EFFECTS OF NITROGEN, ORGANIC MANURE AND … · plant-1, No of flower trusses ... crops grown in...

J. Agric. & Env. Sci. Alex. Univ., Egypt. Vol. 2 ( 2 ) 2003

63

EFFECTS OF NITROGEN, ORGANIC MANURE AND

BIOFERTILIZER APPLICATIONS ON STRAWBERRY

PLANTS.

I-VEGETATIVE GROWTH, FLOWERING AND

CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS OF LEAVES.

El-ARABY, S.M., I.M. GHONEIM, A.I. SHEHATA* and R.A. MOHAMED

Vegetable Crops Dept., Fac. Agri., Alex. Univ.

*Horticulture Inst. ARC.

ABSTRACT

In the two successive summer seasons of 1999/2000 and

2000/2001, studies were carried out on sandy soils under a

drip irrigation system, at the Experimental Station Farm,

South Tahrir, Horticultural Research Station, situated at

Behiera Governorate. The objectives of these experiments

were to investigate the responses of strawberry plants

(Camarosa cultivar) to different levels of nitrogen (0, 200, 300

and 400 kg N fed.-1

), organic manure (0, 15, 20 and 25 m3

fed.-1

) and biofertilizer treatments (inoculation with or

without “Halex-2”) as well as their interactions on vegetative

growth , flowering characters, and chemical constituents of

strawberry plants. The obtained results, generaly, indicated

that the incremental additions of inorganic nitrogen or

chicken manure rates led to significant increases for number

of leaves plant-1

, leaf area plant-1

, fresh and dry masses

plant-1

, No of flower trusses plant-1

, in addition to chlorophyll

and N contents of leaves. Nevertheless, leaf’s K content and

earliness of flowering responded significantly and negatively

to such treatments. The inoculation of strawberry

transplants with “Halex-2” biofertilizer improved all studied

vegetative and flowering traits. Chlorophyll and N contents

of the leaves, also, increased; but leaf’s K content did not

reflect significant differences. In general, under the

conditions of the present study, most of the vegetative growth

and flowering characters of Camarosa cultivar could be

improved through the use of “Halex-2” biofertilizer


63

inoculation combined with 300 kg N fed.-1

or 25 m3 chicken

manure fed.-1

.

INTRODUCTION

Strawberry is one of the most important untraditional vegetable

crops grown in Egypt, for fresh consumption, processing and

exportation. It is commonly grown in newly reclaimed sandy soils in

order to obtain early yields with high fruit quality (Mohamed and Gabr,

2002). These soils are generally characterized as very poor in mineral

nutrients and organic matter. Thus, the fertilizer requirements in such

soils are very high.

Strawberry is very responsible to nitrogen fertilizers due to its

shallow root system and high productivity, in relation to plant size. The

use of nitrogen fertilizer in strawberry production was found to have

stimulative effects on the vegetative growth parameters as reported by

many investigators (El-Gizy, 1978; Patrik and Martin, 1981; Moussa et

al., 1993). Nevertheless, the excessive use of such chemical fertilizers

led to some pollutant effects on soil, plants and, in turn, on human

health. Owing to that, the scientists are looking forward to substitute the

chemical fertilizers (partially) by using bio-and organic farming

systems through the use of organic manures and biofertilizers.

The incorporation of organic manures in sandy soils can increase

nutrient availability, cation exchange capacity, organic matter content,

and this, in turn, stimulates plant growth and plant productivity

(El-Nagar, 1996) as well as increases soil microbial activities

(Meisnner-Smejkal, 2000). Many authors documented favourable

effects of organic manures on vegetative growth of strawberry plants

(Nonnecke and Christian, 1997; Mohamed and Gabr, 2002). The same

conclusions were recorded by Ryan et al. (1985) on tomato and

Soliman et al. (1991) on common bean. However, reverse results were

obtained by Encke (1988) and Gliessman et al. (1996), who indicated

that organic manure had no effect on growth and generative characters

of strawberry plants.

Biofertilizers are considered environment friends that can

decrease agricultural costs with maximum out puts. These biofertilizers

are carriers based on preparations, that contain beneficial

micro-organisms in a viable state, intended for seed or soil application,

and designed to improve soil fertility and help plant growth by


63

increasing the number and biological activity of desired

microorganisms in root environment (Subba Rao, 1999). Many

investigators studied the effects of the microbial inoculants having

specific strains of bacteria or fungi, on vegetative growth of various

vegetable plants. They stated that biofertilizers were responsible for the

significant increments of most vegetative growth characters (Saber and

Gommaa,1993;Barakat and Gabr, 1998; El- Zeiny et al, 2001 on

tomato; Gabr et al, 2001 on sweet pepper).

Accordingly, the objectives of this study were to study the effects

of inorganic nitrogen fertilizer, organic manure and biofertilizer

inoculation, as well as their interactions, on vegetative growth

characters, flowering and chemical constituents of strawberry plants.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

This study was carried out at the Agricultural Experimental

Station Farm, South Tahrir, Horticultural Research Station, Behiera

Governorate, under a drip irrigation system. Two field experiments

were conducted during the summer seasons of 1999/2000 and

2000/2001, in order to investigate the effects of inorganic nitrogen and

bio-organic fertilization on vegetative growth; flowering and chemical

constituents of strawberry plants.

