Effective Energy Audit for Optimal Energy Management ... Report/EA02.pdf4.2 Single Line Diagram 34...

Effective Energy Audit for Optimal Energy

Management Analysis Using ETAP

Intermediate Project Report – March 2015

Energy Efficiency Research Group

An International Energy Research Foundation

Since 2015

GREEN9

Effective Energy Audit for Optimal Energy

Management Analysis Using ETAP

Intermediate Project Report – GREEN9EA15/02

Authors

Awanish Kumar , Abhishek Raj, R. Yogaraj and Thanigavelu

Member, Energy Efficiency Research Group

Member, MGR Vision 10MW, Dr.M.G.R Educational and Research Institute

L. Ramesh

Board of Director, Energy Efficiency Research Group

Director, MGR Vision 10MW, Dr.M.G.R Educational and Research Institute

GREEN9 publication EA15/02- June 2015

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We wish to express our sincere attitude to Thiru. A.C.S. Arunkumar, the President Dr. M. G.

R Educational and Research institute university, Maduravoyal, Chennai and also wish our

extended gratitude to Dr. Meer Musfthafa Hussain - Vice Chancellor, Dr. Gopalakrishanan -

Rector and Dr. Cyril Raj - Dean Engineering and Technology for providing us an opportunity

to do our project work on “Effective Energy Audit for Optimal Energy Management Analysis

Using ETAP”

We take this opportunity to express our profound gratitude and deep regards to our guide

Prof. L. Ramesh Addl. Dean Engineering & technology,& Project Co-ordinator Er.

S.Bhuvaneswari for his exemplary guidance, monitoring and constant encouragement

throughout the course of this thesis. The blessing, help and guidance given by him time to

time shall carry us a long way in the journey of life on which we are about to embark.

We also take this opportunity to express a deep sense of gratitude to the Head of the

Department Er. Sheeba Percis for her continuous support in completion of the Project.

We express our special thanks to Er. M. Thanigivelu (A.D T.N.E.B) for the valuable

information provided by them in their respective fields. We are obliged to all the staff

members of Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering& We are grateful for their

cooperation during the period of our assignment.

Lastly, we thank almighty, our Parents, B.Tech friends for their constant encouragement

without which this assignment would not be possible.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Ch. No. TITLE PAGE NO.

ABSTRACT

List of Principal Symbols and Acronyms

List of Figures and Tables

01 INTRODUCTION

1.1 What is DSM?

4

1.2 Benefit of DSM

5

1.3 Power Supply Position in India

8

1.4 Energy Audit

11

1.5 Energy Efficiency in India

12

02 LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Review of Literature 17

2.2 Proposed Work 20

03 PROCEDURE

3.1 Residential House Audit

24

3.2 Residential Audit With ETAP

25

3.3 Residential Flat Audit

27

04 DATA ACQUISTION 30

4.1 DA of a Residential House

30

4.2 DA of 2BHK House With ETAP

35

4.3 DA of Residential Flat

40

4.4 DA of Wire & Wire Industry

42

05 CASE STUDY & RECOMMENDATION 48

5.1 Recommendation for a House

48

5.2 Residential House Recommendation Through ETAP

51

5.3 Residential Flat Recommendation

56

5.4 Industrial Audit Recommendation

58

06 BENEFIT ANALYSIS

66

07 CONCLUSION

68

REFERENCES

69

LIST OF FIGURES

Figures Number

Description Page No.

1.1 Load Shape 7

1.2 Generation T&D and Use 10

2.1 Comparison Between Tube Light With Copper Choke 17

2.2 Equipment Wise Energy Consumption 18

2.3 Unit Consumed With And Without LED 20

2.4 Unit Consumption Graph 21

3.1 Procedure Diagram For Audit 26

3.2 Flow Chart For Conducting Energy Audit 29

4.1 Tariff analysis of Past Two Year 30

4.2 Single Line Diagram 34

4.3 Age of Equipment 35

4.4 Load Flow Analysis 35

4.5 Single Line Diagram Using ETAP 36

4.6 Tariff Detail 37

4.7 & 4.8 Daily Unit Consumption and Age of Equipment 38

4.9 & 4.10 Wattage of Equipment and ETAP Voltage 39

4.11 ETAP Current Analysis 40

4.12 World-Wide Energy Consumption Pattern 43

4.13 Graph of world Wide Energy Demand 43

4.14 Single Line Diagram of An Industries 44

4.15 Single Line Representation 45

4.16 Load Utilization Chart 46

5.1 Recommendation With LED 50

5.2 Before Audit & After Audit Graph 51

5.3 Comparison Graph 56

5.4 Energy Consumption Before And After Audit 63

6.1 Residential House Graph 66

6.2 ETAP Voltage Analysis Graph 66

6.3 Energy Consumption Before And After Audit 67

LIST OF TABLES

No. Description Page No

1 Per Capita Consumption of Electricity in KWH 8

2 Comparison of GDP, GDP Growth Rate, Per Capita

Income And Energy Intensity

13

3 Estimated EE Potential In India 15

4 Check Light To Execute Energy Audit 27

5 Data Collected From The House 31

6 Comparison of Each House 40

7 Estimated Connected Load For Each Apartment 42

8 Actual Energy Consumed And Cost of Electricity

Supplied

42

9 Power Consumption detail 45

10 Comparison With Tube Light & LED 49

11 Recommendation With Replacement of Refrigerator 52

12 Recommendation With Replacement of Air conditioner 54

13 Recommendation With LED 55

14 Recommendation With Star Rated Fan 57

15 Conversion of Tube Light With LED 58

16 Financial Viability 61

17 Load Flow Analysis of Before Audit 64

18 Load Flow Analysis of After Audit 65

GREEN 9 Project Outcome Report – EA15/02

1

ABSTRACT

The Transmission and Distribution system is the power transport link between power

generators and the end users. The process of transfer of electricity from the

generating stations to the end users result in quantity and quality losses quality

losses are those associated with poor quality of power at the end use. Quantity

losses are those associated with energy losses in the cables and conductors,

transformers, motors, furnaces, joint losses, commercial losses etc. All such losses

lead to sub-optimal performance of the Transmission and Distribution system in

Indian Power systems are higher than those in the developed countries. The losses

in India are about 30 – 40 % or even more as against 8 – 12 % in the developed

countries. Reduction of energy losses in has been a matter of great importance to

the Electric power utilities in India with the escalating cost of energy and the demand

exceeding the availability.

Energy conservation and Demand Side Management is an integral part of the

power sector reforms which generally fall under into three main categories:

1. Conservation Program .Reducing energy use by improving efficiency of the

Equipment,

2. Load Management Program. Redistribute energy demand to spread it more

evenly and

3. Strategic Load growth programs- Increase energy use during off-peak

periods.

A closer look at the programs reveals three basic approaches which are based on:

1. Regulation,

2. Industry Incentives and

3. Market Based Development

This study report puts forward an integrated approach based on the above three

basic principles to develop a mechanism which can help the nation to develop a

sustainable DSM program wherein it is in a better position to bridge the ever

increasing demand-supply gap which the state is facing at present. Energy audit is

basically a technique used to establish the patterns of energy use, identifying how


2

and where energy losses are occurring and suggesting measures to increase

energy efficiency together with techno-economic implications.

The Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of any country is linked with the energy

usage. The per capita annual average energy consumption in India is around 1000

kwhs. The Government of India is taking necessary steps in increasing per capita

energy consumption through the capacity addition during XI and XII Plans. So far,

around 78,700 MW and 51,000 MW has been added during 11th and 12th Plan

respectively. But, there is a power deficit of around 6% and energy deficit of

around 5% exist in our Country. To fill this gap a huge capacity addition is

required, which needs larger investments. One of the finest way of narrowing this

gap is usage of energy in a efficient way, which requires minimum capital

investment and short payback period. The Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE),

Government of India is working towards reducing energy intensity of the Indian

economy. The BEE co-ordinates with the designated consumers and agencies in

performing the regulatory and promotional functions in improving energy efficiency

assigned to it under the Energy Conservation Act, 2001.

According to the current scenario of the increase in the demand, VISION 10MW

which was inaugurated in our college has taken an effective initiative to reduce

10MW in 10 years by conducting electrical energy audit in house, industry and

commercial building. The team has completed the audit in 50 homes, 5

commercial building and 10 industries till date. In this project auditing has been

done in an industry and residential houses and the same has been analyzed using

ETAP simulation software. The analysis has been done based on the single line

diagram, energy consumption pattern, age of the equipments, etc. Accordingly

suitable recommendations have been made to improve the energy efficiency and

reduce the utility tariff bill of the industry.

The first initiative of our work is to conduct energy audit in 2bhkhouse in Chennai.

It is suggested with the two type of recommendation to the house owner , With

investment and Without investment. The suggested recommendation is presented

with the cost analysis and audit nalysis graph.

The work continues to conduct the electrical energy audit in the 2-BHK residential

house using E-TAP simulation. In this ETAP software is used to predit the type of


3

recommendation and there analysis through ETAP. The outcome is presented

through the necessary graphs

The third stage of the work started to conduct the electrical energy audit in the

Residential Flats which consists of 6- 2BK houses. The comparasion study of all

the houses were done and the suitable recomentation for implementation was

presented through necessary graph.

The final stage of work executed to conduct the the electrical energy audit in wire

and wire Industry. The Lighting study and Efficient Motor analysis were undertaken

in this work. The collected data simulated through ETAP software and reproduce

the result through several graph. With reference to the output from ETAP , the

recommendations was suggested and simulated with ETAP. The final result was

ready for implementation in Wire and Wire Industry.


4

1. INTRODUCTION

Electricity plays a crucial role in the economic development of modern society. The

Indian economy has been grown rapidly over the past decade. The rapid

economic growth has been accompanied by the commensurate growth in the

demand for energy services that is increasing the country’s vulnerability to energy

supply disruptions.

Changing electricity markets in the developing & developed countries face several

challenges, largely due to the uncertainties in the growth, higher investments

required in capacity addition, declining fuel sources and its associated costs. Tariff

changes due to the regular regulatory stands also affects the ability of the utilities

to service its customer base. The concept of demand side management (DSM)

was developed in response to the potential problems of the global warming and

the need for sustainable development and the recognition that improved energy

efficiency represents the most cost-effective option to reduce the impacts of these

problems.

