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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Acknowledgement......................................................................................................................... i
Dedicatory Page............................................................................................................................. ii
Abstract..................... iii
Table of Contents........................................................................................................................... iv
CHAPTER I
T e Problem and t e !ackgro"nd................................................................................... #
Introd"ction............................................................................................................................. #
$tatement of t e Problem or T esis $tatement....................................................................... #
$co%e and Delimitation........................................................................................................... &
$ignificance of t e $t"dy........................................................................................................ &
Definition of Terms................................................................................................................. '(ramework ) *"tline............................................................................................................... +
T eoretical)Conce%t"al (ramework...................................................................................... ,
CHAPTER II
Review of Related -iterat"re of $t"dies..........................................................................
-ocal...............................................................................................................................................
(oreign........................................................................................................................................... #,
/lobal............................................................................................................................................. #0
CHAPTER III
1et odology.................................................................................................................... &'
1et ods and Proced"re................................................................................................................. &'
Data /at ering............................................................................................................................... &'
CHAPTER I2
Analysis and (indings...................................................................................................... &+
$"mmary of Analysis and (indings............................................................................................... &+Concl"sion..................................................................................................................................... &,
Recommendation........................................................................................................................... &,
!ibliogra% y................................................................................................................................... &,
A%%endi3........................................................................................................................................ &0
4"estionnaire................................................................................................................................. &0
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The Effects of Negative Moral Values on
Deterioration of Natural Resources
in the Phili ines
A Researc Pa%er Presented to
Dr. -olita /eronaga
5ab"slot 5ational Hig $c ool
In Partial ("lfillment of t eRe6"irements for Englis I2
!y7
C arito 1. 1olato(o"rt 8ear 9 $$C
5ovember &: &;; for giving all t e %ersons mentioned above w o ta"g t er ow to
"se er skills in constr"cting "sef"l researc works t at may el% ot er %eo%le and t e
researc er.
'
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DED$CAT$ON
T is researc %a%er is tr"ly dedicated to er %arents: ?"dge Irineo !. 1olato and
1rs. 5ilalina 1. 1olato: for t eir moral and financial s"%%ort> to er two brot ers and
t ree sisters> to all er friends w o gave t eir "ntiring s"%%ort to t is researc and most of
all: s e sincerely dedicate t is to o"r Almig ty /od w o gave er knowledge: strengt
and g"idance.
C.1.1
+
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ABSTRACT
T is st"dy aimed to determine t e effect of negative moral val"es on deterioration of nat"ral reso"rces in t e P ili%%ines. It aimed to give %eo%le knowledge on reasons w y t esenat"ral reso"rces were destroyed and became very limited for t em. It is of great significance ont e benefits of t e co"ntry beca"se t is st"dy gives g"idelines on ow t ese negative moralval"es be controlled.
In t is st"dy: t e researc er em%loyed t e descri%tive researc design w ic involves t edescri%tion: recording: analysis and inter%retation of data. Ten res%ondents: w o are teac ers fromdifferent sc ools: were asked to answer onestly t e %re%ared 6"estionnaire by t e researc er.T e statistical data obtained from s"rvey: interviews and library researc were arranged based ont e se6"ence of t e st"dy and were analy@ed and inter%reted by t e "sed of tables and gra% s.
T e researc er concl"ded t at being "ngodly: one of t e negative moral val"es of t e %eo%le: it can greatly affect t e nat"ral reso"rces in t e P ili%%ines. However: if all t e negativemoral val"es will be tolerated t ese nat"ral reso"rces will be destroyed and landslide is %ossibleto occ"r: like w at ad a%%ened in t e Real: 4"e@on Province. $ome organi@ations were b"ilt torecover t ese val"es.
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C%APTER $
T%E PROBLEM AND $TS BAC!#RO&ND
Introduction
T e st"dy of geogra% y and environment inevitably foc"ses on nat"ral reso"rces.
In a %olitical sense: w en one s%eaks of a co"ntry: reference is made of t e land and its
nat"ral environmental setting. T e ot er element is t e social dimension 9 its %eo%le. Te
land and %eo%le> t is defines t e nation: P ili%%ines.
5at"ral reso"rces are t e wealt of t e co"ntry or its way of %rod"cing wealt >
owever: t ese ave long been deteriorated. It became steadily worse t ro"g im%ro%er
actions of t e %eo%le. $ince t e world is transforming d"e to modern tec nology: manyt ings ave c anged from time to time. Even t e wealt of t e co"ntry as transformed
into non sense gift beca"se %eo%le avenBt give any im%ortance on it. T o"g t ey give
good t ings on %eo%le and in t eir co"ntry: we m"st clever eno"g to know t e effects of
bad be avior and c aracters of treating nat"ral reso"rces on t eir ra%id deterioration.
Statement of the Problem or Thesis Statement
T e main %roblem of t e st"dy will be to determine t e effect of negative moral
val"es on t e ra%id deterioration of nat"ral reso"rces in t e P ili%%ines. $%ecifically: it
will seek to answer t e following 6"estions
#. *n w at gro"nds can we el% to conserve t ese reso"rces
&. at are t e different organi@ations t at el% "s to recover t ese im%ortant
val"es
'. Is t ere any significant relations i% between t e negative moral val"es interms of "n/odly: im%atience: lack of concern: "ndedicated: armf"l:
disobedience: disres%ectf"l and lack of dignity in t e ra%id deterioration of
nat"ral reso"rces
,
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Scope and Delimitation
T is st"dy will be limited only to t e effects of negative moral val"es on t e
deterioration of nat"ral reso"rces: t e factors t at make t e reso"rces being deteriorated
and informations on ow to lessen s"c %roblems w ic occ"r in o"r co"ntry. It willinvolve #; res%ondents w o are teac ers from different sc ools w o can el% to answer
t e %roblems met by t e P ili%%ines.
