Effects of climatechange on fisheriesbiodiversityof the...

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EurAsian Journal of BioSciences Eurasia J Biosci 13 1705-1717 (2019)

Effects of climate change on fisheries biodiversity of the Meghna Laukhati and Galachipa River in Bangladesh

Md Jiaur Rahaman 1 Noore Safa Ema 1 Md Saddam Hossain 1 Mohammad Matiur Rahman 1 Zakir Hossain 1 1 Department of Fisheries Biology and Genetics Bangladesh Agricultural University Mymensingh-2202 BANGLADESH Corresponding author zakirfbgbauedubd

Abstract Climate change is a contemporary global threat to the world especially for Bangladesh because of its geographical location The study was conducted to assess the effects of climate change on fisheries resources in the Meghna Laukhati and Galachipa rivers near Chandpur and Patuakhali districts in Bangladesh The data on fisheries resources was collected by using a well-developed questionnaire from the fishers and selected fish landing centers The water quality parameters and primary productivity were measured by using appropriate apparatus and plankton nets Sixty fish species belonging to 13 orders and 29 families were documented in the Meghna river and 73 species belonging 11 orders and 33 families were documented simultaneously from the Laukhati and Galachipa rivers Forty one 14 and 34 genera of phytoplankton and 24 12 and 23 genera of zooplankton were identified in the Meghna Laukhati and Galachipa rivers respectively The average temperature was recorded 275 plusmn 090degC 271 plusmn 105degC and 274 plusmn 060degC and the dissolved oxygen was 637 plusmn 111 mgL 563 plusmn 033 mgL and 633 plusmn 051 mgL in the Meghna Laukhati and Galachipa rivers respectively The pH was 83 plusmn 059 803 plusmn 050 and 78 plusmn 050 and the salinity was 010 plusmn 010 ppt 023 plusmn 013 ppt and 12 plusmn 015 ppt in the Meghna Galachipa and Laukhati rivers respectively The results of the present study revealed that the fish species are decreasing day by day in these rivers due to the effects of climate changes Keywords biodiversity climate change fisheries resources plankton river Rahaman J Ema NS Hossain S Rahman MM Hossain Z (2019) Effects of climate change on fisheries biodiversity of the Meghna Laukhati and Galachipa River in Bangladesh Eurasia J Biosci 13 1705-1717 copy 2019 Rahaman et al This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License

INTRODUCTION Climate change is one of the most important global

environmental challenges of 21st century South Asia is the most vulnerable region of the world to climate change impacts (McCarthy et al 2001) The sustainable development of Bangladesh is facing with significant challenges posed by climate change (Ahmed and Haque 2002) Geographically Bangladesh is located in the tropical region (FAO 2011) It lies on a deltaic plain with five major river systems the Jamuna-Brahmaputra the Padma-Ganges the Surma-Meghna the Padma-Meghna and the Karnaphuli Although altitudes up to 105 m above sea level occur in the northern part of the plain most elevations are less than 10 m above sea level elevations decrease in the coastal south where the terrain is generally at sea level These geographical features make Bangladesh vulnerable to various natural disasters in almost every year In terms of the impact of climate change few places in the world will experience the range of effects and the severity of changes that will occur in Bangladesh Bangladesh has a long history of severe floods cyclone storms tidal surges river and

coastal erosion etc (Dasgupta et al 2016) The baseline study shows that both minimum and maximum temperature will further increase in the 21st century in Bangladesh By end-century maximum temperature is projected to increase by 2degC to 25degC Higher temperatures may cause heat stress further inducing health risks Under current climate conditions the average number of days where maximum temperature exceeds 40degC is 20 to 25 days Mid-century (2050) projections indicate an increase by 25 to 35 extreme heat days while end-century (2085) projections indicate an increase of 35 to 5 extreme heat days for moderate and extreme emission scenarios respectively (Pham 2015)

