Effects of Polluted Water Irrigation on Environment … IJBAS-IJENS.pdfEffects of Polluted Water...

International Journal of Basic & Applied Sciences IJBAS-IJENS Vol:10 No:03 31

104703-4949 IJBAS-IJENS © June 2010 IJENS I J E N S

Effects of Polluted Water Irrigation on Environment

and Health of People in Jamber, District Kasur,

Pakistan Muhammad Aqeel Ashraf

1, Mohd. Jamil Maah

1, Ismail Yusoff

2 , Karamat Mehmood

3

1Department of Chemistry University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia. 2Department of Geology, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia.

3Department of Chemistry, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan.

Corresponding Author; Email: [email protected]

Tel.: +6017 277 0972 Fax +603 7967 5149

Abstract-- A study was conducted in Jamber Khurd, a union

council of Tehsil Pattoki, district Kasur in Punjab province,

Pakistan, in order to determine the effects of using polluted

water for irrigation which disturbed the quality of ground

water and then its ultimate effects on the environment and

health of common man living in the area. Different water quality parameters were studied in ground water samples that

includes physico-chemical parameters (pH, temperature,

dissolved oxygen, conductivity, turbidity and total dissolved

solids), anions (carbonates, bicarbonates and chlorides),

cations (sodium, calcium and magnesium), biological parameters like total coliform (faecal coliform and e- coli),

heavy metals (manganese, nickel, chromium, lead, copper,

cobalt, iron and zinc), Sodium absorption ratio (SAR) and

residual sodium carbonate (RSC). The results were compared

with National Environment Quality Standards (NEQS). The results of the study show that, the use of polluted water

increases the value of conductivity, total dissolved solids,

sodium absorption ratio and residual sodium carbonate in

ground water and exceeds the acceptable limits of National

Environment Quality Standards. After detailed survey it was concluded that the use of polluted water not only degraded the

ground water quality but also have a severe health hazard on

the residents of the area. The concentration of heavy metals

was also found to be higher than acceptable range. Possible

recommendations were given, in order to protect the area from pollution degradation.

Index Term-- Ground water, pollution, health effects,

people, Pakistan.

I. INTRODUCTION

Polluted water consists of Industrial discharged effluents,

sewage water, and the rain water. The use of this type of

water is a common practice in agriculture. Estimation

indicates that more than fifty countries of the world with an

area of twenty million hectares area are treated with polluted

or partially treated polluted water [1]. In poor countries of

the world more than 80% polluted water have been used for

irrigation with only seventy to eighty percent food and

living security in industrial urban and semi urban areas[2].

Polluted water is complex water resource with both

advantageous and also disadvantageous. Generally the use

of polluted water for irrigation has an advantage of crop

production so benefits to farmers and the whole community

but also harmful for the people and whole ecosystem of the

concerned area. The main reason for the use of this polluted

water is the non availability of enough funding to treat

polluted water before using for irrigation purposes. As a

result it degrades the environment as well as a cause of

water borne diseases in the said area. All polluted water

contains plant nutrients and also organic matter other than

high concentration of soluble salts and heavy metals [3].

Farmers use polluted water to save their

expenses[4].Harmful effects can last for several years due to

extensive irrigation of polluted water so it can not only leach

down the soil but also has a negative effect on ground water

quality. In Pakistan more than eighty percent of the

population use ground water for drinking purpose. The

effects of water pollution are numerous. Some water

pollution effects are recognized immediately, whereas

others don’t show up for months or years. When toxins are

in the water, the toxins travel from the water the animals

drink to humans when the animals’ meat is eaten so the

pollutants enter the food chain. Infectious diseases such as

typhoid and cholera can be contracted from drinking

contaminated water. This is called microbial water

pollution. The human heart and kidneys can be adversely

affected if polluted water is consumed regularly. Other

health problems associated with polluted water are poor

blood circulation, skin lesions, vomiting, and damage to the

nervous system. In fact, the effects of water pollution are

said to be the leading cause of death for humans across the globe [5].

The irrigation system of Punjab Province, Pakistan is

accompanied by a network of drainage system. The drains

were originally constructed to counter the problem of water

logging and to collect the surplus water and flood water. But

in the present scenario due to increased population and

industrialization, the drains mainly carry the industrial and

municipal effluents that are ultimately carried to the canals

and rivers. The untreated industrial and municipal wastes

have created multiple environmental hazards for mankind

and have become a threat to the various useful uses

including irrigation, drinking and sustenance of aquatic life.