A representative soil samples were collected from the

experimental sites, before the initiation of each experiment, for the

determination of some important soil properties, according to the

methods described by Black (1965). The results of these analyses are

presented in Table 1.

Table 1. Physical and chemical analyses of the experimental sites in 1999/2000

and 2000/2001 seasons.

Seasons

Physical properties Chemical properties

Sand

%

Silt

%

Clay

% Texture

EC

(ds/ms) pH

Soluble cation

(meq/l)

Soluble anion

(meq/l) Total N

% Ca++ Mg+ K+ HCO- -

3 Cl- So-4

1999/2000 94 4 2 Sandy 0.16 8.70 0.74 0.54 0.22 0.57 0.40 0.59 0.007

2000/2001 94 5 1 Sandy 0.20 8.90 0.69 0.56 0.19 0.54 0.41 0.57 0.009

Each experiment contained 32 treatments representing the

combinations of four nitrogen levels (0, 200, 300 and 400 kg N fed.-1

),

four organic manure rates (0, 15, 20 and 25 m3 fed.

-1) and two


63

biofertilizer treatments (uninoculated and inoculated with “Halex-2”).

The respective N source was ammonium sulphate (20.5% N), which

was added through the drip irrigation system (fertigation) during the

growth season. Chicken manure, as a source of organic fertilizer, was

uniformly added during soil preparation. The chemical analyses of the

utilized organic manure are presented in Table 2. “Halex-2” is a

biofertilizer containing a mixture of N-fixing bacteria of the genera

Azospirillum, Azotobacter and Klebsiella; was supplied by the

Biofertilization Unit, Plant Pathology Department, Alex. Univ, and was

used at the rate of 400g fed.-1

.

Table 2. Chemical properties of the chicken manure during the two growing

seasons of 1999/2000 and 2000/2001.

Properties

Seasons

N

%

P

%

K

%

Fe

ppm

Mn

ppm

Zn

ppm

Cu

ppm

Ec

(ds/ms)

PH

O.M

%

1999/2000 2.92 0.94 1.22 6394 364 115 54 11.7 7.18 40.6

2000/2001 3.13 0.63 1.29 4252 197 120.5 32 10.67 7.44 35.7

The experimental layout was a split-split-plot system in a

randomized complete blocks design with four replications. Nitrogen

fertilizer levels were arranged as the main plots, and the chicken

manure treatments were considered as the sub-plots; while, the

biofertilizer treatments were placed in the sub-sub-plots. Each

sub-sub-plot was 6.25 meters long and 0.7 meter width, having an area

of 4.37 square meters.

Transplants of Camarosa cultivar (under frigo plantation system)

were previously treated with fungicide (Topsin M-70 at the rate of 2

g/liter) for 20 minutes, then the inoculation process was carried out by

immersing the roots of transplants in “Halex-2” cell suspension

(4x107cells/ml); containing 5% Arabic gum, for 15 minutes just before

transplanting. While, the transplants of the uninoculated control were

dipped in distilled water. Then, the transplants were sown on the two

sides of the row on October 1, 1999 and September 25, 2000 with

interrow spacings of 25 cm. After two weeks from transplanting, the

inoculation process was again repeated by sidedressing the inoculum

suspension beside the plants.

All experimental plots received a basal soil dressing, during soil

preparation, at the rates of 46.5 kg P2O5 and 72 kg K2O as calcium

superphosphate (15.5% P2O5) and potassium sulphate (48% K2O),


04

orderly. While, during the entire growing season, the rest of phosphorus

and potassium fertilizers were added through the drip irrigation system

at the rates of 80 kg P2O5 fed.-1

in the form of phosphoric acid (80%

P2O5) and 120 kg K2O as potassium sulphate (48% K2O).

Foliar spraying with a commercial foliar fertilizer containing Fe,

3.88%; Mn, 1.73%; Cu, 1.6%; B, 0.8%; Mo, 0.033% and Zn 0.5% in a

chelated form, was sprayed at three weeks intervals, starting from one

month after transplanting and continued all over the growing season.

All other agricultural practices were done as commonly recommended

for strawberry commercial production.

The developed flowers and runners were removed during the first

month to enhance the vegetative growth before flowering. Data recorded Vegetative Growth Characters

Five randomly selected plants were taken from each of the

smallest experimental unit at blooming stage, and measurements of

number of leaves plant-1

, leaf area plant-1

(cm2), foliage fresh weight

plant-1

(g) and foliage dry weight plant-1

(g), were recorded.

Chemical Constituents of Leaves

Total chlorophyll content was colorimetrically estimated

according to Witham et al. (1971). Nitrogen and potassium were

determined in the youngest expanded mature leaves from five selected

plants from each sub-sub-plot. Nitrogen was determined, according to

Evenhuis and Dewaard (1980); while, potassium was estimated, using

flame photometer as outlined by Jackson (1967).

