Jpn.J.Lirnnol.,4G:3,185一 一191,1985.

Effect of Temperature in the Laboratory Studies on Growth,

Egg Development and First Parturition of

Five Species of Cladocera

Takayuki HANAZATO and Masayuki YASUNO

Abstract

Effect of temperature on growth, egg development and age at first parturition of five cladoceran species

(Daphnia longispina, Moina micrura, Diaphanosoma brachyurum, Bosmina longirostris and Bosmina fata-lis) were investigated in the laboratory. The relationships between egg development time of these species and temperature, and between age at first parturition and temperature, were expressed by an

equation (ln D=ln a+b(ln T)2). M. micrura and Diaphanosoma brachyurum seemed to have adapted

to relatively higher temperature, while Daphnia longispina, B. longirostris and B. fatalis showed their

adaptation to lower temperature. However, the results did not necessarily agree with the seasonal

succession of the appearance of these species in the field.

1. Introduction

WINBERG (1971) reviewed the methods to estimate the production of zooplankton. These methods require in principle the data on the duration of egg, juvenile and adult stages at different temperatures. It is difficult to deter-mine these parameters from field observations for natural populations of cladocerans which re-cruit continuously. Therefore, it is vital to de-termine growth rate, egg development time and age at first parturition at various temperatures under laboratory conditions for production estimation. The effect of temperature on the egg develop-

ment time of various cladocerans in the labora-tory has been reported by many authors (HALL, 1964; BOTTRELL, 1975; KERFOOT, 1975; KWIK and CARTER, 19/5; MUNRO and WHITE, 1975; ALLAN, 1977; VIIVERBERG, 1980). However, there are very few studies on Moina micrura and Bosmina f atalis. The present report includes these two species, and Daphnia longispina, Dia-

ph.anosom brachyurum and Bosmina ion girostris. The distribution or the seasonal succession of cladoceran species can be explained by the dif-ference or change of water temperature in many cases (TAPPA, 1965; ALLAN, 1977). In the pre-sent study, temperature adaptation of caldocerans was inferred from laboratory data in relation to

the distribution or the seasonal succession of species.

2. Materials and Methods

B. longirostris and Daphnia longispina were obtained from Lake Yunoko, which is a eutrophic alpine lake situated in Nikko National Park. In summer, the former species was abundant in the epilimnion, where the maximum water tem-

perature reached about 20°C and the latter was found in the hypolimnion, where the water temperature was about 12°C (HANAZATO, YA-SU No and HosoMI, 1984). M. micrura, Diapha-nosoma brachyurum and B. f atalis were collected from eutrophic Lake Kasumigaura. They ap-

peared in summer, when the mean water tem-perature was about 25°C and the maximum became above 30°C (HANAZATO and YASUNO, 1985). All of the species had been reared with the alga, Chlorella sp., in the laboratory for more than two months. Chlorella sp. used here was cultured in log-phase-growth with MC medium

(medium for Chlorella ellipsoidea; WATANABE, 1960) at 23°C under continuous fluorescent illumination of 40001ux. Algal cells rinsed with dechlorinated tap water by centrifugation were

provided for the cladocerans. Experiments were conducted at 15°C, 20°C, 25°C and 30°C under a 16-8 LD photocycle.

186 HANAZATO and YASUNo

Additional experiments at 10°C and 12°C were conducted for Daphnia longispina. Daphnia longispina, M. micrura and Diaphanosoma bra- chyurum were reared individually in a 50 ml beaker, while B. longirostris and B. f atalis were reared individually in a test tube (20 ml). The vials were kept at temperatures of ±0.5°C in a water bath controlled with a thermostat. The culture medium for the animals was prepared with dechlorinated tap water suspending Ghlo- rella at a concentration of 1 x 106 cells ml-'.

This algal density was above the "incipient limiting level" of food for cladocerans studied

here (unpublished data). The culture medium for the animals was changed for a fresh one every other day.

