Effects of Cadmium on Water Content, Soluble Protein, …€¦ · · 2016-07-07Annual Research &...

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Corresponding author Email grara120yahoofr

Annual Research amp Review in Biology4(24) 3835-3847 2014

SCIENCEDOMAIN internationalwwwsciencedomainorg

Effects of Cadmium on Water Content SolubleProtein Proline Changes and Some Antioxidant

Enzymes in Wheat (Triticum durum desf)Leaves

Amel Alayat1 Lynda Souiki2 Nedjoud Grara2 Mohamed Reda Djebar1Zine Eddine Boumedris1 Sana Benosmane1 Rima Amamra1

and Houria Berrebbah1

1Cellular Toxicology Laboratory Department of Biology University of Badji Mokhtar AnnabaAlgeria

2Department of Biology University of 8 May 1945 Guelma Algeria

Authorsrsquo contributions

This work was carried out in collaboration between all authors Author AA designed thestudy wrote the protocol and wrote the first draft of the manuscript Author LS managed theanalyses of the study Authors LS MRD and HB followed and supervised this study Author

ZEB performed the statistical Analysis Authors NG SB and RA managed the literaturesearches All authors read and approved the final manuscript

Received 2nd April 2014Accepted 15th May 2014

Published 10th July 2014

ABSTRACT

The effect of Cadmium stress on plant growth oxidative stress and antioxidant enzyme ofwheat seedlings (Triticum durum Desf) was evaluated in this study Cadmium stressdecreased plant growth lowered the relative water content and caused oxidative damageas characterised by increased antioxidative enzymes in wheat leaves such as ascorbateperoxidase (APX) guaїacol peroxidase (POX) and catalase (CAT) As a response toincreasing Cadmium supply particular increases in antioxidative mechanisms in wheatcultivar Simeto suggest that the high Cadmium sensitivity of Simeto is related to enhancedproduction and oxidative damage of reactive oxygen species

Original Research Article

Annual Research amp Review in Biology 4(24) 3835-3847 2014

3836

Keywords Cadmium wheat oxidative stress plant growth proline soluble proteinsantioxidant enzymes

1 INTRODUCTION

Cadmium (Cd) is a non-essential heavy metal released into the environment byanthropogenic and non-anthropogenic sources Environmental pollution with cadmium ismainly caused by mining and smelting dispersal of sewage sludge and the use of cadmiumrich phosphate fertilizers [12] At very high concentrations in soils cadmium can adverselyeffect plant growth and also human health after introduction to the food chain [34]

In plants the accumulation of cadmium can cause numerous morphological levels anexcessive amount of cadmium causes plant growth retardation chlorosis leaf rolls andnecroses [5] At the physiological level excess cadmium results in an inhibition ofphotosynthesis and transpiration [67] imbalance of mineral nutrients [8] induction ofoxidative stress [9] changes in enzyme activity [10] and modifications to gene expression[11] Cadmium promotes the accumulation of reactive oxygen spices (ROS) causes severedamage to important cellular components such as lipids proteins DNA and RNA [1213]and leads to a decreased growth [14] ROS include superoxide radical hydroxyl radical andhydrogen peroxide Plants have evolved a complex antioxidant system (enzymatic and nonenzymatic detoxification mechanisms) for protecting The antioxidant enzymes such asperoxidases superoxide dismutase and catalase scavenge different types of ROS [15]

Both increase and decrease in the activity of many antioxidant enzymes has been observedin cadmium treated plants [4161718] suggesting that the antioxidant systems beside beinginvolved in detoxification process could be sensitive targets of cadmium toxicity Plants canalso tolerate cadmium toxicity by inducing antioxidative defense systems As mentionedabove cadmium stress can be responsible for production of ROS and peroxidation of criticalcell compounds such as membrane lipids and proteins chlorophyll and nucleic acids[1920] An induced antioxidative defense in response is to Cadmium stress might betherefore a relevant mechanism for Cadmium tolerance in plants

The purpose of this study is to examine the effects of cadmium on the growth oxidativestress and antioxidative response of early wheat seedlings (Triticum durum Desf) Thepossible mechanisms of wheat seedlings response to cadmium stress involving free radicalmetabolism and antioxidative changes are also discussed In the present study experimentswere conducted to assess the role of antioxidative defense systems in variety wheat SimetoThe objective was to evaluate root and shoot length dry matter production development ofcadmium toxicity symptoms and to analyze levels of antioxidative defense systems inleaves

2 MATERIALS AND METHODS

21 Plant Material Growth and Treatments

The experiments are done at the Laboratory of Cellular Toxicology of Annaba UniversityAlgeria

The tested wheat seeds (Triticum durum Desf) were provided by the Algerian Office InterCereals (AOIC) El Hadjar Annaba Algeria Wheat (Triticum durum cv Simeto) was used in