Flowering Traits

Ten randomly chosen plants, from each sub-sub-plot, were

labeled to record the earliness of flowering as the number of days from

transplanting till flowering 25% of the plants, and to count the number

of flower trusses plant-1

till the end of the experiment.

All obtained data were statistically analysed according to Costat

Software (1985) and the Revised L.S.D test was used to compare the

differences among the treatments as outlined by Smith (1978).


04

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Vegetative Growth Characters

The results presented in Table 3, generally, clarified the presence

of some significant increments on all studied vegetative growth

characters of strawberry plants as a result of increasing the rates of

nitrogen application, in both seasons. The gradual increment of N

fertilizer application up to the rate of 300kg N fed.-1

resulted in

significant increases on leaf area plant-1

and foliage fresh mass

plant-1

; while, the highest N rate of 400 kg N fed.-1

was also

accompanied with significant increases on number of leaves plant-1

and

dry mass plant-1

, in the two seasons. The detected pronounced positive

effects of N fertilization on the vegetative parameters might be due to

the relatively low available amounts of total nitrogen in the used soils

of the two experimental sites as shown in Table 1; which were

estimated as 0.007 and 0.009% in the first and second season,

respectively. Such favourable effects of applied N on vegetative growth

characters might be attributed to the promoting influence of N on the

meristimatic activity to produce more tissues and organs (Yagodin,

1984). These results, generally, are matched those reported by Patrick

and Martin (1981), Moussa et al. (1993), and Miner et al. (1997).

Concerning the effects of organic manure rates, the results in

Table 3 showed clearly that the application of 25m3 chicken manure

fed.-1

gave the highest significant mean values of the various studied

vegetative characters, compared to those of the other application rates

(0, 15, and 20 m3 fed.

-1) in both seasons. The only exception was

noticed in the first season, as the foliage fresh mass plant-1

did not

significantly differ due to increasing the applied chicken manure rate

from 15 to 25m3 fed.

-1. The observed enhancement of the organic

manure applications on strawberry plants growth might be attributed to

the improved physico-chemical and biological properties of the sandy

soils (El-Mansi et al., 1999) and to the increased nutrient availability

for a longer period throughout the season; which, in turn, encouraged

the plant growth to go forward (Mohamed and Gabr, 2002). The

obtained results seemed to complement with those reported by Funt

and Bierman (2000) on strawberry, El-Sheikh and


04


06

Salama (1997) on tomato, and Abd El-Fattah and Saleh (1999) on

cowpea.

The results in Table 3, clearly, indicated that inoculating

strawberry plants with the biofertilizer “Halex-2” favoured vegetative

growth characters over those of the uninoculated plants. The present

obtained results seemed to confirm those previously obtained by many

investigators (Barakat and Gabr, 1998; Shiboob, 2000; El-Banna et al,

2001; Gabr et al, 2001). Such beneficial effects could be related to the

enhancing effects of the non symbiotic N2-fixing bacteria on the

morphology and/or physiology of the root system which; consequently,

promoted the vegetative growth to go forward. In this respect, Martin et

al. (1989) and Jagnow et al. (1991) indicated that the Azotobacter and

Azospirillum strains produced adequate amounts of IAA and CYT,

which increased the surface area per unit root length and enhanced root

hair branching with an eventual increase in the uptake of nutrients from

the soil.

The results in Tables 4 and 5 illustrate the interaction effects of

the first order between (nitrogen organic), (nitrogen biofertilizer)

and (organic biofertilizer) on the vegetative growth characters of

strawberry plants. In both seasons, significant differences on number of

leaves, leaf area and dry mass plant-1

were detected from the

comparisons among the means of the sixteen treatment combinations

between the different nitrogen rates and organic manures (Table, 4).

The application of chicken manure at the rate of 25m3 fed.

-1, combined

with 400 kg N fed.-1

, resulted in the highest significant mean values for

number of leaves and dry mass plant-1

. Nevertheless, the best treatment

combination for leaf area plant-1

was obtained when the strawberry

plants were fertilized with 300 kg N fed.-1

, coupled with 25m3 chicken

manure fed.-1

. However, the results indicated also the absence of such

an interaction on foliage fresh mass plant-1

, in both seasons. In general,

similar conclusions were previously recorded by Kopanski and

Kawecki (1994a) who stated that the high N rates applied anually with

FYM had some beneficial effects on the vegetative growth of

strawberry plants.

Concerning the interaction effects between nitrogen and

biofertilizer treatments on the vegetative growth character of


00


04


03

strawberry plants, the obtained results in Table 5 exhibited significant

differences on leaf area, fresh mass and dry mass plant-1

; while, the

detected differences of number of leaves plant-1

appeared insignificant,

in both seasons. The application of 300 kg N fed.-1

combined with

biofertilizer inoculation with “Halex-2” was found favourable for the

plants to express their best performance on leaf area, foliage fresh mass

and dry mass plant-1

. Several investigators indicated that the combined

application of N fertilizer or NPK at low levels with biofertilizers

increased plant growth than using the high levels of N or NPK whether

combined with biofertilizers or not (Bashan et al., 1989; Gomaa, 1989;

Hewedy, 1999; Dawa et al., 2000; Gabr et al., 2001).

