Effects of Parental Role and Age on Effects of Parental Role and Age on Prejudice against Tattooed People in Prejudice against Tattooed People in

Chinese ContextChinese Context

GROUP 17GROUP 17

LAM HOI SHAN 06779893 LAM HOI SHAN 06779893

LEE YEE PAN 06694733 LEE YEE PAN 06694733

LEUNG SHUN KAN 06637243LEUNG SHUN KAN 06637243

MAK CHUN HONG 05639813MAK CHUN HONG 05639813

Flow of PresentationFlow of Presentation

BackgroundBackground

IntroductionIntroduction

MethodMethod

ResultResult

DiscussionDiscussion

ImplicationImplication

Q & AQ & A

BackgroundBackground

TattoosTattoos

A permanent mark or design made on the A permanent mark or design made on the skin by a process of pricking and skin by a process of pricking and ingraining an indelible pigment or by ingraining an indelible pigment or by raising scars. raising scars.

A design made on the skin with a temporary A design made on the skin with a temporary dye such as henna or ink. dye such as henna or ink.

American Heritage dictionaryAmerican Heritage dictionary

In the Past…In the Past…

Taboo and socially unacceptable signs of Taboo and socially unacceptable signs of rebellion.rebellion.

Connected with pirates, bikers, gang Connected with pirates, bikers, gang members, and other social outcasts, as members, and other social outcasts, as well as island people and African tribes. well as island people and African tribes.

Nowadays…Nowadays…

No longer considered a sub culture, but a No longer considered a sub culture, but a staple of modern culture staple of modern culture

More and more Chinese young people have More and more Chinese young people have tattoo which include youngster in Hong tattoo which include youngster in Hong KongKong

Now, it is more of a fashion statement than Now, it is more of a fashion statement than counter culture statement accepted form counter culture statement accepted form of artistry of artistry

Notes About Tattoo in Hong KongNotes About Tattoo in Hong Kong

Recognized in the Recognized in the worldworld Chinese-word tattoo Chinese-word tattoo

of David Beckham of David Beckham is done by Hong is done by Hong Kong tattoo artist.Kong tattoo artist.

In 2008,a exhibition In 2008,a exhibition about tattoo have about tattoo have been firstly been firstly organized in Hong organized in Hong Kong.Kong.

Why Tattoos?Why Tattoos?

Self-expressionSelf-expression Feel better about yourself and to portray Feel better about yourself and to portray

who you are on your body who you are on your body Differentiate themselves from the Differentiate themselves from the

crowd; specialty; trendycrowd; specialty; trendy

Cover up scars Cover up scars Cover up scars by the tattoos on the Cover up scars by the tattoos on the

skin.skin.

Why Tattoos?Why Tattoos?

Mass Media and Celebrities’ EffectMass Media and Celebrities’ Effect Displaying tattoos universally popular Displaying tattoos universally popular

tattoo TV shows, such as Miami Ink, tattoo TV shows, such as Miami Ink, which promotes tattoos and tattooing as which promotes tattoos and tattooing as a hot new art form. a hot new art form.

Peer-pressure Peer-pressure Show their support and dedication to Show their support and dedication to

their sorority their sorority

Local Artists Local Artists

David Beckham

Wu Chun

Jason ChanJason Chan陳柏宇陳柏宇

Global Celebrities Global Celebrities

Ayumi Ayumi Hamasaki Hamasaki

Megan Fox

Cecilia Cheung

張柏芝

Faye Wong王菲

Movie & DramaMovie & Drama

Spider Lilies Spider Lilies Prison Break

Social impressionSocial impression

According to the HSBC-Your Point of view A According to the HSBC-Your Point of view A worldwide research on tattoo(HK part) in worldwide research on tattoo(HK part) in 20062006

48.3% rebellious48.3% rebellious

41.3% relation to the triad. 41.3% relation to the triad.

School ContextSchool Context

Many schools prohibit or discourage tattooMany schools prohibit or discourage tattoo

Teachers and school staff are not allowed to Teachers and school staff are not allowed to have tattoohave tattoo

Does Discrimination Exist?Does Discrimination Exist?