3837

the experiments Seeds were surface sterilized in 5 Sodium hypochlorite (NaCiO) solutionfor 10 min and rinsed with distilled water Germination was performed in the dark onWhatman filter papers in dishes Petri Cadmium chloride (CdCl2 Fluka) was used asCadmium salt and prepared freshly for the treatments Different amounts of CdCl2 wereadded to the culture solution to form the following six treatments 0 (control) 2 5microM 25microM50microM 75microM 100microM The leaves were collected after 14 days for analysis of variousparameters

22 The Relative Water Contents (RWC)

The relative water content (RWC) was determined in fresh leaf discs of 2 cm2 diameter discswere weighed quickly and immediately floated on distilled water in Petri dishes to saturatethem with water for the next 24h in dark The adhering water of discs was blotted and tugormass was noted Dry mass of the discs was recorded after dehydrating them at 70degC for 48h[21] RWC was calculated by using the following formula [22]

RWC= x 10023 Determination of proline content

The method of Troll and Lindsley [23] was used to determine the concentration of proline inwheat leaves Absorbance was measured at 528 nm by spectrophotometer Jenway 3600The proline concentration in the sample was determined from a standard curve usinganalytical grade proline and calculated on fresh weight basis (mgg FW)

24 Determination of Soluble Proteins

The method of Bradford [24] was used to determine the concentration of soluble proteins inwheat leaves with BSA as standard Absorbance was recorded at 595 nm Soluble proteinswere expressed as mgg FW

25 Antioxidant Enzyme Activity

Extraction of POX APX and CAT was as described by Loggini et al [25] Leaves of wheat(1g fresh weight) were homogenized in ice cold 50mM phosphate buffer (pH 75) Thehomogenate were centrifuged at 12000g for 20 min and the supernatants were used forenzyme activity assays

Guaiacol peroxidase (POX) activity was measured according to the method of Fielding et al[26] The reaction mixture (3ml) consisted of 100microl enzyme extract 8mM Guaiacol 50mMphosphate buffer (pH=72) and 50 microl H2O2 (300mM) An increase in the absorbance due tooxidation of guaiacol was measured spectrophotomtrically at 470 nm (ɛ= 24 7mMmacrsup1 cmmacrsup1)

Ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activity was assayed according to the method of Nakano andAsada [27] The reaction mixture consisted of 100microl enzyme extract 05mM ascorbate50mM phosphate buffer (pH=72) and 50microl H2O2 (300mM) The oxidation of ascorbate wasdetermined by the change in absorbance at 290 nm (ɛ= 2 8mMmacrsup1 cmmacrsup1)


3838

Catalase (CAT) activity was determinated according to Cakmak and Horst [28] The assaymixture (30ml) consisted of 100microl enzyme extract 50microl H2O2 (300mM) and 2 85ml 50mMphosphate buffer (pH=72) CAT activity was assayed by monitoring the decrease in theabsorbance at 240 nm as a consequence of H2O2 disappearance (ɛ=39 4mMmacrsup1 cmmacrsup1)

26 Statistical Analysis

The experiment was arranged in a completely randomized design with three independentreplicates Data was analyzed by ANOVA and means were compared by the Tukey test atthe 95 level of confidence The standard deviation was plotted in all graphs

3 Results

31 Dry Weight and Relative Growth Rate

The dry weight () shoot and root growth of the wheat genotype Simeto is shown inTable 1

Table 1 Effect of cadmium stress on growth traits (root and shoot growth) andrelative water content of wheat plants

Treatments Root length (cm) Shoot length (cm) Relative water content ()Control 11116plusmn1245a 1253plusmn246a 95436plusmn3054a25microM Cd 6813plusmn1424b 10363plusmn1880ab 87123plusmn2999ab25microM Cd 465plusmn0435bc 938plusmn0844ab 84002plusmn3287b50microM Cd 403plusmn0678c 8343plusmn0333b 78616plusmn3506bc75microM Cd 3693plusmn0346c 7933plusmn0404b 69933plusmn3506cd100microM Cd 3413plusmn0306c 758plusmn0166b 61135plusmn4893dMean pairs followed by different letters are significantly different (p=005) n=3 The same letters after

the data within a column indicates there was no significant difference at a 95 probability level

Shoot and root growth of wheat seedlings were significantly affected by cadmium andshowed a continuous decrease with the increase of cadmium concentration According tothe statistic analysis (ANOVA) the decrease of shoot and root length was high significant(P˂0001)

Exposure of the plants to different concentration of CdCl2 inhibited plant growth which led toa significant decrease in dry weight and relative growth rate

These results indicate that the wheat seedlings were sensitive to cadmium According to theresults at the concentration of 100microM there was significant reduce in root and shoot growthand dry weight content

32 Proline Content

The effect of cadmium stress on the proline content of wheat leaves is presented in Fig 1