DSM measures and energy-efficiency improvement can slow the growth in energy

consumption, save consumers money and reduce capital expenses for energy

infrastructure. Additionally, it also reduces local environmental impacts, such as air

and water pollution from power plants and mitigates greenhouse gas emissions.

1.1 What is DSM?

According to the definition adopted by the California Public Utilities Commission,

Demand Side Management is “Planning, implementation and evaluation of utility-

sponsored programs to influence the amount or timing of customer’s energy

usage” (Ref: Glossary of words on the website of California Energy Commission).

Demand Side Management is used to describe the actions of a utility, beyond the

customer’s meter, with the objective of altering the end-use of electricity- whether

it to be increase demand, decrease it, shift it between high and low peak periods,


5

or manage it when there are intermittent load demands- in the overall interests of

reducing utility costs.

Demand Side Management (DSM) refers to the cooperative activities between the

utility & its customers (sometimes with the assistance of third party such as energy

services companies and various trade allies) to implement options for increasing

the efficiency of energy utilization, with resulting benefits to consumers ,utility and

society as a whole.

DSM is closely associated with efforts to alter utility-load patterns. DSM is also

associated with specific kinds of planning, often referred to as "integrated resource

planning" or "least-cost planning," in which demand reduction and supply increase

are given equal weight by a utility when making investment choices.

By definition, DSM requires a better understanding of consumer requirements. As

a result, power utilities implementing DSM are more responsive and more likely to

make socially appropriate investment decisions than would traditional supply-

oriented utilities. DSM allows an "integrated look at technology options, customers'

needs and utility considerations" and recognizes that "customer needs" (demand)

are not fixed and can be manipulated by both economic and pricing incentives.

1.2 Benefits of DSM

The benefits of DSM are as below:


6

The implementation of DSM programs in developing countries is likely to:

• Improve the efficiency of energy systems.

• Reduce financial needs to build new energy facilities (generation).

• Minimize adverse environmental impacts.

• Lower the cost of delivered energy to consumers.

• Reduce power shortages and power cuts.

• Improve the reliability and quality of power supply.

• Contribute to local economic development.

In its most conservative form, DSM refers only to the utility's efforts to achieve a

specific "load shape" that allows it to meet capacity needs at minimal cost. In this

definition, the "time pattern and magnitude of the utility's load" are the only criteria.

However, the application of DSM also includes activities such as customer-

initiated efficiency investments, customer generation, promotion of new

applications for electricity, information programs intended to bring about strategic

conservation in different sectors, and a variety of marketing strategies designed to

influence the share that electricity holds of the energy "pie". Furthermore, studies

in India and elsewhere on the cost-effectiveness of DSM have reported that it

costs between 1/5th

to 1/10th

to save a megawatt of power as compared to the

capital investment needs to generate an equivalent megawatt in a power plant.


7

Utility DSM programs:

Utility DSM programs generally fall into three main categories:

Conservation programs: Reduce energy use, e.g. programs to improve the

efficiency of equipments (lighting and motors, for example), buildings and

industrial processes. Energy efficiency refers to the permanent installation of

energy efficient technologies or the elimination of energy losses in existing

systems. Energy conservationrefers to behavioural changes in how one uses any

energy consuming appliances such as turning off-light when not in room etc.

Load management programs: Redistribute energy demand to spread it more

evenly throughout the day, e.g., load shifting programs (reducing pumping loads

during periods of peak demand and shifting these loads to less critical periods),

Peak Clipping (reduction in peak demand), time-of-use rates (charging more for

electricity during peak demand), and interruptible rates (providing rate discounts in

exchange for the right to reduce customer’s electricity allocation during the few

hours each year with the highest electricity demand).

Strategic load growth programs: Increase energy demand during some periods,

e.g., programs that encourage cost-effective electrical technologies that operate

primarily during periods of low electricity demand.

These load-shape objectives are represented in the Figure-


8

Fig-1.1 Load shape

Meaning of load-shapes

1.3 POWER SUPPLY POSITION IN INDIA


9

India's energy consumption is increasing and it is likely to grow for quite some time

as efforts to provide better living standards to her population are being made. The

Government of India is planning to further add to its capacity of power generation

during the coming decade. The per capita consumption of electricity over the

period of years is as follows:

Table-1 Per capita consumption of electricity in kwh

Year

Per capita

Consumption of

Electricity in kWh.

1950 15.6

1960 34.8

1970 83.5

1980 130.5

1990 238

2004 559

2008 733.5

2011 883.63

2012 917.18

Increasing the use of electricity not only brings more opportunities to earn

livelihoods and provides more comforts but also has certain adverse impacts on

people and on the environment. During the last decade, India's energy

consumption more than doubled from 91 million tonnes of oil equivalent (mtoe) in

1980-81 to 189 mote in 1991, reaching 219 mote in 1994-95, and 315 mtoe in

2001, almost three-fold at an annual rate of 6 per cent between 1981 and 2001 .

Most of the increased energy consumption has been contributed by coal and oil,

the fuels that are also associated with emissions of greenhouse (GHG) gases. The

all India Installed capacity of power generation as on 28-02-2015 is given below:

• Coal – 158495.89 MW

• Gas – 22971.25 MW

• Diesel – 1199.75 MW

• Nuclear – 5780 MW


10

• Hydro – 40867.43 MW

• Renewable – 31692.14

• Total – 2,61,006.46 MW

Burning fossil fuels like coal and oil/gas has significantly adverse impacts. These

impacts range from the local and community levels to affecting the climate of the

entire earth. The carbon dioxide emission due to combustion of fossil fuel

contributes substantially to global warming- that threatens the stability of the

earth’s climate. India has an overwhelmingly vast power generation capacity that

has crossed the 200 Giga Watts mark. In layman terms it implies, that we have the

capacity to switch on 5 billion tube lights simultaneously. This would further mean

that we have the potential of lighting every individual’s home with at least 5 tube

lights. Yet we observe that every city in the country is plagued with power cuts.

Despite growth in supply, its power systems are struggling to overcome chronic

power shortages and poor power quality. With demand exceeding supply,

shortage in peak demand (around 13%) and energy (around 11%) continue to

plague the sector. The All India Power supply position in February, 2015 is given

below:

Demand Met Deficit

Energy 80988 MUs 78968 MUs -2.5%

Peak Demand 137948 MW 134102 -2.8%

Shortages are exacerbated by inefficiencies in power generation, distribution and

end use system. The inefficiencies in the end-use systems is due to irrational

tariffs, technological obsolescence of industrial processes and equipment, lack of

awareness, nascent energy services (ESCO) industry and inadequate policy

drivers (such as energy efficiency standards and labelling system, financial

incentives) in India. As in other developing and developed countries in the world,

energy conservation activities in India have been on rise over last few decades.

Increased energy demand and taxes on power generation is a common feature of

electricity market across the world. The electricity available for end-use is now


11

stressed but several interventions targeted at improving system efficiency are

possible.

Figure highlights some of the system efficiency option available to the electricity

utility in general.

Fig-1.2 Generation T&D end-use

1.4 ENERGY AUDIT

Energy audit is the process of performance evaluation of energy consuming

equipments and optimizing the usability by minimising the loss making pockets.

Energy efficiency means economizing on the use of energy without adversely

affecting economic growth and development. It includes improving the efficiency of

energy extraction, transmission and distribution and increasing the productivity of

energy use. It is not merely a technological issue but it encompasses much

broader economic and management issues.

It is impossible to read newspapers or watch electronics news and debates without

hearing about power cuts/load shedding, swelling bills, fuel crisis and energy

security. Clearly energy is becoming an urgent policy concern. It is very well

known that meeting our future energy needs boils down to only two option:-


12

• Increasing supply

• Controlling the demand for energy

The latter implies Energy Audit/Energy Efficiency/Demand Side Management. This

issue is particularly salient due to the problems of climate change, air pollution,

and energy security. The study is significant from various points of views such as

uncertainties in load growth, higher investments required in capacity addition,

declining fuel sources and its associated environmental costs. These schemes

must be urgently implemented to limit the growth of demand for power benefiting

not only utility, but also its customers and society as a whole. The cost

effectiveness of energy conservation/efficiency measures is well established as

one unit of energy saved at the consumer end avoids nearly 2.5 to 3 times of

capacity augmentation due to plant load factor, plant availability, auxiliary Power

consumption, Aggregate Technical & Commercial (ATC) losses etc. Moreover,

investment in energy efficiency/ energy conservation is also highly cost effective

and can be achieved at less than Rs 1.5 Crore per MW, whereas capacity addition

requires a capital investment of Rs.5 -6 Crores per MW.

To meet the growing demand in the country it has been assessed that the

additional generating capacity of one lakh MW has to be added in 11th and

12thplan requiring an investment of Rs 8,00,000 Corer approximately. It is

estimated that high energy saving potential in the country approximately to the

tune of about 23% exists for the economy as a whole while in the electricity sector

alone the energy saving potential is around 25,000 MW of installed capacity. So,

Energy Efficiency /Conservation and Demand Side Management measures can

reduce power demand and prune building up of additional generating capacity to

the extent it can be conserved.

ENERGY CONSERVATION ACT, 2001

To tap the huge energy conservation potential, Energy Conservation Act was

enacted in October 2001 and became effective on March 2002. Bureau of Energy

Efficiency (BEE) became operational from 1 March 2002. The functions of BEE

can be classified as Regulatory functions being the recommendatory body to the


13

Central Government in implementing the provisions of the Energy Conservation

Act and Facilitation, Market Development and Market Transformation Functions.

In tune with this, the Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE) has prepared a detailed

Action Plan for implementing projects and programmes on efficient use of energy

and its conservation. Thrust areas have been identified for implementation of the

Act including, inter-alia, standards & labelling, demand side management, building

energy efficiency and awareness creation especially among the school children.

The strategy for energy efficiency relies on self-regulation mechanisms and use of

market forces.