The drainage water contains heavy metals in addition to

biological contaminations. This water adds pollution to our

food chain in addition to groundwater contamination when

used to irrigate crops. These risks must be kept at a level acceptable to the community [6].

mailto:[email protected]



II. DESCRIPTION OF STUDY AREA

Kasur is one of the oldest industrial cities of Pakistan. It is

located 55 kilometres away on southeast side of Lahore on

Indo-Pak border [7].More than five thousand hectares area

of Kasur was irrigated by polluted water mainly from River

Ravi. The study was conducted in Jamber Khurd Union

Council of Tehsil Pattoki district Kasur. Jamber Khurd is

located at (310

08’ 11.04‖ N, 730 55’ 7.68‖ E). National

Highway N5 (Multan-Lahore Road) is present on east while

Balloki Sulemanki (BS) Link canal also called Lower

Depalpur Canal is present on west of the town which

originates from River Ravi at Balloki headworks. According

to Population Census Organization of Pakistan (1998),

Jamber Khurd has a population thirteen thousands, with an

area of 1024 hectares being irrigated from River Ravi which

at present the most polluted river in Pakistan. The soil of the

study area is Late Pleistocene silty loess but the dating of

silty loess is 1-6 million annum [8]. The contents of soils are

mainly silt, loamy clay, clay and sand while, the loamy clay

increase gradually with distance form riverbed [9]. There

are significant changes in lithologies. Short absorb capacity

of ground; a large amount of water would naturally cause

runoff. The average annual rainfall in the area is about 650

mm, in which 65% occur during the southwest monsoon

(June to September) while the contribution from northeast

monsoon is nearly 20% and the rest is received during the

pre-monsoon period.

Fig. 1. Jamber Khurd Town, Kasur Pakistan

III. MATERIAL & METHODS

In order to determine the environmental impacts of polluted

water, a study was conducted to estimate the contamination

in groundwater after irrigation. Representative sampling is

probably most difficult in situations where reliable data are

needed most [10]. Chemists have struggled for decades with

the difficulties involved in obtaining representative

analytical results from bulk solid or natural water samples.

Scientists who have worked with environmental samples

fully appreciate these difficulties. To get truly representative

samples, site conceptual model was developed which is

based on underground water flow, contaminant fate and

transport [11] as shown in fig. 2.

Fig. 2. Jamber Town Sampling Conceptual Model



Twenty sites were selected in the Jamber area for the

collection of ground water sample and Global Positioning

System (GPS) were used to confirm the final location of the

sampling point [12]. Samples were taken by making single

level boreholes which were drilled by cable tool percussion

method at a depth of 120-160 feet.

Fig. 1. Arial View with Sampling Stations of Jamber Khurd Town, Kasur Pakistan

Stainless steel bladder pumps were used at boreholes with

flow rate 1L/min due to extremely coarse-textured

formation. For sampling lowflow purging technique were

used [13].The passing of the sampling device through the

overlying casing water causes the mixing of stagnant waters

and the dynamic waters within the screened interval. There

is disturbance to suspended sediment collected in the bottom

of the casing and the displacement of water out into the

formation immediately adjacent to the well screen. These

situations make low flow purging technique with minimal

draw drown extremely useful [14].Structure of single level

piezometer borehole with stainless steel bladder pump is

shown in fig. 4.

Fig. 4. Single Level borehole with Bladder pump.

Water Depth is measured by Stevens Contact Meter. Total

200 ground water samples were taken from these locations.

For sampling 0.45 um in-line filter connected to bladder

pump is used and rinsed with 50 ml ground water prior to

sample collection. Filter has a net filtration area of 130 cm2.

The medium to be filtered only has contact with the

chemically inert Teflon. The rest of the apparatus consist of

stainless steel. Water samples were filtered and collected in

250 ml plastic bottles for anions analysis and cooled at 4 0C,

for cations and metal analysis water samples were collected

in 125ml plastic bottles, preserved with 4ml/ L HCl for

cations and 8ml/L HNO3 for metals analysis and preserved

at 4 0C followed by the EPA standards for water sampling



and handling [15].Ground water sampling and well purging

data is represented in (Table I).