Exposure of wheat plants to cadmium significantly increased proline content According tothe Fig 1 Proline content was highly affected with the CdCl2 concentrations equal of higherthan 50uM what was proved by statistical analysis (p˂ 0001)


3839

Fig 1 Effect of cadmium stress on the proline content of wheat leavesData are the mean plusmn SE of three replicates Mean pairs followed by different letters are significantly

different (p=005) The same letters after the data indicates that there was no significant difference at a95 probability level

33 Soluble Proteins

Fig 2 shows the effect of cadmium on the soluble proteins content of wheat leaves

Fig 2 Effect of cadmium stress on the soluble proteins of wheat leavesData are the mean plusmn SE of three replicates Mean pairs followed by different letters are significantly


Increase of protein content in wheat leaves with the increased exposure to the cadmiumconcentration has been observed (Fig 2) Total protein content was 6841mgg FW incontrol leaves 9671 mgg FW at 50microM and 11445mgg FW at 100microM of Cadmium

002040608

11214

Control 25 25 50 75 100

Prol

ine

(mg

g FW

)

CdCl₂ (microM)

d d cdbc ab a

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

Control 25 25 50 75 100

solu

ble

prot

eins

(mg

g FW

)

CdCl₂ (microM)

cbc abc

ab aba


3840

respectively The statistical analysis (ANOVA) indicated that the increase of soluble proteinswas highly significant (P˂001)


The changes in antioxidant enzyme activities in wheat leaves including POX APX and CATinduced by cadmium at different concentrations are shown in Figs (34 and 5)

Fig 3 Effect of cadmium stress on the activity of POX content of wheat leavesData are the mean plusmn SE of three replicates Mean pairs followed by different letters are significantly


Fig 4 Effect of cadmium stress on the activity of APX content of wheat leavesData are the mean plusmn SE of three replicates Mean pairs followed by different letters are significantly


0123456789

10

Control 25 25 50 75 100

POX

(microm

ol m

g pr

ot m

in)

CdCl₂ (microM)

b bab

ab a a

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

Control 25 25 50 75 100

APX

(microm

ol m

g pr

ot m

in)

CdCl₂ (microM)

bb ab

ab aba


3841

Fig 5 Effect of cadmium stress on the activity of CAT content of wheat leavesData are the mean plusmn SE of three replicates Mean pairs followed by different letters are significantly


The treatment with different concentrations of cadmium resulted high significant increase inAPX POX and CAT activities (Figs 3 4 and 5) The expressed toxicity symptoms at highercadmium concentrations corresponded to increased enzymes activities in comparison tocontrols (P˂001)

4 DISCUSSION

Exposure of plants to toxic metals can lead to numerous physiological and biochemicaldisorders The inhibition of plant seedling growth can be regarded as general responsesassociated with heavy metal toxicity [2930]

The present study shows that cadmium markedly reduced root elongation and shoot lengthOccurrence of these symptoms was associated with reductions in dry matter productionCadmium affected root growth more than shoot growth especially at elevated Cadmiumlevels confirming the results found in wheat [31] radish [32] and barley [33] Greatersensitivity of roots to cadmium than shoots might be related to the fact that roots are the firstorgans to be in contact with cadmium accumulating it at much higher amounts than shoots[1934]

The water content in wheat plants decreased gradually and significantly (P˂0001) with theincrease of Cd concentration (Table 1) To examine the osmotic effect of abiotic stresstreated plant tissues the water content was frequently measured [35] and it was observedthat plant water status was highly affected by heavy metal stress [36-38] These resultsindicate that an excess level of cadmium has a toxic and an osmotic effect on wheat plants

In higher plants proline is accumulated under stress both due to an increase in productionby reducing its degradation [39] The accumulation of proline occurs after the developmentof resistance is a consequence rather than a cause of hardening [40] In the present study

00102030405060708

Control 25 25 50 75 100

CAT

(microm

ol m

g pr

ot m

in)

CdCl₂ (microM)

cbc

abc abc

ab a


3842

proline increased significantly in the cadmium treated wheat plants Enhanced prolineaccumulation in reponse to Cd toxicity has been earlier demonstrated in Triticum aestivumVigna radiate Helianthus annus and Phaseolus vulgaris [414243] Thus prolineaccumulation is a potential indicator of stress tolerance [44] Proline also acts directly as anantioxidant to protect the cell from free radical damage and maintains a more reducingenvironment that is favorable for phytochelation synthesis and cadmium sequestration [45]

