 12.52 percent disease incidence respectively on the 70th

DAT. The maximum disease incidence and percent inhibition over control was recorded by

T4 (15.10 & 6%) respectively.

Effect of Organic formulation on growth and yield attributes under greenhouse condition

(Season-2)

The rice plants were treated with different Organic formulations and the biometric

observations and yield parameters were recorded on 70DAT and the results are furnished in

Table 4. All the treatments were effective in promoting the growth and yield parameters of

the plant. Especially, among them treatment (T6 = T3 +T5) was found to significantly

increase the mean plant height (119cm) mean number of productive tillers (22nos.), mean

1000g weight (27g), straw yield (8.40 ton/ha) and grain yield (39g/plant) as compared to all

the other treatments which was followed by (T5) which gave good biometric observations and

yield parameters recording mean plant height (116 cm) mean number of productive tillers (20

nos.), mean 1000g weight (25 g), straw yield (8.30 ton/ha) and grain yield (36 g/plant)

respectively followed by treatment T3.



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DISCUSSION:

Sheath blight of rice caused by Rhizoctonia solani is one of the most important fungal

diseases affecting rice plant and assuming greater importance all over the rice growing areas.

In India, Yield losses due to sheath blight infection ranges from 8 to 50% depending on

severity of the disease, stage of the crop at which it was infected by the fungus and overall

environmental conditions (Savaryet al., 2000; Singh et al., 2004). Hence this study is carried

out to assess the yield loss due to infection and formulate the effective scope of organic

formulation management practices.

The results of the various experiments conducted in vitro and in vivo are discussed

here under.

Effect of Organic formulation on sheath blight incidence under greenhouse condition

In the present study, application of Sargassum wightii + Pseudomonas fluorescens (seed

treatement, prophylactic spraying at 30,45, and 70 DAT) on rice plants significantly reduced

the incidence of R. solani. Combined applications of Organic formulation effectively controlled

disease incidence than the individual application of above components. Similarly, Sultana et al.,

(2011), reported the minimum root disease incidence was with seaweed extract + urea + topsin -

M application on soybean under green house and field conditions. Minimum root rot disease

incidence was observed by spraying Stokeyia indica(brown seaweed) in okra plants (Sultana

et al., 2007). Similar findings were made by several workers using different seaweed extracts or

through different formulations (Flora and Maria Victoria Rani, 2012).

This may be due to the production of compounds like Pseudobactin, HCN,

Salicylic acid, 2-hydroxy phenazine, oligomycin, pyoluterin, pyrolnitrin, pyocyanin

and 2, 4-diacelyphloroglucinol by Fluorescent pseudomonas which elicit induced

systemic resistance in the host plant or interfere specifically with fungal pathogens

(Monica Hofte and Bakker, 2007) .

Spraying with seaweed Sargassum wightii were effective against foliar diseases on carrot in

pot culture experiments (Jayarajet al., 2008). Seaweed extracts contain several carbohydrate

molecules mostly in the form of oligosaccharides including oligogalacturonides and some

polysaccharides (Jeffrey Norrie et al., 2014). Oligosaccharides are known to act as an elicitor

and signal transduction molecules in plants (Vidhyasekaran, 1997).

Presumably, the presence of easily degradable organic matter of seaweed provided the

food base for the multiplication of the antagonistic bacteria, which increased their population

in the rhizosphere or the alginate of seaweed directly suppressed the pathogens (Jacob and

veluthambiet al., 2003). Application of brown seaweed is often performed by foliar spraying



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and it has been reported that they reduce R. solani infection (Rathore et al., 2009 and Sultana

et al., 2011).

However, additional nutrients such as minerals, amino acids, alginic acid, simple and

complex carbohydrates, growth stimulators in seaweed extract also have played a

conspicuous role in the enhancement of growth that also would have added to resistance.

Effect of Organic formulation on yield attributes under greenhouse condition

The results of the present experiment revealed the superiority of all the treatments in

increasing the mean plant height, mean number of productive tillers, mean 1000g weight,

straw yield and grain yield over control. Application S. wightii +,P. fluorescens , (ST+

prophylactic spraying at 45, 60 and 75 DAT) and(T6 = T3 + T5)treated rice plants was found

to be more effective among the other treatments in improving the growth characters and yield

parameters. The same phenomenon was observed by Sultana et al., (2011), who recorded a

maximum yield, with brown seaweed + urea + topsin -M which significantly reduced the root

diseases of soybean under green house and field conditions. Higher yield was observed by

spraying Stokeyia indica (brown seaweed) extracts in okra plants (Sultana et al., 2007).