River plays as a great source of various fishes There are many rivers in Bangladesh The Meghna river is one of them The Meghna river ends in the Bay of Bengal form huge widespread estuarine is regularly influenced by the strong interactions of biotic and abiotic factors

Received July 2019 Accepted September 2019

Printed November 2019

EurAsian Journal of BioSciences 13 1705-1717 (2019) Rahaman et al

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(Kamal and Khan 2009) due to tropical monsoon (southerly or southwesterly winds) and winter (north and northwest winds) In addition the Laukhati and Galachipa rivers also play as great sources of many aquatic organisms including fish Water quality plays an important role for the production of fisheries Rivers and streams are highly heterogeneous at spatial as well as temporal scales and several investigators have documented this heterogeneity focusing on the physico-chemical dynamics of rivers Temperature is the most indispensable parameter for all aquatic living organisms Especially almost fishes are considered to be exothermic that cannot regulate their body temperature through physiological means (Moyle and Cech 2004) The growth and reproduction are directly influenced by changes in temperature (Pankhurst and Munday 2011) Dissolved oxygen also plays an important role for aquatic living organisms Salinity intrusion due to reduction of freshwater flow affected the freshwater fish of Bangladesh Fish reproduction growth and migration patterns are all affected by temperature rainfall and hydrology (Ficke et al 2007) Among the Southern areas of Bangladesh especially Chandpur and Patuakhali region are the most vulnerable to the impacts of salinity intrusion as it is saline intruded area (Rahman 2009) This vulnerability is adding more pressure to the existing problems such as dry season water scarcity for the increased population in Bangladesh (ADB 2005) In case of fishery increased salinity affects spawning ground leading to substantial reductions in the inland open water fishery (Rabbi and Ahmed 1997) Various fish species cannot get suitable environment in this region for reproduction (Ali 1998)

River flows are projected to decrease or increase worldwide depending on the climate of the catchments (Kundzewicz et al 2007 Johnson et al 2009) and thus may shape bottomndashup effects on zooplankton Depending on the future flow regime phytoplankton abundance may considerably increase or decrease in running waters (Phlips et al 2007) often with an increasing contribution of cyanobacteria under low-flow conditions (Jones et al 2011) The river system carries a large amount of nutrients which supports the production of phytoplankton The fishes are directly or indirectly dependent upon plankton for their food Plankton biomass and distribution are an index to the fertility of an area it provides information on the fishery potentiality Both the phytoplankton and zooplankton populations to be significantly influenced by the altered physicochemical properties like increase in CO2 concentration stratification and influx of fresh water to the sea or intrusion of saline water to the river Marked changes in species composition abundance and phenology of plankton populations especially tremendous shifts in frequency and intensity of phytoplankton blooms encountered were attributable to

global warming and sea water acidification (Sahu et al 2018)

Climate change may directly affect fishery production along many pathways The Meghna river estuary is the biggest estuary and occupying almost whole central coast of Bangladesh The Meghna estuary contributes a large portion of fish production as well as the Galachipa river and the Laukhati river of Patuakhali district also support a great portion of fisheries resources for Bangladesh Although these fisheries resources of these rivers have great importance but there is no comprehensive report on the effects of climate change on fisheries resources in these rivers Therefore the present study was undertaken to evaluate the effects of climate change on fisheries resources in these rivers

MATERIALS AND METHODS Study Area The present study was conducted in the Boro station

fish landing centre Biponibug bazar near the Meghna river at Chandpur district and Patuakhali new market Dashmina fish market near the Galachipa and Laukhati river at Patuakhali district Bangladesh (Fig 1)

Primary and Secondary Data Collection Samples of different fish species were collected from

the fishermanrsquos catch landed at different fish landing centers of the selected sampling stations and from fish market as well A digital camera was used to capture the photos of different fish species Sampling was made once a month during the study period The primary data was collected personally by field visit observation from the sampling areas The primary data on fish species were collected through interview of boat owners of commercial fishing vessels retailers fish traders local people fishers riverside settlers and from the sampling areas The secondary data was collected from various relevant scientific articles reports maps website library Bangladesh Fisheries Research Institute Department of Fisheries Bangladesh and some local NGO offices