Discrimination DefinitionDiscrimination Definition

What is discrimination?What is discrimination?

In general terms, discrimination is any In general terms, discrimination is any practice that makes distinctions between practice that makes distinctions between individuals or groups that disadvantage individuals or groups that disadvantage some and advantage others. some and advantage others.

Australian Legal Definition Australian Legal Definition

Discrimination in job huntingDiscrimination in job hunting

Many employers stated that they don’t want Many employers stated that they don’t want employees having tattoos since they think employees having tattoos since they think that people having tattoos would give an that people having tattoos would give an bad impression to the company’s clients. bad impression to the company’s clients. (Hong Kong (Hong Kong Economic Times, 2003) Economic Times, 2003)

Discrimination in job huntingDiscrimination in job hunting

The society still think that tattoo represents The society still think that tattoo represents bad behavior and are not willing to recruit bad behavior and are not willing to recruit them especially in office job and service them especially in office job and service industry industry

-Miss Chow -Miss Chow

General manager General manager

Centaline Human Resource Consultant Centaline Human Resource Consultant Limited Limited

IntroductionIntroduction

Prejudice against Tattoos Prejudice against Tattoos PeoplePeople

The negative attitudes towards tattooed The negative attitudes towards tattooed people, based solely on that individual’s people, based solely on that individual’s membership in the tattooed group membership in the tattooed group (Baumeister & Bushman, 2005)(Baumeister & Bushman, 2005)

Tattoos – Misbehaviors?Tattoos – Misbehaviors?Tattooed people were associated with Tattooed people were associated with

deviant behavior, such as suicide, juvenile deviant behavior, such as suicide, juvenile delinquency and drug abuses (e.g. Fisher, delinquency and drug abuses (e.g. Fisher, 2002; Stirn, Hinz & Brahler, 2006)2002; Stirn, Hinz & Brahler, 2006)

Many participants were in their adolescence, Many participants were in their adolescence, who have a higher level of sensation who have a higher level of sensation seeking and risk to misbehave (Steinberg, seeking and risk to misbehave (Steinberg, 2007). 2007).

Deviant Behaviors Tattoos

Adolescents

Prejudice

Parents - Morality Level Parents - Morality Level DifferenceDifference

Previous studies stated that parents would Previous studies stated that parents would have a higher moral standard, so that are have a higher moral standard, so that are more concern about misbehaviors.more concern about misbehaviors.

Mothers might want to protect their children Mothers might want to protect their children from what they perceived as “bad” and from what they perceived as “bad” and “contrary to the social norm” (Jaffe & “contrary to the social norm” (Jaffe & Worobey, 2006)Worobey, 2006)

Hypothesis 1Hypothesis 1

Tattoos linked to negative behaviors

Parents’ Higher Morality Standard

Parents Will Have a Higher Prejudice Level against People Having Tattoos

than Non-Parents

Effect of age on PrejudiceEffect of age on Prejudice

Maykovich (1975) found out that age Maykovich (1975) found out that age differentiates the prejudiced and the non-differentiates the prejudiced and the non-prejudiced in the issue of libertarianism.prejudiced in the issue of libertarianism.

Suggesting that age may be a determining Suggesting that age may be a determining factor in people’s prejudice level.factor in people’s prejudice level.

Effect of age on PrejudiceEffect of age on PrejudiceYoung people are more likely to have tattoos in Young people are more likely to have tattoos in

Chinese context (“Lcq2: Body Piercing Services”, Chinese context (“Lcq2: Body Piercing Services”, 2002)2002)

Adolescents’ in-group favoritism and old peoples’ out-Adolescents’ in-group favoritism and old peoples’ out-group prejudice may also differentiate the level of group prejudice may also differentiate the level of prejudice of these two different age groups prejudice of these two different age groups according to Aboud (2003).according to Aboud (2003).

In-group favoritism: People normally favor those who In-group favoritism: People normally favor those who are having the same membership in a groupare having the same membership in a group

Out-group prejudice: People may hold a negative Out-group prejudice: People may hold a negative attitude towards those who are not in the same attitude towards those who are not in the same group.group.