In the present work Cadmium treatment increased soluble protein content these resultssuggest that this increase is due to the increase of antioxidant enzymes and reactive oxygenspecies Although some ROS contact as signaling molecules by altering the expression ofcertain genes and modulating the activity of specific defense proteins in high concentrationscan be extremely harmful to organisms [46] They can induce oxidation of proteins lipidsand nucleic acids leading to alterations in cell structures and mutagenesis [47] Increase ofsoluble proteins could results from the activation of genes for synthesis of specific proteinsassociated with stress such as proteins ldquoLEArdquo that protect the vital set of cellular proteins[48] and the heat shock proteins which permit maintains membrane protein and the plantcell structures [49] The acquisition of resistance to stress process is accompanied by animportant synthesis of soluble protein this is the result of a slower development and storageof molecules in the hyaloplasm or in some organelles (chloroplasts mitochondria) It seemsthat the synthesis of specific proteins is necessary for the hardening [40]

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are an unenviable part of aerobic life Their steady stateconcentration is a balance between production and elimination providing certain ROS level[50] This equilibrium can be disturbed by metal stress leading to enhanced ROS level anddamage to cellular constituents which is called oxidative stress [345152] In plants toxicmetals induce oxidative stress by generating ROS via hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) superoxideradicals (O2macr) hydroxyl radicals (OHmacr) and singlet oxygen (O2) [53] In response to theincreased ROS the antioxidant defense system comprising POD APX and CAT playsimportant roles in scavenging ROS [54] Both increase and decrease in the activity of manyantioxidant enzymes have been observed in cadmium treated plants [55561817]

Our results showed that Cd treatment significantly increased POD APX activities in leavesof wheat plants (Figs 3 and 4) Similarly Milone et al [57] showed that cadmium couldincrease POD and APX activities in wheat seedling leaves Increase in ascorbate peroxidaseand guaїacol peroxidase activities could represent an appropriate protection againstoverproduction of peroxides when heavy metals accumulate in wheat [58]

The role of POD is to eliminate the excess of H2O2 [59] POD catalyzes H2O2 dependentoxidation of substrate while CAT and APX eliminate H2O2 by breaking it down directly toform water and oxygen [60] APX reduces H2O2 to H2O subsequently producingmonodehydroascorbate radicals (MDHA) from ascorbate (Asc) [61]

Catalase (CAT) is an important enzyme in the protection against oxidative stress in allaerobic organisms It catalyzes rapid decompisition of hydrogen peroxide into oxygen andwater thereby protecting cells from oxidizing effects caused of excessive H2O2 [62] Earlierdata in the literature concerning the catalase response in plants leaves exposed to cadmiumstress are contradictory since both enzyme activation [6364] and inhibition [651666] havebeen described In our investigations exposure of wheat plants to cadmium markedlyinduced an increase of CAT activity in leaves In response to the in ROS accumulation theantioxidant defense system comprising SOD and CAT plays important roles in theirscavenging [67] SOD could eliminate superoxide a harmful substance to cell membranes


3843

produced in the aero-metabolism process H2O2 is also toxic to plant cells could beeliminated by CAT [68]

Comparing the activity of H2O2 eliminating enzymes many authors assume that APX plays acentral role in H2O2 detoxification at the chloroplast level where as at the cytosol level POD isthe most important H2O2 scavenger [6970] Furthermore POD participating barrier againstpoisoning heavy metals In contrast to APX and POD CAT activity is primarily regulated bythe amount of H2O2 produced by photorespiration due to its peroxisome location [19]

5 CONCLUSION

The present results allow us to conclude that the wheat plants showed a negative responseto cadmium toxicity The physiological and biochemical process in plants was significantlyaffected by stress of CdCl2 To deal with the cadmium induced oxidative stress wheat plantsactivated antioxidant enzymes such as CAT APX and POD to diminish the reactive oxygenspecies These biochemical responses can be interpreted as an internal tolerant mechanismand may allow us to develop strategies for reducing the risks of the cadmium contaminationto crop production

COMPETING INTERESTS

Authors have declared that no competing interests exist

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2 Chaney RL Metal speciation and interactions among elements affect the transfer oftraces in the agricultural and environmental food chains elements in JR Kramer HEAllen editor Metal speciation - Theory analysis and application LewisPublishers199860-219 French

3 Djekoun M Djebar MR Bensoltane S Evaluation of the effect of oxidative stressgenerated by cadmium at the cellular level The case of Saccharomyces cerevisiaeScience and Technology 201133(1)45-49 French

4 Chugh LK Sawhney SK Photosynthetic activity of Pisum sativum seedlings grown inpresence of cadmium Plant Physiol Bioch 199937297-303

5 Benavides MP Gallego SM Tomaro ML 2005 Cadmium toxicity in plants Braz JPlant Physiol 20051721-34

6 Mobin M Alam Khan M Investigation on the adsorption and corrosion inhibitionbehavior of gum acacia and synergistic surfactants additives on mild steel in 01MH2SO4 Journal of Dispersion Science and Tech Published online 2012 DOI 10108001932691751031

7 Shi S et al Drosophila STAT is required for directly maintaining HP1 localization andheterochromatin stability Nat Cell Biol 200810(4)489-496

