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Effects of Manifest Destiny some fought hard against the whites and some tried to join the white community
when the white settlers tried to force natives in Illinois and Iowa to move west of the Miss. River, a tribal leader named Black Hawk decided to lead a revolt against the settlers
the natives are defeated and forced to move west
the area that neither settlers or natives lived on was called the middle ground
in the Treaty of Fort Laramie the US government provided Native American nations control of the Central Plains and vowed to leave them alone
Effects of Manifest Destiny the Sante Fe Trail was one of the busiest trade routes that stretched from Missouri to New Mexico between 1821 and 1860
the Oregon Trail was established by two missionaries trying to convert natives to Christianity
went from Missouri to Portland, Oregon
fertile soil and abundant rain would attract people
to this area
the Mormon church was started by Joseph Smith
Brigham Young was a mormon leader that would lead
the Mormons west along the Oregon Trail
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October 28, 2013
Effects of Manifest Destiny the Oregon Territory would be disputed between the US and Britain
Americans would start saying a slogan of "FiftyFour Forty or fight"
stating that line of latitude should establish the
border for the US
eventually it was decided the 49th parallel would
decide the border all the way to the Oregon Territory
Effects of Manifest Destiny Mexico would gain its independence from Spain in 1821
trade flourished between the US and Mexico after their independence
Mexico's northern provinces were far from its capital in Mexico City making it hard to control
to protect the area from thieves and natives, the Mexican government invited American farmers to settle in Texas
Mexico would offer large land grants to agents called empresarios who would offer smaller land grants to settlers
Effects of Manifest Destiny Americans rushed into the area and until the 1830s they were naturalized Mexican citizens
the most successful empersario was Stephen F. Austin
created a colony where "no drunkard, no gambler,
no profane swearer, and no idler" was allowed
Americans were starting to express their interest in buying Texas but Mexico had turned down numerous offers for it
as more Americans came to Texas tensions between the US and Mexico grew
Effects of Manifest Destiny Mexico had tried to restrict Americans coming into Texas but it did not work
Austin was arrested and imprisoned by the Mexican President Santa Anna after he requests a greater selfgovernment for Texas
was said to be inciting revolution
the Mexican President's actions led to the Texas Revolution
to try and force Texas to obey Mexican laws, the Mexican government sends an army to Texas
Texans in turn start to arm themselves
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October 28, 2013
Effects of Manifest Destiny in 1835, the Texans attacked at the Alamo but the small group of Americans were defeated by the Mexican army
all 187 Americans die at the Alamo
later in the year the Americans would strike back led by Sam Houston
were heard shouting "Remember the Alamo" while
fighting the Mexican army
the Americans forced the defeated Mexican President to sign the Treaty of Velasco granting Texas its independence
Houston became president of the Republic of Texas
Effects of Manifest Destiny Dec. 29th, 1845, Texas becomes the 28th state in the Union
two problems:
the issue of slavery
Mexico is furious that Texas becomes part of the
US
hostilities between the US had grown because of the Texas Revolution and the US annexation of Texas
President Polk believed a war with Mexico would give the US Texas and also New Mexico and California
there was a debate about the border for Texas
Effects of Manifest Destiny after Mexico refuses to negotiate a purchase of the land, Polk sends General Zachary Taylor to blockade the Rio Grande River
Mexico sees this as a violation of their rights
Americans were split in their opinions about war with Mexico
Southerners saw it as an opportunity to expand slavery and the north did not want this
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October 28, 2013
The War Begins after claiming that American soldiers had been killed on American soil by Mexican soldiers, Congress declares war on Mexico
New Mexico would fall to the US without a shot fired
American soldiers were able to easily take an already declared independent Republic of California
American soldiers are able to sweep through Mexico relatively easily
America would lose 2,000 soldiers from injuries and 11,000 from diseases
The War Begins the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo ended the war
the Rio Grande was set as the US/Mexico border
Mexico ceded New Mexico and California to the US
the US bought California, Nevada, New Mexico, Utah,
most of Arizona, and parts of Colorado and Wyoming
for 15 million
1853 the US buys more land in the Gadsden Purchase establishing the current borders of the US
California Gold Rush in 1848 gold was found in California
people would start to come to try and find gold in California
the people would be called fortyniners because they came in 1849
the gold rush will bring a diverse population to California
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October 28, 2013
Religion sparks reform
Ch 8
The Union in Peril
Ch 10
Religion Sparks Reform