Hypothesis 2Hypothesis 2

Adolescents’ In-group Favoritism

Old peoples’ out-group prejudice

Prejudice Level is positively correlated to Age

(When Age ,Prejudice Level )

METHODMETHOD

QuestionnaireQuestionnaire

A 46-item QuestionnaireA 46-item Questionnaire

5 Points Likert Scale (1-Strongly Disagree,5-5 Points Likert Scale (1-Strongly Disagree,5-Strongly Agree)Strongly Agree)

Attitude toward Behaviors of Tattooed peopleAttitude toward Behaviors of Tattooed people

(e.g. P(e.g. People having tattoos are drug abusereople having tattoos are drug abuser ) )

Reliability (Cronbach Alpha Value = .949). Reliability (Cronbach Alpha Value = .949). Thus, high enough to be reliable.Thus, high enough to be reliable.

QuestionnaireQuestionnaire

Data Collection & ParticipantsData Collection & ParticipantsThrough Through

distributing distributing questionnaire to questionnaire to local Chinese local Chinese participants.participants.

Age of Participants

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

20-24

25-29

30-34

35-39

40-44

45-49

50-54

55-60

Age

Fre

qu

ency

Frequency

Frequency

HK30%

Kowloon32%

N.T.38%

HK Kowloon N.T.

Frequency

Male 49%

Female51%

Male Female

Data Analysis ToolData Analysis Tool

Statistical Package for Social Science Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS)(SPSS) ANOVA : To study between group ANOVA : To study between group

differencedifference Correlation : To find out whether Correlation : To find out whether

variables correlates with each othervariables correlates with each other

DesignDesign

To study between-group difference between To study between-group difference between Parents and non-Parents on prejudice level Parents and non-Parents on prejudice level by ANOVA (Hypothesis 1)by ANOVA (Hypothesis 1)

To study correlation between Age and To study correlation between Age and Prejudice Level (Hypothesis 2)Prejudice Level (Hypothesis 2)

To study whether Gender, Education Level, To study whether Gender, Education Level, Marital Status and Residential Area have Marital Status and Residential Area have significant effect on the Prejudice Levelsignificant effect on the Prejudice Level

RESULTRESULT

Parents vs. Non-ParentsParents vs. Non-Parents

Parents’ Prejudice Level is significantly Parents’ Prejudice Level is significantly higher than non-parents’.higher than non-parents’.

Our hypothesis 1 is supported.Our hypothesis 1 is supported.

Parents vs. Non-ParentsParents vs. Non-Parents

Age & Prejudice LevelAge & Prejudice Level

Age is significantly correlated with the Age is significantly correlated with the prejudice level.prejudice level.

Parents vs. Non-Parents - Parents vs. Non-Parents - controlling the effect of agecontrolling the effect of age

When controlling the effect of age on prejudice When controlling the effect of age on prejudice level, the parents’ effect is still significant.level, the parents’ effect is still significant.

Parents’ difference is independent of age.Parents’ difference is independent of age.

Gender DifferenceGender Difference

There is no gender difference in the There is no gender difference in the prejudice level.prejudice level.

Effect of Educational LevelEffect of Educational Level

There is not significant difference between There is not significant difference between educational level on the prejudice level.educational level on the prejudice level.

Effect of Marital StatusEffect of Marital Status

The effect of marital status is not significant The effect of marital status is not significant on the prejudice level.on the prejudice level.

Effect of Residential AreaEffect of Residential Area

The effect of residential area is not significant The effect of residential area is not significant on determining the prejudice level.on determining the prejudice level.

Discussion

Parents will have more prejudice then non-Parents towards against tattooed people.

Age is positively correlated to prejudice level.