Observation of Physico-chemical Parameters During the entire sampling period the following

physic-chemical parameters of water were recorded regularly Water temperature was recorded with a digital thermometer once per month from different places of the Meghna Galachipa and Laukhati rivers Dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration was determined using a DO meter (Model DO-5509 China) once per month from different places pH was recorded using a portable digital meter (HI 98107 Romania) once per month Water salinity was determined using a digital refractometer (ATAGO SMill salinity 0-100 permil Japan)

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Plankton Collection and Identification Plankton samples were collected monthly (monsoon

and post-monsoon) by plankton net (40 microm mesh size) from the Meghna Laukhati and Galachipa rivers during the study period The plankton samples were collected from different places of the Meghna Laukhati and Galachipa rivers Collected planktons were preserved at 4 neutral buffered formalin in the plastic container Plankton was identified under a light microscope by using S-R cell A series of pictures of the species were observed under microscope to identify the plankton Identification was done according to Bellinger (1992)

RESULTS Water Quality Parameters The water quality parameters were recorded

regularly during the study period The parameters are shown in Fig 2 The recorded water temperature varied

from 2553plusmn060 degC to 305plusmn090 degC in the study area Highest water temperature was recorded as 305plusmn090 degC in the Meghna river whereas the minimum temperature was recorded as 271plusmn105 degC at Galachipa and 274plusmn06 degC at Laukhati river during monsoon In post-monsoon the maximum temperature was recorded as 2600plusmn110degC at Galachipa river while the minimum temperature was recorded as 2553plusmn060 degC in the Meghna river and 253plusmn11 degC was at Laukhati river (Fig 2a)

The concentration of DO ranged from 54-637 mgL in different locations of the study area During monsoon maximum DO was recorded as 637plusmn111 mgL in the Meghna river and the minimum DO was 633plusmn051 mgL at Galachipa river and 633plusmn036 mgL at Laukhaki river During the post-monsoon the highest DO was recorded as 563plusmn 033mgL at Galachipa and Laukhati river and the lowest value as 54plusmn050 mgL in the Meghna river

Fig 1 Map showing the study areas

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Highest DO concentration was recorded during monsoon period because of highest occurrence of the phytoplankton density (Fig 2b)

In the present study the highest pH value was recorded as 72plusmn 085 in the Meghna river whereas the lowest pH values as 68plusmn059 and 71plusmn015 was recorded in Laukhati and Galachipa river respectively during monsoon During post-monsoon maximum pH was recorded as 83plusmn059 and 803plusmn 050 in the Meghna river and Galachipa river respectively whereas the minimum pH was recorded as 78plusmn050 in the Laukhati river (Fig 2c)

During the monsoon salinity was recorded as 010plusmn010 ppt 022plusmn011 ppt and 010plusmn 011 ppt in the Meghna Galachipa and Laukhati rivers respectively During post-monsoon maximum salinity was recorded as 12plusmn015 ppt and 023plusmn 013 ppt in Laukhati and

Galachipa river respectively whereas minimum salinity was recorded as 013plusmn 006 ppt in the Meghna river (Fig 2d)

Observation of Rainfall in the Study Area The frequency of heavy rainfall over the study area

and the perception level about heavy rainfall is changing day by day in the study area This has been showed in the Fig 3

Observation of Temperature in the Study Area At present the most concerning issue is rising

temperature This rising temperature is as threatened as dangerous to the living organisms on the earth Using the trend line equation this study found changes over the period of 41 years (1965-2016) annual maximum and minimum temperature has increased by 14degC and 145degC respectively in these area (Fig 4)

Fig 2 Graphs showing the concentrations of water quality parameters during study period a) Water temperature b) Dissolved oxygen c) pH and d) Salinity

