EFFECT OF VARIETY AND PLANT SPACING ON SEED YIELD AND YIELD ATTRIBUTES OF BLACK CUMIN (Nigella sativa L.)
SHARMEEN AKHTER KOLI
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURAL BOTANY
SHER-E-BANGLA AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY
DHAKA -1207
DECEMBER, 2013
EFFECT OF VARIETY AND PLANT SPACING ON SEED YIELD AND YIELD ATTRIBUTES OF BLACK CUMIN (Nigella sativa L.)
BY
SHARMEEN AKHTER KOLI
Registration No.: 05 –1779
Semester: July-December, 2013
A Thesis
Submitted to the Faculty of Agriculture Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka
in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of
MASTER OF SCIENCE IN
AGRICULTURAL BOTANY
APPROVED BY:
………………………………. ……………………………………… Prof. Asim Kumar Bhadra Dr. Mohd. Moniruzzaman
………………………………
Dr. Mohammad Mahbub Islam Chairman
Examination Committee
Senior Scientific Officer (Horticulture) Plant Physiology Section,
Horticulture Research Centre, BARI Co-Supervisor
Department of Agricultural Botany Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University
Supervisor
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURAL BOTANY Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University
Sher-e-Bangla Nagar, Dhaka-1207
Ref: ------------------ Date: -----------------
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the thesis entitled “EFFECT OF VARIETY AND PLANT SPACING ON SEED YIELD AND YIELD ATTRIBUTES OF BLACK CUMIN (Nigella sativa L.)” submitted to the Department of Agricultural Botany, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka-1207, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE in AGRICULTURAL BOTANY, embodies the results of a piece of bona fide research work carried out by SHARMEEN AKHTER KOLI, Registration No. 05-01779 under my supervision and guidance. No part of the thesis has been submitted for any other degree or diploma.
I further certify that such help or source of information, as has been availed of during the
course of this investigation has duly been acknowledged.
.................................................
Dated:
Place: Dhaka, Bangladesh
(Prof. Asim Kumar Bhadra)
Supervisor
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
All praises to Almighty Allah, the Supreme Ruler of the universe Who enables the author to complete
this thesis work successfully for MS degree.
The author wishes to express her sincere appreciation and immense indebtedness to her supervisor Prof.
Asim Kumar Bhadra, Department of Agricultural Botany, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University,
Dhaka, Bangladesh, for his scholastic guidance, planning, valuable suggestions, continuous
encouragements and all kinds of support and help throughout the period of research work and
preparation of this manuscript of thesis.
She deems it a proud privilege to acknowledge her gratefulness, boundless gratitude and best regards to
her respectable co-supervisor, Dr. Mohd. Moniruzzaman, Senior Scientific Officer (Horticulture),
Plant Physiology Section, Horticulture Research Centre, BARI, for his valuable suggestions, kind co-
operation and dynamic guidance throughout the study and research work.
It is a great pleasure and privilege to express her profound gratitude and sincere regards to Associate
Prof. Dr. Mohammad Mahbub Islam, Chairman, Department of Agricultural Botany, Sher-e-Bangla
Agricultural University, Dhaka, Bangladesh for his valuable advice and sympathetic consideration.
Again the author would like to express her sincere appreciation and immense indebtedness to Prof. Dr.
Kamal Uddin Ahamed and Prof. A. M. M. Shamsuzzaman, Department of Agricultural Botany,
SAU, Dhaka, whose constant encouragement with co-operation in innumerable aspects made it
possible to complete the study in a peaceful state of mind. Special appreciation and warmest gratitude
are extended to her other course teachers, Prof. Dr. Shahnaz Sarkar, Associate Prof. Md. Moinul
Haque, Assistant Prof. Nasima Akter, Assistant Prof. Md. Ashabul Haque, Assistant Prof. Hasan
Mohammad Zubair, Department of Agricultural Botany, Sher-e- Bangla Agricultural University,
Dhaka, for their co-operations and constant encouragement.
She also wishes to acknowledge her indebtedness to farm division of SAU and other staff of the
Department of Agricultural Botany, for their co-operation in the implementation of research work.
The author expresses her unfathomable tributes, sincere gratitude and heartfelt indebtedness from her
core of heart to her beloved parents, brothers and her husband whose sacrifice, inspiration,
encouragement and continuous blessings paved the way to her higher education. The Author is also
grateful to other members of the family for their forbearance, inspirations, sacrifices and blessings.
The Author
EFFECT OF VARIETY AND PLANT SPACING ON SEED YIELD AND YIELD ATTRIBUTES OF BLACK CUMIN (Nigella sativa L.)
ABSTRACT
A field experiment was conducted at the Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University (SAU), Dhaka,
Bangladesh during Rabi season (November–February), 2012 to study the yield performance of Black
cumin (Nigella sativa L.) in response to variety and population density. Two varieties and six levels of
spacing were used in the experiment. The two varieties were V1= Local (collected from Vikrampur), V2=
BARI Kalozira-1 and used spacings were as follows: S1= 15 cm x10 cm, S2= 20 cm x10 cm, S3= 25 cm
x10 cm, S4= 15 cm x15 cm, S5= 20 cm x15 cm and S6= 25 cm x15 cm. The experiment was laid out in a
randomized complete block (RCBD) design having twelve treatments with 3 replications. The variety
BARI Kalozira-1 showed higher values for all the growth and yield attributes than local variety. BARI
Kalozira-1 produced a seed yield of 1373.09 kg/ha where Local variety produced 1239.57 kg/ha. All of
the growth and yield parameters except 1000-seed weight were significantly influenced by various
spacing used in this experiment. The wider spacing of 25 cm × 15 cm provided maximum plant height at
last harvest. The yield attributing factors like number of capsules plant-1, number of seeds capsule-1, single
capsule weight (mg), weight of seeds capsule-1 (mg), weight of seeds plant-1 (g), 1000-seed weight (g) and
seed yield (kg/ha) were found the highest either in 20 cm × 15 cm or 25 cm × 15 cm spacing. The
interaction effect of variety and spacing was found significant for all of the growth and yield contributing
factors as well as for seed yield. Number of plants m-2 was significantly higher in lower spacings for both
of the varieties. Yield attributing factors like number of seeds capsule-1, number of capsules plant-1, single
capsule weight (mg), weight of seeds capsule-1 (mg), weight of seeds plant-1
(g), 1000-seed weight (g) and
seed yield (kg/ha) were found the highest either in 20 cm × 15 cm or 25 cm × 15 cm spacing treatment in
case of BARI Kalozira-1. Highest seed yield was recorded (1458.19 kg/ha) in BARI Kalozira-1 with the
spacing of 20 cm × 15 cm.
iv
CONTENTS
CHAPTER TITLE PAGE
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT i-ii ABSTRACT iii LIST OF TABLES vi
LIST OF FIGURES vii
LIST OF ABBRIVIATIONS viii
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1-3
CHAPTER 2 REVIEW OF LITERATURE 4-13
CHAPTER 3 MATERIALS AND METHODS 14-24
3.1 Experimental site and time 14
3.2 Climate 14
3.3 Soil 14
3.4 Planting material 15
3.5 Land preparation 15
3.6 Fertilizer management 15
3.7 Seed sowing 15-16
3.8 Experimental treatments 16
3.9 Experimental design 17
3.10 Intercultural operation 17
3.10.1 Weeding 17
3.10.2 Irrigation and drainage 17
3.10.3 Plant protection measures 17
3.10.4 Harvesting and post harvest operation 17
3.11 Data collection 18
3.12 Detailed procedures of data recording 18
Plant height at first flowering, 50% flowering and at harvest (cm) 18
Number of primary branches and secondary branches plant 18 -1 Number of plants m 19 -2
v
CONTENTS (Contd.)
Number of seeds capsule-1 and capsules plant 19 -1
Weight of single capsules (mg), seeds capsule-1 (mg) and seeds plant-1
19 (g)
1000-seed weight (g) 19
Seed yield (kg/ha) 19
3.13 Statistical analysis 19
CHAPTER 4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 20-42
4.1 Plant height at first flowering 20-22
4.2 Plant height at 50% flowering 22-23
4. 3 Plant height at last harvest 23-24
4.4 Number of primary branches plant 24-27 -1
4.5 Number of secondary branches plant 27-29 -1
4.6 Number of plants m 29-30 -2
4.7 Weight of seeds capsule-1 30-31 (mg)
4.8 Weight of seeds plant-1 32-33 (g)
4.9 Number of capsules plant 33-34 -1
4.10 Single capsule weight (mg) 34-35
4.11 Number of seeds capsule 36-37 -1
4.12 1000-seed weight (g) 38-39
4.13 Seed yield (kg/ha) 39-42
CHAPTER 5 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION 43-45
CHAPTER 6 REFERENCES 46-54
APPENDICES 55-56
vi
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE TITLE PAGE
1. Effect of variety on plant height at first flowering, at 50% flowering and at last harvest
20
2. Interaction effect of variety and spacing on plant height at first flowering, at 50% flowering and at last harvest
22
3. Effect of variety on number of primary branches plant-1, secondary branches plant-1 and number of plants m
25 -2
4. Interaction effect of variety and spacing on primary branches plant-1, secondary branches plant-1 and number of plants m
27 -2
5. Effect of variety on weight of seeds capsule-1, weight of seeds plant-1, number of capsules plant-1, single capsule weight and number of seeds capsule
30
-1
6. Interaction effect of variety and spacing on weight of seeds capsule-1, weight of seeds plant-1, number of capsules plant-1 , single capsule weight and number of seeds capsule
37
-1
7. Effect of variety on 1000-seed weight and seed yield 38
8. Interaction effect of variety and spacing on 1000-seed weight and seed yield
42
vii
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE TITLE PAGE
1. Effect of spacing on plant height at first flowering. 21
2. Effect of spacing on plant height at 50% flowering. 23
3. Effect of spacing on plant height at harvest. 24
4. Effect of spacing on number of primary branches plant-1 26 .
5. Effect of spacing on number of secondary branches plant-1 28 .
6. Effect of spacing on number of plants m-2 29 .
7. Effect of spacing on weight of seeds capsule-1 31 (mg).
8. Effect of spacing on weight of seeds plant-1 32 .
9. Effect of spacing on number of capsules plant-1 33 .
10. Effect of spacing on single capsule weight (mg). 35
11. Effect of spacing on number of seeds capsule-1 36 .
12. Effect of spacing on 1000-seed weight (g). 39
13. Effect of spacing on seed yield (kg/ha).
40
viii
LIST OF ABBRIVIATIONS ABBREVIATION FULL WORD AEZ Anon.