Before the experiments, animals were reared for several days under the respective experi-

mental conditions and young born within 24 hr from them were used for the experiments. At each temperature, ten to twelve young of Daphnia ion gispina, M. micrura and Diaphanosoma bra- chyurum were reared respectively. The growth of these young was followed daily by measuring the total body length (top of the head to pos- terior of carapace) under a binocular microscope

with a micrometer eyepiece to the nearest 0.025 mm. For these three species, the mature size, which is the body length when a female bears eggs first in her brood chamber, was determined. Since B. ion girostris and B. f atalis were intolerant of handling for measurement of body length, individuals of these species were discarded after

measurement. Thus, 64 to 91 replicates were

prepared for each temperature for these species, and 3-16 individuals of each species were dis- carded everyday.

Any newborns from each animal were recorded and removed daily. Accordingly, the duration

of egg development in days was determined as the time from the release of one brood to the

next. The age in days at first parturition was taken as the first release of brood.

To relate the duration of egg development and age at first parturition to temperature, the following regression equation of BoTTRELL (1975)

was used,

In D-1n a+b(ln T)2

where D is the duration of egg development or age at first parturition in days and T is tempera-

ture (°C).

3. Results

Growth M. micrura and Diaphanosoma brachyurum could reproduce well even at a high temperature

(30°C), but Daphnia longispina and B. longiro-stris could not survive at this temperature. B. f atalis also could not survive at 30°C, al-though this species was abundant in summer in Lake Kasumigaura, when the water tempera-ture reached 30°C. Growth curves of five clado-ceran species in the mean body length at different temperatures are shown in Fig. 1. Daphnia longispina was about 0.6 mm in body length when it was born and grew to about 1.9 mm after 25 days at 15, 20 and 25°C. There are no significant differences in the body length at these temperatures. However, it took about 40 and over 60 days to reach the maximum body length at 12 and 10°C, respectively.

Fig. 1. Growth of five cladoceran species as mean body length at various temperatures. 30°C (o), 25°C (A), 20°C (0), 15°C (s), 12°C (®•), and 10°C (x).

Temperature on growth, egg development and age at first parturition of five cladoceran species 187

The body length of M. micrura newborns was about 0.45 mm. The maximum body length was about 1.2 mm after 15 days at 20°C. The growth at 25 and 30°C could not be followed after the ninth day, because they had all died. The body length of the animals by the eighth day at 20, 25 and 30°C did not differ significantly. M. micrura showed a similar growth rate between 20°C and 30°C, while that at 15°C was ap-

parently lower. The newborn of Diaphanosoma brachyurum

was about 0.4 mm in body length, and the maximum was about 0.95 mm, which did not differ between the temperatures. The growth curves at 20, 25 and 30°C were nearly the same, but the slope of the curve at 15°C was flatter. The temperature-growth relationship was similar to that of M. micrura, yet there was a difference in the survival rate between the two species at higher temperatures, at which the rates of Diaphanosoma brachyurum were higher than those of M. micrura. The body lengths of B. longirostris and B.

f atalis newborns were about 0.21 mm and 0.25 mm, and eventually reached about 0.50 mm and

0.55 mm in maximum, respectively. The growth curves at 15 to 25°C were approximately equal. This result was similar to that of Daphnia longispina. In general, mature size is negatively correlated

with water temperature. In the present study, Daphnia longispina matured at a relatively smaller size at 20°C and 25°C, M. micrura did so at 30°C, and Diaphanosoma brachyurum at 25°C and 30°C (Table 1).

Duration of egg developmemnt

Duration of egg development of cladocerans at different temperatures is shown in Table 2 and Fig. 2. The duration became shorter with rising temperature. The relationship between the duration and temperature can be described by a logarithmic equation (Table 3). The curves are shown in Fig. 2. At 30°C, the eggs of M, micrura and Diaphanosoma brachyurum developed fast and became young after 24 hours. The differences in the duration of egg develop-ment among the five cladocerans were smaller at a higher temperature (20-25°C), but larger at a lower temperature (15°C). The duration

Table 1. Mature size (mm) of Cladocera at different temperatures. Mean±S.D. Number of observations in parentheses.

Table 2. Duration of egg development in days (mean±S.D.) of five cladoceran species at different temperatures. Number of observations in parentheses.