Data gat ering will em%loy t e 6"estionnaire w ic t e %ro%onent admits as t e
limitation of bias. Hence: t e 6"estionnaire will be s"%%lemented by observation:
interview: and t e analysis of directives incl"ding =o"rnals: articles: books %"blis ed and
dissertations as bases for form"lating t e 6"estionnaire.
T e st"dy will foc"s attention only on t e effect of negative moral val"es on t e
deterioration of nat"ral reso"rces in t e P ili%%ines. (indings of t e st"dy will t erefore:
be tr"e only for t e nat"ral reso"rces concerned: alt o"g t ese will be "sed as bases for
similar st"dies t at will be cond"cted to determine t e effects of negative moral val"es.
Significance of the Study
T is st"dy covers t e iss"es abo"t t e infl"ence of moral val"es on t e
deterioration of nat"ral reso"rces in t e P ili%%ines. T is st"dy is of great significance on
t e benefits of t e co"ntry t ro"g keen investigation and anali@ation of t e ca"ses w y
t ese nat"ral reso"rces in t e P ili%%ines are being deteriorated. To "nderstand more ow
t ese moral val"es can affect t e nat"ral reso"rces so"g t to answer by t is st"dy.
("rt ermore: it gives g"idelines on ow we can "%lift t ese moral val"es.
5at"ral reso"rces are im%ortant to oneBs co"ntry> owever: some of t eses nat"ralreso"rces ave been deteriorated t ro"g im%ro%er actions of %eo%le. T is st"dy so"g t
to determine if t ese negative moral val"es really a factor w ic lessen t e n"mber of
t ese reso"rces.
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Definition of Key Terms
deterioration 9 deals wit becoming steadily worse of t e nat"ral reso"rces in t e
P ili%%ines.
disobedience 9 deals wit aving no s"bmission of oneBs own will to t e will and not
tending to obey and love t ese nat"ral reso"rces.
disres%ectf"l 9 deals wit aving ig regard or consideration.
armf"l 9 refers to t e c aracter of %eo%le w ic damage and destroy nat"ral reso"rces in
t e P ili%%ines.
im%atience 9 refers to t e inability to %"t "% wit delay or o%%osition calmly and wit o"t
anger.
lack of concern 9 deals wit aving lack of c"riosity and care for t e nat"ral reso"rces.
lack of dignity 9 t e condition of not s owing oneBs %ride and wort iness in a confident
manner.
nat"ral reso"rces 9 all economically "sef"l ob=ects and forces t at are s"%%lied by nat"re.1any ot er t ings in nat"re may be nat"ral reso"rces.
negative moral val"es 9 refers to bad be avior and c aracter of %eo%le toward nat"ral
reso"rces.
"ndedicated 9 deals wit aving no great foc"s on a %"r%ose or goal.
to set a%art for a s%ecial %"r%ose or "se.
ngodly 9 refers to t e c aracter of %eo%le w ic is against or wit o"t /od in t eir
doings.
0
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Framework/Outline
To%ic7 T e Develo%ment of P ili%%ine 5at"ral Reso"rces
T esis $tatement7 Instead of damaging P ili%%ine nat"ral reso"rces: %eo%le m"st %rotect
and care for it.
I. 5at"ral Reso"rces
A. -and Reso"rces
a. volcanoes
b. field
c. ills
d. mo"ntainse. valleys
!. (orest land reso"rces
a. animals
b. %lants
C. (res water reso"rces
a. falls
b. swam%landc. river
d. lakes
e. ocean
f. g"lf
g. dam
. c annels
D. 1ineral reso"rces
a. metallic minerals
a.#. gold
a.&. iron
a.'. nickel
F
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a.+. bron@e
b. non metallic minerals
b.#. marmol
b.&. salt b.'. s"lf"r
b.+. asbestos
E. H"man reso"rces
a. %o%"lation
b. birt rate
c. deat rate
d. emigratione. immigration
(. Energy reso"rces
a. nonrenewable energy
a.#. fossil f"els
b. renewable energy
b.#. solar energy
b.&. wind energy b.'. water energy
b.+. geot ermal energy
b.
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III. 1anifestation of 5at"ral Reso"rces
A. st"dents
!. family
C. organi@ations
D. government
I2. Protecting t e 5at"ral Reso"rces
A. Peo%le t at can el%
a. st"dents
b. em%loyed %eo%le
c. "nem%loyed %eo%le
d. organi@ationse. government
!. ays to el%
a. %rotect and care for it
b. enric t e P ili%%ine 5at"ral Reso"rces
2. Concl"sion
A. P ili%%ines is ab"ndant in nat"ral reso"rces.
!. It m"st be %rotected and cared.
Theoretical/ onceptual Framework
##
5egative 1oral 2al"es
"n/odlyim%atiencelack of concern"ndedicatedarmf"ldisobediencedisres%ectf"llack of dignity
Effects on Deterioration of
5at"ral Reso"rces in t eP ili%%ines
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C%APTER $$
REV$E" OF RELATED L$TERAT&RE OF ST&D$ES
!ocal
Lan' Resources
T e st"dy of geogra% y and environment inevitably foc"ses on nat"ral reso"rces.