Hypothesises are supported

Discussion-Hypothesis 1Discussion-Hypothesis 1

Traditional ExplanationTraditional Explanation

Filial piety(Filial piety( 孝道孝道 )) 身體髮膚受之父母身體髮膚受之父母 , , 不敢毀傷不敢毀傷 , , 孝之始也孝之始也

Xiao Jing(Xiao Jing( 孝經孝經 )) Not presume to injure or wound bodyNot presume to injure or wound body

Parents viewParents view Strongly view towards protecting their Strongly view towards protecting their

child’s bodychild’s body

Traditional ExplanationTraditional Explanation

However, tattoo ..However, tattoo ..

cause dermal damage to our body, or even cause dermal damage to our body, or even transmission of disease transmission of disease

(Long & Rickman, 1994)(Long & Rickman, 1994)

Therefore, Therefore,

highly not desired by parents and was highly not desired by parents and was considered as immoralconsidered as immoral

Social Protecting ExplanationSocial Protecting Explanation

Many employers don’t want employees Many employers don’t want employees having tattooshaving tattoos give an bad impression to clients.give an bad impression to clients.

Parents worryParents worry Their children can’t find a good jobTheir children can’t find a good job Built up an negative attitude toward Built up an negative attitude toward

tattoostattoos

(Hong Kong Economic Times, 2003)(Hong Kong Economic Times, 2003)

Parents want to protect their children from bad contrary to the social norm”

(Jaffe & Worobey, 2006)

A research investigate the attitude of mother towards

overweighed children. Parents viewed the obese children to be

least preferred as their children’s companion (Bacardi-Gasco´n, Leon-Reyes & Jime´nez-

Cruz, 2007)

Social Protecting Explanation

養兒一百歲，長憂九十九

Anxious about the responsibility of caring their children

Having a parental role might thus alter their prejudice level against others.

Role Transition Explanation

In Chinese context, parents Like to compare their children with other parents’

children. Have ‘face’ if their children are behaving well. However, Prejudice towards tattoos not allow their children to tattoo to save face

Face ( 面子 )

GenerativityGenerativity

Related to a view of the self as role model Related to a view of the self as role model and source of wisdom for children and source of wisdom for children

(Hart, McAdams, Hirsch, & Bauer, 2001)(Hart, McAdams, Hirsch, & Bauer, 2001)

Men being parents scored higher on a Men being parents scored higher on a measure of generativity than childless measure of generativity than childless men men

(McAdams & de St. Aubin, 1992)(McAdams & de St. Aubin, 1992)

GenerativityGenerativity

Parents will have a higher moral standard Parents will have a higher moral standard

More likely to hold an negative attitude More likely to hold an negative attitude toward things which are not widely toward things which are not widely accepted by the society.accepted by the society.

Discussion-Hypothesis 2Discussion-Hypothesis 2

Past ExperiencesPast Experiences

In the past, tattoos are not as popular In the past, tattoos are not as popular as today. as today.

Singers and artists don’t have tattoos.Singers and artists don’t have tattoos.

Form a concept that only triad Form a concept that only triad members will have tattoos.members will have tattoos.

Young adults are more likely to get a tattoo. Aged people think tattoo is a kind of teenage

thing Having tattoo seems not for aged peopleTattoo is not their groupThey will have an out-group prejudice towards

whose who have tattoos.

Out-group prejudice

Sagging and bagging

As skin aged, sagging and bagging occursAs skin aged, sagging and bagging occurs

The shape of the tattoo cannot retain for a The shape of the tattoo cannot retain for a long period of time. long period of time.

Tattoo and even the whole appearances will Tattoo and even the whole appearances will looks bad.looks bad.

Hence, elder people don’t hold a positive Hence, elder people don’t hold a positive attitude toward having tattoos.attitude toward having tattoos.