Agro-Ecological Zone Anonymous
@ BRRI
At the rate of Bangladesh Rice Research Institute
cm cm
Centimeter 2 Centimeter square
cv. Cultivar(s) CV Coefficient of Variance DMRT DAT
Duncan's Multiple Range Test Days after transplanting
e.g. example et al. and others g G
Gram Granular
i.e IRRI
that is International Rice Research Institute
kg Kilogram kg ha-1
K
2
Kg per hectare O Potassium Oxide
LSD Least Significant Difference TSP Triple Super Phosphate m Meter mg Miligram MoP Muriate of Potash NS Not Significant OM Organic matter pH P2O
Hydrogen ion concentration 5 Phosphorus Penta Oxide
0 Degree Celsius C SAU SRDI
Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University Soil Resources and Development Institute
t ha-1
TDM Ton per hectare
Total Dry Matter
1
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
Black cumin (Nigella sativa L.) is an annual spicy herb and belongs to the
Ranunculaceae family. Sometimes it is referred to as nigella or black seeds. It is native to
the Mediterranean and Western Asia regions. It is cultivated in many parts of the world
including the Middle East, North Africa and Asia where maximum diversity is found.
(Abu-Jadayil, 2002; Donmez and Mutlu, 2004; Tierra, 2005). As herb, black cumin has a
rich nutritional value; it contains monosaccharides. The seed is rich in fatty acids,
proteins and carbohydrates. It contains all essential amino acids and rich source of
vitamins and minerals (Abu-Jadayil et al., 1999; Atta, 2003). Seeds are used both as a
condiment in bread and cakes and in the preparation of traditional sweet dishes, pastry,
pickles, and used as candies and liquors (Luetijohann 1998; Thippeswamy and Naidu,
2005). In addition, black cumin oil has many medicinal usages (Ali and Blunden 2003).
Very limited information is available in the literature about cumin cultivation and
production practices.
Plant based functional foods are gaining popularity across the world due to an array of
evidences for their safer therapeutic applications. The health claims associated with the
consumption of plants are due to their rich phytochemistry (Tapsell et al., 2006).
Phytochemicals like Ώ-3-fatty acids, dietary fibers, antioxidant, vitamins, plant sterols
and flavonoids are helpful in maintaining the health of an individual thus reducing the
risk of various maladies (Manach et al., 2005; Ramaa et al., 2006).
Black cumin (Nigella sativa L.) locally known as “Kalo jira” is a good source of
nutritionally essential components. Black cumin seeds have been used as herbal medicine
by various cultures and civilizations to treat and prevent a number of diseases. Recent
research also witnessed the presence of Nigella sativa seeds some 3000 years ago at Uli
2
Burun, off the southwest coast of Turkey (Black et al., 2006). It is also famous for the
saying of the Prophet Muhammad (SAW) "Hold on to use of the black cumin seed, for it
has a remedy for every illness except death" (Bukhari, 1985). The historical tradition of
black cumin seed in medicine is also substantial; identified as curative black cumin in the
Bible, and mentioned as Melanthion by Hippocrates and Dioscorides and Pliny called it
as the Gith (Atta-ur-Rahman et al., 1985a).
Like most herbs, the composition of black cumin varies with geographic distribution,
time of harvest and agronomic practices. Scientific investigations have depicted its
composition i.e. moisture, oil, proteins, ash and total carbohydrates contents in the range
of 3.8-7.0%, 22.0-40.35%, 20.85-31.2%, 3.7- 4.7% and 24.9-40.0%, respectively
(Takruri and Dameh, 1998; Atta, 2003). Its health enhancing potential has been attributed
to the active ingredients that are mainly concentrated in fixed or essential oil (Ramadan,
2007). Black cumin fixed oil is lipid fraction containing fatty acids, fat-soluble vitamins
and meagure amounts of volatile constituents, whereas its essential oil comprises of only
volatiles.
Among the factors that affect yield and quality of black cumin seed, population density is
one of the major factors (Ahmed and Haque, 1986). Suitable plant spacing can lead to
optimum yield. Agronomists believe that the establishment of optimum density of healthy
plants in a field is the basis for the successful farming system. Optimum plant density is a
density at which all environmental parameters (water, air, light, soil) are fully exploited
by the plants and at the same time, intraspecies and extra-species competitions are
minimized (Alizadeh and Koucheki, 1995). As plant density is increased, most yield
components of the plants are decreased such as fruit number and seed number per plant.
However, some components do not follow this pattern in some cases (Hashemi Dezfuli et
al., 1998).
3
Plant spacing plays an important role in growth and yield of rice. Optimum plant density
ensures the plant to grow properly with their aerial and underground parts by utilizing
more solar radiation and soil nutrients (Miah et al., 1990). Closer spacing hampers
intercultural operations. In a densely populated crop, the inter plant competition is very
high for nutrients, air and light, which usually results in mutual shading, lodging and thus
favors more straw yield than grain yield.
In the world today, the traditional food, forage and fiber crops are not the only plants of
key agricultural and trade significance, but they also include plants whose secondary
metabolites are valued for their characteristic aromatic or therapeutic attributes, or as
main natural inputs to the proliferating perfumery and chemical industries. In
Bangladesh, not many farmers are growing black cumin crop on commercial basis. So, a
very small quantity of yield obtained that is insufficient to meet the national requirements
and there is a gap between its production and demand. So, there is a huge scope for
improvement of the production potential of black cumin in Bangladesh. A suitable
combination of cultivar and spacing of plant is necessary for better yield performance.
Keeping in view the above, the present piece of research was designed to achieve the
following objectives -
i) To find out the suitable variety for better growth and maximum seed yield of
black cumin.
ii) To find out the suitable spacing for better growth and yield of black cumin.
4
CHAPTER 2
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Black cumin is one of the important medicinal plants all over the world including
Bangladesh. Its medicinal value is increasing day by day. The literature regarding growth
and yield components of black cumin as influenced by variety and spacing are very
scanty. However, the relevant information available on this area generated from different
studies has been reviewed in this chapter.
2.1 Effect of genetic variability on plant growth and yield
Rajagopalan et al. (1996) evaluated thirteen Coriandrum sativum cultivars for seed and
essential oil yield during 1990-91 and 1991-92 at the Tamil Nadu Agricultural
University, Coimbatore, India. Seed yield was in the range of 359.2-683.4 kg/ha; Co.3
recorded the highest seed yield. Although no significant differences in essential oil
content or yield were observed between the cultivars, JC.81 produced the highest
essential oil yield (3.95 kg/ha).
Kalra et al. (2003) evaluated a set of 120 Indian accessions of coriander (Coriandrum
sativum L.) screened under late planted conditions for time taken for flowering and fruit
maturity, seed yield, seed size, percent content of essential oil in seeds, oil yield and
susceptibility to powdery mildew and stem gall diseases. It was concluded that accession
CIMAP 2053 and CIMAP 2096 would be suitable for cultivation of coriander under late
sown conditions in Indo-Gangetic plains for higher yield of seeds and essential oil,
respectively. Days to flowering ranged from 65-80, days to maturity ranged from 100-
125, seed yield per plot (6 m2
Singh et al. (2005) evaluated seventy germplasm lines of coriander (Coriandrum sativum
L.) of diverse eco-geographical origin. The 70 genotypes were grouped into 9 clusters
ranged from 0.17-1.39 kg, 1000- seed weight from 8.8-14.6
g.
5
depending upon the genetic architecture of genotypes and characters uniformity and
confirmed by canonical analysis. The maximum inter cluster distance was between I and
IV (96.20) followed by III and IV (91.13) and I and VII (87.15). The cluster VI was very
unique having genotypes of high mean values for most of the component traits. The
cluster VII had highest seed/umbel (35.3 ± 2.24), and leaves/plant (12.93 ± 0.55), earliest
flowering (65.05 ± 1.30) and moderately high mean values for other characters.
Bhandari and Gupta (1993) reported that 200 hundred genotypes of Coriandrum sativum
L exhibited genetic variability for plant height, primary and effective branches, days to
flowering and maturity, umbels and umbellets per plant, seeds per umbellets, thousand
seed weight, straw and grain yield per plant and harvest index. Plant height ranged from
11.8-86.1 cm, no. of primary branches from 1.4-8.6, days to flowering from 65.0-118.8,
days to maturity from 112.0-145.0, umbels per plant from 3.2-39.3, umbellets per plant
from 7.1-177.8, seeds per umbellet from 1.7-11.8, 1000-seed weight from 5.0-22.1 g,
grain yield per plant from 0.2-7.8g and harvest index from 8.9-84.8.
Datta and Choudhuri (2006) evaluated and reported that 17 germplasm lines of coriander
(Coriandrum sativum L.) showed significant variation for most of the character studied.
Genotype RCr-41 produced the highest seed yield (1.51 t/ha) followed by DH-246 (1.43
t/ha). RCr-41 and ACR-69 were found free from wilt and stem gall disease incidence. In
this experiment plant height ranged from 42.87-98.77 cm, primary branches/plant from
5.37-8.23, secondary branches/plant from 10.10-16.75, umbels/plant from 20.83-34.67,
seeds/umbel from 33.47-35.57 and 1000-seed weight from 9.33-13.82 g seed yield
ranged from 686-1506 g per hectare. Seed colour was classified as yellowish green and
light yellowish while seed shape, as oblong, roundish oblong and round. 9 lines infested
with stem gall disease.
6
2.2 Effect of spacing on plants
Koocheki et al. (2006) studied the fennel densities of 40, 50, 60 and 100 plants/m2 and
concluded that as the density was increased from 40 to 100 plants/m2, seed yield
increased with plant density. However, Bahreininejad et al. (2006) reported that the
fennel density of 3.5 plants/m2 produced 2669.3 kg seed/ha and was significantly superior
over other studied densities, i.e. 5 and 10 plants/m2
.
A study was conducted by Khaled et al. (2007) to investigate the effect of sowing dates,
nitrogen fertilization rates and plant density on black cumin productivity under the
rainfed semi-arid conditions of Jordan. The factors were arranged in a split-split-plot in a
randomized complete block design with three replicates and two locations. Results at
Mushaqar location showed that planting on December 2 gave 25.1% and 54.1% more
seed yield over planting at the end of December or at early January, respectively.