The interaction effects between the different rates of organic

manure and biofertilizer treatments on the studied vegetative characters

of strawberry plants were found significant on both leaf area and dry

mass plant-1

. On the other hand, number of leaves and foliage fresh

mass plant-1

did not differ significantly as a result of using the various

treatment combinations of organic manures and biofertilizers, in both

years. The addition of the highest rate of organic manure 25m3 fed.

-1

coupled by biofertilizer inoculation with “Halex-2” gave the highest

mean values for leaf area and dry mass plant-1

. Similar results were also

recorded by Dawa et al. (2000), who stated that the highest leaf area of

tomato plants was obtained by using a mixture of organic manure and

biofertilizer. The enhancing effect of organic manure combined with

biofertilizer on plant growth might be attributed to the increment in

bacterial population and its activity, and to the increased availability

and uptake of N-P, which reflected on plant growth (Awad, 1998).

The results presented in Table 6 indicated the presence of the

second-order interaction among the used rates of mineral nitrogen,

organic manure and biofertilizer treatments. The differences among the

mean values of the various treatment combinations, for both number of

leaves and dry mass plant-1

were found significant, in both seasons. The

best interaction effects for the previous mentioned characters were

obtained by using the high nitrogen level (400 kg N fed.-1

), combined

with 25 m3 chicken manure fed.

-1 in addition to biofertilizer inoculation.


03


03

Chemical Constituents of Leaves

The results of Table 7, clearly, showed that the application of

nitrogen at the rate of 300 kg N fed.-1

gave significantly higher mean

values for total chlorophyll content, compared with those of the control

treatment or the other nitrogen rates, in both years. Such a result might

be explained on the basis that nitrogen is a main component of the

chlorophyll compound and is essential for chlorophyll syntheses and

development. Barakat and Gabr (1998) reported positive effects on

chlorophyll content of tomato leaves as a result of increasing N dose.

The presented results in Table 7 illustrated, also that the application of

N-fertilizer, with successive amounts, caused some significant

increases on N-content of leaves, relative to the control treatments. The

highest rate of nitrogen (400 kg N fed.-1

) produced the highest mean

value of nitrogen contents of the leaves, in the two seasons.

Nevertheless, reverse results were noticed for the K-content of the

leaves which decreased gradually by increasing the nitrogen applied

rate; where, the lowest values were obtained in both seasons from the

plants that were fertilized with the highest rate of nitrogen (400 kg N

fed.-1

). Similar findings on the leaf N-contents were reported by

El-Gizy (1978), Patrick and Martin (1981), Jaradeh (1982) and

Ghoniem (1992). The earlier study of Voth et al. (1967) on the leaf

K-content, indicated that there were a negative response on the leaf

potassium contents due to increasing N-application rates.

The effects of various organic manure rates on chlorophyll, N and

K content of strawberry leaves are shown in Table 7. Raising the

organic manure rates up to 25 m2 fed.

-1 was associated with increasing

the chlorophyll contents of the leaves, in both seasons. However, the

application of organic manure (chicken manure) at the two rates of 20

or 25 m2 fed.

-1 gave significantly higher mean values for leaves N

content, compared with those of the control or the rate of 15 m3 fed.

-1.

On the contrary, the detected differences on the K content of leaves as a

result of using the various organic manure rates appeared insignificant;

with an exception in the first season; whereas the control treatment

gave the highest mean values of K content of the leaves. The positive

effects of organic fertilizers application on chlorophyll and N content

of leaves were previously reported by Arisha and


03


44

Bardisi (1999) on potato, and by El-Shafeey and Hasan (2000) on

tomato.

The inoculation of strawberry plants with the biofertilizer

“Halex-2” was significantly associated with higher contents of

chlorophyll and N in the leaves relative to the uninoculated plants, in

both seasons (Table 7). However, leaves K content was not affected.

The promoting effects of “Halex-2” biofertilizer on chlorophyll and N

contents of the strawberry leaves might be attributed to the role of

non-symbiotic N2 fixing bacteria on the availability of nutrients and on

the positive modifications of root growth morphology and physiology

through the effects of hormonal exudates of biofertilizer bacteria,

resulting in more efficient absorption of available nutrients which are

main components of photosynthetic pigments. (Jagnow et al., 1991).

The previous results were in general agreement with those reported by

Barakat and Gabr (1998) on tomato. Shiboob (2000) on common bean

and Gabr et al (2001) on pepper.

Flowering Traits

The effects of various nitrogen rates on flowering time (earliness)

and number of flower trusses plant-1

were found significant, with

approximately similar trends, in both years (Table 7). The unfertilized

strawberry plants (control) reflected more earlier flowering than those

supplied with nitrogen fertilizer, irrespective of the used rate.