an era of overall reform occurred in the US during the 1830s
much of the reform ideas came from the religious movement called the Second Great Awakening
during the SGA different denominations in the Christian church would emerge because of differing opinions on the message of God
also during this time, writers were starting to write about American ideas of optimism, freedom, and selfreliance
Religion Sparks Reform
Thoreau was a writer that believed in the importance of individual conscience
he urged people not to obey laws they considered unjust
he said people should peacefully refuse to obey laws in a form of protest called civil disobedience
Prison reform
during the early 19th century it was noticed how poorly people were being treated in the prisons in America
Dorothea Dix was a leader in social reform when it dealt with the prisons in the US
she sent a letter to the Mass. legislature that led to laws being passed that were to help improve the prisons
she would also persuade many states to set up public hospitals for the mentally ill
she promoted the idea of rehabilitation for the mentally ill
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Slavery and abolition by the 1820s more than 100 antislavery societies were advocating for resettlement of blacks in Africa
most free blacks considered America their home
African Americans were being joined by whites in public criticism of slavery
abolition the call to outlaw slavery was a major discussion during this time of reform in the US
William Lloyd Garrison was the most radical white abolitionist
started a paper called The Liberator to deliver the
message of emanicpation the freeing of slaves with
no payment to slaveholders
Slavery and abolition
Garrison would start the New England AntiSlavery Society and the American AntiSlavery society
David Walker, a free AfricanAmerican, advised other AfricanAmericans to fight for freedom instead of waiting for slave owners to end slavery
Frederick Douglas was born into slavery but he had been taught to read and write by the wife of one of his owners
Douglas realized an education would be his way out
of slavery
Slavery and abolition Douglas decided to escape from his owner after he was not allowed to keep wages he had earned at his job
he would become a free man in New York and would become a frequent speaker for the American AntiSlavery Society
he would start his own paper called The North Star
Nat Turner was born into slavery in Virginia in 1800
he believed he had been chosen to lead his people
out of slavery
leading a band of followers he attacked 4 plantations
killing 60 white inhabitants
he was eventually captured, tried, and hanged
over 200 African Americans were killed in retaliation
led to Southern whites controlling slaves more tightly
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October 28, 2013
Slave owners defend slavery
Virginia was one of the first slaves states to debate abolishing slavery
a motion to abolish slavery was defeated in 1832 by a vote of 73 to 58
the loss closed the slavery debate in the antebellum South
antebellum means preCivil War
many white slave owners pushed for laws to further tighten controls of African Americans to prevent future revolts
these laws became known as slave codes
Slave owners defend slavery
examples of slave codes
Alabama did not allow free AfricanAmericans to
preach the gospel without slaveholders present
NC became the last southern state to not allow free
African Americans to vote
free African Americans would lose the right to own
guns, purchase alcohol, assemble in public, and
testify in court in many southern states
Slave owners defend slavery
some people used the bible to defend slavery
some claimed that slavery benefited African Americans by making them part of a prosperous and Christian civilization
even many white preachers were in support of slavery by the 1830s
slave owners would try to portray their slaves as happier than the wage earners of the north that had to work long hard days for little pay
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October 28, 2013
Slave owners defend slavery
to try and limit the amount debates being had about slavery, the southern states tried to adopt the gag rule
the gag rule limited or prevented debate on an issue
it was repealed in 1844 8 years after being put in
place
it was becoming clear that slavery was starting to divide the nation
Differences between North and South SC senator John C. Calhoun demanded that slavery be allowed in the territories gained in the war with Mexico
he said if the demands were not met, the South
would secede from the Union
he believed the North had gained an advantage since
the constitution had been written
The North was becoming more and more industrialized and the small cities were growing drastically
the North, mainly immigrants, feared slavery because
they felt it would compete with people working for
wages and it would lower the status of white workers
who could not compete with slaves
Differences between North and South
The South remained a rural society
it consisted of plantations and small farms
few immigrants settled in the south
few railroads were being built in the south, used
rivers instead
slavery had grown so much that in three southern
states African Americans were the majority
southerners felt any change in slavery would lead to
a social and economic revolution that would hurt
whites and slaves
Use pgs 306309 to answer the following questions:
1. What was the Wilmot Proviso? What did it propose?
2. Was California a slave or free state? What did President Taylor think of this? What did the south think?
3. How did Clay try and solve the issue? Briefly describe the terms of his solution.
4. How did Congress first take his solution? How did Douglas change Clay's solution? Was it eventually accepted and did it solve the issue of slavery?
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October 28, 2013
Slavery in the Territories
in 1846, a Pennsylvania Democrat proposed an amendment that would state that slavery nor involuntary servitude shall ever exist in any territory the US might acquire as a result of the war with Mexico
it was named the Wilmot Proviso
meant that California, Utah, and New Mexico would
be closed to slavery
it divided congress along regional lines
northerners supported it and southerners opposed it
southerners claimed slaves were property and the
constitution protected property
Slavery in the Territories
the main issue with the Wilmot Proviso was that each side was worried that if the Proviso was passed or not the other side would gain power in Congress
in 1850, California applied to join the Union
it had grown so quickly because of the gold rush that
it skipped the step of becoming a territory
California's new constitution forbade slavery
General Zachary Taylor, who became president after
Polk, supported California's admission as a free state
this decision caused the south to question even
more if they should stay part of the union
The Senate Debates
when Congress met in 1849, California's statehood was the top priority to be discussed
Northerners were also wanting slavery to be abolished in DC and southerners were saying that the north was not enforcing the Fugitive Slave Act of 1793
Southerners were threatening secession
formal withdrawal of a state from the Union
Clay's Compromise of 1850
he hoped it would solve the controversy between
free and slave states
The Senate Debates Compromise of 1850
Clay proposed California be admitted as free state
he proposed a more effective fugitive slave law
proposed popular sovereignty in Utah and New
Mexico
the rights of residents of a territory to vote for or
against slavery
Texas would paid 10 million to surrender its claim to
New Mexico
this pleased both sides
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The Senate Debates
the first time the Senate voted on the compromise it was rejected
Clay leaves Washington upset and Stephen A. Douglas picks up the debate for Clay
The Senate Debates to avoid another rejection Douglas came up with a plan
he would try and gain a majority vote for each part of
the compromise instead of presenting the whole
thing at one time
when President Taylor dies, his successor Millard
Fillmore, immediately expresses his support of the
compromise
after Calhoun's death, the south was more willing to
compromise
the compromise was accepted and briefly it solved
the issue of slavery
Fugitive slaves and the underground railroad
as part of the Compromise of 1850, a new Fugitive Slave Act was passed
it was very harsh
alleged fugitives were not entitled to a trial by jury,
despite the 6th amendment
fugitives could not testify on their own behalf
a statement by a slave owner was all that was
required to have a slave returned
commissioners received a $10 fee if they returned
a fugitive
anyone that helped a fugitive could be fined $1000
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Fugitive slaves and the underground railroad
some northerners resisted the new laws
some formed committees to help run away slaves get
to Canada
some resorted to violence to free slaves
Personal Liberty Laws nine northern states passed these laws
forbade the imprisonment of runaway slaves and
guaranteed that they would have jury trials
southerners were furious about this
Fugitive slaves and the underground railroad
runaway slaves and white abolitionists would form a secret network called the underground railroad
"conductors" would hide runaways in tunnels
Harriet Tubman was one of the most famous of the
"conductors"
she was a runaway slave herself
made 19 slaves to the south freeing over 300
slaves
some runaway slaves stayed in the north and some
continued to Canada
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Fugitive slaves and the underground railroad
Harriet Beecher Stowe published Uncle Tom's Cabin in 1852
it delivered the message that slavery was not just a political contest, but also a great moral struggle