1.5 ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN INDIA

Opening up of our economy to competition has made some of our large industries

highly energy efficient. Tata Steel has made a mark as the lowest cost producer of

steel and the Indian cement industries have achieved a benchmark for lowest

specific energy consumption per tonne of production. While the achievement of

some of large industries is noteworthy, there is a lot to be done on energy

efficiency of our small and medium enterprises (SMEs), government buildings,

commercial buildings, municipalities, agricultural pump sets and water utilities. The

barriers to achieving energy efficiency in these sectors are best addressed by

Energy Efficiency Service Providers such as Energy Service Companies (ESCOs)

as has been proven in the case of many developed countries. In fact, many

developed countries, in the aftermath of the oil crisis of the 70s, have reduced their

energy intensities through energy efficiency measures while maintaining GDP

growth rates.

Table-2 Comparisons of GDP, GDP growth rate, per capita income and Energy Intensity

India U.S.A. China Japan

Singapore

Population (Million) # 1100 291 1300 127 4

Land Area (Million sq.km.) # 3.3 9.6 9.6 0.38

620 sq. km.


14

Population density derived figure (per sq.km.)

333 30 135 334 6452

GDP (billion US$) 600 10900 1400 4300 91

Per Capita Income (US$) # 530 37610 1100 34510 21230

GDP growth rate (%) # 8 2.9 9.1 2.7 1.1

Primary Energy Consumption (MMTOE) *

325 2293 998 509 37

Per Capita Energy Consumption (kgoe) #

502 8066 892 4071 5675

Energy consumption per unit of GDP (Energy Intensity) 0.54 0.21 0.71 0.12 0.41

Lowering energy intensity of GDP growth through higher energy efficiency is key

to meeting India’s energy challenge & ensuring its energy security. India’s energy

intensity of growth has been falling and is about half what it used to be in the early

seventies. Currently India consumes 0.19 kilogram of oil equivalent per dollar of

GDP expressed in purchasing power parity terms. This is equal to the energy

intensity of the OECD and better than the 0.21 kilograms of China, 0.22 kilograms

of the US and a World average of 0.21. However, there are several countries in

Europe at or below 0.12 with Brazil at 0.14 and Japan at 0.15. India’s energy

intensity (energy consumed per unit of GDP) is very high. It is 4.5 times that of

Japan, 1.3 times that of Singapore and 2.5 times of USA. This indicates very high-

energy wastage and also illustrates the potential of substantial energy saving.

Thus, clearly there is room to improve and energy intensity can be brought down

significantly in India with current commercially available technologies. India would

need to and must succeed in achieving much lower energy intensity compared to

its current level.

Lowering energy intensity through higher efficiency is like creating a virtual source

of untapped domestic energy. It may be noted that a unit of energy saved by a

user is greater than a unit produced, as it saves on production losses, as well as

transport, transmission and distribution losses. Thus a “Megawatt”, produced by

reducing energy need saves more than a Megawatt generated. Nevertheless, it is

important to note that the potential for investment in EE measures remains high in


15

India. Table below shows the EE potential assessment made in recent years at

sartorial, industry and technology levels. It appears that the combined effect of the

macro-economic thrust from GOI, the EC Act (2001) and the donor assistance

programs has still not percolated down to all interested stakeholders. In general:

The Governments, Regulators and Utilities are inclined to push for EE –

and have been trying to do so in various ways.

ESCOs and EE consultants / auditors have a vested interest in EE – and in

the process are acting in support of the Governments and Regulators

The lending community is only now beginning to warm up

Certain sections of the end-user community remain indifferent.

Table-3 Estimated EE Potential in India

High Level Estimates made by GOI’s Planning Commission in the 1990’s

Agriculture up to 30%

Industry up to 25%

Commercial up to 20%

Residential up to 20%

Transport up to 20%

High level estimates of EE market size made in the year 2002 (in a study supported by ADB)

Investment potential Rs. Billion

Energy savings (TWh)

Industry – Generic EE measures 42 23.7


16

Industry – Process EE measures

79 25.3

Commercial 1.5 0.2

Government 4.2 1.6

Municipal 13 3.7

Total 140 54.5

Industry level Energy Savings potential, made by Confederation of Indian Industry (CII)

Pulp & Paper: 25%

Textile: 25%

Glass & ceramics: 20%

Sugar: 20%

Cement: 15%

Fertilizer: 15%

Petrochemicals 15%

Aluminium: 10%

Iron & Steel: 10%

Refineries: 10%

Equipment level EE potential estimates made by USAID supported Energy Conservation & Commercialization Project (ECO) Project

Technical potential (GWh/Year)

Economic Potential (GWh/year)

Market Potential (GWh/year)

Incandescent to CFL

13,600 300 6,000*

Standard Electro-magnetic to Electronic Ballast

3,800 1,800 600#

Standard to EE refrigerator

9,100 6,900 3,700*

Standard to EE air-conditioner

1,700 1,400 1,300*

Standard to EE motor

7,400 2,300 900#

* If financial / pricing constraints are overcome

#: If supply-chain constraints are overcome


17

The integrated energy policy had estimated 25 percent reduction in India’s energy

intensity over current levels. Industries and Commercial establishments need

technical and financial support to identify and execute energy saving options.

This report deals with the auditing of the residences and industries and contains

the following:

1. Residential House auditing and Recommentation

2. Auditing of residential houses with ETAP simulation

3. Energy management in Residential flats

4. Industrial energy audits.

2.LITREATURE REVIEW

2.1 REVIEW OF LITERATURE

Malkiat Singh [1] present his idea about industrial energy management. As with

the varying industries, the demand for the energy is also variable, across the world

with the growing technique and innovation in the field of energy has proved the

path for achieving energy efficiency. It tells us to look forward to more renewable

resources present around us and with the managed approach of renewable

energy source with the audit a more cost effective and efficient energy technology

can be achieved. Along with this one had to make changes in the installation

process.


18

Fig-2.1 Comparison between Tubelight with copper choke

Mehul Kumar [2] this paper deals with energy and its value in developing on the

economy. As considering materially the standard of the living in any economy is

evaluated by the expense of the energy used per capita. As with the growing

population a huge exploitation can be seen on the earth’s resources. Apart from

the industrial point of view one has to also give a look at the domestic users as a

huge amount of energy been lasted due to lack of awareness. Also one has to

look at the more efficient techniques and machineries towards the renewable

resources.

Mukesh k saini [3 ] In this paper author state that the industrial development in the

country growing very fast he also tell that the gap between demand and supply is

also increasing as the industries increases and to solve this problem author plan to

do the energy audit in the industries energy we can easily found the losses and

wastage of power and then we provide technique to reduce or minimize the

losses.


19

Fig.2.2 Equipment Wise Energy Consumption

This paper focuses light on the advantages of the conventional energy sources

and its loss-less power generation every growing economy is mainly using the

resources available on the earth and hot an conserving the energy by innovation

techniques. As electrical equipment, transmission also creates loss. A huge loss in

the industries and at domestic level in because of the harmonics and distortion

present which distorts the sinusoidal waveform.

The author [4] Mario E. Berges & Etal Non-intrusive load monitoring is an idea for

reducing the power consumption and operation schedule or individual load in a

building through measurement of voltage and current. There are many

opportunities reducing electricity consumption in building. Energy audit is used one

way to obtain accurate and objective an elements to save energy. Two typical type

of meter are used in this work to monitor the data’s through AMR & AMI. In this

AMI will save meter reader cost and AMR facilitate the demand response. The

plug level technology is introduced for residential electricity monitoring. The

authors contrast this with & show the advantages and disadvantages. The plug

load meter is used to measure a single appliance. This meter is connected to any

electric outlet or more appliances can be plugged into meter. Recommendation for

improving the technology and energy and efficiency is executed in this work. The

resulting difference in energy estimates for the 5.5 days of the experiment was

14.8% with the non-intrusive load monitoring system underestimating the actual


20

consumption by 2.29kwh.the plug level meter is measured 15.48kWh, whereas the

non-intrusive load monitoring algorithms predicted 13.19kWh.

The author [5]Michael Lubliner says about the past, present & future direction of

energy audit of residential single family. In the paper main aim is conducted audit

for national institute of standards and technology. The purpose is to measure

energy use and energy saving associate with short term energy and long term

energy which is related to repairs, retrofit, remodelling for a single family house.

Repair remodeling is one of the ways to save the energy. Utility billing analysis to

improve the efficiency of energy in residential single family housing is another way.

The need for the observation of utility billing data analysis is the current reality.

The author was report the past, present & future direction of energy audit in single

family houses for heating & ventilating air conditioning for industries. The

residential energy audit research will improve the energy efficiency. The author’s

use the round robin auditing to improve energy auditing and retrofit practices.

Finally the author feedback from round robin to helps ensure that house owner get

relatively consistent, reliable, repeatable & useful recommendation from home

performance contracting industry.

Tony botkin[6] presented testing and inspecting process and to identify and

disclose deficiency in the energy efficiency of the property at the time of the

inspection. In the paper the author introduced three section used to energy

efficiency of home. Current performance, IR report and Home energy retro-fit.

In the first section current performance list components of the house and the

energy consumption as well as detail about the air tightness limits. In the second

section IR report (infrared) photo performing insulation and other prominent items

identified by the infrared camera. The third section is Home energy retro-fit is used

improvements & their potential energy savings. Acting on the energy retrofit

recommendation will make four home more comfortable more valuable and more

affordable. Tony bodkin explains the current performance by making of annual

consumption load, heating cost and cooling cost graph. And his IR report is by

using of snap shot. Finally the author concluded showing the energy retrofit table

in that table individual & total annual savings are based on whole package.


21

Diji, c.j[7] says in the paper electricity audit on a typical residential building in a

major location of Ibadan metropolis. The author says about the electricity usage of

buildings and also explains about metering and billing. The author audits four flat

apartments with different tariff plans. Two consumers (A & B) are meter and

another two of consumer (C & D) are not metered customer. The analyses of data

usage and demand indicator are plotted with the graph. Finally the author

concluded the customer A is having a pre-paid meter he pay the actual electricity

bill. Customer B has an analogue meter with a maximum demand of 2.9kw also

proper billed. But the customer C & D pay always the fixed charge are over billed

by over 30% & 80% respectively due to residential electricity consumer .