8 Gouia H Gorbel MH Meyer C Effects of cadmium on activity of nitrate reductase andon other enzymes of the nitrate assimilation pathway in bean Plant PhysiolBiochem 200038629ndash638


3844

9 Sandalio LM Rodriacuteguez-Serrano M Delriacuteo LA Romero-Puertas MC Reactive oxygenspecies and signaling in cadmium toxicity In delRio LA Puppo A editors ReactiveOxygen Species in Plant Signaling Berlin Heidelberg Springer-Verlag 2009

10 Hasan KMD Lutful Kabir AK Sabyasachy M Chemical and Biological Investigation ofLeaves of Polygonum plebejum S J Pharm Sci 20092(2)66-71

11 Herbette S et al Genome wide transcript tome profiling of the early cadmiumresponse of Arabidopsis roots and shoots Biochimie 2006881751ndash1765

12 Grara N Atailia A Boucena M Berrabbah H Djebar MR Oxidative stress in the steeldust complex Annab (Eastern Algeria) in the snail Helix aspersa About Health Risk2012b11(3)221-229 French

13 Foyer CH Descourvieres P Kunert KJ Protection against oxygen radicals Animportant defence mechanism studied in transgenic plants Plant Cell Environ199417507ndash523

14 Schutzendubel A et al Cadmium-induced changes in antioxidative systems hydrogenperoxide content and differentiation in scots pine roots Plant Physiol 2001127887ndash898

15 Karabal E Yuumlcel M Oumlktem HA Antioxidant responses of tolerant and sensitive barleycultivars to boron toxicity Plant Science 2003164925ndash933

16 Chaoui A Mazhoudi S Ghorbal MH El Ferjani E Cadmium and zinc induction of lipidperoxidation and effects on antioxidant enzyme activities in bean (Phaseolus vulgarisL) Plant Sci 1997127139ndash147

17 Patra J Panda BB A comparison of biochemical responses to oxidative and metalstress in plants of barley Hordeum vulgare L Environ Pollut 199810199ndash105

18 Sandalio L M Dalurzo H C Gomez M Cadmium induced changes in the growth andoxidative metabolism of pea plants J Exp Bot 2001522115ndash2126

19 Hegeduumls A Erdei S Horvath G Comparative studies of H2O2 detoxifying enzymes ingreen and greening barley seedlings under cadmium stress Plant Sci20011601085ndash93

20 Somashekaraiah BV Padmaja K Prasad ARK Phytotoxicity of cadmium ions ongerminating seedlings of mung bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) Involvement of lipidperoxides in chlorophyll degradation Physiol Plant 19928585ndash89

21 Agami RA Mohamed GF Exogenous treatment with indole-3-acetic acid and salicylicacid alleviates cadmium toxicity in wheat seedlings Ecotoxicology and EnvironmentalSafety 201394164ndash171

22 Hayat S Ali B Hasan SA Ahmad A Brassino steroid enhanced the level ofantioxidants under cadmium stress in Brassica juncea Environ Exp Bot 20076033ndash41

23 Troll W Lindsey G A photometric method for the determination of proline J BiolBiochem 1955215655-660

24 Bradford MM A rapid and sensitive method for the quantification of microgramquantities of protein utilizing the Principe of protein-dye binding Anal Biochem197672278-254

25 Loggini B Scartazza A Burgnoli E Navari-Izzo F Antioxidative defence systempigment composition and photosynthetic efficiency in two wheat cultivars subjected todrought Plant Physiology 19991191091-1100

26 Fielding CJ Metabolism of cholesterol-rich chylomicrons Mechanism of binding anduptake of cholesteryl esters by the vascular bed of the perfused rat heart J ClinInvest 197862141ndash151

27 Nakano Y Asada K Purification of ascorbate peroxidase in spinach chloroplasts Itsinactivation in ascorbate depleted medium and reactivation by monodehydroascorbateradical Plant Cell Physiol198728131-140


3845

28 Cakmak I Horst JH Effects of aluminum on lipid peroxidation superoxide dismutasecatalase and peroxidase activities in root tips of soybean (Glycine max) PhysiologiaPlantarum 199183463-468

29 Sbartai H Djebar MR Sbartai I Berrabbah H Bioaccumulation of cadmium and zincin tomato (Lycopersicon esculentumL) Plant biology and pathology2012335(9)585-593

30 Kopyra M Gwozdz EA Nitric oxide stimulates seeds germination and counteracts theinhibitory effect of heavy metals and salinity on root growth of Lupinus luteus PlantPhysiol Biochem 2003411011ndash1017

31 Ouzounidou G Moustakas M Eleftheriou EP Physiologial and ultrastructural effectsof cadmium on wheat (Triticum aestivum L) leaves Arch Environ Contam Toxicol199732154ndash60

32 Vitoacuteria AP Lea PJ Azevedo RA Antioxidant enzymes responses to cadmium inradish tissues Phytochemistry 200157701-710