Furthermore, increasing the N applied rate was associated with

significant delaying of flowering. Such a result might be explained on

the basis that the excessive amounts of nitrogen might modify the

carbohydrates/nitrogen ratio, encouraging the vegetative growth to go

more forward on the expense of flower initiation and to delay the

flowering (Janick et al., 1974). A similar result was reported by Jaradeh

(1982), who stated that the lower N levels (50 and 100 kg N fed.-1

)

resulted in earlier flowering than the higher N levels (150 and 200 kg N

fed.-1

). The results illustrated also that the gradual additions of N up to

300 or 400 kg N fed.-1

increased significantly the number of flower

trusses plant-1

, in the two seasons. The only exeption was noticed in the

second season, where the number of flower trusses plant-1

did not differ

significantly owing to using the rate of 200 kg N fed.-1

compared to the

control treatment. The obtained results are in general agreements with


44

those reported by El-Gizy (1978), Patrick and Martin (1981), Jaradeh

(1982), and Moussa et al (1993).

Regarding the effect of different organic manure rates on

flowering parameters of strawberry plants as earliness and number of

flower trusses plant-1

, the data in Table 7 indicated that, some earliness

of flowering were detected from the plants which were supplied with 25

m3 chicken manure fed.,

-1 similar to those of the untreated plants. On

the other hand, supplying the plants with chicken manure at the rate of

20 m3 fed.

-1 was significantly associated with the most delay of

flowering, in both seasons. The results in Table 7 illustrated also that

the gradual additions of chicken manure rates up to 25 m3

fed.-1

produced greater numbers of flower trusses plant,-1

as compared with

the unmanured plants. The obtained results seemed to be in general

agreements with those reported by Abdel-Rahman and Hosny (2001),

Abdel-Latif (2002), and Mohamed and Gabr (2002). The observed

enhancement on flowering parameters with the application of the

highest rate of chicken manure (25 m3 fed.

-1) might be attributed to the

increase in nutrient availability for a longer period throughout the

season and would be expected to improve soil physical and chemical

properties, as reported by Funt and Bierman (2000).

The effects of biofertilizer treatments on flowering traits of

strawberry plants are presented in Table 7, and indicated clearly that the

inoculation of strawberry plants with the biofertilizer “Halex-2”

favoured both the earliness and number of flower trusses plant-1

, in both

seasons. Such promoting effects of biofertilization on flowering traits

might be attributed to its stimulating effects on vegetative growth

(Table 3), photosynthetic pigments and on mineral contents (Table 7);

which, in turn, were positively reflected on flowering traits. Barakat

and Gabr (1998) on tomato, and Gabr et al. (2001) on pepper reported

also similar results.

The interaction effects among the used different nitrogen

fertilizer and organic manure rates on the studied chemical constituents

of leaves are shown in Table 8. The comparisons among the means of

the sixteen treatment combinations showed that fertilizing strawberry

plants with 300 kg N fed.,-1

coupled with 25 m3 chicken manure fed.

-1,

resulted in the highest mean value for


44


46

chlorophyll content of leaves. The combinations between nitrogen and

organic fertilizers had significant interaction effects on leaf N contents;

but appeared insignificant on K contents of leaves, in both seasons. The

highest mean value of N content were obtained when the plants were

fertilized with 400 kg N fed.-1

and 25 m3 chicken manure fed.

-1. The

obtained results confirmed those obtained by Kopanski and Kawecki

(1994b), who mentioned that the combined treatment of high N rate (90

kg ha-1

) + FYM (40 t ha-1

) had a marked effect on leaf N content; but, it

had no effect on leaf K content.

The comparisons among the means of different combinations of

nitrogen rates x biofertilizer treatments for the chemical constituents of

strawberry leaves are illustrated in Table 9. The chlorophyll content of

leaves were found to be significantly affected by the interactions

between nitrogen rate and biofertilizer treatment. The combined

treatment (300 kg N fed.-1

plus biofertilizer inoculation with “Halex-2”)

produced the highest mean value for chlorophyll content of leaves. The

contents of N and K in leaves were not significantly affected by such a

type of an interaction, in both seasons. Barakat and Gabr (1998)

reported similar results for chlorophyll content of tomato leaves, as the

combined treatment (100 kg N fed.-1

+ mixed biofertilizer) produced

the highest mean value of the obove mentioned character.

Results in Table 9 show some insignificant differences due to the

interaction effects between organic manure rates and biofertilizer

treatments on the contents of N and K in strawberry leaves, in both

years. However, the results indicated also that the combined treatment

of 25m3 chicken manure fed.,

-1 coupled with inoculation by the

biofertilizer “Halex-2”, gave the highest mean value of chlorophyll

content. The interaction effects between nitrogen fertilizer and organic

manure rates on flowering traits; i.e., earliness of flowering and number

of trusses plant-1

; are presented in Table 8. Fertilizing the strawberry

plants with 300 kg N fed.-1

, plus 20 m3 chicken manure fed.

-1, or with

400 kg N fed.-1

, coupled with 25 m3 chicken manure fed.