T ey are nat"rally occ"rring materials t at are "sef"l to m an o r co"ld be "sef"l "nder
certain conceivable tec nological: economic: or social circ"mstances. at we consider
to be nat"ral reso"rces de%ends "%on %resent or foreseen tec nologies and economic
conditions.
P ili%%ines as many landforms: some of t ese are %lains: mo"ntains: ills and
valleys. Prod"cts coming from t ese reso"rces are called land reso"rces. Ric and
ab"ndant soils in t e co"ntry are good for %lanting rice: s"garcane: cocon"t: abaca and
different fr"it bearing trees and leafy vegetables. Central -"@on: Iloilo and Cotabato are
great rice %rod"cing %rovinces beca"se of t eir wide %lains. T e "nco"ntable im%ortance
of rice among (ili%inos is not common d"e to t e fact t at t is is t e %rimary food of
(ili%inos. T e wide %lains on 5egros: -ag"na: Tarlac and Pam%anga are good for
%lanting s"garcane w ic is t e so"rce of P ili%%ine s"gar. T e mo"ntaino"s %art of 4"e@on: 1indoro: $amar: -eyte and Gamboanga %rovinces are ric in cocon"t oil: "sk
scr"b: bag and many ot ers. Primary e3%orting %rod"cts are commonly coming from
cocon"t. Cagayan valley and Ilocos Region were known as giant %rod"cers of tobacco:
w ic was one of t e develo%ed ind"stries in t e co"ntry. T e volcanic soil of !icol
region was best for abaca %rod"ction alt o"g it was grad"ally c anged for t e
%rod"ction cocon"t and rice: beca"se of t e "nsto%%able "sed of synt etic materials and
%lastics. $tarted from -"@on "% to t e %oint of 1indanao fr"its and vegetables were
grown ab"ndantly. T e valley of -a Trinidad in Cordillera region: %rovinces of !"lacan:
-ag"na: Cavite and !atangas were ric in vegetables d"e to favorable weat er and soil
condition. T ey were t e %rod"cers of vegetables in 1anila and t e nearby %rovinces.
T e %rovince of !"kidnon and 5ort Cotabato were big %rod"cers of %inea%%le financed
by Del 1onte and Dole P ili%%ines. T e P ili%%ine Islands were t e to%s of "nderwater
#&
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mo"ntains formed by o"t%o"rings of molten materials from t e eart Bs interior.
Conse6"ently: igneo"s rock a%%ears t ro"g o"t most of t e arc i%elago. $"bmerge of t e
entire area: after formation of t ese mo"ntains: res"lted in t e de%osit of vario"s marine
sediments over t e lava "nderlay. T e %rocess of mo"ntain forming as not sto%%ed: as
was indicated by rec"rring eart tremors and volcanic action. Palawan is t at s%lay of
land ="tting o"t from t e westernmost s o"lder of t e P ili%%ine arc i%elago: forming t e
link between t e P ili%%ine and two island gro"%s significant in P ili%%ine istory:
!orneo and t e East Indies. T e main mass of t e %rovince covers ,
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its rate of flow de%end on t e si@e of t e waters ed: t e s"rro"nding vegetation: t e
intensity of rainfall: t e season: and t e slo%e of t e riverbed. ater r"ns faster down
stee%er slo%es and its force can be destr"ctive es%ecially if t e river bed is not solid rock.
D"ring t e rainy season t e river water may t"rn brown d"e to soil erosion of t e slo%es.
$oil erosion not only stri%s t e "%lands of to%soil and n"trients: it also clogs rivers and
b"ries corals. (res water flows from t e 5ort ern Cordillera Central 1o"ntains to t e
so"t ernmost island of 1indanao. $ome rivers: s"c as t e Cotabato: /ata and Ag"san:
r"s for long distances. $treams and small rivers r"n slowly t ro"g %lains and form
swam%s. Rivers are im%ortant so"rces of fres water. Es%ecially d"ring t e rainy season:
rivers cascade into t e sea often ca"sing destr"ction. Dams are es%ecially el%f"l in
co"ntries like t e P ili%%ines w ere rainfall distrib"tion is e3tremely "neven between
seasons or among neig boring areas and w ere land slo%e is so stee% t at little nat"ralim%o"nding takes %lace beca"se r"n 9 off leads directly to t e sea. T e ma=or dams
contain as m"c water as larger lakes. T ey incl"de Angat: 1agat: Pantabangan:
Amb"klao: and !inga. -akes are formed in vario"s ways. $ome were ca"sed by erosion
d"e to t e melting of ice glaciers millions of years ago. *t ers are water 9 filled
de%ressions created by "ge meteors t at cras ed into t e s"rface of t e eart . $ome:
s"c as Taal -ake in $o"t ern -"@on: were formed by volcanic er"%tion. T ere are more
t an it is stored in a6"ifers and e3tracted from s%rings or wells. /ro"ndwater
tends to flow along %ermeable layers from areas of ig er to lower gradient. Its
availability generally de%ends on climate: geology and vegetation. T e safe yield or t e
amo"nt of gro"ndwater available for abstraction wit o"t resorting to gro"ndwater mining
is estimated at '#:'
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or streams: w ere s"rface r"noff converges in a ma=or river. A %roclaimed waters ed is
one t at as been officially %roclaimed and reserved for conservation. *f t e P ili%%inesB
total land area: abo"t ; %ercent is considered waters ed. It is fo"nd in some +#F river
basins t ro"g o"t t e arc i%elago and is t e ma=or fres water so"rce besides lakes. T ere
are '+' inde%endent %rinci%al river basins wit areas of at least +; s6. km or ,, %ercent
of t e co"ntryBs total land area. *f t ese: &; rivers basins covering at least FF; s6. km are
considered ma=or river basins. T ey are -aoag: Cagayan: Pam%anga: Agno: Abra: Pasig 9
-ag"na de !ay: !icol: and Ab"long river basins in -"@on> 1indanao: Ag"san: Tag"m
-ib"ganon: Tagoloan: Ag"s: Davao: Cagayan de *ro: and !"ayan 9 1alag"m river
basins in 1indanao> Panay and ?ala"r river basins on Panay island> Amnay 9 Patrick in
1indoro> and Ilog 9 Hilabangan river basin on 5egros island. T eir total ares is ###:&,F
s6. km or ' %ercent of t e co"ntry. T ey are s"stained by more t an +;; waters eds: of w ic ## are %roclaimed waters eds and # are considered critical. T ese waters eds
are also often forest reso"rces %rotected for t eir ecological val"e> some are %art of
declared integrated %rotected areas. A critical waters ed is a waters ed or river system
s"%%orting an e3isting or %ro%osed ma=or electric: irrigation or domestic s"%%ly %ro=ect.