Similarly, biological yield at the first date (December 2) was higher by 53.5% and 87%
as compared to the 2nd and 3rd dates, respectively. Harvest index behaved differently,
where the highest harvest index was obtained in 2nd and 3rd planting dates. At Maru
location, highest harvest index value was obtained in second date with an increase of
29.2% and 33.5% over planting in 1st and 3rd date, respectively. Weight of 1000 seed
was significantly affected by planting dates and plant density at the two locations. The
highest 1000 seed weight at Mushaqar was obtained under 35 kg seed ha-1 followed by
25, 30 and 40 kg ha-1. Whereas at Maru, the highest seed weight was obtained under 30
and 35 kg seed ha-1. First planting date gave the tallest plants at Mushaqar, whereas 25 kg
seeds ha-1
gave the tallest plants at Maru. Seed yield was significantly correlated at both
locations with plant height and weight of 1000 seeds. Neither plant density treatments nor
urea treatment applied at cultivation date showed significant effect on seed yield for the
two locations.
7
In order to study the effect of N fertilization and plant density levels on yield and yield
components of fennel in Birjand, Iran, a study was carried out by Azita et al. (2012) in
research field of agriculture and natural resources research center of southern Khorasan in
2010. The study was a spatial and temporal split-plot experiment based on a randomized
complete block design with three replications. The main plot was N fertilization level at
five levels of 0, 40, 80, 120 and 160 kg ha-1 and the sub-plot was the density at three
levels of 10, 15 and 20 plants per m2. The studied traits included umbel number per plant,
umbellet number per umbel, fruit number per umbel, umbel number per m2
, 1000-seed
weight, and fruit yield which were measured and compared at two cuts. It was found that
N level and plant density significantly influenced all studied traits, but their interactions
were not statistically significant for the traits.
Esmaeil and Behnaz (2014) stated that if amount of plant density is more than optimum,
amount of light, foodstuffs and water will not be sufficient for plant. Then if plant density
is lower than optimum as a result from environment factors won't be sufficiently and so
grain yield will decrease.
The effects of seed rate (10, 20, 30, 40 & 50 kg ha-1) on seed yield and some yield
components of Nigella sativa were evaluated under semi arid conditions in Diyarbakır,
Turkey during 1999-2000 and 2000-2001. Seed rate significantly affected plant height,
number of branch per plant, number of capsule per plant, seed yield per plant and seed
yield. High seed rates (40 & 50 kg ha-1) reduced number of branch, number of capsule
per plant, seed yield per plant and seed yield. Seed rate did not affect thousand seed
weight, number of seed per capsule, essential oil and fatty oil rate. The highest seed yield
(828 kg ha-1) was obtained from 10 kg ha-1
.( Özlem and Süleyman, 2004).
An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of sowing date and plant density on
yield and yield components of Black Cumin (Cuminum carvi L.) under dry farming
8
conditions. Four plant densities (50, 100, 150 and 200 plants m-2) and three sowing dates
(3, 13 and 23 of March) were applied. Result showed that seed yield was influenced by
sowing date and plant density interaction. Early sowing date resulted in higher seed
yields as evident from higher aboveground biomass, the number of umbrella per plant,
the number of seed per umbrella and plant height. Harvest index and 1000-seed weight
were not affected by sowing date and planting density. Earlier sown plants with density
of 200 m-2
resulted in higher seed yields. (Sedigheh et al. 2009).
Maya et al. (1997) stated that, plant height of sweet pepper was significantly increased
with close spacing. Manchanda et al. (1888) also expressed similar opinion on plant
height of sweet pepper.
Kim et al. (1999) stated that planting systems and distances did not significantly alter
plant height, main stem length, fruit length, fruit diameter or thickness of pericarp.
Norman (1992) and Foidl et al. (2001) reported that increasing plant density does not
affect individual plants if the plant density is below the level at which competition occurs
between plants.
Janick (1972) reported that increasing competition is similar to decreasing the
concentration of growth factors.
Yield per unit area tends to increase as plant density increases up to a point and then
declines (Akintoye et al., 2009).
Mazumder et al. (2007) stated that plants grown under normal spacing will have optimum
population density per unit area which provides optimum conditions for luxuriant crop
growth and better plant canopy area due to maximum light interception, photosynthetic
9
activity, assimilation and accumulation of more photosynthates into plant system and
hence they produce more seed yield with best quality traits.
Ameen et al. (1988) stated that the narrowest spacing of 45×20 cm recorded the highest
plant height of 110.06 cm but it was non-significant. While, 45×30 cm spacing recorded
the highest number of branches per plant (8.45) in fennel.
Pandey et al. (1996) observed the highest (108.71 cm) plant height in narrow spacing of
60×45 cm in tomato hybrids while, wider spacing of 90x45 cm recorded the highest
number of primary branches per plant (7.91).
Kanwar et al. (2000) conducted an experiment to know the effect of different levels of
population density in onion and concluded that population density failed to register any
effect on days to flowering and maturity.
Bahadur and Singh (2005) stated that a closer spacing of 60x40 cm recorded the highest
plant height of 176.1 cm. whereas; wider spacing of 60x60 cm recorded the highest
number of branches per plant (13.2) in tomato.
Seed quality attributes like test weight, germination percentage and seedling vigour index
were found to be better at wider spacing compared to narrower spacings in fennel,
according to Ameen et al. (1988).
Khorshidi et al. (2009) showed that with increase in inter-plants space significantly
increased branch number per main stem.
Ghobadi and Ghobadi (2010) studied the effect of different coriander plant densities (10,
30, 50 and 70 plant per m2) and concluded that number of umbels per plant and number
10
of fruit per umbel reduced with increasing plant density but no significant difference was
observed in 1000-fruit weight.
Akbarinia et al. (2006) studied the coriander densities of 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60
plants/m2and concluded that fruit and essential oil yield were higher in 30
plants/m2
Ahmed and Haque (1986) studied the effect of row spacing (15, 20, 25 and 30cm) and
time of sowing (November 1, November 20, December 10 and December 30) on the yield
of black cumin (Nigella sativa) in Bangladesh, they found that closer row spacing (15
cm) and early sowing (November 1) was the best for higher seed yield of black cumin.
densities.
Verzalova et al. (1988) reported that row spacing of funnel did not effect on the plant
height but number of umbel and seed yield per plant was increased at the wider spacing.
Masood et al. (2004) investigated the effect of row spacing (40, 50, 60 and 70 cm) on
morphological characters and seed yield of funnel and reported that the greatest plant
height, seed yield per umbel, and seed yield per hectare were obtained with the lowest
row spacing but the lowest plant height, seed yield per umbel, and seed yield per hectare
were obtained with the greatest row spacing.
2.3 Interaction of variety and spacing
An experiment was conducted by Esmaeil and Behnaz (2014) to investigate changes
range of oil yield and percentage attention to plant density on three varieties of black
seed, in the form of factorial based on completely randomized block designs (RCBD)
with 4 replications in Saat-Loui agricultural station of West Azerbaijan province. In this
research, the first factor (A) contained two levels 20 and 40 cm inter rows, the second
factor (B) contained three levels 2, 4 and 6 cm intra rows and the third factor (C)
contained three different varieties of Baft, Bukan, and Arbil. The specimens were planted
on April 22, 2009. The results showed that the effects of plant density and harvest
arrangement on grain yield, oil yield and oil percentage were significant. The highest and
11
least grain yield, oil yield and oil percentage obtained from varieties of Baft and Arbil
respectively. Oil percentage of inter rows 20 cm and intra rows 6 cm was 31.26 and 33.77
percent respectively. The content of oil percentage in variety Baft was 32.33 percent.
Overall, the best content of oil percentage obtained from inter rows 20 cm with intra rows
6 cm in variety Baft about 37.47 percent.
2.4 Medicinal value
Diet and health linkages are no more questionable as consumers are now more conscious
toward their food selection (Hasler, 1998). Consumption patterns have been altered
variably over the last two decades; attributed to various health policies and legislation
implemented in many parts of the globe, particularly in US, Japan and the European
Union, etc. to improve the quality and quantity of food (Krystallis et al., 2008). In the
20th Century, nutritionists of the western world mainly focused on identification and
understanding of nutrients essential for human growth and development resulting in the
formation of reference dietary guidelines (Harper, 1987). However, in the same epoch
especially in China and Mediterranean countries, a major concerns were the exploration
of non-nutritive phytochemicals for their medicinal worth (Tanaka et al., 2001). 21st
century witnessed the merger of these ideas and functional, nutraceuticals and pharma
foods led the changing trend to minimize risk of diseases through diet based strategies
(Zock and Katan, 2008). Concept of functional foods often intermingles with
nutraceuticals, chemopreventive agents, and phytochemicals. The American Dietetic
Association (2005) put forward the definition of functional foods as “all those foods that
provide health benefits beyond their nutrition”.
Black cumin (N. sativa L.) belongs to the family Ranunculaceae/buttercup. It is an annual
flowering plant, native to Southwest Asia. It grows 20-30 cm tall, with finely divided,
linear leaves. The flowers are usually pale blue and white, with 5-10 petals. The fruit is a
large inflated capsule composed of 3-7 united follicles, each containing numerous seeds
(Mozzafari et al., 2000). The different parts of the plant are used for medicinal purposes
12
(Salem, 2005). Nigella is used in India and Middle East as a spice & condiment,
occasionally in Europe as pepper or spice. It is widely used in Indian cuisines,
particularly in mildly braised lamb dishes such as “Korma” (Ramadan, 2007). It is used
in Indian medicine to cure indigestion and bowel disorders. The historical tradition of
black cumin seed use as medicine is substantial (Atta-ur-Rahman et al., 1985a).
In view of its wide range of medicinal uses, scientific investigations presented some
conclusive evidences about its composition; moisture, oil, proteins, ash and total
carbohydrates contents were in range of 3.8-7.0, 22.0 to 40.35%, 20.85-31.2, 3.7-4.7 and
24.9-40.0%, respectively (Atta, 2003; Salem, 2005). In another study, Cheikh- Rouhou et
al. (2007) compared Tunisian and Iranian varieties for their quality attributes. Tunisian
variety contains 8.65, 28.48, 26.7, 4.86 and 40.0% of moisture, oil, proteins, ash and
carbohydrates, while Iranian variety contained 4.08, 40.35, 22.6, 4.41, and 32.7% of
respective attributes.