Well drilling/completion, purging, sampling and analysis

steps all contribute to error in ground-water monitoring

results. Therefore quality assurance procedures and quality

control checks were strictly followed and implemented

throughout the project in order to get accurate results. [16],

[17]. Blanks, standards, and spiked samples for field

QA/QC performance were used are analogous to the use of

laboratory blanks, standards, and procedural or validation

standards. The fundamental goal of field QC is to ensure

that the sampling protocol is being executed faithfully and

that situations leading to error are recognized before they

seriously impact the data. The use of field blanks and

standards and spiked samples can account for changes in

samples which occur after sample collection. Field blanks

and standards enable quantitative correction for bias (i.e.,

systematic errors) which arises due to handling, storage,

transport and laboratory procedures. Spiked samples and

blind controls provide the means to achieve combined

sampling and analytical accuracy or recoveries for the actual

conditions to which the samples have been exposed.

Following measures were taken for high level QA/QC

performance in the field;

Trip blank and temperature blank samples: Trip blanks

and temperature blank for cations, anions and metals were

filled and sealed in the same manner as actual samples for

cations, anions and metals analysis. Trip blanks consist of a

set of pre-filled 40-ml purge-and-trap vials and are to

accompany each cooler containing metals sample. These

sample vials travel with the actual sample vials to and from

the field in the cooler, to the well head, etc., so the blanks

were exposed to the same conditions as the actual samples.

The vials were not opened until analyzed in the laboratory

along with the actual samples they have accompanied.

Equipment blank samples: Equipment blanks are used to

determine the adequacy of the decontamination procedures

applied to reusable sampling equipment. Place pumps and

tubing that have been decontaminated were filled with clean

water, and also filled sample vials for the equipment blank

using the same lot of sampling container, sampling

equipment and the same sampling methods that are used to

collect the other sample. One equipment blank sample was

used each day, by each field sampling crew, for the reusable

sampling equipment.

Duplicate samples: One field duplicate sampling set was

collected for each sampling event. Duplicate samples were

collected by sequentially filling all containers as close

together in time as practical.

Physio-chemical parameters pH, temperature, conductivity,

dissolved oxygen, turbidity and total dissolved solids were

measured in situ by AquaSensors DataStick TM

multiparameter probe while total coliform (Faecal coliform,

E- coli) [18], anions (CO3

--

, HCO3

-

, Cl-

) [18], cations (Na+

,

Ca++

+ Mg++

) [18], heavy metals like Mn, Ni, Cr, Pb, Cu,

Co, Fe, Zn were measured in the laboratory by using AAS

Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (Perkin Elmer Mode

2380) and compared with NEQS standards [19]. AAS was

calibrated for each element using standard solution of

known concentration before sample injection [20].

Cations and Anions are determined only to calculate Sodium

Absorption Ratio (SAR) and Residual Sodium Carbonate

(RSC); which were calculated by the following equations ;

SAR = Na / {(Ca + Mg) / 2}1/2

RSC (me L-1

) = (CO3

--

+ HCO3

-

) – (Ca++

+ Mg++

)

Where the concentrations are expressed in milli equivalents

per liter (me L-1

) [21].

In the second phase of this project, a community survey was

conducted among 3,222 inhabitants in 6 hospitals, 11 health

care units and 755 houses of the study area from January

2008 to December 2008 in order to determine the health

effects of polluted water irrigation by doing interview of the

people of different ages and sex. The results of survey data

were compared with the data of same size population of

Changa Manga area, same Division (Kasur) but being

irrigated from normal irrigation water. Changa Manga is the

largest planted forest in the world. It is spread over an area

of 50 km2. Chang Manga is located in the Chunian District

70 km South of Lahore. It was initially planted during the

British era to provide timber for steam locomotives. Most of

the trees found here are Kikar and Mulberry. Presently, a

portion of the forest has been turned in to a park for

recreational purposes. Lots of people visit Changa Manga

every year. There are many activities to keep the visitors

interest alive. The main activity being a small rail ride

which takes the visitors on a 5 km ride through the forest.