Residential consumer has a pre-paid meter person obviously stimulate electricity

demand and consumption according to four customers on different plans.

2.2 PROPOSED WORK

Stage 1:.Energy has become a routine process in our lifestyle. Our country is

facing a huge problem of Electrical Energy demand, because our generation did

not match our demand, so from our point of view rather than generation, why not

Fig. 2.3. Unit Consumed With and Without LED

concentrated about saving energy? This is possible only by an effective energy

audit. It is a process of evaluating a building or a plant which uses energy and

identifying opportunities to reduce consumption. Our vision is saving Electrical

Energy by conducting an Intelligent Electrical Energy audit under an initiative

forum “MGR vision 10MW”. We started our first initiative with auditing a residential


22

house, and presented the suitable recommendation and effective manner of

conducting an Electrical Energy Audit.

Stage 2. Electrical energy plays a vital role in our day to day life. We cannot

imagine anything without electricity. It occupies top position in energy hierarchy. It

is an indispensable necessity. As we know that we have limited amount of

resources that can be help us to generate electricity so this is our keen duty to

save these resources or save electricity for our further use and this is only possible

with conducting energy audit to different sector. . Our vision is saving Electrical

Energy by conducting an Intelligent Electrical Energy audit under an initiative

forum “MGR vision 10MW”. We started our first initiative withauditing a residential

house, and presented the suitable recommendation and effective manner of

conducting an Electrical Energy Audit.

Fig.2.4.UNIT COMPARISON GRAPH

Stage 3. Presently India holds the third position of largest producer of electricity

with 4.8% of the global share in electricity generation surpassing japan and

Russia. The annual generation of electricity from renewable and non-renewable,

both types of sources is 1102.9TWh while the per capita total electricity

consumption in India was 917.2kWh. The population of India is the second largest

in the world and is still growing rapidly. To meet the increasing demand, the

possible solution is to generate more power and simultaneously the energy

conservation measures. As a developing country India has many demerits

regarding power consumption, so it is not possible to install the full load capacity

0

100

200

300

400

500

1 2 3 4 5

Un

it c

on

sum

ed

Years

Comparison graph

Unit consumed with Tube light Unit Consumed with LED


23

instantly. Looking at the present scenario of India the present work has been

initiated by the Vision 10MW. This paper being a part of the same presents the

procedures that were involved in the energy auditing of the assigned houses with

suitable recommendations according to the usage and wastage of the houses. The

comparative examination of these houses is to identify the complexity of the

unnecessary consumptions that led to more unrequited power consumption. The

study also provides the suitable recommendations for managing and conserving

the energy. The outcomes of the auditing are represented in the form of graph that

provides the insights about the usage and the actual requirement.

Stage 4.The Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of any country is linked with the

energy usage. The per capita annual average energy consumption in India is

around 1000 kWhs. The Government of India is taking necessary steps in

increasing per capita energy consumption through the capacity addition during XI

and XII Plans. So far, around 78,700 MW and 51,000 MW has been added during

11th and 12th Plan respectively. But, there is a power deficit of around 6% and

energy deficit of around 5% exist in our Country. To fill this gap a huge capacity

addition is required, which needs larger investments. One of the finest way of

narrowing this gap is usage of energy in a efficient way, which requires minimum

capital investment and short payback period. The Bureau of Energy Efficiency

(BEE), Government of India is working towards reducing energy intensity of the

Indian economy. The BEE co-ordinates with the designated consumers and

agencies in performing the regulatory and promotional functions in improving

energy efficiency assigned to it under the Energy Conservation Act, 2001.

According to the current scenario of the increase in the demand, VISION 10MW

which was inaugurated in our college has taken an effective initiative to reduce

10MW in 10 years by conducting electrical energy audit in house, industry and

commercial building. The team has completed the audit in 25 homes, 2

commercial building and 2 industries till date. In this paper auditing has been

done in an industry and the same has been analyzed using ETAP simulation

software. The analysis has been done based on the single line diagram, energy

consumption pattern, age of the equipment’s, etc. Accordingly suitable

recommendations have been made to improve the energy efficiency and reduce

the utility tariff bill of the industry.


24

Figure 2.5 Before Audit and After Audit Graph

3. PROCEDURE

3.1 Residential Home Audit


25

How energy audit is done in home? The answer to the question is given ,the first

initiative is for going for pre-site work, in this first we decide the location were to

conduct this energy audit in home, industry, schools etc. In this paper the first

initiative we done is doing auditing in one home and giving them a appropriate

results and recommendation and suggestion regarding their usage of electricity

and also making a assumption to reduce the tariff of electricity bill. According to

this we started the analysis of the pre-site work and conclude the analysis and

recommendation to reduce the usage of electricity and educate them for

consumption of energy with cost analysis. An execution procedure model is given

in the table 1, that is given below which will gives a brief knowledge how an energy

audit is done and the recommendation is given to the clients as per the procedure

to get an appropriate result based on the consumption and also reducing the

energy tariff in electricity bills. The main vision for this auditing is to bring

awareness among the society and save the demand for the nation

In Tamil Nadu the demand graph is given below in the fig .1 the power deficit is

around 18% .The government is behind the ways to generate power to reduce the

demand but we are taking initiative to reduce the demand by electrical energy

audit this is our vision of IET 10MW. The motto behind it is “SAVE ENERGY TO

REDUCE DEMAND”.

But we have made an Executive activity to conduct this electrical energy audit and

its is given below;

Collect all the Load details with maximum demand of the Electrical Equipment

,Calculate the Usage Load After single line diagram put the values

Plot Real time load curve by taking the energy meter KWHR for 20 days.

Calculate the connected load with respective to single diagram.

Plot a graph in between years and Tariff

Identify and Calculate the unnecessary usage of power wastage in the layout

with graph

Draw the Power Utilization Chart with respect to the Layout

Calculate the daily utilization of Power by all the equipment’s and convert to pie

chart.

Data Collection of all the major equipment’s and find out the performance


26

Interaction about the energy usage with suitable survey

Identify the Energy Saving and Conservations Opportunity

Report on suitable recommendation with existing and implementation

suggestions

Plot Cost Benefit Analysis with Breakeven Chart

Check the earth resistance and report on the status of earthling in that concern

Provide Awareness’ on Electrical Safety to the Person there.

Submission of Suitable Energy Audit Report with Breakeven Analysis.

3.2 Residential Audit with ETAP

The first phase of energy audit starts with site inspection work. In this paper the

first initiative we done is doing auditing in a home and giving them an appropriate

results with single line diagram in ETAP simulation software and recommendation

and suggestion regarding their usage of electricity and also making an assumption

to reduce the tariff of electricity bill. According to this we started the analysis of the

pre-site work and conclude the analysis and recommendation to reduce the usage

of electricity and educate them for consumption of energy with cost analysis that is

given below which will gives a brief knowledge how an energy audit is done and

the recommendation is given to the clients as per the procedure to get an

appropriate result based on the consumption and also reducing the energy tariff in

electricity bills. The main vision for this auditing is to bring awareness among the

society and save the demand for the nation. An executive activity conducts this

electrical energy audit and it is given below;

• Collect all the Load details with maximum demand of the Electrical

Equipment,

• Calculate the Usage of Load

• Plot the single line diagram according to ETAP simulation software.

• Plot Real time load curve by taking the energy meter kwhr for 20 days.

• Calculate the connected load with respective to single diagram.

• Plot a graph in between years and Tariff


27

Set up of Energy Management

program Pre Site Work

Electrical Energy Data collection

Electrical Energy Auditing

Single Line Diagram Daily Utilization

Chart

ETAP Investment Outcome

Recommendations Result

• Identify and calculate the unnecessary usage of power wastage in the

layout with graph

• Draw the Power Utilization Chart with respect to the Layout

• Calculate the daily utilization of Power by all the equipment’s and

convert to pie chart.

• Data Collection of all the major equipment’s and find out the

performance

• Interaction about the energy usage with suitable survey

• Identify the Energy Saving and Conservations Opportunity

• Report on suitable recommendation with existing and implementation

suggestions

• Plot Cost Benefit Analysis with Breakeven Chart

• Check the earth resistance and report on the status of earthling in that

concern

• Provide Awareness’ on Electrical Safety to the Person there.

• Submission of Suitable Energy Audit Report with Breakeven

Analysis……

Fig-3.1 procedure diagram for audit


28

3.3 Residential Flats Audits

This study reports the outcome of an energy survey and audit of a typical

residential apartment in a typical residential area situated near koyambedu market,

Chennai.

It is very confusing the way the electricity is billed in residential apartments. It is

because unlike other energy resources electrical energy cannot be stored

practically. It needs to be generated and supplied as various equipment and home

appliance require it. The demand increases everyday with the growing population.

Day or night the electricity utility provider must be able to meet the electricity

requirements of its residential customers.

Table-4 Check list to Execute Energy Audit

Stage Plan of Action Execution of Activity

1. Preparation of Power Distribution Single line Diagram

Collect all the Load details with maximum demand of the Electrical Equipment ,Calculate the Usage Load After single line diagram put the load values

2.

Real Time Load Curve Plot Real time load curve by taking the energy meter KWHR , for 20 days

3. Load calculation of single line diagram

Calculate the connected load with respective to single diagram

4. Energy meter Tariff Survey for past 10 years

Plot a graph in between years and Tariff

5. Real time power loss Identify and Calculate the unnecessary usage of power wastage in the layout with graph

6. Power utilization chart Draw the Power Utilization Chart with respect to the Layout

7. Daily Power Utilization Chart

Calculate the daily utilization of Power by all the equipments and convert to pie chart.

8. Equipment Life cycle Analysis

Data Collection of all the major equipments and find out the performance

9. Interview with faculty members


10. Energy conservation opportunity



29

11. Recommendation Report on suitable recommendation with existing and implementation suggestions

12 Cost benefits Plot Cost Benefit Analysis with Breakeven Chart

13. Study of Status of Earthing

Check the earth resistance and report on the status of Earthing in that concern

14. Awareness’ on Electrical Safety

Provide Awareness on there Electrical Safety to the Person

Submission of Suitable Energy Audit Report with Breakeven Analysis

3.4 Industrial Audit

Industrial audit as become very much essential as it is seen that the consumption

of in industrial aspects is very high .Looking over the Indian scenario the demand

is increasing day by day recent survey states the India would be facing demand of

300GW by the year 2016-2017, in this manner the industrial audit is conducted in

an industry there are many types of audit that can be conducted in industry but we

have designed a procedure to conducted electrical energy audit to reduce the

consumption and reduce the demand in an effective manner. A block diagram is

given below for an effective reduction in demand and also to reduce the

consumption in power demand.