33 Tiryakioglu M Eker S Ozkutlu F Husted S Cakmak I Antioxidant defense systemand cadmium uptake in barley genotypes differing in cadmium tolerance J TraceElem Med Biol 200620181-189

34 Grant CA Buckley WT Bailey LD Selles F Cadmium accumulation in crops Can JPlant Sci 1998781ndash17

35 Kim DW et al A hydroponic rice seedling culture model system for investigatingproteome of salt stress in rice leaf Electrophoresis 2005264521ndash4539

36 Barcelo J Poschenrieder C Plant water relations as affected by heavy metal stress Areview J Plant Nutr1990131ndash37

37 Labra M et al Zea mays L protein changes in response to potassium dichromatetreatments Chemosphere 2006601234ndash1244

38 Ahsan N et al Excess copper induced physiological and proteomic changes ingerminating rice seeds Chemosphere2007671182ndash1193

39 Roeder V Research and study of molecular markers of stress response in the brownalga Laminaria digitata PhD thesis University Reindeer 200633-39 French

40 Cocircme D Plants and cold Paris 1992 French41 Dhir B Sharmila P Saradhi PP Hydrophytes lack potential to exhibit cadmium stress

induced enhancement in lipid peroxidation and accumulation of proline Aquat Toxicol200466141ndash147

42 Zengin FK Munzuroglu O Toxic effects of cadmium (Cd++) on metabolism ofsunflower (Helianthus annuus L) seedlings Acta Agric Scand B-Plant Soil Sci200656224ndash229

43 Rady MM Effect of 24-epibrassinolideon growthyieldantioxidant system andcadmium content of bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L) plants under salinity and cadmiumstress Sci Hortic 2011129 232ndash237

44 Ashraf M Foolad MR Roles of glycinebetaine and proline in improving plant abioticstress resistance Environ Exp Bot 200759206ndash216

45 Surasak S Samuel T Desh-Pal SV Richard TS Molecular mechanisms of proline-mediated tolerance to toxic heavy metals intransgenic microalgae Plant Cell2002142837ndash2847

46 Halliwell B Gutteridge JMC Free Radicals in Biology and Medicine New York USAOxford University Press 1999

47 David JC Grongnet Les proteacuteines de stress INRA Prod Anim 200114(1)29-40French

48 Baker J Steel CH Dure IL Sequence and characterization of 6 LEA proteins and theirgenes from cotton Plant Mol Biol198811277-291


3846

49 Boulassel A Djebar MR Rouabhi R Djebar H Physiological and biochemicalchanges observed in alternative cellular model Paramecium tetraurelia treated withparacetamol International journal of Biosciences 20139132-141

50 Maksymiec W Krupa Z The effects of short-term exposition to Cd excess Cu ionsand jasmonate on oxidative stress appearing in Arabidopsis thaliana Environ ExpBot 200657187ndash194

51 Shah K Ritambhara GK Verma S Dubey RS Effect of cadmium on lipid peroxidationsuperoxide anion generation and activities of antioxidant enzymes in growing riceseedlings Plant Sci 20011611135ndash1144

52 Devi SR Prasad MNV Copper toxicity in Ceratophyllum demersum L (coontail) afree-floating macrophyte Response of antioxidant enzymes and antioxidants PlantScience 1998138157ndash165

53 Ali MB Chun HS Kim BK Cadmium-induced changes in antioxidant enzyme activitiesin rice (Oryza sativa L cv Dongjin) J Plant Biol 200245134ndash140

54 Boumedris Z Serradj Ali Ahmed M Djebar MR Biomarkers indicators ofenvironmental stress in Parmelia perlata at the level of the region of Annaba (Algeria)European journal of scientific research 2013105(4)510-520

55 Sbartai H Djebar MR Rouabhi R Berrebbah H Antioxidative response in tomatoplants Lycopersicon esculentum L Roots and leaves to zinc Am-Eur J Toxicol Sci2011341-46


57 Milone TM Cristina S Herman C Antioxidative responses of wheat treated withrealistic concentration of cadmium Environmental and Experimental Botany200350(3)265ndash276

58 Murzaeva SV Effect of heavy metals on wheat seedlings Activation of antioxidantenzymes Applied Biochemistry and Microbiology 20041(40)98ndash103

59 LI Chun-xi et al Effects of arsenic on seed germination and physiological activities ofwheat seedlings Journal of Environmental Sciences 200719725ndash732

60 Ekmekci Y Tanyolac D Ayhan B Effects of cadmium on antioxidant enzyme andphotosynthetic activities in leaves of two maize cultivars J Plant Physiol2008165600ndash611

61 Mittler R et al Transgenic tobacco plants with reduced capability to detoxify reactiveoxygen intermediates are hyperresponsive to pathogen infection Proceedings of theNational Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 19999614165-14170