T e # critical waters eds are $anto Tomas: !"sol: -onoy: Angat: 1arikina: Kaliwa:
miray: 1aasin: 1ananga: Kotkot 9 -"saran: !ina aan: and -ake -anao. Anot er ty%e
of water reso"rce is falls w ic t e water comes from a ig %lace or ig mo"ntain.
1aria Cristina (alls: Pagsan=an (alls and 1ay"gda (alls are some of t e bea"tif"l fall of
t e co"ntry. T e P ili%%ine sea are ric in s rim%s: crabs: s6"ids: sea s ells and variety
of first class fis es like aso os: laba ita: tamban: bis"go: ay"ngin: dalagang 9 b"kid: la%"
9 la%": gal"nggong: sa%sa%: and many ot er. T ey were also ric in first class %earl and
ot er ornamentals like corals. T e $"lo sea between t e %rovinces of 1indanao and
Palawan are known for t ey are ric in water reso"rces. (is ing ind"stry as great el% to
s"stain t e basic needs of (ili%inos most es%ecially in food. Canning and %reserving of
fis es are ot er so"rces of income coming from fis ing ind"stry.
Forest Lan' Resources
(orest are %robably more critical to t e P ili%%ine environment t an ot er
co"ntries beca"se t e co"ntryBs arc i%elagic config"ration feat"res closed: fragmented:
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diverse ecosystems t at are constantly aggravated by t e effects of a tro%ical climate.
Poor economic conditions and environmentally incom%atible economic %olicies drove
bot ric investors and %oor comm"nities alike t e ravage t e forest 9 ric "%lands to a
%oint w ere now: t e l"s forest cover of t e co"ntry as dwindled to less t an si3
million ectares com%rising ro"g ly &; %ercent of t e co"ntryBs total land area. T e
forestry office ad a"t ority over c"tting trees: e3tracting timber: resins: and ot er mi
forest %rod"cts: o%ening of virgin lands: awarding concessions: and t e cond"ct of all
b"siness concerning mo"ntain land and forests. It also gat ered statistical information on
state: c "rc : and %rivate forestland to determine ow forest reso"rces were to be "sed by
bot civilians and t e military and to %revent t e illegal c"tting of timber.
In #0 +: t e government a"t ori@ed t e free "se of timber "nder a grat"ito"slicense. It also banned kaingin in general and commercial logging in Ceb" and !o ol. In
#0F+: a royal decree %ro ibited t e selling to %"blic land "nless it was s"rveyed and
declared by t e Ins%eccion /eneral de 1ontes as alienable and dis%osable. T e $%anis
1inistry of (oreign Affairs recommended t at a se%arate decree define ow P ili%%ine
forestry wo"ld be reg"lated. en t e Americans took over t e P ili%%ines: t e .$.
1ilitary iss"ed /eneral *rder 5o. logging was a %rivilege reserved for a
few well connected individ"als. Deforestation is t e %ermanent scar left by badly
managed forestry %rograms. In t e #FF;s: t e De%artment of Environment and 5at"ral
Reso"rces DE5R com%letely banned logging in old growt forests. It is % asing o"t
logging concessions "nder t e timber license agreement or T-A system w ile making
more e6"itable t e access and "se of forest reso"rces. Environmentally s"stainable
management of forestland as become t e governmentBs g"iding %olicy.
#,
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(orestland is an area classified for forestry %"r%oses: "s"ally wit a slo%e of more
t an #0 %ercent. It is legal and tec nical land category and: like alienable or dis%osable
land: it may not act"ally ave forest cover. In t e P ili%%ines: forests are es%ecially
im%ortant as t e co"ntry consists of t o"sands of islands: eac a diverse: fragile
ecosystem reg"larly b"ffeted by destr"ctive ty% oons and erosive monsoon rains.
nfort"nately: comm"nication and mobility 9 t e two basic re6"irements for effective
management of forests 9 are severely restricted. *nly abo"t #.0 million ectares of
second 9 growt forest can remain in t e timber %rod"ction system for long 9 term
s"stained %rod"ction: and abo"t # million ectares can be %laced immediately "nder
comm"nity forest management. $ome &;;:;;; ectares are so degraded t at t ey are best
converted into forest %lantations of r"bber: rattan: and bamboo. Abo"t +;;:;;; ectaresof second 9 growt forest and t e remaining 0;;:;;; ectares of old growt forests are
best set aside for biological diversity conservation and environmental %rotection.