30

Fig-3.2 Flow chart for conducting energy audit


31

4. DATA ACQUISTION

In this methodology the Data Acquisition (DA) is done by collecting data in a

residential house, commercial building and industries the data collection i.e. is

collected gives the layout of usage of electrical energy. The wastage of energy can

be easily monitored and the recommendation ideas with new forms of

implementation of renewable energy in effective manner to reduce the power

demand and also motivating people to undergo renewable energy resources. In

these methods the tariff details, wattage of each appliance, daily utilization chart,

single line diagram and real time load analysis etc. The details of these charts are

given below with brief explanations.

4.1 DA of A Residential House – The Electrical Energy Audit was done in Mrs.

K.Kanaya home as she is one of the faculties of our university. Thehouse consists

of 3-phase supply which is connected to double bedroom apartment that is located

in Chennai. The data aqua station details for this home are taken for the study of

the electrical usage.

TARIFF DETAILS-The tariff history of past 3 years, According to the tariff

analysis, the average energy consumed is 593.33 units, the two value are exactly

same according to the data dated (4/4/2013) (4/2/2014).the average price

consumption is Rs-2262.3. The highest amount paid by the user is 2835 on dated

06/08/2014. So our opinion is we need to audit this house because from the graph

we found that the user uses more than 500 units per months.

Fig-4.1. Tariff Analysis of Past Two Years


32

DATACOLLECTION-A chart given below explains the usage of electrical energy in

an residential house in which the wastage ,age ,star rated equipment and all other

electrical appliances details are taken to study the wastage and usage of electricity

in the particular layout. The data’s that are given below in the table no:1.

Table no-5 data collected from the house

ITEMS NO

(equi

pmen

t)

Sta

r

Rat

ed

Total

Rating

s

(Watts)

Age

of

Equip

ment

Time

of

Usage/

Day

Total

Energy

Used/M

onth

Compan

y

(A) KITCHEN

CFL 2 20/18w 2 year 2 Hours 60

Hours

Philips

Tube light 1 36W 2 year 5 Hours 150

Hours

Philips

Washing

machine

1 350W 4 Year 1 Hours 30

Hours

Siemens

Grinder 1 350w 4 Year 6.42 min 03

Hours

BAJAJ

Mixer 1 750w 4 Year 10 min 05

Hours

BAJAJ

Chimney 1 4 year

Water purifier 1 24w 1 year 20 min 10

Hours

LivPure

Inverter 1 4 Year Sunken

Chopper 1 400w 2 year 1.30 min 65min

(B) Hall

T.V 1

5*

100W 3 year 4 hours 120

Hours

Samsung

Charger 3

mob+

1 lapis

5 volt

D.C

4 Year 10

hours

300

Hours

Samsung

/DELL

Tube Light 2 72W 4 Year 8 hours 240 Philips


33

Hours

Fan 2 80W 4 Year 4 hours 120

Hours

Orient

Refrigerator 1

5*

310w 4 Year 16

hours

480

Hours

Whirlpool

Corner light 4 32W 4 Year 2

Hours

Fish Tank 1

Home theatre 1 5w 4 Year 1 Hours SONY

Show Light 6 360W 1 Year 2 Hours

Bulb 1 12w 2 Year 2 hours 60

Hours

Philips

Calling Bell 1 10w 4 Year 10 min 5 Hours Philips

(D) Bath Room 1

CFL 1 8w 1 Year 2 hours 60

Hours

Philips

Tube light 1 36w 4 Year 1 hours 30

Hours

Philips

(E.) Balcony

Tube light 1 40w 2 Year 20 min 8 Hours SURYA

(F) Bedroom 1

A.C 1

5*

1500w 2 year 1 Hours 30

Hours

Whirlpool

Fan 1 40w 1 year 6 Hours 180

Hours

Hovels

Tube light 1 36w 2 year 2 Hours 30

Hours

Philips

Stand Fan 1 75w 6 year Summer

only

Remiudy

og

CFL 1 15w 2 year 1/2

Hours

15

Hours

Philips

Iron 1 1100w 1 year 10 min 5 Hours Philips

Night lamp 1 10w 4 Year 30 min


34

(G) Bath Room 2

CFL 1 20w 2 year 1 Hours 30

Hours

Hovels

Tube light 1 36w 4 year 1 Hours 30

Hours

Philips

Gagger 1

5*

2000w 1 year Winter

only

BAJAJ

(H) Bedroom 2

A.C 1

2*

1830W 4 Year 1 Hours 30

Hours

Whirlpool

Tube light 1 36W 3 year 6 Hours 180

Hours

Philips

FAN 1 60W 4 Year 6 Hours 180

Hours

Khatan

CFL 1 15w 2 year 30 min 15

Hours

Philips

(I) P.C

LCD Monitor 1 15w 3 year 1 Hours 30

Hours

Samsung

C.P.U 1 350W 3 year 1 Hours 30

Hours

Zebrine

Speaker 1 24w 3 year 1 Hours 30

Hours

Microtec

h

Printer 1 55w 3 year 1 Hours 30

Hours

Canon

Modem 1 15w 3 year 1 Hours 30

Hours

Betel

Modem Charger 1 12 volt 3 year 1 Hours 30

Hours

Betel

TOTAL 56

Date: 12-08-2014


35

Single Line Diagram-The initial work started with the study of single line diagram

of the double bed room house. The single line diagram of the house is shown in

figure.

CcCC

No load No load

LED shut down light balcony AC bed room 2 No load

Tube lights

SHOWAC bed room 1

LIGHT T.V refregenerator W.M shut

Fish tank home theater show light

Bed room fan 1 inverter

No- 2 bathroom light

Show light 5 amps tube light 1

Fig-4.2.Single Line Diagram

Age of Equipment’s- Fig. 4.3shows that the age of equipment which is used in

the house.It givesan idea about the performance and power consumption of the

equipment. It’s also giving some rough idea about past performance of the

equipment. According to the graph, we show that most of the equipment is

purchased in 2010 because Ma’am had purchasea new house.


36

Fig-4.3 Age of Equipment

Real Time Load Analysis-The real time power usage of the equipment chart is

made with the help of operating all the equipment with their usage load current.

The figure shows the graphical representation of load current with respect to all

the equipment in that house.

Fig-4.4 Load Flow Analysis

4.2 DA of 2BHK House with ETAP

An audit was conducted in an individual home in and the recommendation for the

certain home was concluded using the ETAP simulation software in which the


37

implementation study is done and it is seen that the power consumption is nearly

reduced up to 25%.

ETAP SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM

The layout of the home is drawn using the ETAP simulation software as shown in

fig.1 where all the buses are connected to the load by which the load analysis is

done. It is seen that the load is not balanced and also the consumption of the

equipment’s is in the higher side. According to this the recommendation are

coated to reduce the electrical energy consumption and reduce the tariff bill.

Fig-4.5 Single Line Diagram Using ETAP

TARIFF DETAILS

According to pre site review tariff details are collected to check the unit

consumption for the particular house in which the data are collected for the past

two years. In general, it was found that at the time of the summer the consumption

was very high and also at the time of winter the consumption is low, this is due to


38

the maximum use of air conditioner during summer. But in this house the scenario

was entirely different. As can be clearly analyzed that in the month of august and

September 2013, the unit consumption was 2000units. We did this survey on the

house owner’s request regarding this apparent change in the unit consumption but

he was not able to recognize the proper region. The average unit consumption of

this house is 470.5 units per month.

Fig-4.6 Tariff Detail

DAILY UTILAIZATION CHART-According to the layout of the house the daily

utilization chart is given below in the fig. In this graph we can analyze the

consumption of the energy in 24 hours by the lighting and the major equipment’s

like fridge, fans, etc. The daily utilization graph makes easy to understand the

utilization of energy in a particular day. Through this the daily utilization can be

found out. Considering an e.g. if A.C is 1500 watts running for 6 hours in 24 hours

then we multiply total watts [*] no. of working hours in a day so we get 9000 W= 9

kWh = 9 units, so by the same method we find for every equipment.


39

Fig-4.7 Daily unit Consumption.

AGE EQUIPMENTSAccording to each appliances of the house the age of each

appliance is also taken in which the age of equipment is taken and plotted in the

graph as shown in the fig.4 so that we may find the equipment age and its

efficiency. A graph is given below for the age of equipment’s

Fig-4.8 Age of Equipment

WATTAGE OF APPLIANCEThe wattage of all the appliance are very much

essential as the according to the wattage the power consumption can be

1990

1995

2000

2005

2010

2015

YEA

R

EQUIPMENTS


40

calculated so in thus the graph the wattage of the appliances are given for each

appliance that they are using.

Fig-4.9 Wattage of Equipment’s

ETAP VOLTAGE LOAD ANALYSISAccording to the ETAP simulation software

the single line diagram is drawn as shown in the figure. As per this the load flow

analysis is done using Newton Raps on method by which the graph is drawn

below were the voltage and the buses are determined.

Fig-4.10 ETAP Voltage Analysis

ETAP CURRENT ANALYSISAccording to the ETAP simulation software the

single line diagram is drawn as shown in the fig 8 as per this the load flow analysis

is done using Newton rap son method by which the graph is drawn .The graph that

is given below shows the current in amps of each equipment that is connected to

0

500

1000

1500

2000

WA

TTA

GE

EQUIPMENT

93

94

95

96

97

98

99

100

101

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26

VO

LTA

GE

(%)

BUS


41

Fig-4.11 ETAP Current Analysis

4.3 DA of the RESIDENTIAL FLAT

This paper being a part of the same presents the procedures that were involved in

the energy auditing of the assigned houses with suitable recommendations

according to the usage and wastage of the houses. The comparative examination

of these houses is to identify the complexity of the unnecessary consumptions that

led to more unrequited power consumption. The study also provides the suitable

recommendations for managing and conserving the energy. The outcomes of the

auditing are represented in the form of graph that provides the insights about the

usage and the actual requirement.

