1Dept. Biodiversidad y Biología Evolutiva, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (CSIC), Spain; 2Dept. Ecologia, ICB, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Brazil;3Cátedra "Rui Nabeiro" - Biodiversidade, CIBIO - Universidade de Évora, PortugalE-mail: jhortal@mncn.csic.es; http://www3.imperial.ac.uk/people/j.hortal

Effects of glaciations on the species, phylogenetic and functional

diversity of European mammals

Joaquín Hortal1,2, Marcus V. Cianciaruso2, A. Márcia Barbosa3, L. Mauricio Bini2, Rafael D. Loyola2, Thiago F. Rangel2, Ana M. C. Santos2, J. Alexandre F. Diniz-Filho2

Synthesizing community ecology, phylogenetics and macroecology12th EEF Congress, Ávila, 27th September 2011

community assembly and structure

Webb et al Ann Rev Ecol Syst 2002

community phylogenetics

functional diversity assembly processes

current climate or climate changes?

Climate change since LGM has larger effects on mammal richness than current climate

0.2720.650

0.208 0.5860.064 0.142

Current climate

Climate variation since LGM

Hortal et al in prep

current climate or climate changes?

Which are the effects of historical climatic changes – and current climate – on the phylogenetic and functional structure of Europan mammals?

H1.Northern assemblages are phylogenetically clustered and poor –phylogenetic conservatism in climate adaptations and/or colonization-related traits;Southern assemblages are phylogenetically overdispersed and rich

H2.Functional diversity tends towards functional redundancy in the north – selection of traits related to the ability to colonize/persist in these areas;Functional overdispersion is more common in southern assemblages – longer time for coevolution (and thus character displacement).

European mammalsCategory Traitresource use / population growth / temporal persistence

average body massclutch sizemaximum longevitygestation timenumber of clutchs per yearnewborn body massweaning timebody mass at weaning time

diet saprophagousvertebratesinvertebratesfruitsflowers (nectar/pollen)seedsgrassleaves, branches and barkroots and tubersFungi/lichens

foraging habitat fossorialground dwellingaboveground dwellingaquatic

period of activity crepusculardiurnalnocturnal

Bininda-Edmonds et al Nature 2007; Jones et al Ecology 2009; IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.1

community structure

Faith Biol Conserv 1992; Webb Am Nat 2000; Webb et al Ann Rev Ecol Syst 2002; Petchey & Gaston Ecol Lett 2002, 2006

Functional richnessFD, NFD

Functional relatednessMFD, NFRI

Functional densityMFNTD, FNTI

Phylogenetic richnessPD, NPD

Phylogenetic relatednessMPD, NPRI

Phylogenetic densityMPNTD, PNTI

analytical framework

TSp 1

.

.

.Sp n

DPP

DTF

PDS¡te 1

.

.

.Site n

FDS¡te 1

.

.

.Site n R

ando

m a

ssem

bly

of s

peci

es (n

= 1

000)

NetPD

NetFD

phylogenetic vs trait structure

Webb et al Ann Rev Ecol Syst 2002

Different ecological processes can produce the same phylogenetic structure

Trait convergence can disrupt the relationship between phylogenetic and functional structure

Grinnellian (i.e. ecophysiological) and Eltonian (i.e. bionomic) traits can be selected at different rates

Some morphological and behavioural traits are related to bionomic responses

analytical framework

TSp 1

.

.

.Sp n

DP

DpiT

P

piF

DTF

manteltest

PDS¡te 1

.

.

.Site n

FDS¡te 1

.

.

.Site n

piFDS¡te 1

.

.

.Site n

Ran

dom

ass

embl

y of

spe

cies

(n

= 1

000)

NetPD

NetFD

NetpiFD

Derived from Diniz-Filho et al Func Ecol 2011; Safi et al Phil Trans Roy Soc 2011

Current Climate

Climate Change since LGM ΔAIC

NPD 0.243 0.064 -319NPRI 0.016 0.002 -21.2PNTI 0.154 0.016 -227.8

piNFD 0.702 0.211 -1461.1piNFRI 0.077 0.047 -47.1piFNTI 0.698 0.169 -1522.3

current climate or climate changes?Which are the effects of historical climatic changes and current climate on the phylogenetic and functional structure of Europan mammals?

OLS regressions: Current vs Variation since LGM (Temperature, Precipitation)

phylogenetic structureH1.1 Northern assemblages are phylogenetically clustered and poorH1.2 Southern assemblages are phylogenetically overdispersed and rich 1

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NPD NPRI PNTI

H1.1

H1.2

≈

non-phylogenetically structured FDH2.1 Northern assemblages tend towards functional redundancyH2.2 Southern assemblages are functionally overdispersed

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piNFD piNFRI piFNTI

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≈

main resultsCurrent climate is more important than historical climate changes for richness and density

Climate exerts much greater effects on the phylogenetically-independent functional structure than on phylogenetic structure

The assemblages in boreal areas are phylogenetically and functionally more redundant than expected by their species diversity

Boreal assemblages are also clustered in terms of phylogenetic and functional density, but not in terms of relatedness

Joaquín HortalDept. Biodiversidad y Biología Evolutiva, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (CSIC), SpainDept. Ecologia, ICB, Universidade Federal de Goiás, BrazilE-mail: jhortal@mncn.csic.es; http://www3.imperial.ac.uk/people/j.hortal

thank you

gracias

obrigado