Similar conclusions on the maximum yield production by different seaweed extracts or

through different formulations have been reported by many workers (Flora and Maria

Victoria Rani, 2012). Spraying with seaweed Ascophyllum nodosum and fungicide

chlorothalonil produced more yield on carrot in pot culture experiments (Jayarajet al., 2008).

The stimulatory effect of marine bioactive substances has been ascribed to the presence of

biologically active cytokinins and auxins (Stirk and Van Staden, 1997). Application of brown

seaweed is often performed by foliar spraying and it has been reported that they induce higher

yields (Rathore et al., 2009; Sultana et al., 2011).

This present investigation confirms earlier works. This may be due to the

increased synthesis of hormones like gibberellin, which trigger the activity of specific

enzymes that promoted early germination, such as α-amylase, which have brought an

increase in availability of starch assimilation. The combined application of compost and seed

inoculation with Pseudomonas increased the availability and uptake of minerals like P, Mn

and K in chickpea plants.

References

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blight of rice and its effect on seedling health.Indian phytopathology. 57: 82-83.



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Chenjia T, Li C, Daoping H and Young Y (2000). Studies on viability and underground

infectivity of Rhizoctoniasolanisclerotia.Mycosystema.19: 142-145

Flora G and Maria Victoria Rani S (2012). An approach towards control of blast by foliar

application of seaweed concentrates. Science Research Reporter2: 213-217. Food

Microbiology. 103: 305-314.

Hei Leung, Youyong Zhu, Imelda Revilla-Molina, Jin Xiang Fan, Hairu Chen, Ireneo

Pangga, CasianaVera Cruz, and TwngWah Mew (2003). Using Genetic Diversity to achieve

sustainable rice disease management.American phytopathology society.87: 1156–1169.

Jacob SS and Veluthambi K (2003). A co-integrate Ti-plasmid vector for

Agrobacteriumtumefaciensmedicinal transformation of indica rice cvpusabasmathi. J. Plant

Biochem. Biotechnol.12:1-4.

Jayaraj J, Wan A, Rahman M and Punja ZK (2008). Seaweed extract reduces foliar fungal

disease on carrot. Crop Protection. 27: 1360-1366.

Jeffrey Norrie, Gustavo Hernandez, RosalbaMireya, Fernando and Maria Alberto (2014).

Effect of liquid seaweed extracts on growth of tomato seedlings (Solanumlycopersicum L.).

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Kannaiyan S and Prasad NN (1978). Seed borne nature of sheath blight pathogen

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218.

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(2009). Effect of seaweed extract on the growth, yield and nutrient uptake of Soybean

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Ravinder Reddy M (1982). Evaluation of fungicidesn againstn major diseases of chilli.

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Rhizoctonia do feljoeiroinfluencidadapelacalagem, e pelasfonts e doses denitrogenio.

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genotypes to sheath blight and spot disease in Tocantins State. Bioscience Journal.19: 15-21.



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Sarkar MK, Basu A and Sengupta PK (1993). Effect of host growth stage, leaf sheath position

and sheath injury on severity of rice sheath blight.Indian Phytopathology.46: 175-178.

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tropical Asia; quantification and yield loss due to rice pests in a range of production

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Strik WA and Van Staden J (1997) . Comarison of cytokinin and auxin-like activity in some

commercially used seaweed extract. Journal of .Appl. Phycol. 8:503-508

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and tomato with seaweed application.Phytopathol.97: 112.

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Mohammad Athar (2011).Seaweeds as an alternative to chemical pesticides for the

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defense mechanisms. Marcel Dekker Inc, New York, 5.



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Table 02. Effect of Organic formulation on growth and yield attributes in rice under greenhouse condition (Season-1)

Treatments Mean plant

height (cm)

Mean no. of

productive

tillers

Mean 1000 g

weight

Grain yield

(g/plant)

Straw yield

(tonnes/ha.)

T1- Application of P. fluorescens Seed

Treatement @ 10g/kg 109c 13c 18c 26c 5.28d

T2- Application of Sargassum wightii ST @

10g/kg 107d 11d 16d 24d 5.00e

T3- Application of P. fluorescens + Sargassum

wightii ST @ 10g/kg 110c 15c 20c 28c 5.30d

T4- Application of Sargassum wightii foliar spray

@ 10 % at 15, 30 ,45 DAT 104d 10e 15e 23e 4.90f

T5- Application of P. fluorescens + Sargassum

wightii foliar spray @ 10 % 15, 30 ,45 DAT 115b 19b 22b 32b 7.40b

T6= T3+ T5 117a 20a 24a 35a 7.60a

T7-control 102e 9e 14f 22f 4.40f

*Values in the column followed by common letters do not differ significantly by DMRT (P=0.05).