-1, were

responsible for delaying the flowering, in both seasons. On the other

hand, number of flower trusses plant-1

was not significantly, affected by

this interaction in the two seasons.


40


44

Data in Table 9 showed also the interaction effects between

nitrogen fertilizer rates and biofertilizer treatments on earliness of

flowering and No of flower trusses plant-1

. The treatment combination

of 400 kg N fed.-1

and inoculation with biofertilizer resulted in a

significant delay of flowering, in both years. Likewise, the same

treatment combination gave the highest mean value of No. of flower

trusses plant-1

.

Concerning the interaction effects between organic manure and

biofertilizer inoculation, data in Table 9 revealed that all studied

flowering traits were significantly affected, in both seasons. The

strawberry plants which did not receive any N fertilizer and inoculated

with “Halex-2” flowered earlier than all treatment combinations and

the trend was approximately similar in the two seasons. The best mean

value of No of flower trusses plant-1

was obtained from the treatment

combination of 25 m3 chicken manure fed

-1 coupled with biofertilizer

inoculation. The stimulative effects of the highest rate of chicken

manure plus biofertilizers on No. of flower trusses plant-1

are in

harmony with those reported by Dawa et al. (2000).

Data presented in Table 10 indicated the presence of the second

order interactions among nitrogen fertilizer, organic manure and

biofertilizer treatments. The differences, among the mean values of the

treatment combinations for both the total chlorophyll content of leaves

and flowering traits were found significant; while, those of the mineral

contents of leaves (N and K) appeared insignificant. The best treatment

combination appeared to be that of using 300 kg N fed.-1

+25m3 organic

manure +Halex-2 inoculation, which resulted in the highest mean

values of leaf chlorophyll content and No. of flower trusses plant-1

.


43


43

REFRENCES

Abd-El Fattah, A. and A.L. Saleh. 1999. Improvement of cow pea

production using organic farming system. Egypt. J. Appl. Sci. 14

(3): 231-237.

Abdel-Latif, T.A. 2002. Effect of organic manure and biofertilizer on

caraway plants (Carum carvi L.) .J.Agric. Sci. Mansoura Univ.

27 (5): 3459-3468.

Abdel-Rahaman S.Z. and F. Hosny. 2001. Effect of organic and

inorganic fertilizers on growth, yield and fruit quality and

storability of eggplant. J. Agric. Sci. Mansoura Univ.26 (10):

6307-6321.

Arisha, H.M.and A.Bardisi.1999. Effect of mineral and organic

fertilizers on growth, yield and tuber quality of potato under

sandy soil conditions. Zagazig J. Agric. Res. 26 (2): 391-405

Awad, N.M. 1998. The use of microorganisms in ecological framing

systems. Ph.D. Thesis, Fac. Sc. Cairo Univ, Egypt.

Barakat, M.A.S. and S.M. Gabr. 1998. Effect of different

biofertilizer types and nitrogen fertilizer levels on tomato plant.

Alex. J. Agric. Res. 43 (1): 149-160.

Bashan, Y.M. Singh and H. Levanony. 1989. Contribution of

Asopirillum brasilence to growth of tomato seedlings in through

nitrogen fixation. Can J. Bot. 67: 2424-2434.

Black, C.A. 1965. Methods of Soil Analysis. Amer. Soc. of Agron.

Madison, Wisconsin, USA.

Costat Software. 1985. User’s Manual. Version 3. Cohort. Tusson.

Arizona. U.S.A.

Dawa, K.K., T.M. El-Gazar, H.A. El-Sayed, A.M. Hewedy and

A.M. Ouda. 2000. Effect of organic and biofertilizers application

as compared to chemical fertilizers on: 1-vegetative growth and

flowering of tomato plants. J.Agric. Sci. Mansoura Univ. 25(7):

4541-4554.

El- Shafeey, E.I and Hassan. 2000. Effect of Meloidoggne incognita

on growth and yield of susceptible and resistant tomato cultivars

and effect of various applied organic manures on nematode

control. J. Agric. Sci. Mansoura Univ. 25 (8): 5425-5440.


43

El-Banna, E.N, E.M. Awad, H.M. Ramadan and M.R. Mohamed.

2001. Effect of bio-organic fertilization in different seasons on

growth, yield and tubers quality of potato (Solanum tuberosum

L.). J. Agric. Sci. Mansoura Univ. 26 (3): 1687-1696.

El-Gizy, S.M.H. 1978. Effect of some fertilizer treatments on growth

and yield of strawberries. M.Sc. Thesis. Fac. Agric. Ain-Shams

Univ. Cairo, Egypt.

El-Mansi, A.A.A., A.Bardisi, H.M.E. Arisha and E.M. Nour. 1999. studies on some factors affecting growth and yield of pea under

sandy soil conditions using drip irrigation system. 2. Effects of

farmyard manure and irrigation water quantity. Zagaizg J. Agric.

Res. 26 (5): 1409-1428.

El-Nagar, E.M. 1996. Effect of applying some organic residues to

sandy and calcareous soil on growth and composition of some

plants. M.Sc. Thesis. Fac. of Agric. Mansoura Univ. Egypt.