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Plankton A total of 7 groups including 41 genera of

phytoplankton and 4 groups including 31 genera of zooplankton were recorded in the Meghna river Phytoplankton was included to the group of Bacillariophyceae Dinophyceae Cyanophyceae Dinophyceae Chlorophyceae Myxophyceae Euglenophyceae (Table 1) while zooplankton included to Rotifera Copepoda Cladocera and Ostracoda

(Table 2) The highest and lowest numbers of phytoplankton were recorded from groups Chlorophyceae (12) and Euglenophyceae (1) whereas the number of zooplankton groups Rotifera (9) and Cladocera (4) respectively in the Meghna river (Table 1 and Table 2) On the contrary the maximum and minimum number of phytoplankton groups were recorded from groups Bacillariophyceae (13) and Xanthophyceae (2) (Table 3) while the maximum and

Fig 3 Annual maximum and minimum rainfall in the study area (Source- IUCN 2017)

Fig 4 Annual maximum and minimum temperature in the study area (Source- IUCN 2017)

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minimum number of zooplankton groups were recorded from Rotifera (9) and Ostracoda (1) (Table 4) respectively in the Galachipa river and phytoplankton (12) (Table 5) and zooplankton (7) (Table 6) were recorded in the Laukhati river during monsoon

During post-monsoon the highest and lowest number of phytoplankton were recorded from the groups Chlorophyceae (12) and Xanthophyceae (1) whereas the number of zooplankton were recorded from groups Rotifera (6) and Cladocera (1) respectively in the Meghna river (Table 1 and Table 2) On the contrary

the maximum and minimum number of phytoplankton were recorded from groups Chlorophyceae (11) and Xanthophyceae (1) whereas number of zooplankton group were Rotifera (6) and Copepoda (3) respectively at Galachipa river (Table 3 and Table 4) and the maximum and minimum phytoplankton were recorded from group Cholophyceae (2) and Myxophyceae (1) whereas the zooplankton were recorded from groups Rotifera (3) and Cladocera (2) respectively in the Laukhati river (Table 5 and Table 6)

Table 1 List of phytoplankton collected from the Meghna river Groups Genus

Monsoon Post-monsoon

Bacillariophyceae AmphoraTabellaria Cyclotella Coscinodesmus Stphanodesmus Ditoma Fragilaria Melosira Navicula Nitzchia Asterionella Polycistis

Tabellaria Nitzchia Ditoma Anomoeoneis Gomphonema Polycistis

Cholorophyceae Ankistrodesmus Eudorina Spirogyra Crucigenia Chlamydomonas Ceratium Closterium Volvox ScenedesmusGonatozygon Microspora pleodarina

Spirogyra Pediastrum Microspora Synedra Ulothrix Oedogonium Closterium Zygenema Ceratum Scenedesmus Volvox Genecularia

Cyanophyceae Spirulina Scenedesmus Nostoc Oscillatoras MicrocystisPolycistis Spirulina Anabaena Dinophyceae Ulothrix Protoccocus Ulothrix Euglenopyceae Tribonema

Myxophyceae Tetrapedia Coelosphaerium Merismopedia Oedogonium Aphanocapsa Coelosphaerium Oedogonium Aphanocapsa

Xanthophyceae Trachelomonus Euglena Euglena

Table 2 List of zooplankton collected from the Meghna river Groups Genus

Rotifera Trichocera Brachionus AtrochusBrachionusCephalodella Lophocaris Rotaria Trichocerca Lacane

TrichoceraCephalodella Lophocaris Rotaria Trichocerca Phinoglena

Copepoda Nauplius Diaptomus Cyclops Eucyclops EucyclopsMesocyclops Phyllodiaptomus Cladocera Daphnia Diaphanosoma Chydo Chydorus Macrocyclops Moina Daphnia Alona Ostracoda Cypridopsis