Table-6 Comparison of Each House

Location Customer A

Customer B

Customer C

Customer D

Customer E

Customer F

Master Room

2Nos 36w Tube light,2Nos 60w ceiling fan,1Nos 280w portable fridge ,1Nos 110 w T.V.

2Nos 36w tube light,2Nos 60w ceiling fan,1Nos 180w portable fridge,1Nos 45 w Table fan

1Nos 40w Tube light,2Nos 60w ceiling fan,1Nos 110w T.V,1Nos 180w portable fridge,1Nos 585w washing machine ,1Nos 1200w

2Nos 36W Tube light,1Nos 350w washing machine,1Nos 100w T.V,1Nos 280w fridge,1Nos300w DVD player,1Nos 40w Home Theatre

3nos 36 w tube light,1Nos 60w ceiling fan,1Nos 280w fridge,1Nos 45w table fan,1Nos 65w T.V.

2Nos 40W Tube light,2Nos 60w ceiling fan,1Nos 280w fridge,1Nos 1200 Iron Box ,1Nos 110w LCD


42

flat iron.

Kitchen 1Nos 40 w tube light,1Nos 750 w mixer ,1Nos 80w ceiling fan,1Nos 650w Rice cooker

1Nos 18 w CFL,1Nos 840w grinder,1Nos 750w mixer

1Nos36w Tube light,1Nos 850w grinder,1Nos 550w mixer,1Nos 1950w induction.

1Nos 36w Tube light,1Nos 60w ceiling fan,1Nos 40w exhaust fan,1Nos 1000w microwave oven,1Nos 550w mixer,1Nos 800w rice cooker

1Nos 40w Tube light,1Nos 750w mixer

1Nos 40w Tube light,1Nos 750w mixer,1Nos 11w water purifier

Bedroom 1

1Nos 60w ceiling fan,1Nos 3 star rated 1676w air conditioner,1Nos 40w tube light

1Nos 60w ceiling fan,1Nos 40w Tube light.

1Nos 36w Tube light,1Nos 60w ceiling fan,1Nos 60w laptop

1Nos 36w Tube light,1Nos 60w ceiling fan.1Nos 1586w Air Conditioner

1Nos 36w Tube light,1Nos 60w ceiling fan.1Nos 1586w Air Conditioner

1Nos 40w Tube light,1NOS60w ceiling fan,1Nos 360w Washing Machine,1Nos 5010 w air conditioner

Bedroom 2

1Nos 60w ceiling fan,1Nos 40w tube light

--------

1Nos 40w Tube light,1Nos 60w ceiling fan,1Nos 55w table fan.

1Nos 36w Tube light,1nos 60w ceiling fan

--------- ----------

Bathroom

1Nos 10w CFL,1Nos 2000w geyser

1Nos 60w bulb

1Nos 60w bulb

2NOS 100W BULB.1Nos 2000w geyser

1Nos 25w CFL

1Nos 10w CFL,1nOS 2000w geyser


43

Table 7: Estimated Connected Load for Each Apartment

Location Customer A

Customer B

Customer C

Customer D

Customer E

Customer F

Master Room

386w 321w 2175w 2466w 491w 1830w

Kitchen 1520w 768w 3336w 756w 790w 801w

Bedroom1 1776w 100w 156w 1687w 220w 5470w

Bedroom2 96w 0w 155w 101w 0w 0w

Bathroom 2010w 60w 10w 2100w 25w 2010w

Total 5788w 1249w 5832w 7100w 1526w 10111w

Table 8.Actual Energy Consumed and Cost of Electricity Supplied

Item Customer A

Customer B

Customer C

Customer D

Customer E

Customer F

Connected Load(Kw)

5.613 1.249 5.832 7.11 1.526 10.111

Maximum Demand(Kw)

3.27 3.817 4.95 5.15 3.03 34.09

Demand Factor

0.582 3.056 0.848 0.724 1.985 3.372

Total Energy Consumed

2300.4 1900.08 3253.68 3159 12456 17121.6

Cost Of Energy Consumed

7728 6660 12696 12240 4260 98784

4.4 DA of a Wire and Wire INDUSTRY-

Traditionally final energy consumption of all the nations across the world is

classified into three sectors i.e.:

Buildings

Industry

Transportation

The sector wise worldwide energy consumption is given below:


44

Fig4.12 World-wide Energy Consumption pattern

From the above, it is clear that industrial and residential sectors are the major

consumption of energy users and improving energy efficiency in these sectors is

necessary for energy savings.

In this project, we selected both building sector and Industry which accounts for

two third energy consumption in the world. Building sector alone accounts for

nearly one third of final energy consumption worldwide. Building energy

consumption worldwide could be around 3800 million tonnes of oil equivalent (toe)

by 2030 (As per IEA). Building sector also contributes to major climatic changes &

around 20% of GHG emissions amounts from this sector. The emissions could be

as high as 4300 million tonnes of CO2 equivalent by 2030. Hence, energy audit in

these sectors is necessary. The worldwide energy demand in the building sector

alone is projected as below:

Fig-4.13 graph of world wide energy demand


45

Energy audit has been carried out in the firm M/s.Wire and Wire Products Limited,

Chennai-98 and is in the process of manufacturing of welding rods. The firm avails

11 kV power supply from the utility grid. The load mapping, load management and

energy audit of the firm is proposed to improve the performance of the existing

energy consuming equipment. The major energy consuming entities are electrical

motors, oven and welding sets. The energy audit activities involve the following:

Understanding layout arrangement of M/s.Wire and Wire Products Ltd.

Load mapping by physical verification

Understanding electrical wiring and switching system

Study of the energy consumption pattern for last one year

Performance measurement of various equipment.

Single line diagram

Fig-4.14 Single Line Diagram of An Industries


46

The electrical consumption for the past few months of the plant is tabulated below:

Table 9 Power Consumption Details

Factory process -The single line electrical diagram of the factory is shown below:

Fig-4.15 Single Line Representation


47

LOAD UTILISATION CHART-The load utilisation chart of the industry is given

below

Fig-4.16Load Utilization Chart

COLLECTED DATA OF INDUSTRY

Utility Supply - 11 kV

Sanctioned Demand - 163 kVA

Diesel Genset Capacity - 125 kVA

Fixed Capacitor - 90 kVAR

Transformer Details - 11 kV/0.433 kV, 315 kVA.

Tariff Type - HT Tariff IA

Demand Charges - Rs.350/kVA/month

Energy Charges - Rs.6.35/kWh

CONNECTED LOAD DETAILS

Furnace - 37 kW

Winding Machines 1 & 2 - 2 x 50 HP

Heaters - 4 x 12 kW

Heeling Machine - 5 HP

kW, Winding Machine, 74.6, 18%

kW, Welding Sets, 17.46, 4%

kW, ACs and lighting, 10, 2%

kW, Heaters and Furnace, 104.3,

24%

kW, Crane, 2.611, 1%

kW, Drives, 167.85, 39%

kW, Accessories, 49.5344, 12%

kW

Winding Machine

Welding Sets

ACs and lighting

Heaters and Furnace

Crane


48

Cutting Machines 1 & 2 - 3 HP & 21.5 HP

Spooling Machine - 2 HP

Annealing Furnace - 67 kW

Winding Machines 3 - 20 HP

Portable File - 0.5 HP

Grinding Machine - 5 HP

Screening Machine - 2 HP

Well Motor - 3 HP

Air Motor - 3 HP

NICAL TANK - 2.5 HP

Lighting & AC - 10 kW

Cranes 1 & 2 - 2 x 1.5 HP

Tensile Tester - 1 HP

Welding - 1 kW

DGW Drench - 10 HP

Sectional Machine - 2 HP

Drive Motors1, 2, 3, 4, 5& 6 - 6 x 30 HP

Capacitor Bank - 90 kVAR

Hoist - 0.5 HP

Welding - 10 kVA

Pouting - 3 HP

Die polishing - 0.2 HP

Cooling Pump 1 - 2 HP

Grinder - 0.2 HP

Crane 3 - 6 HP

Drive Motors (1 to 9) - 9 x 5 HP

Cooling Pump 2 - 3 HP


49

5. CASE STUDYS & RECOMMENDATIONS

According to the layout of the residential house, commercial building and industry

the recommendations are coated to analysis the benefits of the implementation

due to which the reduction in tariff bills and power consumption is obtained in an

effective manner. The recommendation are designed in three manner and they are

given below as follows

Recommendation Without Investment

Recommendation With Investment

Recommendation with DG…….

5.1 Recommendation for a House-The recommendation for a residential house

is coated according to the usage and wastage of electrical energy and star rated

appliances are recommended for the effective reduction in power demand.

Recommendation 1: WITHOUT INVESTMENT

According to the layout of the home, we have recommended some of the best

saving tips by which you can save electrical energy and tariff without any

investment by proper utilization you can conserve energy and also reduce the tariff

in your monthly bills. These are some important tips to save energy in home.

R Y B does not have a balanced load. It is found that in R=6.1 A, Y=21.6A

and B= 3.8A so our first recommendation is to change the unbalanced load

into a balanced one, so that we can get good input voltage.

We found that the gap between refrigerator and the wall is very close, which

led to the bad efficiency of the refrigerator and it also consumes more

voltage. So we recommend the house owner to maintain proper distance.

We also found very hot milk is keep inside the refrigerator.

The dust is deposited on condenser coiled the motor to work harder and use

more electricity.

On the ceiling fan dust is deposited which also led the motor to work harder.


50

Every time the entire charger is in ideal mode which also consumes

electricity.

A chimney is placed instead of exhaust fan which is not required. It

consumes more power than an exhaust fan. So our recommendation is to

replace the chimney.

Recommendation 2: WITH INVESTMENT

Recommendation with LED

After the analysis the following recommendations are suggested with

investment. There are 8 Tube Light in this house. Total number of fan used in this

house is 4, and there is 1 refrigerator. Electrical appliances which can be replaced

by energy saving units were identified. Total wattage of energy used by Tube light,

Fan, and Refrigerators has been presented in the graph.