El-Sheikh, T.M. and G.M. Salama. 1997. Influence of chicken

manure on growth, yield, fruit quality and storability of tomatoes.

Annals of Agric. Sci. Moshtohor. 35: 2391-2413.

El-Zeiny, O.A.H., U.A. EL-Behairy and M.H. Zaky. 2001. Influence

of bio-fertilizer on growth, yield and fruit quality of tomato

grown under plastic house. J. Agric. Sci. Mansoura Univ. 26 (3):

1749-1763.

Encke, E. 1988. Effect of different organic fertilizers and crop rotation

on yield of the strawberry cultivar Redgauntlet. Archiv fur

Gartenbau. 36 (7): 432-431. (c.a. Hort. Abst. 60 (7): 5028.).

Evenhuis, B. and P.W. Dewaard. 1980. Principles and practices in

plant analysis. FAO soil Bull. 38 (1): 152-163.

Funt, R.C. and P. Bierman. 2000. Composted yard wast improves

strawberry soil quality and soil water relation. Acta. Hort. 517:

235-240.

Gabr, S.M., I.M. Ghoneim and H.M.F. Hassan. 2001. Effects of

bio-and nitrogen-fertilization on growth, flowering, chemical

contents, yield and quality of sweet pepper. J. Adv. Agric. Res. 6

(4): 939-955.

Ghoneim, I.M. 1992. Effect of nitrogen, potassium and their

interactions on quauntities, qualitative characteristics and

keeping quality of some strawberry cultivars. Ph.D. Thesis, Fac.

Agric. Alex. Univ.


43

Gliessman, S.R., M.R. Werner, J. Allison, J. Cochran. 1996. A

Comparison of strawberry plant development and yield under

organic and conventional management on the central California

coast. Biological Agriculture and Horticulture. 12: 327-338.

Gomaa, A.M.H. 1989. Biofertilizers and increasing of crop

production. M.Sc. Thesis, Fac. Agric, Cairo Univ, Egypt.

Hewedy, A.M. 1999. Effect of sulphur application and biofertilizer

phosphorien on growth and productivity of tomato. Minofiya J.

Agric. Res. 24 (3): 1063-1078.

Jackson, M.L. 1967. Soil Chemical Analysis. Prentice-Hall of India

private limited New-Delhi. 115p.

Jagnow, G., G. Hoflich, and K.H. Hoffmann. 1991. Inoculation of

non-symbiotic rhizosphere bacteria: possibitites of increasing and

stabilizing yields. Angew Botanik, 65: 97-126.

Janick, J., R.W. Schery; F.W. Woods and U.W. Ruttan. 1974. Plant

Science. W.H. Freemand and company, San Francisco. 740p.

Jaradeh, R.A.Y. 1982. Nitrogen requirements for strawberry Tioga

cultivar. M. Sc. Thesis. Fac. Agric. Ain-Shams Univ., cairo, 89p.

Kopanski, K. and Z. Kawecki. 1994a. Nitrogen fertilization and

growth and cropping of strawberries in the conditions of Zulawy.

I. Site factors and plant growth. Acta Academiae Agriculturae ac

Technicae olstenensis. Agricultura. 58:113-123. (c.a Hort Abst.

196. 66 (6) : 4889).

Kopanski, and Z. Kawecki. 1994b. Nitrogen fertilization and growth

and cropping of strawberries in the conditions of Zlawy. II plant

morphology and leaf chemical composition. Acta Academiae

Agriculturae ac Technicae olstenensis, Agricultura. 58: 125-134.

(c.a. Hort. Abst. 1996. 66 (6): 4890).

Martin, P., A. Glatzle, W. Klob, H. Omay and W. Schmidt. 1989. N2 Fixing bacteria in the rhizosphere: Quantification and

hormonal effects on root development. Z. pflanzenernahr.

Bodenk. 152: 237-245.

Meissner-Smejkal, G. 2000. Soil microbial activities in organic and

conventional vegetable gardening a. sensitive instrument of

horticultural research. Acta. Hort. 513: 145152.

Miner, G.S., E.B. Poling, D.E. Carrall, L.A. Nelson, and C.R.

Campbell. 1997. Influeunce of fall nitrogen and spring


34

nitrogen-potassium applications on yield and fruit quality of

“Chandler” strawberry. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 122 (2): 290-295.

Mohamed, F.H. and S.M. Gabr. 2002. Effect of organic manure and

chemical fertilization on the growth, yield and quality

characteristics of strawberries. J. Agric. Sci. Mansoura Univ. 27

(1): 561-572.

Moussa, A.G., M.A. El-Shal and I.M. Ghoneim. 1993.

Morphological responses of strawberry to high supplying of K

and N fertilizers. Menofiya J. Agric. Res. 18 (4): 2633-2647.

Nonnecke, G.R. and N.E. Christian. 1997. Strawberry production

using corn gluten meal as a natural nitrogen source and weed

control product. Acta. Hort. 439: 725-730.