Table 3 List of phytoplankton collected the Galachipa river Groups Genus

Bacillariophyce Amphora Tabellaria Cyclotella Coscinodesmus Stphanodesmus Ditoma Fragilaria Melosira Navicula Nitzchia Asterionella Polycistis Synedra

Tabellaria Nitzchia Ditoma Anomoeoneis Gomphonema

Cholorophyceae Genecularia Scenedesmus Volvox Mougeotia Zygenema Pediastrum Spirogyra Pediastrum MicrosporaSynedra Ulothrix Oedogonium Closterium Zygenema Ceratum Scenedesmus Volvox

Cyanophyceae Spirulina Scenedesmus Nostoc Oscillatoras Microcystis Polycistis Spirulina Anabaena Dinophyceae Ulothrix Protoccocus Ulothrix Euglenopyceae Tribonema

Myxophyceae Tetrapedia Coelosphaerium Merismopedia Oedogonium Aphanocapsa

Coelosphaerium Oedogonium Aphanocapsa Merismopedia

Table 4 List of zooplankton collected from the Galachipa river Groups Genus

Rotifera Trichocera Brachionus Atrochus Brachionus Cephalodella Lophocaris Rotaria Trichocerca Lacane

Trichocera Cephalodella Lophocaris Rotaria Trichocerca Phinoglena

Copepoda Nauplius Diaptomus Cyclops Eucyclops Eucyclops Mesocyclops Phyllodiaptomus Cladocera Daphnia Diaphanosoma Chydo Chydorus Macrocyclops Moina Daphnia Alona Ostracoda Cypridopsis

Table 5 List of phytoplankton collected from the Laukhati river Groups Genus

Monsoon Post-monsoon Bacillariophyce Nitzchia Asterionella Polycistis Ditoma nitzchia Cholorophyceae Closterium Volvox Spirogyra Spirogyra Volvox Cyanophyceae Spirulina Scenedesmus Nostoc Anabaena Spirogyra Euglenopyceae Tribonema Myxophyceae Tetrapedia Coelosphaerium Tetrapedia

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Fisheries Resources A total of 61 species under 13 orders and 29 families

were recorded from the Meghna river (Table 7) On the contrary a total of 73 fish species under 11 orders and

33 families were recorded simultaneously in the Laukhati and Galachipa rivers (Table 8)

Table 6 List of zooplankton collected from the Laukhati river Groups Genus

Monsoon Post-monsoon Rotifera Brachionus Atrochus Brachionus Lophocaris Rotaria Trichocerca Copepoda Diaptomus Cyclops CyclopsEucyclops Cladocera Daphnia Diaphanosoma Daphnia Moina

Table 7 List of fish species available in the Meghna river Order Family Scientific name

Pleuronectiformes(2) Soleidae Brachirus pan Cynoglossidae Cynoglossus lingua

Syngnathiformes(1) Syngnathidae Microphis cuncalus

Anguiliformes(2) Moringuidae Moringua raitaborua Ophichthidae Pisodonophis boro

Synbranchiformes(3) Synbranchidae Monopterus cuchia

Mastacembelidae Mastacebelus armatus Macrognathus aculeatus

Beloniformes(2) Belonidae Xenentodon cancila Hemirhamphidae Hyporhampus limbatus

Channiformes(1) Channidae Channa punctatus

Cypriniformes(16) Cyprinidae

Salmostoma acinaces Esomus danricus

Megarasbora elanga Barilius bendelisis Devario devario

Amblypharyngodonmola Chela cachius Puntius sarana

Puntius ticto Puntius phutunio Puntius sophore Labeo calbasu Labeo rohita Labeo bata

Gibelion catla Cirrhinus mrigala

Siluriformes(15)