Minerals such as calcium, phosphorus and iron were found to be in appreciable amounts,
while zinc, calcium, magnesium, manganese and copper in meager quantities (Ali and
Blunden, 2003). Iron, copper, sodium, potassium, calcium, zinc, phosphorous and
magnesium contents lie in the range of 9.1-15.40, 1.5-3.75, 41.2-55.0, 442.3-675.0,
154.4-305.0, 3.36-6.6, 378.12-576.9 and 134.92-147.05mg/100g of seed, respectively
(Cheikh-Rouhou et al., 2007). Likewise, Takruri and Dameh (1998) reported presence of
iron, copper, sodium, potassium, calcium, zinc and phosphorous in quantities of 105,
18.4, 496.0, 5257, 1859, 60.4 and 5265mg/kg, respectively (Ashraf et al., 2006; Cheikh-
Rouhou et al., 2007).
Furthermore, traces of alkaloids were also found belonging to two different types:
isochinoline is represented by nigellimine and nigellimin-Noxide and pyrazol includes
nigellidine and nigellicine (Nickavar et al., 2003). Subsequently, Morikawa et al. (2004)
isolated new dolabellane-type diterpene alkaloids, Nigellamines A(3), A(4), A(5), and C,
from the methanolic extract of black cumin. Afterwards, Singh et al. (2005) separated
13
two new aliphatic compounds from hexane extract of Nigella sativa. The compounds
were characterized as 16-triecosen-7-ol-1 and 6-nonadecanone-2. More recently, Mehta
et al. (2009) identified new saponin from its ethanolic extract. Black cumin seed contains
fixed and essential oil; health claims are often attributed to functional ingredients present
in them (Ali and Blunden, 2003).
The world Health Organization (WHO) enumerated standards that dietary fat should be
rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids (more than 33%) and with reduced contents of
saturated fatty acids (less than 33%) to boost human health. Fatty acid composition of N.
sativa L. fulfill the WHO standards as it contains around 80-84% unsaturated fatty acids
and 14-20% saturated fatty acids (Ashraf et al., 2006).
14
CHAPTER 3
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Different materials used and methodologies followed in this experiment are presented
here in detail. This chapter deals with a brief description of experimental site, climate,
soil, land preparation, layout, experimental design, intercultural operations, data
recording and analysis etc.
3.1 Experimental site and time
The experiment was conducted from 14th November, 2012 to 24th March, 2013
(Robi season) which comprised of seed collection, growing and experimentation, data
collection and compilation etc. at the Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University farm, Sher-e-
Bangla Nagar, Dhaka-1207. It is located under the Agro-ecological zone of Madhupur
Tract, AEZ-28 (230 41' N latitude and 900 22'
3.2 Climate
E longitude) at an elevation of 8 m above
the sea level.
The experimental area was flat having available irrigation and drainage system.
Sufficient sunshine was available during the experimental period. Thus the climatic
factors were agreeable to grow the hybrid rice.
3.3 Soil
The experimental area belongs to Modhupur Tract (Agro-Ecological Zone 28).
Red-Brown Terrace soil type with silty clay in surface and silt clay loam in sub-surface
region. As per USDA soil classification, the experimental soil was under Inceptisol order.
The analysis was done at Soil Resources and Development Institute (SRDI), Dhaka.
15
3.4 Planting material
In this experiment two Black cumin varieties (BARI Kalozira-1 and Local) were used.
BARI Kalozira-1 was developed by Spices Research Centre, BARI in 2009. It’s average
plant height is 55-60cm, number of primary branches is 5-7, number of pods/plant is 20-
25, number of seeds/pod is 75-80, seed weight/pod is 0.20-0.27g, seed weight/plant is 5-
7g, 1000 seeds weight is 3.00 - 3.25 g. Local variety was collected from Vikrampur.
3.5 Land preparation
The experimental land was prepared with the help of power tiller by three successive
ploughing and cross-ploughing followed by laddering. Weeds and crop residues of
previous crop were removed from the field.
The experimental area was laid out according to the design of the experiment. The unit
plot was leveled before seed sowing.
3.6 Fertilizer management
At the time of first ploughing, cowdung was applied at the rate of 5 t ha-1. The
experimental area was fertilized with 125, 95 and 75 kg ha-1 urea, triple super phosphate
(TSP) and muriate of potash (MP) ha-1
3.7 Seed sowing
respectively. The full amounts of triple super
phosphate and muriate of potash and half of the urea were applied at final land
preparation as a basal dose. Rest half of the Urea was applied in two equal splits at 25
and 50 days after seed sowing.
Before seed sowing the seeds were soaked in water for 12 hours to enhance germination.
Seeds were also treated with Bavistin @ 2 g per kg of seeds before sowing. The seeds
were sown in rows according to the treatments by hand. To allow uniform sowing in rows
seeds were mixed with loose soil. The seeds were covered with good pulverized soil just
after sowing and gently pressed by hands. The sowing was done in 14th November 2012
16
with slight watering. After 10 days of seedling emergence, the seedlings were thinned to
maintain required spacing treatments.
3.8 Experimental treatments
Treatments included in the experiment were as follows:
A. Varieties i) V1
ii) V =Local
2
=BARI Kalozira-1
B. Spacing i) S1
ii) S– 15 cm × 10 cm
2
iii) S- 20 cm × 10 cm
3
iv) S - 25 cm × 10 cm
4
v) S - 15 cm × 15 cm
5
vi) S - 20 cm × 15 cm
6
- 25 cm × 15 cm
C. Treatments combinations:
Local (V1 S) × 1 – 15 cm × 10 cm S2 S
- 20 cm × 10 cm 3
S - 25 cm × 10 cm
4S
- 15 cm × 15 cm 5
S - 20 cm × 15 cm
6BARI Kalozira-1 (V
- 25 cm × 15 cm 2 S) × 1 – 15 cm × 10 cm
S2 S
- 20 cm × 10 cm 3
S - 25 cm × 10 cm
4S
- 15 cm × 15 cm 5
S - 20 cm × 15 cm
6 - 25 cm × 15 cm
17
3.9 Experimental Design
The experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design with three
replications. The unit plot size was 3 m x 1.2 m. The spacing between block was 1 m and
between plots 0.5 m.
3.10 Intercultural operations
3.10.1 Weeding
First weeding was done at 20 DAS and the 2nd and 3rd
3.10.2 Irrigation and drainage
weedings at 35 DAS and 55 DAS
respectively to keep the crop weed free.
When the land seemed too dry, then light irrigation was given. Irrigations were given at
15 days interval up to flowering. After flowering two irrigations were applied. Proper
drainage facilities were developed to avoid stagnation of water.
3.10.3 Plant protection measures
The field was investigated time to time to detect visual differences among the treatments
and any kind of infestation by weeds, insects and diseases so that considerable losses by
pest could be minimized. The field looked nice with normal green color plants. Incidence
of insect attack was not found but some plots showed symptoms of fungal attack. For
control, Dithane M-45 was sprayed at 10 days interval @ 2 g/Litre water.
3.10.4 Harvesting and post harvest operation
Plants of all the plots were not harvested at the same date. Harvesting was done from 11
March to 24 March 2013. After uprooting the plants they were kept under the sun to dry
naturally. Seeds were collected by beating with a stick. After cleaning, the seeds of
different plots were also sun-dried and kept in separate plastic containers with tight
covers.
18
3.11 Data collection
The following data were recorded:
Yield attributes and yield parameters
Plant height at first flowering (cm)
Plant height at 50% flowering (cm)
Plant height at last harvest (cm)
Number of primary branches plant
Number of secondary branches plant
-1
Number of plants m
-1
Number of seeds capsule
-2
Number of capsules plant
-1
Single capsule weight (mg)
-1
Weight of seeds capsule-1
Weight of seeds plant
(mg) -1
1000-seed weight (g)
(g)
Seed yield (kg/ha)
3.12 Detailed procedures of data recording
i) Plant height at first flowering, 50% flowering and at harvest (cm) :
Plant height at first flowering was measured when the selected and tagged plants for data
collection from each plot were flowered. Plant height at 50% flowering was recorded
when 50% of the tagged plants was flowered. At harvest, the height of the selected plants
were measured again.
ii) Number of primary branches and secondary branches plant
-1
Number of primary branches and secondary branches plant-1 were counted from the
selected plants during harvest.
19
iii) Number of plants m
Before harvest, number of plants of some selected plots of each treatment combination
were recorded. These data were then converted to number of plants m
-2
-2
iv) Number of seeds capsule
by dividing with
the plot size. -1 and capsules plant
The
-1
number of seeds capsule-1 and capsules plant-1
v) Weight of single capsules (mg), seeds capsule
were recorded from the tagged plants
during harvest. -1 (mg) and seeds plant-1
During harvest, weight of single capsules (mg) and seeds capsule
(g) -1 (mg) as well as weight
of seeds plant-1
vi) 1000-seed weight (g)
(g) were recorded from selected plants from plots of each combination of
variety and spacing.
1000-seed weight of each plot’s selected plants were recorded by weighing 200 seeds
first and then the results were converted into 1000 seeds.
vii) Seed yield (kg/ha)
Each plot’s total yield (kg) were recorded first and then they were converted to kg ha-1
3.13 Statistical analysis
by
using the plot size.
The data collected on different parameters were statistically analyzed to obtain the level
of significance using the MSTAT-C (Russell, 1986) computer package program. Analysis
of variance was done following two factors randomized complete block design. The
mean differences among the treatments were compared by Duncan’s Multiple Range Test
(DMRT) test at 5% level of significance.
20
CHAPTER 4
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The results of the study regarding the effect of variety and spacing on growth and yield
related traits of black cumin (Nigella sativa L.) have been presented and possible
interpretations have been made as follows:
4.1 Plant height at first flowering
4. 1. 1. Effect of variety
Plant height at first flowering was varied insignificantly among the two black cumin
varieties. Higher plant height at first flowering was recorded in Local variety (28.12 cm)
and lower from BARI Kalozira-1 (27.18 cm) (Table 1). Esmaeil and Behnaz (2014)
found that the highest and lowest values for plant height were obtained from Baft and
Arbil variety respectively. Bhandari and Gupta (1993) reported 200 hundred genotypes of
Coriandrum sativum L exhibited genetic variability for plant height.
Table 1. Effect of variety on plant height at first flowering, at 50% flowering and at last harvest
Plant height Variety At first flowering
(cm) At 50% flowering
(cm) At last harvest
(cm) V 28.12 1 35.78 53.79 b V 27.18 2 37.22 57.94 a LSD 2.11 3.22 3.717 CV% 7.61 6.52 3.31 Level of Significance
NS NS *
Means within a column having different letters are significantly different by DMRT * - Significant at 5% level, ** - Significant at 1% level, NS- not significant V1 = Local, V2
= BARI Kalozira-1
21
4. 1. 2. Effect of spacing
Significant variation was found due to the effect of spacing on plant height at first
flowering. The lowest plant height (23.53 cm) at first flowering was recorded from S5 (20
cm × 15 cm spacing) and highest (30.20 cm) from S1 (15 cm × 10 cm spacing). The
treatment S1 was statistically same to S2
which gave plant height of 29.03 cm at first
flowering (Figure 1 and Appendix I). Özlem and Süleyman (2004) found that seed rate
significantly affected plant height.