Patrick, J.B and L.W. Martin. 1981. Vegetative and reproductive

growth responses of three strawberry cultivars to nitrogen. J.

Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 106 (3): 266-272.

Ryan, J., S.N. Harik and S. Shwayri. 1985. A short-term green house

evaluation of non conventional organic wastes. Soils, Irrig. A

Mech. Dept., Fac. of Agric. Food Sci. Amer. Univ. of Beirut,

Lebanon Agric. Wastes. 12 (4): 241-249.

Saber, M.S.M. and A.M.M. Gomma. 1993. Associative action of a

multi-strain biofertilizer on tomato plants grown in a newly

reclaimed soil. 6th

Inter. Symp. On Nitrogen Fixation with

Non-Legumes, Ismailia, Egypt, 6-10 Sept. 1993.

Shiboob, R.M.A. 2000. Effect of nitrogen fertilizer levels and

biofertilizer types on growth, yield and quality of common bean

(Phaseolus vulgaris L.) M.Sc. Thesis. Fac. Agric., Alex. Univ.

Egypt.

Smith, C.W. 1978. Bayes least significant difference. A review and

comparison. Agron. J. 70: 123-127.

Soliman, M.M., I.I. El-Oksh and Samira M. El-Gizy. 1991. Effect of

organic manure, P, Zn and Mo on growth and yield of common

bean. Annals Agric. Sci. Ain-Shams Univ., Cairo. 36 (2):

589-598.

Subba Rao, N.S. 1999. Soil Microbiology. (Fourth edition of soil

microorganisms and plant growth). Science Publishers, Inc.

U.S.A, 47-55.


34

Voth, V.,K. uriu and R.S. Bringhurst. 1967. Effect of high nitrogen

application on yield, fruit quality, and leaf composition of

California strawberries. Proc. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 91:249-256.

Witham, F.H., D.F. Blayles and P.M. Devlin. 1971. Experiments in

plant physiology. Van Nosland Reinhold Co., New York. pp.

55-58.

Yagodin, B.A. 1984. Agricultural Chemistry 1st ed. Mir Publishers.

Moscow.


34

لملخص العربيا

تأثير التسميد النتروجينى والعضوى والحيوى على نباتات الفراولة النمو الخضرى واإلزهار والمكونات الكيميائية لألوراق-4

سناء مرسى العربىـإبراهيم محمد غنيم ـ*ابو العز عيسى شحاتة ـرمضان عبد العاطى محمد قسم الخضر ـ كمية الزراعة ـ جامعة اإلسكندرية

يد بحوث البساتين ـ مركز البحوث الزراعية*مع

بأرض رممية 0222/0229و 9111/0222أجريت تجربتان خالل الموسمين الصيفيين لعامى بمحطة التجارب الزراعية، جنوب التحرير، التابعة لمعيد بحوث البساتين والواقعة بمحافظة البحيرة، بيدف

، 022زا( لمختمف مستويات التسميد االزوتى )صفر، دراسة استجابة نباتات الفراولة )الصنف كمارو /لمفدان( 0م 01، 02، 91كجم ن/فدان( وألربعة مستويات من التسميد العضوى )صفر، 022، 022

(، باإلضافة إلى التداخل بينيم وذلك 0–وكذلك لمعاممتى التسميد الحيوى )معامل وغير معامل باليالكس وى الكيمائى لنباتات الفراولة. عمى الصفات الخضرية والزىرية والمحت

أظيرت النتائج أن اإلضافات المتزايدة من كل السماد النتروجينى وزرق الدواجن قد أدت إلى زيادة معنوية فى كل من عدد أوراق النبات والمساحة الورقية والوزن الطازج وعدد العناقيد الزىرية لمنبات الواحد

اق من الكموروفيل والنتروجين. وعمى النقيض من ذلك، فان محتوى وذلك باإلضافة إلى زيادة محتوى األور األوراق من البوتاسيوم وكذلك صفو التبكير فى اإلزىار قد تأثرت سمبيا بزيادة مستويات كل من السماد المعدنى النتروجينى والسماد العضوى. وبالنسبة لتأثير التسميد الحيوى، فان نباتات الفراولة الممقحة

". قد أظيرت تحسنًا معنويًا فى معظم الصفات الخضرية والزىرية ومحتوى األوراق من 0س ـ"باليالك الكموروفيل والنتروجين الكمى. بينما لم تظير أى استجابة فى محتوى األوراق من البوتاسيوم.

وعموما فتحت ظروف ىذه الدراسة، فان صفات النمو الخضرى والزىرى لصنف الفراولة كماروزا 0م01كجم ن/ف أو 022" مع إضافة 0تحسنا واضحاً من خالل التمقيح البكتيرى "باليالكس ـ قد عكست

زرق دواجن لمفدان.

Date post:	10-Apr-2018
Category:	Documents
Upload:	hoangkhanh
View:	216 times
Download:	3 times

EFFECTS OF NITROGEN, ORGANIC MANURE AND … · plant-1, No of flower trusses ... crops grown in...

Documents