ImplicationImplication

WorkplaceWorkplace

Discrimination in the workplaceDiscrimination in the workplace

As interviewers and employers As interviewers and employers MMiddle-aged iddle-aged MMay already became parentsay already became parents ∴ ∴ PPrejudice level would be higher according to rejudice level would be higher according to

our findingour finding

Discrimination in the workplaceDiscrimination in the workplace

Tattooed Interviewees:Tattooed Interviewees: AAre prone to be rejected from the selection re prone to be rejected from the selection

process process DDifficult to get promoted ifficult to get promoted HHighly insecure job status ighly insecure job status

Possible SolutionsPossible Solutions

For the tattooed interviewees and workers:For the tattooed interviewees and workers: Hide the tattoos during interview to against the Hide the tattoos during interview to against the

effect of 1effect of 1stst impression. impression. Try to explain the reason of having a tattoo at a Try to explain the reason of having a tattoo at a

later time (of course, it has to be logical).later time (of course, it has to be logical).

Possible SolutionsPossible Solutions

For the interviewers and employers:For the interviewers and employers: Acknowledge that 1Acknowledge that 1stst impression is not impression is not

accurate in evaluating a person’s ability and accurate in evaluating a person’s ability and stereotype is not reliable.stereotype is not reliable.

Try to listen and understand that having a Try to listen and understand that having a tattoo is not related to performance.tattoo is not related to performance.

Daily LifeDaily Life

Stereotypes Stereotypes

In General:In General: AApply broad and general definition to an entire pply broad and general definition to an entire

grougroupp RRather than address it to particular ather than address it to particular

circumstances for a particular group of people circumstances for a particular group of people

In situation of tattoo:In situation of tattoo: The broad and general consensus --- tattoos were The broad and general consensus --- tattoos were

symbolic of criminals and those suffering from symbolic of criminals and those suffering from AID'sAID's

NNegatively categorize tattoo adorners egatively categorize tattoo adorners

Suggested Ways to Eliminate PrejudiceSuggested Ways to Eliminate Prejudice

Discovering the definition of the situationDiscovering the definition of the situation Determine what is going on in a social situation, Determine what is going on in a social situation,

rather than what is socially, politically or rather than what is socially, politically or ideology projected to be occurringideology projected to be occurring

Deeper understanding and interactionDeeper understanding and interaction Interact with those targets of prejudice and Interact with those targets of prejudice and

have a deeper understanding of them.have a deeper understanding of them.

Actually, many people having tattoos Actually, many people having tattoos have specific stories underlying their have specific stories underlying their

tattoos. The tattoo is often more tattoos. The tattoo is often more than a pattern or image, but a kind than a pattern or image, but a kind

of symbolization of something of symbolization of something important to them.important to them.

Yue Fei Yue Fei 岳飛岳飛

精忠報國精忠報國 !!!!!!

Tattoo-Tattoo-Misbehavior???Misbehavior???

A Real Life ExampleA Real Life Example

Carmen Manzo, who was widowed with four boys Carmen Manzo, who was widowed with four boys her husband Greg died from accident. her husband Greg died from accident. To show her love for Greg, Carmen had his name tattooed on To show her love for Greg, Carmen had his name tattooed on

the top of her left breast. the top of her left breast. To all that knew her this was completely understandableTo all that knew her this was completely understandable

it was her form of grieving and it was accepted. it was her form of grieving and it was accepted. However, to many who did not know her and her situationHowever, to many who did not know her and her situation

they looked at her and judged her never even guessing that they looked at her and judged her never even guessing that she was a mother of four, and was a recent widow. she was a mother of four, and was a recent widow.

As friends of Carmen As friends of Carmen constructed a definition of the situation, and accepted her constructed a definition of the situation, and accepted her

tattoo as a part of the grieving processtattoo as a part of the grieving processhowever to those unaware their primary frames hindered however to those unaware their primary frames hindered

achieving a proper definition. achieving a proper definition.

LimitationsLimitations

Sample Size is not large enough.Sample Size is not large enough.

Size, location and pattern of tattoos were notSize, location and pattern of tattoos were not controlled in this research.controlled in this research.

Age of the children was not controlled.Age of the children was not controlled.

Further StudiesFurther Studies

To investigate whether the size, location and To investigate whether the size, location and pattern of tattoos will have different effect pattern of tattoos will have different effect in the prejudice level. (E.g. dragon pattern in the prejudice level. (E.g. dragon pattern vs. pattern of family name)vs. pattern of family name)

To study whether age of children will affect To study whether age of children will affect the level of prejudice level of parents.the level of prejudice level of parents.