Siluridae Wallago attu

Ompok pabda Ompok pabo

Schilbeidae

Silonia silondia Ailia coila

Neotropius atherinoides Clupisoma garua

Pangasidae Pangasius pangasius

Bagridae

Rita rita Sperata aor

Mystus bleekeri Mystus vittatus

Hemibagrus menoda Sisoridae Nangra ornata

Clupeiformes(4) Clupeidae Tenualosa ilisha Gudusia chapra

Pristigasteridae Corica soborna Ilisha megaloptera

Elopiformes (1) Megalopidae Megalopes cyprinoides

Osteoglossiformes(2) Notopteridae Notopterus notopterus Chitala chitala

Perciformes(11)

Polynemidae Polynemou sparadiseus Anabantidae Anabas testudineus

Osphronemidae Trichogaster lalius Centropomidae Lates calcarifer

Nandidae Nandus nandus Nandus meni

Gobiidae Pseudapocryptes elongatus

Apocryptes bato Awaous grammepomus

Sciaenidae Otolithoides pama Silaginidae Sillaginopsis panijus

Platycephalidae Platycephalus indicus

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Table 8 List of fish species available in the Laukhati and Galachipa river Order Family Scientific name

Pleuronectiformes(4)

Soleidae Brachirus pan

Cynoglossidae Cynoglossus arel

Cynoglossus lingua Cynoglossus cynoglossus

Anguiliformes(2) Anguillidae Anguilla bengalensis Moringuidae Moringua raitaborua

Synbranchiformes(5) Mastacembelidae

Mastacembelus armatus Macrognathus pancalus Macrognathus aculeatus

Synbranchidae Ophisternon bengalense Monopterus cuchia

Beloniformes(4)

Adrianichthyidae Oryzias carnaticus Adrianichthyidae Oryzias dancena

Belonidae Xenentodon cancila Hemiramphidae Dermogenys pusilla

Cobitidae Lepidocephalichthys guntea

Cyprinidae

Megarasbora elanga Labeo bata

Devario aequipinnatus Esomus danricus Esomus lineatus Rasbora rasbora Osteobrama cotio

Catla catla Cirrhinus cirrhosus

Labeo rohita Labeo calbasu

Amblypharyngodon microlepis Chela cachius

Laubuca laubuca Amblypharyngodon mola

Puntius sarana Salmophasia bacaila

Cypriniforme Cyprinidae Roho labeo

Scorpaeniformes(1) Chela cachius

Siluriformes(14)

Siluridae Wallago attu Ompok pabda

Ompok pabo Ariidae Osteogeneiosus militaris

Plotosidae Plotosus canius

Schilbeidae

Bagridae

Mystus bleekeri Hemibagrus menoda

Clupeiformes(5)

Engraulidae Setipinna phasa

Clupeidae

Gudusia chapra Corica soborna Tenualosa ilisha Tenualosa toli

Osteoglossiformes(2) Notopteridae Chitala chitala Notopterus notopterus

Perciformes(15)

Polynemidae Polynemou sparadiseus Ambassidae Parambassis ranga Anabantidae Anabas testudineus

Eleotridae Butis butis

Eleotris fusca Trypauchen vagina

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DISCUSSION Water Quality Temperature is known as a critical water quality

parameter since it directly influences the amount of dissolved oxygen that is available to aquatic organisms Temperature affects the distribution health and survival of aquatic organisms While temperature changes can cause mortality it can also cause sub-lethal effects by altering the physiology of aquatic organisms (Pankhurst and Munday 2011) The fluctuation in river water temperature usually depends on the season geographic location sampling time and temperature of effluents entering the stream The optimum temperature range (22-31degC) for the survival and best growth of aquatic organisms in subtropical estuaries (Martin et al 2008)

Dissolved oxygen is another essential quality for the aquatic organisms It is the most important factor for all living organisms on the earth It is also an ecological factor that decides environmental health of water bodies and supports well-balanced aquatic living organisms (George et al 2012) In the deficiency of suitable range of oxygen in the water body aquatic organism canrsquot grow properly even they can die Adequate DO is necessary for good water quality survival of aquatic organism and decomposition of waste by microorganism (Dara 2002)