S1 = 15 cm × 10 cm, S2 = 20 cm × 10 cm, S3 = 25 cm × 10 cm, S4 = 15 cm × 15 cm, S5 = 20 cm × 15 cm and S6
Figure 1. Effect of spacing on plant height at first flowering.
= 25 cm × 15 cm
4. 1. 3. Interaction effect of variety and spacing
Plant height at first flowering was varied significantly due to the interaction effect of
variety and spacing. The highest (31.27 cm) plant height at first flowering was recorded
from V1S1 while lowest from V2S5 (23.07 cm). The result found from V1S1 was
statistically similar with the results of V1S2 (29.40 cm), V1S4 (28.33 cm), V1S6 (28.93
cm), V2S1 (29.13 cm), V2S2 (28.67 cm), V2S3 (28.67 cm) and V2S4
(27.27 cm) (Table 2).
30.229.03
27.74 27.8
23.53
27.6
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6
Plan
t hei
ght
at fi
rst
flow
erin
g (c
m)
22
Table 2. Interaction effect of variety and spacing on plant height at first flowering, at 50% flowering and at last harvest
Treatments Plant height at first flowering (cm)
Plant height at 50% flowering(cm)
Plant height at last harvest (cm)
V1S 31.27 a 1 38.53 ab 53.40 cd V1S 29.40 ab 2 37.07 abc 56.73 abc V1S 26.80 bcd 3 34.20 bc 52.87 d V1S 28.33 ab 4 35.53 abc 45.93 e V1S 24.00 cd 5 33.13 c 54.53 cd V1S 28.93 ab 6 36.20 abc 59.27 ab V2S 29.13 ab 1 38.93 a 59.80 a V2S 28.67 ab 2 38.33 ab 58.47 ab V2S 28.67 ab 3 37.67 abc 55.00 cd V2S 27.27 abc 4 37.47 abc 56.00 bcd V2S 23.07 d 5 35.27 abc 58.53 ab V2S 26.27 bcd 6 35.67 abc 59.87 a LSD 3.564 4.028 3.132 CV% 7.61 6.52 3.31 Level of Significance
* * *
Means within a column having different letters are significantly different by DMRT * - Significant at 5% level, ** - Significant at 1% level, NS- not significant V1 = Local, V2
S
= BARI Kalozira-1
1 = 15 cm × 10 cm, S2 = 20 cm × 10 cm, S3 = 25 cm × 10 cm, S4 = 15 cm × 15 cm, S5 = 20 cm × 15 cm and S6
4.2 Plant height at 50% flowering
= 25 cm × 15 cm
4. 2. 1. Effect of variety
Plant height at 50% flowering was also varied insignificantly among the two black cumin
varieties. Higher plant height at 50% flowering was recorded in BARI Kalozira-1 (37.22
cm) and lower from Local variety (35.78 cm) (Table 1).
4. 2. 2. Effect of spacing
Significant variation was found due to the effect of spacing on plant height at 50%
flowering. The lowest plant height (34.20 cm) at 50% flowering was recorded from S5
(20 cm × 15 cm spacing) and highest (38.73 cm) from S1 (15 cm × 10 cm spacing)
23
(Figure 2 and Appendix I). The treatment S1 was statistically similar to S2
that gave plant
height of 37.70 cm at 50% flowering. Maya et al. (1997) stated that, plant height of sweet
pepper was significantly increased with close spacing.
S1 = 15 cm × 10 cm, S2 = 20 cm × 10 cm, S3 = 25 cm × 10 cm, S4 = 15 cm × 15 cm, S5 = 20 cm × 15 cm and S6
Figure 2. Effect of spacing on plant height at 50% flowering
= 25 cm × 15 cm
4. 2. 3. Interaction effect of variety and spacing
Plant height at 50% flowering was varied significantly due to the interaction effect of
variety and spacing. The highest plant height (38.93 cm) at 50% flowering was recorded
from V2S1 while the lowest from V1S5 (33.13 cm). The result found from V2S1 was
statistically similar to the results of V1S1 (38.53 cm), V1S2 (37.07 cm), V1S4 (35.53 cm),
V1S6 (36.20 cm), V2S2 (38.33 cm), V2S3 (37.67 cm), V2S4 (37.47 cm), V2S5 (35.27 cm)
and V2S6
(35.67 cm) (Table 2).
38.73
37.7
35.9336.5
34.2
35.93
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6
Plan
t hei
ght a
t 50%
flow
erin
g (c
m)
24
4.3 Plant height at last harvest
4. 3. 1. Effect of variety
Plant height at last harvest (cm) showed significant variation between the two black
cumin varieties. Statistically higher plant height at last harvest was shown by BARI
Kalozira-1(57.94 cm) while the Local cultivar showed lower plant height (53.79 cm)
between the two (Table 1).
4. 3. 2. Effect of spacing
Significant variation was found due to the effect of spacing on plant height at final
harvest. The lowest plant height (50.97 cm) at final harvest was recorded from S4 (15 cm
× 15 cm spacing) and the highest (59.57 cm) from S6 (25 cm × 15 cm spacing). The
treatment S6 was followed by S2
which showed plant height of 57.60 cm at final harvest
(Figure 3 and Appendix I). This may be due to lower competition among the plants.
Sedigheh et al. (2009) stated that in suitable plant density, plants completely use
environmental conditions (water, air, light and soil) and inter- or intra-specific
competition is minimum.
S1 = 15 cm × 10 cm, S2 = 20 cm × 10 cm, S3 = 25 cm × 10 cm, S4 = 15 cm × 15 cm, S5 = 20 cm × 15 cm and S6
Figure 3. Effect of spacing on plant height at harvest.
= 25 cm × 15 cm
56.657.6
53.93
50.97
56.53
59.57
46
48
50
52
54
56
58
60
62
S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6
Plan
t hei
ght a
t las
t ha
rves
t (cm
)
25
4. 3. 3. Interaction effect of variety and spacing
Plant height at harvest was varied significantly due to the interaction effect of variety and
spacing. The highest (59.87 cm) plant height at harvest was recorded from V2S6 which
was closely followed by V2S1 (59.80 cm) while the lowest was recorded from V1S4
(45.93 cm). The result found from V2S6 and V2S1 was statistically similar to the results
of V1S2 (56.73 cm), V1S6 (59.27 cm), V2S2 (58.47 cm) and V2S5
(58.53 cm) (Table 2).
These results do not contain with the findings of Esmaeil and Behnaz (2014) who found
that interaction effect of variety and spacing was not significant on plant height.
4.4 Number of primary branches plant
4. 4. 1. Effect of variety
-1
Due to varietal difference, there was a significant variation in the number of primary
branches plant-1. BARI Kalozira-1 showed statistically higher number of primary
branches plant-1
Table 3. Effect of variety on number of primary branches plant
(7.89) while Local cultivar showed comparatively lower (7.16). (Table
3). Esmaeil and Behnaz (2014) found that the highest and the lowest values for number of
stem were obtained from Baft and Arbil variety respectively. -1, secondary
branches plant-1 and number of plants m
-2
Variety Number of primary branches
plant
Number of secondary branches plant
-1
Number of plants m-1 -2
V 7.16 b 1 14.18 b 34.78 V 7.89 a 2 17.09 a 34.92 LSD 0.481 1.423 1.533 CV% 3.73 4.65 4.84 Level of Significance
* * NS
Means within a column having different letters are significantly different by DMRT * - Significant at 5% level, ** - Significant at 1% level, NS- not significant V1 = Local, V2 = BARI Kalozira-1
26
4. 4. 2. Effect of spacing
Significant variation was found due to the effect of spacing on number of primary
branches plant-1. The lowest number of primary branches plant-1 (6.9) was recorded from
S1 (15 cm × 10 cm spacing) and S2 (20 cm × 10 cm spacing) while highest (8.3) from S6
(25 cm × 15 cm spacing). The treatment S6 was statistically same to S5 which gave 8.03
primary branches plant-1 (Figure 4 and Appendix II). Özlem and Süleyman (2004) found
that seed rate significantly affected number of branch per plant of Nigella sativa. They
mentioned that high seed rates (40 and 50 kg ha-1
) reduced number of branch per plant of
Nigella sativa. Pandey et al. (1996) observed that wider spacing of 90x45 cm gave the
highest number of primary branches per plant (7.91) in tomato. Khorshidi et al. (2009)
showed that with increase in inter-plants space significantly increased branch number in
main stem.
S1 = 15 cm × 10 cm, S2 = 20 cm × 10 cm, S3 = 25 cm × 10 cm, S4 = 15 cm × 15 cm, S5 = 20 cm × 15 cm and S6
Figure 4. Effect of spacing on number of primary branches plant
= 25 cm × 15 cm
-1
4. 4. 3. Interaction effect of variety and spacing
.
Number of primary branches plant-1 showed significant variation among the treatments
due to the interaction effect of variety and spacing. Highest primary branches plant-1
6.9 6.97.5 7.5
8.034 8.3
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6
Num
ber o
f pri
mar
y br
anch
es
plan
t-1
27
(8.867) was found from the V2S6 treatment which was followed by V2S5 (8.267). V2S3
(8.000) also showed better performance. On the other hand, lowest value for primary
branches plant-1 was recorded in V1S1 (5.867) which was followed by the results of V1S2
(6.867) and V1S3
Table 4. Interaction effect of variety and spacing on primary branches plant
(7.000) (Table 4).