Ideally: all forests s o"ld be "nder s"stainable management in kee%ing wit
international %ractices and wit t e treaties and covenants signed by t e P ili%%ine
government. $"stainable forest management in t e P ili%%ines consists of t ese sim%le
actions7 %rotecting and conserving t e remaining forests> re abilitating den"ded and
degraded forests> and managing ot er %rod"ction areas so t at t ey remain s"stainable.
T e goal of forest management is to make t e di%terocar% forests s"stainable w ile
ac ieving environmental stability in ways t at are economically beneficial:
environmentally so"nd: and %olitically: socially: and c"lt"rally acce%table.P ili%%ine
forests are ric wit endemic flora. T ere are more t an ':;;; different s%ecies of forest
trees catalog"ed so far> not to mention t o"sands of s%ecies of gymnos%erms: %alms:
woody and non woody vines: ferns: bamboo: grasses: mosses: and ot er vasc"lar and
non vasc"lar %lant s%ecies. T e ma=or vegetational formations can be gro"%ed into two
forest formations. -owland rain forests and lower montane forest. At abo"t #:;;; m
above sea level: t e "mid lowlands give way to a cooler> more tem%erate mid mo"ntain
region w ere t e lower montane forest is fo"nd. Ty%ically: it is an oak la"red forest
w ere t e di%terocar%s and t eir associates no longer %redominate. It as only two tree
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layers at most. It e3ists at bot ig and low elevations s"c as on 1o"nt 1akiling
w ere t e niversity of t e P ili%%ines College of (orestry is sit"ated . As a res"lt: some
erroneo"sly believe t at it is t e downward e3tension of t e tr"e montane forest. T ere is
no tr"e montane forest in t e P ili%%ines: as it does not grow below &: ;; m above sea
level in t e tro%ics. T e only mo"ntains ig er t an t is: 1o"nt A%o in 1indanao and
1o"nt P"log in -"@on: do not ave t e s"mmit conditions favoring forest growt .
%u(an Resources
T e geogra% ic domain and diverse c"lt"ral config"ration of t e (ili%inos ave
been interlinked wit t e economic: religio"s: and %olitical e3%erience of $o"t east Asia
since %re istoric times. !"t t e c"lt"ral infl"ences and migrating gro"%s of %eo%le w o
came to in abit t ese islands originated from a m"c larger region w ic incl"des t e
Indonesian arc i%elago: %enins"lar Asia: and so"t C ina. Taiwan and ?a%an were likely
%oints of origin for traders: craftsmen: and settlers even before t e E"ro%ean coloni@ation
of $o"t east Asia: w en wooden rafts and sailboats crisscrossed t e seas following t e
trade winds.
After st"dying t e blending of genetic traits and t e enric ment of c"lt"ral
eritage t at began in %rimeval times: social scientist *.T. 1ason reac ed t is sang"ineconcl"sion7 LT e %resent %o%"lation of t e P ili%%ines is one of t e most interesting of
et nologic combinations: since in its veins flows: in larger and smaller %ro%ortion: t e
blood of all ty%es of mankind.M $"c an e3%ensive view of t e gene %ool of t e (ili%inos
was similarly "% eld by (ili%inologist Pedro Paterno in t e late #0;;s. However: A"strian
et nologist (erdinand !l"mentritt observed ca"tio"sly in PaternoBs era t at
overstatements on t e genetic creativity in t e arc i%elago co"ld be traced to t e
sim%listic notions of race %ro%agated by t e friars and E"ro%ean advent"rers. In is
com%re ensive st"dy: Las Razas del Archipelago Filipino #0F; : !l"mentritt e3%ressed
t is critical view7 LIt m"st not be forgotten: owever: t at t e $%anis a"t ors ave s"c
racial fi3t"res ready made. Dark air I s a mi3t"re of 5egrito blood> clear skin or
yellowis is t e res"lt of crossing wit C inese of ?a%anese.M
#0
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to t e mo"ntain dwellers. T ose w o ran to t e ills to esca%e o%%ression in t e %"eblos
t e $%aniards called remontados : b"t t ose w o engaged in mara"ding were called
cimarrones. And t ose not yet reac ed by t e missionaries were sim%ly called infidels b"t
t e in abitant w o became a colonial ward of t e $%anis monarc y was called indio .
Early on: L(ili%inoM e3cl"sively referred only to t ose born in t e P ili%%ines of $%anis
%arents> a crossbreed was mestizo . T ere is no 6"estion t at t ese labels were merely
socio%olitical terms of convenience or> at times: derogation. !"t some of t em ave
%ersisted to t is day even in academic dissertations. 1ore t an a "ndred ago:
!l"mentritt lamented7 L*nly wit t e greatest %ain and t o"g t is it %ossible to e3tricate
oneBs self from t is labyrint of nomenclat"re I am convinced t at many names
re%orted to me m"st be eliminated: since t ey owe t eir e3istence to mistakes in
%enmans i% or %rinting: to ridic"le: mis"nderstanding or error7 LHe gave %artic"lar instances to %rove is %oint7 Tagabelies: for e3am%le: referred to t e same %eo%le w o
called t emselves Tagab"l" for !"l"an -ake or Tagab"li abbreviated to TBboli by t e
Panamin in t e #F ;s for "nknown reasons .