Northerners increased their resistance to slavery in response to the book
Southerners criticized the book as an attack on the South as a whole
1. Why did Stephen Douglas introduce the bill(the KansasNebraska Act)?
2. What aspect did he hope people would support? Why?
3. What traditions did the KansasNebraska Act break?
4. Why did this situation become so violent?
Use pages 312315 in the textbook to answer the following questions
Tension in Kansas and Nebraska
in 1854, Stephen Douglas proposed to the territory west of Iowa and Missouri into two territories, Nebraska and Kansas
Douglas believed increase expansion would help to unify the country
he believed popular sovereignty was the best option for these new states
Nebraska was north of the line established in the Missouri compromise so it was legally close to slavery
Douglas would try to win the support of the south by asking for the Missouri Compromise to be repealed
Tension in Kansas and Nebraska
Douglas would present a bill to Congress to have the Nebraska territory split into two territories, Nebraska in the north and Kansas in the south
if passed it would repeal the Missouri Compromise and popular sovereignty would be used
most northerners were against the bill and most southerners supported it
with the support of President Franklin Pierce, a Democrat, the KansasNebraska Act became law
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Violence erupts in "Bleeding Kansas"
after gaining enough settlers in 1855, Kansas holds an election for a territorial legislature
thousands of proslavery people from Missouri illegally voted in the election leading to a proslavery government being established in Lecompton
furious over the fraudulent election a group of
abolitionists established a rival government in
Topeka
violence would break out between antislavery groups and proslavery groups in Kansas
Violence erupts in "Bleeding Kansas"
because of events that happened in Lawrence, Kansas, John Brown an abolitionist led a group of his followers to a proslavery settlement and pulled five guys out of their beds, hacked off their hands, and stabbed with with swords
this event would lead to dozens of incidents
throughout Kansas
200 people would be killed
people began calling the territory Bleeding Kansas
New Political Parties Emerge
by 1852 the Whig Party had split over the slavery issue
because of the split in the Whig Party, the Democratic candidate Franklin Pierce won the election in 1852
1854 the KansasNebraska Act ended the Whig party
former Whig members would look for other parties to join or new parties to form
one alternative was the American Party
believed in nativism
the favoring of nativeborn Americans over
immigrants
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New Political Parties Emerge
the American Party was a very secretive party that when asked about their activities they were told to say, " I know nothing"
the party would become known as the KnowNothing
Party
they were worried about immigrant Catholics forming
a conspiracy to overthrow the democracy
they would eventually split over the slavery issue
Antislavery Parties Form
one abolitionists party was the Liberty Party
purpose was to pursue the cause of abolition by
passing new laws
did not have enough power to win a presidential
election but did help James K. Polk(Democrat) defeat
Henry Clay from the Whig party
in 1848, the FreeSoil Party opposed slavery in the new territories
most were not abolitionist but opposed the
expansion of slavery
Antislavery Parties Form
FreeSoilers
many of the freesoilers opposed the right to vote for
AfricanAmericans
were against slavery because it kept white workers
from earning wages
in 1854, some discontented northern Whigs met to form a new political party
this new political party was named the Republican Party
Antislavery Parties Form Republican Party
opposed the KansasNebraska Act
wanted to keep slavery out of the territories
the party gained strength because of its diverse
groups
some wanted to bring back the Missouri
Compromise and some were strong abolitionist
the KnowNothing party was their biggest threat
because of Bleeding Kansas the Republicans gained
their arguments needed to fight against the
Democrats in 1856
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Antislavery Parties Form
James Buchanan, a Democrat, won the election of 1856
Buchanan showed that the Democrats could
win the presidency with a national candidate who
could compete in the north while not upsetting the
south
this election did show that the Republicans were a
strong force in the north
Slavery dominates politics
in 1856 a case concerning Dred Scott was brought to the supreme court