-1, secondary branches plant-1 and number of plants m
Treatments
-2
Number of primary branches plant
Number of secondary branches plant-1
Number of plants m-1 -2
V1S 5.867 f 1 10.40 f 40.00 ab V1S 6.867 e 2 12.40 e 39.00 ab V1S 7.000 e 3 14.40 d 37.22 abc V1S 7.667 cd 4 16.53 b 34.00 cd V1S 7.800 bcd 5 16.40 b 31.39 de V1S 7.733 cd 6 14.93 cd 27.09 e V2S 7.933 bc 1 16.93 b 41.81 a V2S 6.933 e 2 16.60 b 39.20 ab V2S 8.000 bc 3 17.33 ab 36.04 bcd V2S 7.333 de 4 16.00 bc 33.30 cd V2S 8.267 b 5 17.20 ab 31.30 de V2S 8.867 a 6 18.47 a 27.90 e LSD 0.4759 1.232 4.782 CV% 3.73 4.65 4.84 Level of Significance
** ** **
Means within a column having different letters are significantly different by DMRT * - Significant at 5% level, ** - Significant at 1% level, NS- not significant V1 = Local, V2
S
= BARI Kalozira-1
1 = 15 cm × 10 cm, S2 = 20 cm × 10 cm, S3 = 25 cm × 10 cm, S4 = 15 cm × 15 cm, S5 = 20 cm × 15 cm and S6
4.5 Number of secondary branches plant
= 25 cm × 15 cm
4. 5. 1. Effect of variety
-1
There was a significant variation in the number of secondary branches plant-1 for the
effect of variety. BARI Kalozira-1 produced statistically higher number of secondary
branches plant-1 (17.09) while Local cultivar produced comparatively lowers (14.18)
(Table 3).
28
4. 5. 2. Effect of spacing
Significant variation was found due to the effect of spacing on number of secondary
branches plant-1. The lowest (13.66) number of secondary branches plant-1 was recorded
from S1 (15 cm × 10 cm spacing) and the highest (16.80) from S5 (20 cm × 15 cm
spacing) (Figure 5 and Appendix II). The treatment S5 was statistically similar to S6
which produced 16.70 secondary branches plant-1
. Bahadur and Singh (2005) stated that
wider spacing of 60x60 cm recorded the highest number of branches per plant (13.2) in
tomato. Some researches (Degenhardt and Kondra, 1981; Roy and Paul, 1991 and Kızıl,
2002) reported that as seed rate increased, number of branch per plant decreased. Also
this is probably because high seed rate created higher interplant competition.
S1 = 15 cm × 10 cm, S2 = 20 cm × 10 cm, S3 = 25 cm × 10 cm, S4 = 15 cm × 15 cm, S5 = 20 cm × 15 cm and S6
Figure 5. Effect of spacing on number of secondary branches plant
= 25 cm × 15 cm
-1
4. 5. 3. Interaction effect of variety and spacing
.
Number of secondary branches plant-1 showed significant variation among the treatments
due to the interaction effect of variety and spacing. The highest secondary branches plant-
13.6614.5
15.86 16.26 16.8 16.7
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6
Num
ber o
f sec
onda
ry b
ranc
hes
plan
t-1
29
1 (18.47) was found in V2S6 treatment which was statistically similar with V2S5 (17.20)
and V2S3 (17.33). On the other hand, lowest value for secondary branches plant-1 (10.40)
was recorded in V1S1 which was followed by the results of V1S2 (12.40) and V1S3
4.6 Number of plants m
(14.40) (Table 4).
4. 6. 1. Effect of variety
-2
Number of plants m-2 was varied insignificantly due to varietal effect. Though
comparatively higher number of plants m-2
4. 6. 2. Effect of spacing
was given by Local variety (34.92) which was
closely followed by BARI Kalozira-1 (34.78) (Table 3).
Number of plants m-2 varied significantly due to the effect of spacing. The highest
number of plants m-2 (40.90) was given by S1 (15 cm × 10 cm spacing) while the lowest
(27.49) was from S6 (25 cm × 15 cm spacing). It was observed that number of plants m-2
decreased as the spacing increased (Figure 6 and Appendix II).
S1 = 15 cm × 10 cm, S2 = 20 cm × 10 cm, S3 = 25 cm × 10 cm, S4 = 15 cm × 15 cm, S5 = 20 cm × 15 cm and S6
Figure 6. Effect of spacing on number of plants m
= 25 cm × 15 cm
-2.
40.939.1
36.6333.65
31.34
27.49
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6
Num
ber o
f pla
nts
m-2
30
4. 6. 3. Interaction effect of variety and spacing
Significant variation was found due to the interaction effect of variety and spacing for the
parameter number of plants m-2. Highest number of plants m-2 (41.81) was given by V2S1
which was very close and statistically similar with V1S1 (40.00), V2S2 (39.20) and V1S2
(39.00). On the other hand, the lowest result was recorded from V1S6 (27.09) which was
statistically similar with V2S6 (27.90). It was observed that as spacing increased, number
of plants m-2
was decreased for both the variety (Table 4).
4.7 Weight of seeds capsule-1
4. 7. 1. Effect of variety
(mg)
Due to the effect of variety, a significant variation was found between the two varieties
for the parameter weight of seeds capsule-1
Table 5. Effect of variety on weight of seeds capsule
(mg). BARI Kalozira-1 (232.6 mg) showed
better result than the Local variety (206.5 mg) (Table 5). Bhandari and Gupta (1993)
reported that genotypes of Coriandrum sativum L exhibited genetic variability for seeds
per umbellets.
-1, weight of seeds plant-1, number of capsules plant-1, single capsule weight and number of seeds capsule
-1
Variety Weight of seeds
capsule-1
(mg)
Weight of seeds plant-
1
(g)
Number of capsules plant
-1
Single capsule
weight (mg)
Number of seeds
capsule-1
V 206.5 b 1 3.662 b 21.61 b 267.3 b 89.39 b V 232.6 a 2 4.033 a 23.92 a 279.2 a 100.1 a LSD 7.798 0.3569 1.28 9.574 8.588 CV% 5.05 8.26 5.55 3.48 5.28 Level of Significance
* * * ** *
Means within a column having different letters are significantly different by DMRT * - Significant at 5% level, ** - Significant at 1% level, NS- not significant V1 = Local, V2 = BARI Kalozira-1
31
4. 7. 2. Effect of spacing
Weight of seeds capsule-1 (mg) varied significantly due to the effect of spacing. The
highest weight of seeds capsule-1 (235.5 mg) was recorded in S5 (20 cm × 15 cm spacing)
which was close and statistically similar to S6 (25 cm × 15 cm spacing) (235.0 mg). On
the other hand, the lowest weight of seeds capsule-1 (203.0 mg) was found in S1
(15 cm ×
10 cm spacing) (Figure 7 and Appendix III).
S1 = 15 cm × 10 cm, S2 = 20 cm × 10 cm, S3 = 25 cm × 10 cm, S4 = 15 cm × 15 cm, S5 = 20 cm × 15 cm and S6
Figure 7. Effect of spacing on weight of seeds capsule
= 25 cm × 15 cm
-1
(mg).
4. 7. 3. Interaction effect of variety and spacing
Significant variation was found due to the interaction effect of variety and spacing for
weight of seeds capsule-1 (mg). The highest weight of seeds capsule-1 was recorded in
V2S5 (257.2 mg) which was close and statistically similar to V2S6 (243.6 mg). The
lowest weight of seeds capsule-1 (187.8 mg) was found in V1S1 which was statistically
similar to V1S2 (192.7 mg) (Table 6).
203207.2
219.3217.5
235.5 235
180
190
200
210
220
230
240
S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6
Wei
ght o
f see
ds c
apsu
le-1
(mg)
32
4.8 Weight of seeds plant-1
4. 8. 1. Effect of variety
(g)
Weight of seeds plant-1 (g) showed statistically significant variation due to varietal
difference. BARI Kalozira-1 has produced greater weight of seeds plant-1
4. 8. 2. Effect of spacing
(5.25 g) than
the local variety (4.85 g) (Table 5). The weight of Cuminum carvi seed varied in different
experiments. Kafi (2003) reported that it was from 2.79 to 2.99 g under varying plant
densities.
Weight of seeds plant-1 (g) varied significantly due to the effect of spacing. The highest
weight of seeds plant-1 (6.637 g) was recorded in S5 (20 cm × 15 cm spacing) which was
followed by S6 (25 cm × 15 cm spacing) (5.432 g). On the other hand, the lowest weight
of seeds capsule-1 (4.115 g) was found in S1 (15 cm × 10 cm spacing) (Figure 8 and
Appendix III). Özlem and Süleyman (2004) found that seed rate significantly affected
seed yield per plant in Nigella sativa. They reported that high seed rates (40 & 50 kg ha-1
)
reduced the seed yield per plant.
S1 = 15 cm × 10 cm, S2 = 20 cm × 10 cm, S3 = 25 cm × 10 cm, S4 = 15 cm × 15 cm, S5 = 20 cm × 15 cm and S6
Figure 8. Effect of spacing on weight of seeds plant
= 25 cm × 15 cm
-1.
2.938 3.0553.365
4.106
4.6524.966
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6
Wei
ght o
f see
ds p
lant
-1(g
)
33
4. 8. 3. Interaction effect of variety and spacing
Significant variation was found due to the interaction effect of variety and spacing for
weight of seeds plant-1 (g). The highest weight of seeds plant-1 was recorded in V2S5
(6.693 g) which was closely followed by and statistically similar to V2S6 (6.580 g). The
lowest weight of seeds plant-1 (3.767 g) was found in V1S1 which was statistically similar
to V1S4 (3.960 g), V2S1 (4.270 g) and V2S2
4.9 Number of capsules plant
(4.320 g) (Table 6).
-1
4. 9. 1. Effect of variety
Due to the effect of variety number of capsules plant-1 showed significant variation.
BARI Kalozira-1 gave higher number of capsules plant-1
4. 9. 2. Effect of spacing
(23.79) than the local variety
(21.75) (Table 5).
Significant variation was found due to the effect of spacing on number of capsules
plant-1. The lowest (19.87) number of capsules plant-1 was recorded from S1 (15 cm × 10
cm spacing) and it was statistically similar to S4 (15 cm × 15 cm) (20.41). The treatment
S6 (25 cm × 15 cm spacing) produced statistically highest number of capsules plant-
1 (26.53) which was followed by S5
(20 cm × 15 cm spacing) (24.26) (Figure 9 and
Appendix III).
S1 = 15 cm × 10 cm, S2 = 20 cm × 10 cm, S3 = 25 cm × 10 cm, S4 = 15 cm × 15 cm, S5 = 20 cm × 15 cm and S6
Figure 9. Effect of spacing on number of capsules plant
= 25 cm × 15 cm -1.
19.8722.3 23.24
20.41
25.6 25.2
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6
Num
ber o
f cap
sule
s pl
ant-1
34
Kafi (1990) reported that the number of umbrella per plant under varying plant densities
was from 18.9 to 31.3. Özlem and Süleyman (2004) found that the highest number of
capsule per plant was obtained from 10 kg ha-1
(10.2 pieces/plant). Bianco et al. (1994)
found significant effect of plant density on the number of umbrella per plant of fennel.