62 Sanchezcasas P Klessig DF A salicylic acid-binding activity and a salicylic acidinhibitable catalase activity are present in a variety of plant-species PlantPhysiology19941061675-1679

63 Lee KC Cunningham BA Paulsen GM Liang GH Moore RB Effects of cadmium onrespiration rate and activities of several enzymes in soybean seedlings Physiol Plant1976364ndash6

64 Weckx JEJ Clijsters HMM Oxidative damage and defense mechanisms in primaryleaves of Phaseolus vulgaris as a result of root assimilation of toxic amounts ofcopper Physiol Plant 199696506ndash512


66 Luna CM Gonzalez CA Trippi VS Oxidative damage caused by an excess of copperin oat leaves Plant Cell Physiol 19943511ndash15

67 Alscher RG Hess JL Antioxidants in Higher Plants (editors) CRC Press Boca RatonFL 1993


3847

68 Li DD Zhou DM Wang P Weng NY Zhu XD Subcellular Cd distribution and itscorrelation with antioxidant enzymatic activities in wheat (Triticum aestivum) rootsEcotoxicolEnvironSaf 201174874ndash881

69 Issaad G Djebar MR Berrebbah H ROS and redox signaling in the response ofstems of wheat durum to abiotic stress International journal of Biosciences201310298-305

70 Inzeacute D Van Montagu M Oxidative stress in plants Curr Opin Biotechnol1995653ndash158

_________________________________________________________________________copy 2014 Alayat et al This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative CommonsAttribution License (httpcreativecommonsorglicensesby30) which permits unrestricted use distribution andreproduction in any medium provided the original work is properly cited

Peer-review historyThe peer review history for this paper can be accessed here

httpwwwsciencedomainorgreview-historyphpiid=582ampid=32ampaid=5285


3836

Keywords Cadmium wheat oxidative stress plant growth proline soluble proteinsantioxidant enzymes

1 INTRODUCTION

Cadmium (Cd) is a non-essential heavy metal released into the environment byanthropogenic and non-anthropogenic sources Environmental pollution with cadmium ismainly caused by mining and smelting dispersal of sewage sludge and the use of cadmiumrich phosphate fertilizers [12] At very high concentrations in soils cadmium can adverselyeffect plant growth and also human health after introduction to the food chain [34]

In plants the accumulation of cadmium can cause numerous morphological levels anexcessive amount of cadmium causes plant growth retardation chlorosis leaf rolls andnecroses [5] At the physiological level excess cadmium results in an inhibition ofphotosynthesis and transpiration [67] imbalance of mineral nutrients [8] induction ofoxidative stress [9] changes in enzyme activity [10] and modifications to gene expression[11] Cadmium promotes the accumulation of reactive oxygen spices (ROS) causes severedamage to important cellular components such as lipids proteins DNA and RNA [1213]and leads to a decreased growth [14] ROS include superoxide radical hydroxyl radical andhydrogen peroxide Plants have evolved a complex antioxidant system (enzymatic and nonenzymatic detoxification mechanisms) for protecting The antioxidant enzymes such asperoxidases superoxide dismutase and catalase scavenge different types of ROS [15]

Both increase and decrease in the activity of many antioxidant enzymes has been observedin cadmium treated plants [4161718] suggesting that the antioxidant systems beside beinginvolved in detoxification process could be sensitive targets of cadmium toxicity Plants canalso tolerate cadmium toxicity by inducing antioxidative defense systems As mentionedabove cadmium stress can be responsible for production of ROS and peroxidation of criticalcell compounds such as membrane lipids and proteins chlorophyll and nucleic acids[1920] An induced antioxidative defense in response is to Cadmium stress might betherefore a relevant mechanism for Cadmium tolerance in plants

The purpose of this study is to examine the effects of cadmium on the growth oxidativestress and antioxidative response of early wheat seedlings (Triticum durum Desf) Thepossible mechanisms of wheat seedlings response to cadmium stress involving free radicalmetabolism and antioxidative changes are also discussed In the present study experimentswere conducted to assess the role of antioxidative defense systems in variety wheat SimetoThe objective was to evaluate root and shoot length dry matter production development ofcadmium toxicity symptoms and to analyze levels of antioxidative defense systems inleaves

2 MATERIALS AND METHODS

21 Plant Material Growth and Treatments

The experiments are done at the Laboratory of Cellular Toxicology of Annaba UniversityAlgeria

The tested wheat seeds (Triticum durum Desf) were provided by the Algerian Office InterCereals (AOIC) El Hadjar Annaba Algeria Wheat (Triticum durum cv Simeto) was used in


3837













3838




3 Results









32 Proline Content




3839



33 Soluble Proteins





002040608

11214

Control 25 25 50 75 100

Prol

ine

(mg

g FW

)

CdCl₂ (microM)

d d cdbc ab a

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

Control 25 25 50 75 100

solu

ble

prot

eins

(mg

g FW

)