Indigeno"s %eo%les or indigeno"s c"lt"ral comm"nities of t e P ili%%ines ave
long been morally violated: economically and socially marginali@ed: %olitically
disenfranc ised: and: often: intellect"ally mis"nderstood by most of t e (ili%ino %eo%le
and foreign societies as well. T e reasons for t is are several7 lack of knowledge and
"nderstanding of t e roles and rig ts of indigeno"s %eo%les and indigeno"s c"lt"ral
comm"nities> absence of mec anisms: laws: and %roced"res s"%%orting t eir rig ts and
claims> %olitical and economic interest in t eir ancestral lands> and t eir lack of %olitical
leverage. -ocal and international government and %rivate instit"tions now e3%licitly
define and identify indigeno"s %eo%les and indigeno"s c"lt"ral comm"nities. T e
Com%re ensive Agrarian Reform -aw and t e 5ational Integrated Protected Areas
$ystem Act define t em as La gro"% of %eo%le s aring common bonds of lang"age:
c"stoms: traditions and ot er distinctive c"lt"ral traits: and w o since time immemorial
occ"%ied: %ossessed: and "tili@ed a territory.M T e International -abor *rgani@ation
identifies t em as7 L#. tribal %eo%les in inde%endent co"ntries w ose social: c"lt"ral: and
economic conditions disting"is t em from ot er sections of t e national comm"nity: and
&;
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w ose c"stoms and traditions are w olly or %artially reg"lated by t eir own c"stoms and
traditions or by s%ecial laws and reg"lations> and &. %eo%les w o are regarded as
indigeno"s on acco"nt of t eir descent from t e %o%"lation w ic in abited t e co"ntry
or region at t e time of con6"est: coloni@ation: or establis ment of t e %resent state
bo"ndaries: and w o: irres%ective of t eir legal stat"s: remain some or all of t eir own
social: economic: c"lt"ral and %olitical instit"tions.M
In t e P ili%%ines: t ey are fo"nd in vario"s forest: lowland: and coastal areas. In
#FF : t ey were estimated to n"mber abo"t #& to #' million or #0 %ercent of t e total
%o%"lation. T ey live in ,# o"t of %rovinces and make "% ##; ma=or et noling"istic
gro"%s. T ey are among t e %oorest and most disadvantaged social gro"%s in t e co"ntry.
T e De%artment of Environment and 5at"ral Reso"rces and t e niversal Declaration of t e Rig ts of Indigeno"s Peo%les recogni@e t eir rig t to self determination and self
governance: and t eir f"ll freedom to %"rs"e t eir economic: social and c"lt"ral
develo%ment.
Foreign
Mineral Resources
T e P ili%%ine mining ind"stry %rod"ces a variety of %rod"cts w ic comes from
si3 general categories of minerals: namely7 %recio"s metals> iron and ferro alloy metals>
base metals> fertili@er minerals> ind"strial minerals> gemstone and decorative minerals.
(or metallic minerals: t e %rinci%al %rod"cts consist of7
)*+ ORES , 5at"rally occ"rring materials e3cavated from t e gro"nd and sold
directly to t e market>
-*+ CONCENTRATE , *res %re%ared in t e mill to %rod"ced a marketable
%rod"ct by sim%le treatment %rocesses s"c as was ing: drying or
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classification. In t e case of leac ed gold and silver: t e %rod"ct is called a
b"tton.
T ere is a wide variation of %rod"ct classification in t e non metallic minerals
gro"%. T eir %rod"cts are directed de%endent on t e market needs. (or e3am%le blocks:
slabs: titles: c i%s and %owder are "sed for marbles> $# and $& for sand> /#: /&: and /'
for gravel or rock aggregates. $ome non metallic: s"c as limestone or rock % os% ate:
are classified based on t e grade analysis of t e most relevant c emical com%o"nds t ey
%ossess. T is analysis is largely dictated by s%ecifications so"g t in t e market.
Por yry co%%er %lays a ma=or role in t e co"ntryBs mineral
ind"stry. It was a ma=or commodity mined wit t e introd"ction of b"lk or
large scale met ods of mining. ile disseminated co%%er is t e most %o%"lar:
de%osits of vein: contact metasomatic: Cy%r"s: K"roko and !ess i ty%e are
also economic significance. In t e %ast: '< %ercent of t e co"ntryBs %rod"ction
val"e comes from co%%er.
/old is fo"nd t ro"g o"t t e co"ntry in t e form of lode or
%lacer de%osit. T e %rinci%al gold %rod"cing districts are !ag"io: Paracale:1asbate: $"rigao and 1asara. E3%erts ave observed t at t e largest and
ric est gold de%osits tend to lie in t e vicinity of t e P ili%%ine fa"lt @one: b"t
t ere are many e3%ectations. Recently gold e3%loration as been directed
towards e%it ermal de%osits. $ilver is a by %rod"ct of co%%er and gold mining.
T e b"lk of C romite de%osits in t e co"ntry are fo"nd in
Gambales Province and Dinagat Island: off nort eastern 1indanao. Individ"al
c romite bodies are of vario"s si@es from small %ods to several million tons.
T e c romite de%osit in Coto: Gambales was believed to be t e largest known
de%osit of refractory c romite in t e w ole world.