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Table 03. Effect of Organic formulation on Sheath blight incidence under greenhouse condition (Season- 2)

Treatments Sheath blight incidence on

30th DAT

Per cent decrease

over control

(%)

Sheath blight incidence on

45th DAT

Per cent decrease

over control

(%)

Sheath blight

incidence on 70th DAT

Per cent decrease

over control

(%)


3.70d (11.09)

26 8.60c

(17.05)

12

14.30c (22.23)

12


3.85d (11.32)

21 8.90c

(17.35) 8

14.71d (22.55)

9


3.30c (10.46)

41 8.25c

(16.69) 16

13.80c (21.81)

16

T4- Application of Sargassum wightii foliar spray @ 10 % at 15, 30 ,45 DAT

4.10e (11.68)

13 9.20d

(17.65) 4

15.10e (22.86)

6

T5- Application of P. fluorescens + Sargassum wightii foliar spray @ 10 % 15, 30 ,45 DAT

3.00b (9.97)

55 7.85b

(16.27) 22

12.52b (20.72)

28

T6= T3+ T5 2.20a (8.72)

52 7.40a

(15.78) 30

10.90a (19.27)

47

T7-control 4.65f

(12.45)

9.60e (18.04)

16.00f (23.57)

*Values in the column followed by common letters do not differ significantly by DMRT (P=0.05). *Mean of 3 replications. *Figures in parentheses are arcsine transformed values



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Table 04. Effect of Organic formulation on growth and yield attributes in rice under greenhouse condition (Season-1)

Treatments Mean plant height (cm)

Mean no. of productive

tillers

Mean 1000 g weight

Grain yield (g/plant)

Straw yield (tonnes/ha.)


109c 13c 18c 26c 5.28d


107d 11d 16d 24d 5.00e


110c 15c 20c 28c 5.30d


104d 10e 15e 23e 4.90f

T5- Application of P. fluorescens + Sargassum wightii foliar spray @ 10 %15, 30 ,45 DAT

115b 19b 22b 32b 7.40b

T6= T3+ T5 117a 20a 24a 35a 7.60a

T7-control 102e 9e 14f 22f 4.40f

*Values in the column followed by common letters do not differ significantly by DMRT (P=0.05).



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Table 05. Effect of Organic formulation on Sheath blight incidence under greenhouse condition (Season- 2)

Treatments Sheath blight incidence on

45th DAT

Per cent decrease

over control

(%)

Sheath blight incidence on

60th DAT

Per cent decrease

over control

(%)

Sheath blight

incidence on 75th DAT

Per cent decrease

over control

(%)


3.70d

(11.09) 26

8.60c

(17.05)

12 14.30c

(22.23) 12

T2- Application of Sargassum wightii ST @ /kg

3.85d

(11.32) 21

8.90c

(17.35) 8

14.71d

(22.55) 9


3.30c

(10.46) 41

8.25c

(16.69) 16

13.80c

(21.81) 16

T4- 10g Application of Sargassum wightii foliar spray @ 10 % at 15, 30 ,45 DAT

4.10e

(11.68) 13

9.20d

(17.65) 4

15.10e

(22.86) 6


3.00b

(9.97) 55

7.85b

(16.27) 22

12.52b

(20.72) 28

T6= T3+ T5 2.20a

(8.72) 52

7.40a

(15.78) 30

10.90a

(19.27) 47

T7-control 4.65f

(12.45)

9.60e

(18.04)

16.00f

(23.57)

*Values in the column followed by common letters do not differ significantly by DMRT (P=0.05). *Mean of 3 replications. *Figures in parentheses are arcsine transformed values



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Table 06. Effect of Organic formulation on growth and yield attributes in rice under greenhouse condition (Season- 2)

Treatments

Mean plant height (cm)

Mean no. of productive

tillers

Mean 1000 g weight

Grain yield (g/plant)

Straw yield (tonnes/ha.)


112c 15c 20c 28c 6.10c


109c 12d 18d 26d 5.70d


114c 18c 22c 29c 6.90c


107d 13e 16d 22d 5.20d


116b 20b 25b 36b 8.30b

T6= T3+ T5

119a 22a 27a 39a 8.40a

T7-control

106e 12f 15e 21e 5.00e

*Values in the column followed by common letters do not differ significantly by DMRT (P=0.05). *Mean of 3 replications. *Figures in parentheses are arcsine transformed values.



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