188 HANAZATO and YASUNO

of the five cladoceran species at 15°C was in

the following order: M. micrura and Diaphano-

soma brachyurum>Daphnia longispina>B. lon-

girostris and B. f atalis. The egg development time was almost the same between M. micrura and Diaphanosoma brachyurum and betwen B. longirostris and B. f atalis at the temperatures examined.

Age at first parturition

With the rise in temperature, the age at first

parturition of the cladocerans was younger (Table 4 and Fig, 3). At higher temperatures (25°C and 30°C), M. micrura had first parturi-tion at a younger age than in the other species. At a lower temperature (15°C), however, B. longirostris reached the age earlier than the others. B. f atalis was almost the same as B. longirostris as for the age at first parturition

as well as the duration of egg development. Diaphanosoma brachyurum, on the other hand,

gave the first parturition at 2-5 days older age than M. micrura between 15°C and 30°C, although the egg development time of the former species was similar to that of the latter species at these temperatures. The relationships between the age and temperature for the five species were fitted to a logarithmic equation

(Table 5). The curves are shown in Fig. 3,

Table 3. Coefficients for the regression equation relating the egg development time of

five cladoceran species to temperature.

* N .S. (95% CL of b contains zero).

Fig. 2. Mean duration of egg development of cla-docerans at various temperatures. Daph-nia longispina (©, • • • •), Moina micrura (A, -), Diaphanosoma brachyurum (D, - • -S), Bosmina longirostris (0, (-- -), and Bosmina f atalis (•, )

Table 4. Age at first parturition in days (median) of five cladoceran species of different temperatures. Number of observations in parentheses.

* mean value .

Temperature on growth, egg development and age at first parturition of five cladoceran species 189

4. Discussion

Egg development time of Daphnia longispina in the present study agreed with the data by ELSTER and SCHWOERBEL (1970) and MUNRo and WHITE (1975), and was similar to Daphnia

galeata mendotae (HALL, 1964), Daphnia am-bigua (ALLAN, 1977) and Daphnia hyalina

(VIJVERBERG, 1980). The duration of egg de-velopment for M. micrura in the present investi-

gation at 30°C was the same as the result by

MURUGAN (1975), but shorter than LEWIS' data

(1979) at 25°C. The egg development time for Diaphanosoma brachyurum in the present study was slightly shorter than that reported by VIJVERBERG (1980). As for B. longirostris, the egg development time in the present data was close that in the literature (KERFOOT, 1975; ALLAN, 1977; VIJVERBERG, 1980. However, KWIx and CARTER (1975) reported a longer egg de-velopment time for this species. The egg de-velopment time of B. f atalis was shown only in LEWIS' report (1979). He put the development time from the field data at 25°C, which was similar to the result at the same temperature in the present findings. The growth rates of Daphnia longispina did

not differ between 15°C and 25°C. Those of M. micrura and Diaphanosoma brachyurum were the same between 20°C and 30°C, respec-tively, but the age at first parturition became

younger with a rise in the temperature. This resulted not only from shortening the duration of egg development but also from reducing the mature size at higher temperature. The growth rates of Daphnia longispina were temperature-dependent between 10°C and 15°C, and those of M. micrura and Diaphanosoma brachyurum were also suppressed by lowering the tempera-

ture to between 15°C and 20°C. Still, except for Daphnia longispina at 10°C, their mature sizes did not change at these lower temperatures. This result indicates that the older age at first

parturition at lower temperature was affected by the lower growth rate and the longer dura-tion of egg development but not by any change in the mature size. From the growth curve at 15°C, the clado-

ceran species can be classified into two groups. The one includes M, micrura and Diaphanosoma

Table 5. Coefficients for the regression equation relating the age at first parturition

of five cladoceran species to temperature.

* N .S. (95% CL of b contains zero)

Fig. 3. Age at first parturition in days of clado-cerans at various temperatures. Daphnia longispina (QQ , •), Moina micrura (i, ---), Diaphanosoma brachyurum (tx , -.-) , Bosmia longirostris (0, ---), and Bosmina f atalis (•, ) .