4. 9. 3. Interaction effect of variety and spacing
Significant variation was found due to the interaction effect of variety and spacing on
number of capsules plant-1. The lowest (17.87) number of capsules plant-1 was recorded
from V1S1 and it was statistically similar to V1S4 (18.02). The treatment V2S5 produced
statistically the highest number of capsules plant-1 (27.47) which was followed by V2S6
(25.60) (Table 6).
4.10 Single capsule weight (mg)
4.10.1. Effect of variety
Single capsule weight (mg) showed statistically significant variation due to the effect of
variety. Higher single capsule weight (296.39 mg) was given by BARI Kalozira-1 while
lower value was recorded from Local variety (250.11 mg) (Table 5).
4.10.2. Effect of spacing
Weight of single capsule (mg) varied significantly due to the effect of spacing. The
highest weight of single capsule (291.5 mg) was recorded in S5 (20 cm × 15 cm spacing)
which was statistically similar to S4 (15 cm × 15 cm) (290.8 mg) and S6 (25 cm × 15 cm
spacing) (289.2 mg). On the other hand, the lowest weight of single capsule (228.3 mg)
was found in S1 (15 cm × 10 cm spacing) (Figure 10 and Appendix III). Paperi
Moqaddam and Bohrani (2005) found that with decreasing plant density, number of
capsule in plant and capsule weight increased.
35
S1 = 15 cm × 10 cm, S2 = 20 cm × 10 cm, S3 = 25 cm × 10 cm, S4 = 15 cm × 15 cm, S5 = 20 cm × 15 cm and S6
Figure 10. Effect of spacing on single capsule weight (mg).
= 25 cm × 15 cm
4.10.3. Interaction effect of variety and spacing
Significant variation was found due to the interaction effect of variety and spacing on
weight of single capsule. The highest weight of single capsule (326.7 mg) was recorded
in V2S5 and it was statistically similar to V1S6 (318.0) and V2S6 (310.0). The treatment
V1S1 gave statistically the lowest result (200.0) which was followed by V1S2
(246.7)
(Table 6).
4.11 Number of seeds capsule
4.11.1. Effect of variety
-1
Number of seeds capsule-1 showed statistically insignificant variation due to the effect of
variety. BARI Kalozira-1 produced numerically higher number of seeds capsule-1
(96.11)
than the Local variety (93.33) (Table 5).
225251.7
275.8 270.3
302.5 314.1
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6
Sing
le c
apsu
le w
eigh
t (m
g)
36
4.11.2. Effect of spacing
Number of seeds capsule-1 showed statistically significant variation due to the effect of
spacing. The highest number of seeds capsule-1 (99.17) was recorded in S5 (20 cm × 15
cm spacing) which was statistically similar to S6, S4 and S3 which gave 97.33, 95.50 and
93.83 seeds capsule-1. On the other hand, the lowest number of seeds capsule-1 (91.17)
was recorded in S1
(15 cm × 10 cm spacing) (Figure 11 and Appendix III). These are not
in contain with the findings of Özlem and Süleyman (2004) who found that seed rate did
not affect number of seed per capsule. Sedigheh et al. (2009) found that number of seed
per umbrella showed an increasing trend with decreases in plant densities in Cuminum
carvi. Because seed set depends on providing the sufficient nutrients and environmental
conditions while shift from vegetative to reproductive stage, increased plant densities
result in limited availability of nutrients, light and water so the number of reproductive
units decrease; at last seed number decreases.
S1 = 15 cm × 10 cm, S2 = 20 cm × 10 cm, S3 = 25 cm × 10 cm, S4 = 15 cm × 15 cm, S5 = 20 cm × 15 cm and S6
Figure 11. Effect of spacing on number of seeds capsule
= 25 cm × 15 cm
-1
.
89.83
92.1792.83
95.33
97.15
101
84
86
88
90
92
94
96
98
100
102
S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6
Num
ber o
f see
ds c
apsu
le-1
37
4.11.3. Interaction effect of variety and spacing
Number of seeds capsule-1 showed statistically significant variation due to the interaction
effect of variety and spacing. The highest number of seeds capsule-1 was recorded in
V2S6 (107.0) and it was statistically similar to V2S5 (103.3), V2S4 (100.0) and V2S3
(98.00). On the other hand, the lowest number of seeds capsule-1 (84.67) was recorded in
V1S1 which was followed by V1S2
Table 6. Interaction effect of variety and spacing on weight of seeds capsule
(87.33) (Table 6).
-1, weight of seeds plant-1, number of capsules plant-1, single capsule weight and number of seeds capsule
Treatments
-1
Weight of seeds
capsule-1
(mg)
Weight of
seeds plant-1
(g)
Number of
capsules
plant
-1
Single
capsule
weight (mg)
Number of seeds capsule-
1
V1S 187.8 e 1 2.767 e 17.87 e 200.0 f 84.67 f V1S 192.7 de 2 2.840 e 22.20 d 246.7 e 87.33 ef V1S 209.7 cd 3 3.140 de 23.07 cd 288.3 b 87.67 d-f V1S 208.8 cd 4 3.960 bcd 18.02 e 272.3 b-d 90.67 c-f V1S 213.7 c 5 4.510 abc 23.73 bcd 278.3 bc 91.00 c-f V1S 226.4 bc 6 4.753 ab 24.80 bc 318.3 a 95.00 b-e V2S 218.1 c 1 3.110 de 21.87 d 250.0 e 95.00 b-e V2S 221.7 c 2 3.270 de 22.40 cd 256.7 de 97.00 b-d V2S 228.8 bc 3 3.590 cde 23.40 b-d 263.3 c-e 98.00 a-c V2S 226.1 bc 4 4.253 abc 22.80 cd 268.3 cd 100.0 a-c V2S 257.2 a 5 4.793 ab 27.47 a 326.7 a 103.3 ab V2S 243.6 ab 6 5.180 a 25.60 ab 310.0 a 107.0 a LSD 18.76 0.9363 2.141 16.12 8.464 CV% 5.05 8.26 5.55 3.48 5.28 Level of Significance
* ** * ** *
Means within a column having different letters are significantly different by DMRT * - Significant at 5% level, ** - Significant at 1% level, NS- not significant V1 = Local, V2
S
= BARI Kalozira-1
1 = 15 cm × 10 cm, S2 = 20 cm × 10 cm, S3 = 25 cm × 10 cm, S4 = 15 cm × 15 cm, S5 = 20 cm × 15 cm and S6 = 25 cm × 15 cm
38
4.12 1000-seed weight (g)
4.12.1. Effect of variety
Due to the effect of variety, 1000-seed weight (g) varied significantly. Higher 1000-seed
weight (2.414 g) was given by BARI Kalozira-1 while lower value was recorded from
Local variety (2.337 g) (Table 7).
Table 7. Effect of variety on 1000-seed weight and seed yield
Variety 1000-seed weight (g) Seed yield (kg/ha) V 2.337 b 1 1239.57 b V 2.414 a 2 1373.09 a LSD 0.07457 30.34 CV% 4.72 5.01 Level of Significance * ** Means within a column having different letters are significantly different by DMRT * - Significant at 5% level, ** - Significant at 1% level, NS- not significant V1 = Local, V2
= BARI Kalozira-1
4.12.2. Effect of spacing
1000-seed weight (g) varied non-significantly due to the effect of spacing. The highest
1000-seed weight (2.425 g) was given by S5 (20 cm × 15 cm spacing) which was
statistically similar to S4, S6 and S2 who gave 2.403, 2.392 and 2.365 g 1000-seed
weight. The lowest 1000-seed weight (2.335 g) was given by S1
4.12.3. Interaction effect of variety and spacing
(15 cm × 10 cm spacing)
(Figure 12 and Appendix III). Sedigheh et al. (2009) found that effect of sowing date and
plant density on 1000-seed weight was not significant in Cuminum carvi.
Due to the interaction effect of variety and spacing, 1000-seed weight (g) varied
significantly. The maximum 1000-seed weight was recorded in V2S5 (2.44 g) and it was
statistically similar to all the other combinations except V1S1
which produced the lowest
1000-seed weight (2.23 g) (Table 8).
39
S1 = 15 cm × 10 cm, S2 = 20 cm × 10 cm, S3 = 25 cm × 10 cm, S4 = 15 cm × 15 cm, S5 = 20 cm × 15 cm and S6
Figure 12. Effect of spacing on 1000-seed weight (g).
= 25 cm × 15 cm
4.13 Seed yield (kg/ha)
4.13.1. Effect of variety
There was a statistically significant variation among the varieties in case of seed yield
(kg/ha). Statistically higher seed yield was recorded in BARI Kalozira-1 (1086.00 kg/ha)
while the Local variety gave lower value (1292.12 kg/ha) (Table 7).
4.13.2. Effect of spacing
Seed yield (kg/ha) showed statistically significant variation among the different spacing
treatments. The maximum seed yield (1346.57 kg/ha) was recorded in S5 (20 cm × 15 cm
spacing) which was closely followed by S6 (25 cm × 15 cm spacing) (1245.28 kg/ha).
The lowest seed yield (1017.56 kg/ha) was recorded from S1 (15 cm × 10 cm spacing)
(Figure 13 and Appendix III).
2.335
2.365
2.392.403
2.425
2.392
2.28
2.3
2.32
2.34
2.36
2.38
2.4
2.42
2.44
S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6
1000
-see
d w
eigh
t (g
)
40
S1 = 15 cm × 10 cm, S2 = 20 cm × 10 cm, S3 = 25 cm × 10 cm, S4 = 15 cm × 15 cm, S5 = 20 cm × 15 cm and S6
Figure 13. Effect of spacing on seed yield (kg/ha).
= 25 cm × 15 cm
4.13.3. Interaction effect of variety and spacing
Seed yield (kg/ha) showed statistically significant variation due to the interaction effect
of variety and spacing. Statistically the maximum seed yield (1458.19 kg/ha) was
recorded in V2S5 and it was closely followed by V2S6 (1445.79 kg/ha). The lowest seed
yield (1107.11 kg/ha) was recorded from V1S1 and it was closely followed by V1S2
Özlem and Süleyman (2004) found that the highest seed yield was obtained from the
lowest seed rate (10 kg ha
(1108.23 kg/ha) (Table 8).
-1
Norman (1992) reported that increasing plant density does not affect individual plants if
the plant density is below the level at which competition occurs between plants.
).