&&
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T e co"ntry is also greatly endowed wit nickel ric de%osits of
laterites w ic are c"rrently t e so"rce of its nickel e3%ort. T e vast laterite
de%osits of $"rigao in nort eastern 1indanao were first re%orted in #F#&: b"t
were not e3%loited "ntil #F
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Coal begins forming w en t ey swam% %lants die and %artially decay. Plants are
made "% of molec"les t at contain atoms of carbon: ydrogen: and o3ygen. Decay occ"rs
w en bacteria break a%art t ese molec"les: releasing o3ygen and ydrogen gases and
leaving carbon and im%"rities like s"lf"r be ind. en we b"rn coal: it is t e carbon t at
releases eat.
T e ne3t ste% occ"rs w en sediments begin %iling "% on to% of t e decaying
%lants. T e mass of t e sediments com%resses t e %artially decayed %lants: s6"ee@ing o"t
t e moist"re. After t e decaying %lants become b"ried: coal evolves in t e following
stages.
T e first stage is %eat. Peat is com%osed of water: decaying twigs: leaves: and
branc es: and is abo"t
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e b"rn vast 6"antities of %etrole"m and gas. In fact: every year we obtain twice
t e energy from %etrole"m and gas t an we do from coal. 5at"ral gas is "sed mostly for
eating and cooking. Petrole"m as many more "ses.
1ost %etrole"m is refined into f"els s"c as gasoline and aircraft f"el. *t er
%etrole"m is made into eating oil for f"rnaces: l"bricants: and %lastics. Did yo" reali@e
t at %lastic is made from %etrole"m
1ost geologists agree t at bot oil and nat"ral gas form over millions of years
from t e decay of tiny organisms in t e oceans. T e %rocess begins w en %lankton
organisms die: fall to t e seafloor: and %ile "%. -ater: ot er sediments are de%osited over
t em: in t e same way t at coal is b"ried. T ey are com%acted by t e weig t: and t is %ress"re on t e organic matter el%s c emical reactions occ"r. T is creates t e li6"id we
call %etrole"m: as well as gases we call nat"ral gas.
!eca"se %etrole"m and nat"ral gas are les dense t an water: t ey migrate "%ward
to get on to% of water sat"rated rock layers. $ometimes t is movement is sto%%ed by
im%ermeable rock: s"c as s ale. T is rock tra%s t e %etrole"m and gas below it. en
t is a%%ens: a reservoir of %etrole"m or nat"ral gas forms "nder t e im%ermeable rock.
1ost of t e energy so"rces we are "sing to generate electricity rig t now are
nonrenewable. Nonrene0a/le energ1 sources are t ose t at we are "sing "% faster t an
Eart can re%lace t em. Remember t at fossil f"els take millions of years to form.
Today: coal %rovides abo"t '; %ercent of worldwide energy needs for ome
eating: man"fact"ring: and generating electricity. *il and nat"ral gas %rovide almost ,;
%ercent of o"r energy needs. At t e rate weBre "sing t ese f"els: we will r"n o"t someday.
e will likely r"n o"t of %etrole"m in less t an
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1any of t e nonrenewable energy so"rces we "se today are act"ally stored solar
energy. Plants t at formed coal grew "sing solar energy. *rganisms t at formed oil and
nat"ral gas ate %lants: so t ey also "sed solar energy. en fossil f"els are b"rned: stored
solar energy is released. T ese are indirect "ses of solar energy
Solar energ1 is energy from t e s"n. eno"g energy: from t e s"n reac es Eart
in one o"r to s"%%ly all t e energy we need for a w ole yearN T e %roblem is t at we
canBt collect and store all t is energy. e can collect %art of it: t o"g . *ne way of doing
t is is to "se solar cells. A solar cell collects energy from t e s"n and transforms it into
electricity. $olar energy is free and doesnBt create any %oll"tion. $olar cells were invented
to generate electricity on satellites: b"t now t eyBre "sed to %ower calc"lators: T2s:
streetlig ts: and e3%erimental cars. $olar energy is also "sed to eat and cool omes and b"ildings and to eat water. *ne way t is is done is wit t ermal collectors. $olar energy
eats air or water is %i%ed to w ere t e eat is needed. T ey ave done some
disadvantages. $olar energy can be received only w en t e s"n is s ining. T at means
solar cells work less well on clo"dy days: and t ey donBt work at all at nig t. en
seasons ca"se days to be s orter: solar cells generate less electricity. T e closer a solar
cell is to t e e6"ator: t e more direct solar radiation it receives. $olar cells closer to t e
5ort Pole or t e $o"t Pole receive less solar radiation.
A 0in' far( is a location w ere a n"mber of windmills are %laced to gat er wind
and generate electricity. ind farms "s"ally are on ridges w ere t e wind is strong and
steady. T e energy from t e s%inning windmill t"rns a generator t at makes electricity. If
t e wind c anges direction: com%"ters control motors t at kee% t e blades facing into t e
wind.
*btaining energy from moving water is not new. 1ills t"rned by tidal energy
gro"nd grain in England: (rance: and $%ain a t o"sand years ago. Today: energy from
r"nning water is "sed to t"rn t"rbines to make electricity. T e %rod"ction of electricity by
water %ower is called h1'roelectric energ1 . eBve b"ilt dams on many large rivers to
generate ydroelectric %ower.
&,
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A s1nfuel is made by "mans by c anging fossil f"els into a different form. Coal
gasification makes nat"ral gas from coal. T is is done by mi3ing coal wit steam and
o3ygen in a com%le3 %rocess. $ome rocks called oil s ales contain a wa3y oil material.
T e oil can only be removed in a com%le3 %rocess of cr"s ing and eating.
If yo" ave ever b"ilt a cam%fire wit wood: yo" ave "sed a biomass f"el.