Table-10compression with Tube light& L.E.D

Present energy uses

Total number of florescent light= 8

Total power in watts= 292W

Total hours in a year= 5hr*365=1825hr/yr

Total watts annually= 292*5*365=532900W

Total units consumed= 532900/1000=532.9W

unit/yr

Cost annually= 532.9*3=1598.7 Rs

If all tube light(8) replaced by LED's

Total number of LED's= 8

Total number of watts= 8*10=80

Total number of watts annually= 80*5*365=146000W


51

Total units consumed in a year= 146000/1000=146W unit/yr

Cost annually= 146*3=438 Rs

Saving

Energy saved= 532.9-146=386.9W unit/yr

Money saved= 1598.7-438=1160.7 Rs/yr

Payback time

LED's= 800 Rs

Total investment 8*800=6400 Rs

Payback time= (investment/ annual

saving)*12months

(6400/1160.7)*12=551.39 month

Fig-5.1 Recommendation with LED


52

GRAPH WITH D.G & WITHOUT D.G

Fig-5.2- Before Audit & After Audit Graph

5.2 Residential house Recommendation Through ETAP

Recommendation without Investment









The dust is deposited on condenser coil the motor to work harder and use

more electricity.

On the ceiling fan dust is deposited which also led the motor to work harder.

Every time the entire charger is in ideal mode which also consumeselectricity.


53

A chimney is placed instead of exhaust fan which is not required. It consumes

more power than an exhaust fan. So our recommendation is to replace the

chimney.

We also found very hot milk is keep inside the refrigerator.

We found that on inverter Castrol bottle was kept.

We also found that there was no proper maintenance of electrical equipment,

the put in random manner.

We found that the fridge is over loaded with unwanted material, which is not

needed for cooling.

Recommendation with Investment

Recommendation with Replacement of Refrigerator

For effective reduction of cost and electrical energy star rated equipment’s are

very much essential so as per this it is recommended that the star rated

appliances are recommended in the table given below with breakeven analysis

and payback time.

Table no .11 Recommendation with replacement of Refrigerator

Present Energy Usage

Total number of refrigerator 1

Total number of watts 1*225 = 225 w

Total number of watts annually 225 * 20 * 365 =1642500w

Total number units consumed 1642500/ 1000=1642.5units/year

Cost annually Rs.4927.5

If the refrigerator is replaced by 3star rated refrigerator of 250 liters


Star rated 3

Energy consumption KWH 626

Electricity cost per year 626*3=1878

If the refrigerator is replaced by 5star rated refrigerator of 250 liters


Star rated 5


54

Recommendation with investment: (Star Rated AC)

In the load analysis graph , we can see that the energy consumption of 3star rated

AC is very much high .The actual maximum current consumption should not cross

4KW but the load analysis tells that AC consumption is nearly around 8-9KW.

The increase in KW up to 8-9KW is due to the Freon level is not proper due to

which the power consumption increase

An air conditioner should always be serviced once in a six months to have the

current consumption according to the star rated specification.

This graph given below shows that if the air conditioner is not serviced and

used in the same condition the consumption may increase gradually and may

cause the air conditioner to not run in an effective manner.

If it is serviced properly once in a six months you can achieve star rated

output.

Energy consumption KWH 400

Electricity cost per year 400*3=1200

Saving for 3 star rated refrigerator

Energy saved 1642.5–626 = 1016.5 units/ year

Money saved Rs.4927.5 - Rs.1878 = Rs.3050per year

Saving for 5 star Rated refrigerator of 250 liters

Energy saved 1642.5-400=1242.5

Money saved Rs.4927.5-Rs.1200=

RS.3727.5per year

Payback time

Energy saving star rated Refrigerator unit price

Rs.15000 for 250 liters 3star Rs.22100 for 250 liters5star

Total investment 1 * 15000 = Rs.15000

1 * 22100 = Rs.22100

Payback time ( Investment cost / Annual saving) * 12 months

(15000 / 3050) * 12 = 59months

(22100 / 3727.5) * 12 =71months


55

Table no .12 Recommendation with replacement of Airconditionar

RECOMMENDATION WITH LED

In this layout according to the site review we can see that tube light are used a lot

so according to that we can go for recommendation for using LED in this houses.

LED has two years of warranty and it also saves the consumption of units

compare to the CFL and tube light this shows the results that LED is very much

effective and also very useful in consumption of electrical energy as given in

table.


Total number window AC 1

Total number of watts 1*2500 = 2500w

Total number of watts annually 2500*22*365 = 2007500w

Total number of units consumed 20075000/ 1000 = 20075 units per year

Cost annually 20075 * 3 = Rs.60225

If window AC is replaced by 5 star 1.5 ton split AC

5* AC 1

Total number of watts 1*1677=1677w

Total number of watts annually 1677 * 22 * 365 = 13466310w

Total number of units consumed 13466310/ 1000 = 13466.1 units per year

Cost annually 13466.1* 3 = Rs.40398.3


(35000/19856.5)*12 =21.1518 months


56

Table no .13Recommendation with LED

Total number of tube light 3


Number of hours in a year 8hrs*365days=2920

Total number of watts annually 120*8*365=350400w

Total units consumed 157680/1000=350units/year

Cost annually 1050Rs

If all the tube light (3) are replaced by LEDs

Total number of LED 3



Total number of units consumed 105120/1000=105.12 units per year

Cost annually 320Rs

Saving

Energy saved 350-105=245 units per year

Money saved Rs.1050 - Rs.320= Rs.730 per year

Payback time

LEDs Rs.650

Total investment 3*650=Rs.1950


(1950 / 730) * 12= 32months


57

Fig-5.3 Comparison graph

5.3 Residential Flat Recommendation

Recommendation without investment

Vegetables in the refrigerator should be kept in plastic bags.

Steel vessels should not be kept in the refrigerator.

There should be a gap of max 1ft maintained between the wall and

refrigerator.

Frequent cleaning of blades of the fan should be done to avoid dust

formation.

The people can install mosquito net so they can open the windows in the

day time to avoid switching of light during the day time.

Pumping motor is recommended to put during the non-peak hours.

Geyser temperature is recommended to maintain to 50 degree.

Installing a LED light in the hall with the geyser switch to avoid unnecessary

usage of geyser.

Recommendation with investment

Non star rated fan should be replaced by the star rated fans

REPLACEMENT WITH STAR RATED FANS:As it is seen that the fans that are

used in this house are not star rated fans so according to the layout the

0

100

200

300

400

500

1 2 3 4 5

Un

it c

on

sum

ed

Years

Comparison graph

Unit consumed with Tube light Unit Consumed with LED


58

recommendation is given to change two fans that is given in table 4 into star rated

for effective reduction in power consumption and bill.

Table-14 Replacement with star rated fan

REPLACEMENT WITH LED;According to the site review we can see that

Florescent lights are used a lot so according to that we can go for

recommendation for using LED in this houses. LED has two years of warranty and

it also saves the consumption of units compare to the CFL and tube light this

shows the results that LED is very much effective and also very useful in

consumption of electrical energy.


Total number of ceiling fan 12

Total number of watts 12*60= 720w

Total number of watts annually 720*7*365 = 1839600w

Total number of units consumed 1839600 / 1000 = 1840 units per year

Cost annually 1840 * 3 = Rs.5512

If all the ceiling fans (3) are replaced by energy saving models

Total number of ceiling fan 12


Total number of watts annually 480 * 7 * 365 = 1226400w

Total number of units consumed 1226400/ 1000 = 1226 units per year

Cost annually 1226* 1.5 = Rs.1834

Saving

Energy saved 1840-1226 = 614 units per year

Money saved 5512-1834= Rs.3678 per year

Payback time

Energy saving /unit price Rs.1700

Total investment 12 * 1700 = Rs.20400


(20400 / 3678) * 12 = 67months


59

Table-15 conversion of tube light with LED

5.4 INDUSTRIAL AUDIT RECOMMENDATION

The variation voltage per phase is nearly 220 Volts to 252 Volts, hence earthing


Total number of Tube light

need to change

10

Total number of watts 10*40=400 w

Number of hours in a year 8hrs*365days=2920


Total units consumed 1168000/1000=1168units/year

Cost annually 3504Rs

If all the TL (10) are replaced by LEDs

Total number of LED 10

Total number of watts 10*10 =100w

Total number of watts annually 100*8*365= 292000w

Total number of units

consumed

292000/1000=292units per year

Cost annually 876Rs

Saving

Energy saved 1168– 292= 876 units per year

Money saved 2628 Rs per year

Payback time

LEDs Rs.650

Total investment 10*650=Rs.6500


(6500 / 2628) * 12= 30 months


60

strengthening is required to protect the equipment failure. Further, the average

power factor is 0.89 and is to be improved. We observed the following in the plant:

Unbalanced loading per phase

Low power factor varies from 0.87 to 1

Additional Capacitor requirement of 5 kVAR to 10 kVAR

Maintenance of electrical Panel system is required

Maintenance of gearing in winding machines is required.

Maintenance of heaters and annealing furnace is required

PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF ANNEALING FURNACE AND HEATERS

There are three heaters of each capacity 12 kW and one annealing furnace of 67

kW is installed. The surface insulation of heaters and furnace is in good condition,

hence there are no losses from the surface of oven. The MS wire mounting

platform is around 100 kg and the platform is kept open for one hour daily,

similarly, the heaters and furnace are also kept open for one hour daily while

loading and unloading the MS coils on platform. In this the power required to re-

heat the platform and internal walls require extra energy which can be saved by

simply reducing the open time of the heaters and furnace. The temperature of the

platform is ranges from 70 to 80 deg. C. and if it is kept open for one hour there is

a loss of around 12 kW for one hour and hence 12 units per day per heater.

Similarly, the temperature of furnace walls ranges from 70 to 90 deg. C. And if it is

kept open for one hour there is a loss of around 67 kW and hence 67 units per

day. At an average two heaters will work.

By keeping two heaters and one furnace open for one hour there is a loss of 91

units per day, i.e. 33215 units per annum costing Rs.2,65,720/- per annum. It is

recommended to colour the MS coil mounting platform by heat resistance colour

and shut down the heaters and furnace door after removing the platform from the

heaters/furnace.

PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF WINDING MACHINES

The winding machines 1 and 3 are rated with 50 HP and 20 HP motors. It is

noticed that these motors are under loaded and hence it is recommended to


61

reduce the size of the motor to 40 HP and 17 HP respectively. Further, these

motors shall be replaced with the energy efficient motors for substantial reductions

in energy and operational costs.

Cost of the energy efficient 40 HP motor – Rs.1,60,000/-

Cost of the energy efficient 17 HP motor – Rs.75,000/-

Cost of the old 50 HP and 20 HP motors – Rs.30,000/-

Total investment required – Rs.2,05000/-

Savings in energy per annum in 40 HP EE motor – 40,800 units


Total Savings in energy per annum – 53,050 units

Total Savings in cost per annum – Rs.4,24,400/-

Payback period is 6 months.

PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF CUTTING MACHINE

The cutting machine capacity is 21.5 HP, but the machine is not fully utilised. It is

noticed that 18 HP energy efficient motor is sufficient in that place.

Cost of the energy efficient 18 HP motor – Rs.80,000/-

Cost of the old 21.5 HP motor – Rs.10,000/-

Total investment required – Rs.70,000/-


Savings in cost per annum – Rs.1,14,000/-

Payback period is 6 months.

PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF DRIVE MACHINES

The drive machines 1, 2, 5 and 6 are rated with 30 HP motors. It is noticed that

these motors are under loaded and hence it is recommended to reduce the size of

the motor 25 HP. Further, these motors shall be replaced with the energy efficient

motors for substantial reductions in energy and operational costs.

Cost of the energy efficient 25 HP motor – Rs.1,10,000/-

Cost of the old 30 HP motor – Rs.10,000/-


62

Total investment required – Rs.4,00,000/-


Total savings in energy per annum – 81680 units

Total Savings in cost per annum – Rs.6,53,000/-

Payback period is 7.4 months.

TIME OF DAY TARIFF (TOD) RECOMMENDATIONS

The local power distribution utility is charging 20% extra on the energy charges for

the energy recorded during peak hours. i.e. 6 AM to 9 AM and 6 PM to 9 PM. The

HT industrial consumers shall be allowed reduction of 5% of energy charges for

the consumption recorded during 10 PM an to 5 AM as an incentive for night hour

consumption. The company may shift loads such as pumping motor, cutter and

effluent treatment loads, etc. to these non peak hours to save utility bill.

FINANCIAL VIABILITY

The financial viability of the proposed savings is as below:

Table 16. Financial Viability

S

.

N

Recommendations Savings in

Lakhs per

annum

Investm

ents in

Lakhs

Paybac

k

(Month

s)

1 Frequent openings of heaters and furnace 2.65/- Nil Zero

2 Phase balancing of the load 0.08/- Nil Zero

3 Replacement of winding machines 1 & 3

(50 & 20 HP) with energy efficient motors

4.24/- 2.05/- 6

months

4 Replacement of cutting machine (21.5 HP)

with energy efficient motors

1.14/- 0.7/- 6

months

5 Replacement of Drive motors 1,2,5, & 6

(30 HP each) with energy efficient motors.

6.53/- 4/- 7.4

months

6 TOD tariff 0.1/- Nil Zero


63

PROCEDURE ADOPTED

The first initiative is for going for pre-site work, in this first we decide the location

were to conduct this energy audit in an industry In this paper the first initiative we

done is doing auditing in one industry and giving them an appropriate results and

recommendation and suggestion regarding their usage of electricity and also

making a assumption to reduce their tariff of electricity bill.

According to this we started the analysis of the pre-site work and conclude the

analysis and recommendation to reduce the usage of electricity and educate them

for consumption of energy with cost analysis. An execution procedure model is

given below which will gives a brief knowledge how an energy audit is done and

the recommendation is given to the clients as per the procedure to get an

appropriate result based on the consumption and also reducing the electricity bills.

The main vision for this auditing is to bring awareness among the society and save

the demand for the nation. The government is behind the ways to generate power

to reduce the demand but we are taking initiative to reduce the demand by

electrical energy audit and this is our vision of 10MW. The motto behind it is

“SAVE ENERGY TO REDUCE DEMAND.

We have made an Executive activity to conduct this electrical energy audit and it

is given below:

Collect all the Load details with maximum demand of the Electrical

Equipment.

Calculate the Usage Load After single line diagram put the values in ETAP.

Plot Real time load curve by taking the energy meter KWHR for 20 days.

Calculate the connected load with respective to single Line diagram.

Plot a graph in between years and Tariff.

Identify and Calculate the unnecessary usage of power wastage in the

layout with graph

Draw the Power Utilization Chart with respect to the Layout

Calculate the daily utilization of Power by all the equipments and convert to

pie chart.

Data Collection of all the major equipments and find out the performance


64



Report on suitable recommendation with existing and implementation

suggestions

Plot Cost Benefit Analysis with Breakeven Chart

Provide Awareness’ on Electrical Safety to the Person there.

ENERGY CONSUMPTION PATTERN

The energy consumption pattern for each month before and after implementation

of the above recommendations is given below. The graph clearly shows that the

savings in energy is around 14,500 units per month, which leads to savings of

utility bill to around Rs.1 Lakh per month.

Figure 5.4. Energy Consumption before and after audit

ETAP SIMULATION

The single line diagram (SLD) is used as blueprint for electrical system analysis.

This SLD includes incoming power supply, power transformers, switches,

breakers, motors, drives, welding machines, etc. Before implementing the above

recommendations, the power drawn from the utility is 218 kW. The VAR drawn

from the grid is 25 kVAR and the power factor is 0.99. After implementing the

above said recommendations, the power drawn from the grid is reduced to 193

kW. The Load Flow Analysis (LFA) before energy audit is given below:


65

Table 17. LFA before Energy audit

The result of the simulation after implementing the energy audit Recommendations

is given below:


66

Table 18. LFA after audit


67

6.BENEFIT ANALYSIS

According to the audit that has been done residential flats, commercial building

and industry the recommendation are coated in an effective manner to reduce the

consumption and tariff bill the outcome of the recommendation if implemented in

the cost benefits are given below with the effective reduction in electrical energy.

Fig6.1 Residential House Graph

Conservation Benefits using ETAP Simulation software- The cost benefits is

done in ETAP simulation software were in which it is seen the recommendation

are coated in affective manner so the reduction is cost as well as in power demand

is seen in an effective manner in this graph that is given below

Fig-6.2 ETAP Voltage Analysis Graph

93

94

95

96

97

98

99

100

101

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26

VO

LTA

GE

(%)

BUS


68

The maximum load analysis is done through ETAP simulation software and

according to the recommendation the graph of the output is drawn in which the

difference is drawn with and without audit. This graph that is given below shows

the cost benefits as well as current conservation.

Fig-6.3. Energy Consumption Before and After Audit


69

CONCLUSION

The objective of this project is to identify the end use of energy in Industries,

Residential sectors and Commercial sectors and feasibility study leading to

implementation of an energy management programme in these sectors. The audit

procedures can be expanded as needed in the various phases of the energy

programme, with the application of each succeeding phase yielding more

information on energy use, and more opportunities for raising energy efficiency.

The effective recommendation is presented with different graphs. The audited

consumer agreed to implement the idea presented in this Report. We also

recommends aspects of using renewable resources, tree plantation around the

building and make changes in the installation procedure for an effective, efficient,

cleaner and greener environment.

This project also delivers electrical energy audit with ETAP simulation and suitable

recommendations to save energy as per the motto ‘SAVE ENERGY TO REDUCE

DEMAND’. The outcome of all the recommendation clearly shows that the

payback period will reach within 2-3 years as per today’s tariff. If this energy

efficiency programme is implemented perfectly, it will reduce power demand in the

grid and reduce Green House Gas emission which leads to reduction of global

warming.If we continue this pace, it is sure that reduction of grid demand of 10

MW in 10 years can be achieved perfectly as per the VISION 10MW.


70

REFERENCES

1) Malkiat Singh, Gurpreet Singh and Harmandeep Singh, “Energy Audit: A

Case Study To Reduce Lighting Cost “ Asian Journal of Computer Science

and Information Technology, 2012, PP 119-122

2) Mehulkumar J Panchal, Ved Vyas Dwivedi and Rajendra Aparnath, “The

Case study of Energy Conservation & Audit in Industry Sector” ,

International Journal Of Engineering And Computer Science, Volume 3

Issue 4 April, 2014 Page No. 5298-5303

3) Mukesh K Saini, S. Chatterji and Lini Mathew, “Energy Audit of an Industry

“, International Journal of Scientific & Technology Research, Volume 3,

Issue 12, 2014

4) Mario E. Berges, Ethan Goldman, H. Scott Matthews, and Lucio Soibelman

, Enhancing Electricity Audits in Residential Buildings with Nonintrusive

Load Monitoring “Journal of Industrial Ecology, 2012

5) Michael Lubliner, Rick Kunkle, David Hales, Andy Gordon, “Past, Present

and Future Directions in Residential Single-Family Energy Audits and

Retrofits” Final Report to NIST, WSU Energy Program – revised January

2013

6) www.iesgreen.com

7) Stephen Meder, Eileen Peppard and James Griffin, “Energy Audit Results

for Residential Building Energy Efficiency Forrest City Phases I and II”

Project Report by University of Hawai‘i Manoa, 2012

8) Albert Thumann, “Handbook of Energy Audits” Published by The Fairmont

Press, Inc. 2005

9) http://www.tangedco.gov.in/template1.php?cid=0&subcid=184

10) G. 1. BEE Energy Management Report , Uttarakhand Renewable Energy

Development Agency (UREDA), 2010

www.powermin.nic.in, www.beeindia.in.

http://www.tangedco.gov.in/template1.php?cid=0&subcid=184

http://www.powermin.nic.in/

http://www.beeindia.in/

Date post:	06-Mar-2020
Category:	Documents
Upload:	others
View:	1 times
Download:	0 times

Effective Energy Audit for Optimal Energy Management ... Report/EA02.pdf4.2 Single Line Diagram 34...

Documents