References:References:Aboud, F. E. (2003). The Formation of In-Group Favoritism and Out-Aboud, F. E. (2003). The Formation of In-Group Favoritism and Out-

Group Prejudice in Young Children: Are They Distinct Attitudes? Group Prejudice in Young Children: Are They Distinct Attitudes? Developmental Psychology, 39 (1), 48-60Developmental Psychology, 39 (1), 48-60

Bacardi-Gasco´n .M., Leon-Reyes, M.J., & Jime´nez-Cruz, A. (2007). Bacardi-Gasco´n .M., Leon-Reyes, M.J., & Jime´nez-Cruz, A. (2007). Stigmatization of overweight mexican children. Child Psychiatry Stigmatization of overweight mexican children. Child Psychiatry Human Development. Vol 38, 99–105Human Development. Vol 38, 99–105

Baumeister, R. F. & Bushman, B. J. (2005). Baumeister, R. F. & Bushman, B. J. (2005). Social psychology and Social psychology and human nature. Belmont, CA: Thomson Higher Education.human nature. Belmont, CA: Thomson Higher Education.

Fisher, J. A. (2002). Tattooing the body, marking culture. Body and Fisher, J. A. (2002). Tattooing the body, marking culture. Body and Society, 8(4), 91–107.Society, 8(4), 91–107.

Jaffe, K., & Worobey, J., (2006). Mothers’ attitudes toward fat, weight, Jaffe, K., & Worobey, J., (2006). Mothers’ attitudes toward fat, weight, and dieting in themselves and their children. Body Image .Vol. 3, and dieting in themselves and their children. Body Image .Vol. 3, 113–120113–120

Hart, H.M., McAdams, D.P., Hirsch, B.J., & Bauer, J.J. (2001). Hart, H.M., McAdams, D.P., Hirsch, B.J., & Bauer, J.J. (2001). Generativity and social involvement among African Americans and Generativity and social involvement among African Americans and white adults. Journal of Research in Personality, 35, 208-230white adults. Journal of Research in Personality, 35, 208-230

References:References:Lcq2: Body Piercing Services (2002). Retrieved February 10, 2008 from Lcq2: Body Piercing Services (2002). Retrieved February 10, 2008 from

http://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/200205/22/0522177.htmhttp://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/200205/22/0522177.htm

Long, G. E. & Rickman, L. S. (1994). Infectious complications of tattoosLong, G. E. & Rickman, L. S. (1994). Infectious complications of tattoos. . Clinical Infectious Diseases, 18 Clinical Infectious Diseases, 18 610-619.610-619.

McAdams, D.P., & de St. Aubin, E. (1992). A theory of generativity and McAdams, D.P., & de St. Aubin, E. (1992). A theory of generativity and its assessment through self-report, behavioral acts, and narrative its assessment through self-report, behavioral acts, and narrative themes in autography. themes in autography. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 6262, 1003-1015, 1003-1015

Maykovich, M.K. (1975). Correlates of Racial Prejudice. Maykovich, M.K. (1975). Correlates of Racial Prejudice. Journal of Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 32(6), Personality and Social Psychology, 32(6), 1014-10201014-1020

Stirn A., Hinz A., & Brahler E. (2006). Prevalence of tattooing and body Stirn A., Hinz A., & Brahler E. (2006). Prevalence of tattooing and body piercing in Germany and perception of health, mental disorders, and piercing in Germany and perception of health, mental disorders, and sensation seeking among tattooed and body-pierced individuals. sensation seeking among tattooed and body-pierced individuals. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 60, 531 – 534.Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 60, 531 – 534.

Steinberg, L. (2007). Risk taking in adolescence. Steinberg, L. (2007). Risk taking in adolescence. Current Directions in Current Directions in Psychological Science, 16Psychological Science, 16, 55-59, 55-59

References:References:http://www.deir.qld.gov.au/industrial/rights/conditions/discrimination/http://www.deir.qld.gov.au/industrial/rights/conditions/discrimination/

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