effective, unified and centralized government

power in emperor’s hands with royal eunuchs

reestablished examination system

fragmented, independent competitive states

BS importance to governance of state

Confucian and Daoist philosophy with significant Buddhist presence

BS importance to governance of state

mostly Christian (some Jewish)

rebirth of Greco-Roman ideals

emergence of more secular thinking (individualism)

Plague

end of Mongol Rule

plague

local wars

elimination of Mongol influence in government

promotion of Confucian learning

building of new capital (Beijing)

resurgence of more traditional gender roles

rebuilding of infrastructure

compilation of previous writings in classics

cultivation of new lands and reforestation

more efficient administration

emphasis on state building, including armies

more efficient taxation

increased urbanization, wealth, trade, and education

Renaissance – rebirth of classics

patronage of the arts

initial increase in trade through maritime expeditions

tribute system

end of trade ship voyages

influence of Islamic art in European cultural Renaissance

Maritime expeditions

compare in size, motivation, and outcome with China

continuance of voyages

expansion of agricultural to overseas possessions

• Compare and contrast (similarities and differences) between the four major empires in the Islamic world of the 15th and 16th centuries

– Turkish “Sword of Islam” / Muslim Powerhouse / replace Arab-domination / heir to Abbasid and ROMAN empire / Sunni

– Turkish / Sufism into Shia / Schism with Ottoman

• Theme: Unity & Division

• Compare and contrast (similarities and differences) between the four major empires in the Islamic world of the 15th and 16th centuries

– heir to West African trans-Saharan trade routes / tax revenue / Urban Islam and Assimilated Beliefs / Meccan trips and Sonni Ali as “Caliph of the Land of the Blacks”

(Persian for Mongols) – Muslim minority Turkic rulers / political unity creates foundation for British colonial rule / South-Hindu / massive assimilation and cultural borrowing in “Peace” (compare to Ottoman with Christian minority)

• Compare and contrast of the four major empires in the Islamic world of the 15th and 16th centuries.

• Ottoman, Safavid, Mughal and Songhay

• Ottoman, Safavid and Mughal Empires

• Songhay did not

• Ottoman and Safavid – majority of subjects follow Islamic law

• Songhay and Mughal Empires ruled over areas where Islam was minority status

• Only Safavid imposed Shia version of Islam / official version of the state