Bio(ass fuel is organic matter "sed as f"el. $ome %ower %lants add tras and garbage to
coal to generate electricity.
/aso ol is a biomass f"el "sed in cars and tr"cks. It is F; %ercent gasoline and #;
%ercent alco ol. T e alco ol is made from corn or s"garcane.
Alt o"g t ese renewable energy so"rces are limited at t e %resent time: t ey
mig t become more effective in re%lacing fossil f"els in t e f"t"re. Recent advances in
solar cell tec nology ave red"ced t e %rice or solar cells and increased t eir efficiency.
*t er advances in t e develo%ment of electric cars will el% "s to be less de%endent on
oil for trans%ortation. ("rt er im%rovements in solar and wind tec nology may enable t e
s"n and wind to be ma=or energy so"rces in t e f"t"re.
Nuclear energ1 is energy %rod"ced from atomic reactions. Fission is t e s%litting
of n"clei of atoms in eavy elements s"c as "rani"m. T e most commonly "sed f"el in
fission %ower %lants is a "rani"m isoto%e: "rani"m &'
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C%APTER $$$
MET%ODOLO#2
T is c a%ter disc"ssed t e met odology em%loyed by t e researc er.
#. Researc Design
In t is st"dy: t e researc er em%loyed t e descri%tive researc design. It
involves t e descri%tion: recording: analysis and inter%retation of data. It describes t e
nat"re of a sit"ation: as it e3ists at t e time of t e st"dy. It may attem%t to discover a
ca"se effect relations i% t at %revail and t at are going on between mani%"lated
variables.
&. Res%ondent of t e $t"dy
T e res%ondents of t e st"dy were teac ers from different sc ools.
'. Researc $etting
T e researc was cond"cted at 55H$.
+. Researc Instr"ment
T e researc "sed a self %re%ared 6"estionnaire: w ic was "sed as t e
instr"ment in gat ering t e data needed in t e st"dy.
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C%APTER $V
ANAL2S$S AND F$ND$N#S
Summary of #nalysis and Findings
Table #7 Ranking of t e negative moral val"es w ic t e res%ondents believe can
greatly affect t e deterioration of nat"ral reso"rces in t e P ili%%ines.
5egative 1oral 2al"es
#. "ngodly
&. lack of concern'. disobedience
+. armf"l
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(ig"re #
(ig"re # s ows t at in t e '0O of votes by t e ten res%ondents it wo"ld greatly
affect t e nat"ral reso"rces w ic leads to t eir deterioration.
';
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onclusion
It can: t erefore: be concl"ded t at t e negative moral val"e: "ngodly: as t e
greatest %ercentage w ic t e res%ondents believe t at can greatly affect t e deterioration
of nat"ral reso"rces in t e P ili%%ines. 1oreover: by contin"es %racticing of t ose val"es
t e nat"ral reso"rces will be destroyed and ab"sed. -ike w at ad a%%ened last landslide
in Real: 4"e@on Province beca"se of bad t reatening of t ose reso"rces t ey became very
limited for %eo%le.
However: t ere are some organi@ations w ic el% "s to recover t ese negative
moral val"es7 t e civic organi@ations: %"blic and %rivate sc ool: De%artment of
Environment and 5at"ral Reso"rces: !"rea" of (orestry and !"rea" of -ands by givingseminars: trainings: massive ed"cation cam%aign and by "sing media.
$ecommendation
5ow t at we already ave knowledge t at t e nat"ral reso"rces ere in t e
P ili%%ines ave greatly destroyed beca"se of negative moral val"es: it is a m"st we
lessen and control it. e m"st also care and love t ose reso"rces w ic ave great im%act
on t e develo%ment of o"r economy. $elf disci%line is t e first and most factor t at we
s o"ld ave to kee% o"r reso"rces well cared.
%ibliography
-a"rentina Paler Calmorin and 1elc or A. Calmorin: 1et ods of Researc and
T esis riting> &;;&.
1agdaraog. Environment and 5at"ral Reso"rces: Atlas of t e P ili%%ines: #FF0. . /rolier $cience Encyclo%edia: 2ol. 0. .$.A. /rolier Incor%orated:
#FF
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(allaria: A%olinario and Ron6"illo. $cience $%ectr"m: &;;'.
1arcos. T e Eart e -ive In: #F0#.
. Encyclo%edia Americana: #FF .
'&
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APPEND$3 A
RESEARC% 4&EST$ONNA$RE
5Surve1+
Please Answer HonestlyN
#. Rank t e following negative moral val"es w ic yo" believe can greatly affect t e
deterioration of nat"ral reso"rces in t e P ili%%ines.
"ngodly armf"l
im%atience disobedience
lack of concern disres%ectf"l "ndedicated lack of dignity
&. How do t ese affect t e nat"ral reso"rces
'. at wo"ld yo" s"ggest to recover t ese negative moral val"es
+. Do yo" know any re%orted incidence t at t ese moral val"es greatly affect t e
deterioration of nat"ral reso"rces
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APPEND$3 B
List of Res on'ents
1ila -im
?es%er Gamora
/erlie ?asa
1arites (ranco Abanador
1arilo" Ermino
Ronnie 1alabayElvira Cabatay
2irgie (abella
Abella 1arie 1alvar
Paciana Armamento
'+
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C&RR$C&L&M V$TAE
PERSONAL DATA
5ame 7 C arito 1. 1olato
5ickname 7 Ate C ari: C ari
!irt day 7 ?an"ary &