Unlike other coastal districts salinity intrusion in the rivers are not so severe The impacts of salinity intrusion are decrease soil fertility due to application of higher doze of zinc fertilizer in the agricultural land decrease fresh water fishes and breeding ground Salinity is also a major important parameter for the marine fish species but it is perilous for the freshwater species According to Sridhar et al (2006) salinity acts as a limiting parameter that hugely influences the dispersal of plankton community Excessively high or low salinity also prompt organisms to migrate in order to escape unfavorable environmental conditions Perumal et al (2009) also mentioned that changes in salinity can also contribute indirectly to food shortages and thereby impact the zooplankton abundance

The pH is commonly known as the controlling variable in water since many properties processes and reaction are pH dependent The pH of a water body is very important in determination of water quality since it affects other chemical reactions such as solubility and metal toxicity (Fakayode 2005) The pH was found to be 78 to 83 in present study Ivanova and Kazantseva (2006) mentioned while low alkaline condition contributes high primary production that favors the occurrence and diversity of zooplankton An increase in pH kills organisms and causes a decrease in the species richness of both phototrophic and heterotrophic organisms (Pedersen and Hansen 2003) Mobin et al (2014) recorded the average value of pH 683 at the Turag River Bangladesh Moreover Inuwa (2007)

Mustapha (2008) and Hossain et al (2018) found the similar results comparing to the present study

Primary Productivity Primary productivity is a term used to describe the

rate at which plants and other photosynthetic organisms produce organic compounds in an ecosystem It is essential to use the vast knowledge accumulated on the ecology of phytoplankton and zooplankton communities in the rivers for the ecosystem management aimed at improving the water quality and conservation of natural biological diversity in the ecosystems According to Monjurul and Pramanik (2017) a total 41 genera of 6 groups of phytoplankton and 31 genera of 4 zooplankton groups were identified in the Meghna river Arauzo (2003) studied that during phytoplankton blooms in the stratification periods high un-ionized ammonia content values due to an intense photosynthetic activity and high related pH lead to a decrease in zooplankton and thus to collapse of the treatment process efficiency According to Honggang et al (2012) a total of 37 major zooplankton taxonomic groups were identified of which 32 and 23 were recorded during monsoon and post-monsoon season in the Meghna river In the present study a total of 27 genera of phytoplankton belong to Bacillariophyceae Chlorophyceae Cyanophyceae and Euglenophyceae was recorded in the Galachipa river Ivanova and Kazantseva (2006) found that a total 11 genera of zooplankton such as Rotifera (5 genera) Crustacea (1 genus) Cladocera (3 genera) and Copepoda (2 genera) in the Laukhati river of Patuakhali district

In the present study phytoplankton and zooplankton families with genus composition were observed during the study period A total 41 genera of 7 groups of phytoplankton and 31 genera of 4 zooplankton groups were identified This finding is similar to Monjurul and Pramanik (2017) The highest number of genera was found in the family Cholorophyceae followed by the family Dinophyceae and the lowest in Euglenophyceae among the recorded seven phytoplankton family Copepods and cladocera were found to be the biggest family in terms of genera among recorded four zooplankton family

Fisheries Resources Hossain et al (2012) gave an account of 293 fresh

water fish species including 13 orders and 61 families in Bangladesh Rahman (2005) compiled a list of 265 species of freshwater fishes belonging to 154 genera and 55 families from Bangladesh Hossain et al (2012) documented 53 fish species from the Meghna river estuary Only 20 species were identified from the catches of different nets reported by Mia et al (2015) from the Meghna river at Ashugonj upazilla which was one third as compared to the present findings Mondal et al (2013) recorded 16 species in the Meghna river at Ramgoti upazilla which was far less than the present