190 HANAZATO and YASUNO

brachyurum, which showed an apparently lower

growth rate at 15°C than at higher temperature (20-30°C). These species reproduced at 30°C and could be regarded as the species adapting to higher temperatures. This finding agrees with the fact that these two species become predomi-nant in Lake Kasumigaura in summer. Another

group includes Daphnia longispina, B. longiro-stris and B. f atalis, which showed the same

growth curve at 15°C as at higher temperatures (20-25 ° C). These species seemed to adapt to lower temperatures. B. ion girostris, which showed the shortest egg development time and earliest age at first parturition among the five species at 15°C, has an advantage in the com-

petition with other species at lower tempera-tures. BHAJAN and HYNES (1972) also showed experimentally that B. longirostris populations fared better at lower temperatures. However, the adaptation of B, f atalis to lower temperature did not agree with the field observations as to its abundance in Lake Kasumigaura in summer, when the water temperature reaches 30°C

(HANAZATO and YASUNO, 1985). The seasonal succession from B. ion girostris to B. f atalis in early summer and from B, f atalis to B, longirostris in the fall in Lake Kasumiga-ura as reported in our previous study (HANAZATO et al., 1984) could not be explained by the dif-ference in the optimal temperature between the two species, because the growth, egg develop-ment time and age at first parturition of these species at various temperatures were almost the same. This fact suggests that succession is as-sociated with other factors such as the change in the algal species as food (HANAZATO et al., 1984). Daphnia longispina is found in the hypolim-nion in Lake Yunoko where the water tempera-ture was 12°C. Since it was shown in the present study that the egg development and the first

parturition of this species at 12°C took more than twice as long as at 20°C. The hypolimnion of this lake in summer is not necessarily favour-able to the population of this species. Such a discrepancy may suggest the presence of some factors other than temperature governing the vertical distribution. Further studies are needed to clarify these factors in the future.

摘 要

枝 角 類5種(Daphnialongispina,Moinamicrura,

Diaphan・ ∫omα ろ7m勿 π7～m,BosminaJ・ngirostris,

Bosminafatalis)を 実 験 室 内 で 飼 育 し,そ れ らの 成 長

,胚 の 発 育 期 間,お よび 最 初 の産 仔 ま でに 要 す る 日数

に 対 す る温 度 の 影 響 を 調 べ た.

1)Daphnialongispina,B,longirostris,B,fata-

lisは,そ れ ぞ れ の種 に つ い て15-25。Cで ほ とん ど同

じ様 な成 長 速 度 を示 した.一 方,ルf.rrticruraと1)is一

効mo50m8brachyurumlよ,そ れ ぞ れ の種 で24-30。Cで 同 じ様 に 成 長 した が

,15。Cで は 明 らか に成 長

速 度 の 低 下 が み られ た.

2)胚 の発 育 期 間 や 最 初 の 産 仔 ま で に 要 す る 日数

は,水 温 が 上 昇 す る につ れ て短 くな り,そ れ らの時 間

(日数,1))と 温 度(T)と の 関 係 は,InD=lna+b

(lnT)2の 式 で 表 わ す こ とが で きた.

3)実 験 水 温 に お け る胚 の発 育期 間 では,B.tongi-

rustrisとB.ノ 認α薦 の問,お よびM.m∫6剛mと

Diaphanosomabachyurumの 間 でほ とん ど相違 が み

られ ず,さ らにBosmina2種 の 間 では 最 初 の 産仔 ま

でに 要 す る 日数 で も似 た値 が 得 られ た.

4)本 実 験 の 結 果 か ら推 察 され た 枝角 類 の温 度 適 性

だけ では,霞 ケ浦 に お け るB.fatalisの 出現,B.lan-

girostrisとB.fatalisの 季 節変 化,湯 の湖 に お け る

Daphnialongispinaの 垂 直 分 布 を 説 明 す る こ とが で

きず,そ れ らの季 節 変化 や 分 布 に は 温 度 以 外 の要 因 が

関 与 して い る こ とが示 唆 され た.

References

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Trans. A. Duncan, Academic Press, London, 175 pp.

(著者:花 里孝幸 ・安野正之,国 立公害研究所生物

環境部,〒305筑 波郡 谷田部 町小野 川16-2; Taka-

yuki HANAZATO and Masayuki YASUNO, Division

of Environmental Biology, National Institute for

Environmental Studies, Yatabe, Tsukuba 305.)

Received: 9 August 1984

Accepted: 15 March 1985