Scott's owner had taken him north of the Missouri
Compromise line in 1834
they lived there for four years
when they returned to Missouri, Scott's owner dies
Scott begins a lawsuit to gain his freedom
he claimed that he had become a free person by
living in free territory
Slavery dominates politics Dred Scott
1857 Chief Justice Roger B. Taney hands down his
decision on the case
ruled that slaves did not have the rights of citizens
said Scott had no claim to freedom, because he had
been living in Missouri, a slave state, when he began
his suit
ruled that the Missouri Compromise was
unconstitutional because Congress could not
forbade slavery in any part of the territories
Congress could not interfere with slaveholders' right to
own property as stated in the 5th amendment
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Slavery dominates politics
the court had opened the door to the expansion of slavery
opponents of slavery now relied on the Republicans to keep slavery from expanding
1857 the Lecompton, Kansas proslavery government applies for admission into the Union
the constitution is turned down repeatedly because
of the slavery issue
LincolnDouglas Debates
in 1858 a two candidates fought for a seat in the US senate representing Illinois
the two candidates were Stephen Douglas and
Abraham Lincoln
Lincoln was basically an unknown
Lincoln would challenge Douglas to 7 open air
debates
Douglas was an energetic speaker while Lincoln was
a more reserved speaker
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LincolnDouglas Debates
Douglas believed in popular sovereignty
thought slavery was not a suitable labor system for
the territories
believed popular sovereignty would allow slavery to
pass away on its own
accused by Lincoln of being a supporter of the Dred
Scott decision
LincolnDouglas Debates
Lincoln
believed slavery was immoral
doubted that slavery would cease to spread without
legislation outlawing it in the territories
stated that he did believe slavery was wrong but was
not looking for equality between the black and white
races
LincolnDouglas Debates
when asked if slavery could be outlawed in the territories(which it couldnt according to the Dred Scott case) Douglas answered with the Freeport Doctrine
if a territory wants slavery they vote for proslavery
leaders and vice versa
this gets around the Dred Scott ruling
Douglas won the senate seat
Lincoln was being looked at by the Republicans as a possible presidential candidate in 1860
Passions Ignite in 1859, John Brown was planning an uprising in Harpers Ferry, Virginia
with the support of Northern abolitionist he was
going to seize a federal arsenal in Harpers Ferry
and give the guns to slave in the area causing a slave
uprising
while holding 60 slaveholders hostage he hoped the
slaves would join his uprising
no slaves joined
Colonel Robert E. Lee leads a group of US marines
to stop his uprising
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Passions Ignite
Brown was hanged for his actions
northerners were calling him a martyr
in the south mobs assaulted whites who were suspected of holding antislavery views
southerners were worried that the north was
planning other uprisings in the south
Lincoln is elected President
in 1860 Lincoln wins the Republican parties nomination
the south saw Lincoln's possible election as the greatest evil that had ever befallen on America
Lincoln won even though he did not receive any electoral votes from the south
he won every free state but was not even included on the ballots for the slave states
this did not look good for the union
Lincoln is elected President
fearing they had lost their voice in the national government the south started to look at other options
Dec. 20, 1860, South Carolina seceded from the union
Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas would follow South Carolina
on Feb. 4, 1861, delegates from the secessionist states met and formed the confederacy
their constitution closely resembled the US
constitution
only difference was slavery was recognized in the
new territories
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Lincoln is elected President
the Confederacy's constitution also stated each state was independent which would prevent the south from unifying
Jefferson Davis was elected as the president of the Confederacy
the nation was confused on what was going on as Lincoln was preparing for his inauguration
7 slave states had seceded while 8 remained
President Buchanan had said secession was illegal but doing something about it would be illegal as well
the question for Lincoln was if the north would allow the south to leave without a fight