1714

findings Ali et al (2015) documented 53 species under 9 orders and 26 families from Lohalia river of Patuakhali which differ to present study Habib et al (2016) found 82 species under 11 orders and 2 classes in the Padma river near Rajshahi city which was very close to the present study Almost similar study was conducted by Gain et al (2015) who recorded 95 finfish species contributing to 14 orders 45 families and 77 genera of the Passur river in Bangladesh Yeamin et al (2016) documented 64 species under 11 orders and 30 families during their study in Rupsha river Alam et al (2013) recorded 63 species belongs to 9 orders 24 families 51 genera from the upper Halda river Chittagong Bangladesh Galib et al (2013) reported 63 species constituting 9 orders and 23 families 41 genera of the Choto Jamuna river Joadder et al (2015) recorded 71 species constituting 10 orders 26 families and 54 genera in the Padma river Mohsin et al (2013) found 69 species belonging to 10 orders 25 families and 47 genera in the Padma river at Rajshahi district Perciformes was found to be the most diversified order followed by Siluriformes and Cypriniformes Ali et al (2015) also reported similar findings during their study at Lohalia river of Patuakhali The dominance of these three groups was also found by Yeamin et al (2016) Galib et al (2013)

The most dominant family found in the present study was Cyprinidae Joadder et al (2015) and Mohsin et al (2013) reported the domination of this family in the Padma river of Rajshahi district and Upper Halda river of Chittagong district respectively Rahman (2005) showed that this family is dominant in the fresh water fishes of Bangladesh The richest group in terms of fish species composition in the Meghna river was catfish group which is similar to the findings of Trina et al (2016) Estuary-river was found to be the biggest habitat for the maximum number of fishes that differ with the study of Hossain et al (2012) who recorded the highest number of fresh water fish habitat was river To evaluate the extinction risk of many species the IUCN adopted Red List categories of animals and plants The objective of IUCN Red List is to help the international community to

try to reduce species extinction through suggesting the importance of conservation issues to the public and policy makers (Alam et al 2013)

In accordance with IUCN (2015) among the threatened fishes Joadder et al (2015) found in the Meghna river 11 species (1028) were Vulnerable (VU) 8 species (748) were Endangered (EN) and 2 species (2) were Critically Endangered (CR) Alam et al (2013) found almost similar result in terms of threatened fish species in the Upper Halda river in which he reported 22 threatened fish species out of 63 identified fish species where 8 species belong to Vulnerable (VU) 11 species belong to Endangered (EN) and 3 species belong to Critically Endangered (CR)

CONCLUSION The present study mainly focuses on the

documentations of fisheries resources in the Meghna Laukhati and Galachipa rivers in Bangladesh Total number of fish species recorded during the study period has shown good indication of rich fish in these rivers which could be increased in further research The threatened fish species recorded from the studied rivers indicates the alarming threat to the present conservation status of fishes in Bangladesh The temperature DO and pH were favorable but the level of salinity is increasing day by day in the studied rivers The primary productivity was suitable in the Meghna river but it was not suitable in the Laukhati and Galachipa river Besides due to change in climate and result of frequently occurring flood storm surge and river bank erosion largely affected From the above consideration it has been appeared that if no necessary steps are taken this change will be epidemic in future

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Authors acknowledge to the Project Implementation

Unit National Agricultural Technology Program-Phase II Project (NATP-2) Bangladesh Agricultural Research Council (BARC) Farmgate Dhaka-1215 Bangladesh for funding the project (no CRG-718)

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upper Halda river Chittagong Bangladesh International Journal of Biodiversity and Conservation 5(6) 349-357 httpsdoiorg105897IJBC20130555

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wwwejobiosorg

INTRODUCTION
MATERIALS AND METHODS
- Study Area
- Primary and Secondary Data Collection
- Observation of Physico-chemical Parameters
- Plankton Collection and Identification
- - RESULTS
  - - Water Quality Parameters
    - Observation of Rainfall in the Study Area
    - Observation of Temperature in the Study Area
    - Plankton
    - Fisheries Resources
    - - DISCUSSION
      - Water Quality
        
        Primary Productivity
        
        Fisheries Resources
        
        CONCLUSION
        
        ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
        
        REFERENCES

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