Janick, (1972) reported that increasing competition is similar to decreasing the
concentration of growth factors.
1204.28 1195.29 1231.37
1381.621458.19
1366.41
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6
Seed
yie
ld (k
g/ha
)
41
Yield per unit area tends to increase as plant density increases up to a point and then
declines (Akintoye et al., 2009).
Mazumder et al. (2007) stated that plants grown under normal spacing will have optimum
population density per unit area which provides optimum conditions for luxuriant crop
growth and better plant canopy area due to maximum light interception, photosynthetic
activity, assimilation and accumulation of more photosynthates into plant system and
hence they produce more seed yield with best quality traits.
Verzalova et al. (1988) reported that row spacing of funnel did not effect on the plant
height but number of umbel and seed yield per plant was increased at the wider spacing.
Boroomand Rezazadeh et al. (2009) conducted an experiment to study the effect of
planting date and plant density on morphologic traits and oil percentage of Ajowan and
reported that with increasing leaves weight, number of capsule, number of stem, 1000-
seed weight increased. Because with increasing number of stems, number of leaf increase
and levels of chlorophyll increase also, consequently photosynthesis process and food
manufacturing are well done and grain size and weight increase as a result.
42
Table 8. Interaction effect of variety and spacing on 1000-seed weight and seed yield
Treatments 1000-seed weight (g) Seed yield (kg/ha) V1S 2.230 c 1 1107.11 f V1S 2.340 a-c 2 1108.23 f V1S 2.390 ab 3 1169.07 e V1S 2.310 bc 4 1346.59 c V1S 2.397 ab 5 1416.67 b V1S 2.357 ab 6 1288.37 d V2S 2.360 ab 1 1300.19 d V2S 2.410 ab 2 1282.17 d V2S 2.430 ab 3 1294.78 d V2S 2.427 ab 4 1416.21 b V2S 2.440 a 5 1458.19 a V2S 2.420 ab 6 1445.79 b LSD 0.1071 37.19 CV% 4.72 5.01 Level of Significance * ** Means within a column having different letters are significantly different by DMRT * - Significant at 5% level, ** - Significant at 1% level, NS- not significant V1 = Local, V2
S
= BARI Kalozira-1
1 = 15 cm × 10 cm, S2 = 20 cm × 10 cm, S3 = 25 cm × 10 cm, S4 = 15 cm × 15 cm, S5 = 20 cm × 15 cm and S6
= 25 cm × 15 cm
43
CHAPTER 5
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
A field experiment was conducted at the Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University (SAU),
Dhaka, Bangladesh during rabi season of November 2012 to March 2013 to study the
yield performance of Black cumin (Nigella sativa L.) in response to variety and
population density. Two varieties and six levels of spacing were used in the experiment.
The two varieties were V1= Local (collected from Vikrampur), V2= BARI Kalozira-1
and six spacings were as follows: S1= 15cm x10 cm, S2= 20cm x10 cm, S3= 25cm x10
cm, S4= 15cm x15 cm, S5= 20cm x15 cm and S6= 25cm x15 cm. The experiment was
laid out in randomized complete block (RCBD) design having twelve treatments with 3
replications. The size of unit plot was 3 m x 1.2 m. The total number of treatments was
12 and the number of plots were 36. Data were collected on the following parameters-
plant height (at first flowering, at 50% flowering and at harvest), number of primary and
secondary branches plant-1, number of plants m-2, number of seeds capsule-1, number of
capsules plant-1, single capsule weight (mg), weight of seeds capsule-1 (mg), weight of
seeds plant-1
(g), 1000-seed weight (g) and seed yield (kg/ha). The data were analyzed
statistically by F-test to examine whether the treatment effects were significant. The
mean comparisons of the treatments were evaluated by DMRT (Ducan's Multiple Range
Test).
Most of the parameters were significantly affected by the varietal differences except plant
height at first flowering, at 50% flowering and number of plants m-2. Number of primary
and secondary branches plant-1, number of plants m-2, number of seeds capsule-1, number
of capsules plant-1, single capsule weight (mg), weight of seeds capsule-1 (mg), weight of
seeds plant-1 (g), 1000-seed weight (g) and seed yield (kg/ha) were significantly higher in
BARI Kalozira-1 compared to Local variety. BARI Kalozira-1 produced a seed yield of
1373.09 kg/ha where Local variety produced 1239.57 kg/ha.
44
All of the yield parameters except 1000-seed weight were significantly influenced by
various spacing used in this experiment. At initial stage plant height was higher at lower
plant spacings but later this pattern was changed. Wider spacings found to be beneficial
for number of primary and secondary branches plant-1 also. On the other hand, though at
higher densities plants faced competition for nutrient, water and other components; their
yield was not too far behind of those of lower densities due to higher number of plants
m-2. As expected, number of plants m-2 was significantly higher in lower spacings than
the higher ones. The yield attributing factors like number of seeds capsule-1, number of
capsules plant-1, single capsule weight (mg), weight of seeds capsule-1 (mg), weight of
seeds plant-1
(g), 1000-seed weight (g) and seed yield (kg/ha) were found highest either in
20 cm × 15 cm or 25 cm × 15 cm spacing treatment.
The interaction effect of variety and spacing was found significant for all of the growth
and yield contributing parameters as well as for seed yield. It was observed from the
results that plant height at first flowering was the highest in Local variety treated with
lowest (15 cm × 10 cm) spacing while plant height at 50% flowering was found highest
in BARI Kalozira-1 combined with 15 cm × 10 cm. but at harvest plant height was
recorded highest in BARI Kalozira-1 combined with 25 cm × 15 cm spacing. BARI
Kalozira-1 combined with wider spacings gave significantly higher number of primary
and secondary branches plant-1 also. Number of plants m-2 was significantly higher in
lower spacings for both of the varieties. yield attributing factors like number of seeds
capsule-1, number of capsules plant-1, single capsule weight (mg), weight of seeds
capsule-1, weight of seeds plant-1
, 1000-seed weight and seed yield were found highest
either in 20 cm × 15 cm or 25 cm × 15 cm spacing treatment in BARI Kalozira-1. Seed
yield was recorded highest (1500.29 kg/ha) in BARI Kalozira-1 with the spacing 20 cm ×
15 cm.
45
Based on the above results the following conclusions might be drawn-
i) BARI Kalozira-1 performed better than local variety in respect of growth, yield
and yield contributing parameters.
ii) The spacing of 20 cm x 15 cm produced significantly maximum yield
components and thus gave the highest seed yield.
iii) BARI Kalozira-1 in combination with 20 cm x 15 cm spacing gave the
maximum seed yield of black cumin.
The following recommendations can be made from the above results-
For black cumin cultivation, BARI Kalozira-1 with 20 cm x 15 cm spacing may be
adopted.
The findings of the present investigation should be confirmed by conducting
similar types of experiments in different AEZs of Bangladesh.
Oil content and other quality parameters can be studied in further researches.
46
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APPENDICES
Appendix I. Effect of spacing on plant height at first flowering, at 50% flowering and at last harvest
Spacing Plant height at first flowering (cm)
Plant height at 50% flowering (cm)
Plant height at last harvest (cm)
S 30.20 a 1 38.73 a 56.60 b S 29.03 ab 2 37.70 ab 57.60 b S 27.74 b 3 35.93 bc 53.93 c S 27.80 b 4 36.50 b 50.97 d S 23.53 c 5 34.20 c 56.53 b S 27.60 b 6 35.93 bc 59.57 a LSD 1.578 1.871 1.564 CV% 7.61 6.52 3.31 Level of Significance * * * Means within a column having different letters are significantly different by DMRT * - Significant at 5% level, ** - Significant at 1% level, NS- not significant S1 = 15 cm × 10 cm, S2 = 20 cm × 10 cm, S3 = 25 cm × 10 cm, S4 = 15 cm × 15 cm, S5 = 20 cm × 15 cm and S6
= 25 cm × 15 cm
Appendix II. Effect of spacing on primary branches plant-1, secondary branches plant-1 and number of plants m
Spacing
-2
Number of primary branches
plant
Number of secondary branches plant
-1
Number of plants m-1
-2
S 6.900 c 1 13.66 e 40.90 a S 6.900 c 2 14.50 d 39.10 b S 7.500 b 3 15.86 c 36.63 c S 7.500 b 4 16.26 b 33.65 d S 8.034 a 5 16.80 a 31.34 e S 8.300 a 6 16.70 a 27.49 f LSD 0.3355 0.2617 0.1564 CV% 3.73 4.65 4.84 Level of Significance * * ** Means within a column having different letters are significantly different by DMRT * - Significant at 5% level, ** - Significant at 1% level, NS- not significant S1 = 15 cm × 10 cm, S2 = 20 cm × 10 cm, S3 = 25 cm × 10 cm, S4 = 15 cm × 15 cm, S5 = 20 cm × 15 cm and S6
= 25 cm × 15 cm
56
Appendix III. Effect of spacing on weight of seeds capsule-1, weight of seeds plant-1, number of capsules plant-1, single capsule weight, number of seeds capsule-1
, 1000-seed weight and seed yield
Spacing Weight of seeds
capsule-1
(mg)
Weight
of seeds
plant-1
(g)
Number
of
capsules
plant
-1
Single
capsule
weight
(mg)
Number of seeds capsule
-1
1000-seed
weight (g)
Seed yield (kg/ha)
S 203.0 d 1 2.938 e 19.87 c 225.0 d 89.83 c 2.335 1204.28 cd S 207.2 c 2 3.055 e 22.30 b 251.7 c 92.17 bc 2.365 1195.29 d S 219.3 b 3 3.365 d 23.24 b 275.8 b 92.83 bc 2.39 1231.37 c S 217.5 b 4 4.106 c 20.41 c 270.3 b 95.33 b 2.403 1381.62 b S 235.5 a 5 4.652 b 25.60 a 302.5 a 97.15 ab 2.425 1458.19 a S 235.0 a 6 4.966 a 25.20 a 314.1 a 101.0 a 2.392 1366.41 b LSD 3.496 0.2617 1.492 13.20 5.120 1.492 27.84 CV% 5.05 8.26 5.55 3.48 5.28 4.72 5.01 Level of Significance
* ** * * * NS **
Means within a column having different letters are significantly different by DMRT * - Significant at 5% level, ** - Significant at 1% level, NS- not significant S1 = 15 cm × 10 cm, S2 = 20 cm × 10 cm, S3 = 25 cm × 10 cm, S4 = 15 cm × 15 cm, S5 = 20 cm × 15 cm and S6
= 25 cm × 15 cm