CdCl₂ (microM)

cbc abc

ab aba


3840








0123456789

10

Control 25 25 50 75 100

POX

(microm

ol m

g pr

ot m

in)

CdCl₂ (microM)

b bab

ab a a

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

Control 25 25 50 75 100

APX

(microm

ol m

g pr

ot m

in)

CdCl₂ (microM)

bb ab

ab aba


3841




4 DISCUSSION





00102030405060708

Control 25 25 50 75 100

CAT

(microm

ol m

g pr

ot m

in)

CdCl₂ (microM)

cbc

abc abc

ab a


3842








3843



5 CONCLUSION


COMPETING INTERESTS


REFERENCES










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3847








3837













3838




3 Results









32 Proline Content




3839



33 Soluble Proteins





002040608

11214

Control 25 25 50 75 100

Prol

ine

(mg

g FW

)

CdCl₂ (microM)

d d cdbc ab a

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

Control 25 25 50 75 100

solu

ble

prot

eins

(mg

g FW

)

CdCl₂ (microM)

cbc abc

ab aba


3840








0123456789

10

Control 25 25 50 75 100

POX

(microm

ol m

g pr

ot m

in)

CdCl₂ (microM)

b bab

ab a a

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

Control 25 25 50 75 100

APX

(microm

ol m

g pr

ot m

in)

CdCl₂ (microM)

bb ab

ab aba


3841




4 DISCUSSION





00102030405060708

Control 25 25 50 75 100

CAT

(microm

ol m

g pr

ot m

in)

CdCl₂ (microM)

cbc

abc abc

ab a


3842








3843



5 CONCLUSION


COMPETING INTERESTS


REFERENCES










3844





















3845























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3847








3838




3 Results









32 Proline Content




3839



33 Soluble Proteins





002040608

11214

Control 25 25 50 75 100

Prol

ine

(mg

g FW

)

CdCl₂ (microM)

d d cdbc ab a

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

Control 25 25 50 75 100

solu

ble

prot

eins

(mg

g FW

)

CdCl₂ (microM)

cbc abc

ab aba


3840








0123456789

10

Control 25 25 50 75 100

POX

(microm

ol m

g pr

ot m

in)

CdCl₂ (microM)

b bab

ab a a

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

Control 25 25 50 75 100

APX

(microm

ol m

g pr

ot m

in)

CdCl₂ (microM)

bb ab

ab aba


3841




4 DISCUSSION





00102030405060708

Control 25 25 50 75 100

CAT

(microm

ol m

g pr

ot m

in)

CdCl₂ (microM)

cbc

abc abc

ab a


3842








3843



5 CONCLUSION


COMPETING INTERESTS


REFERENCES










3844





















3845























3846





















3847








3839



33 Soluble Proteins





002040608

11214

Control 25 25 50 75 100

Prol

ine

(mg

g FW

)

CdCl₂ (microM)

d d cdbc ab a

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

Control 25 25 50 75 100

solu

ble

prot

eins

(mg

g FW

)

CdCl₂ (microM)

cbc abc

ab aba


3840








0123456789

10

Control 25 25 50 75 100

POX

(microm

ol m

g pr

ot m

in)

CdCl₂ (microM)

b bab

ab a a

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

Control 25 25 50 75 100

APX

(microm

ol m

g pr

ot m

in)

CdCl₂ (microM)

bb ab

ab aba


3841




4 DISCUSSION





00102030405060708

Control 25 25 50 75 100

CAT

(microm

ol m

g pr

ot m

in)

CdCl₂ (microM)

cbc

abc abc

ab a


3842








3843



5 CONCLUSION


COMPETING INTERESTS


REFERENCES










3844





















3845























3846





















3847








3840








0123456789

10

Control 25 25 50 75 100

POX

(microm

ol m

g pr

ot m

in)

CdCl₂ (microM)

b bab

ab a a

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

Control 25 25 50 75 100

APX

(microm

ol m

g pr

ot m

in)

CdCl₂ (microM)

bb ab

ab aba


3841




4 DISCUSSION





00102030405060708

Control 25 25 50 75 100

CAT

(microm

ol m

g pr

ot m

in)

CdCl₂ (microM)

cbc

abc abc

ab a


3842








3843



5 CONCLUSION


COMPETING INTERESTS


REFERENCES










3844





















3845























3846





















3847








3841




4 DISCUSSION





00102030405060708

Control 25 25 50 75 100

CAT

(microm

ol m

g pr

ot m

in)

CdCl₂ (microM)

cbc

abc abc

ab a


3842








3843



5 CONCLUSION


COMPETING INTERESTS


REFERENCES










3844





















3845























3846





















3847








3842








3843



5 CONCLUSION


COMPETING INTERESTS


REFERENCES










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5 CONCLUSION


COMPETING INTERESTS


REFERENCES










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