IV. RESULTS & DISCUSSION

Ground Water Quality Analysis

The data of water quality obtained from study area was

analyzed statistically for mean, standard deviation and

percentage following the standard procedure [22]. Data in

(Table II) represents the quality criteria for irrigation water

in terms of suitable, marginal and unsuitable irrigation water

quality which have been developed by U.S. salinity staff for

irrigation and drainage [23]. Data in Table (III, IV) shows

range, mean and standard deviation with quality criteria of

total two hundred samples analyzed from each location. pH

of water samples ranged from 8.4-9.1 with 80 (35%)

samples out of 200 are fit, 108 (47%) marginally fit and 12

(18%) are unfit, temperature ranged from 22-26 0C with 134

(67%) samples out of 200 are fit, 62 (31%) marginally fit

and 4 (2%) are unfit while dissolved oxygen ranged from 5-

8 mg/L with 98 (49%) samples out of 200 are fit, 74 (37%)

marginally fit and 28 (14%) are unfit. Overall these

parameters are within the permissible limits set by National

Environment Quality NEQS for irrigation water quality. The

other water quality parameters such as conductivity,

turbidity, TDS, RSC, SAR, chlorides, FC and E.coli of

water samples does not follow the criteria set by NEQS for

irrigation. So by comparing results of (Table III) with (Table

IV), it was again found that different parameters exceeding

the water quality limits for irrigation. Similar kinds of



results have also been reported by different researchers.

[24], [25]. Irrigation water contains a mixture of naturally

occurring salts. The extent to which the salts accumulate in

the soil will depend upon the irrigation water quality,

irrigation management and the adequacy of drainage.

Salinity control becomes more difficult as water quality

becomes poorer. As water salinity increases greater care

must be taken to leach salts out of the root zone before their

accumulation reaches at concentration which might affect

yield [26]. Conductivity ranged from 3500-4970 μS cm-1

with 24 samples (12%) out of 200 are fit, 38 (19%)

marginally fit and 138 (69%) are unfit. Turbidity ranged

from 25-100 NTU

with 56 samples (28%) out of 200 are fit,

49 (24.5%) marginally fit and 95 (47.5%) are unfit. TDS

ranged from 3000-5000 mg/L

with 12 samples (6%) out of

200 are fit, 19 (9.5%) marginally fit and 169 (84.5%) are

unfit. SAR represents the relative proportion of Na to Ca +

Mg. The SAR of water samples ranged from 0.1 to 33.5

with mean of 18.69 and standard deviation of 12.44 (Table

3). Considering relative frequency dis tribution regarding

SAR (Table 5), 76 samples (38%) were fit, 21 samples

(10.5%) were marginally fit and remaining 103 samples

(51.5%) were unfit. Sodium adsorption is stimulated when

Na proportion increases as compared to Ca + Mg resulting

in soil dispersion [27]. At high levels of sodium relative to

divalent cations in the soil solution, clay minerals in soils

tend to swell and disperse and aggregates tend to slake,

especially under conditions of low total salt concentration

and high pH. As a result, the permeability of the soil is

reduced and the surface becomes more crusted and

compacted under such conditions. Soil’s ability to transmit

water is severely reduced by excessive sodicity [26]. The

irrigation water containing excess of CO3

and HCO3

will

precipitate calcium and hence sodium will increase in soil

solution. It leads to saturation of clay complex with sodium

and consequently decreased infiltration rate. The RSC

values of water samples ranged from 0-21.4 me L-1

with

mean of 6.51 me L-1

and standard deviation of 4.82 (Table

3). Forty three samples (21.5 %) out of 200 were fit, 56

samples (28 %) were marginally fit and remaining 101

samples (50.5 %) were unfit (Table IV). Data in (Table III,

IV) also indicates high percentage of total coli-form that is

faecal Coli-form and E.Coli then the acceptable limits

according to NEQS.

The fitness of water of different sites depends upon the

average condition of soil texture, quantity of irrigation water

applied, soil drainage, infiltration rate etc along with other

variables like climate and tolerance of crop to salts. It was

observed that most of the water samples were unfit due to

high RSC. Farmers can use high RSC water for growing

crops after gypsum amendment. Gypsum requirement can

be calculated by following formula:

Gypsum requirement (kg) = RSC (me L-1

) × discharge

(cusec) × working hours × 8.8

Water quality also depends upon texture of the soil.

Irrigation water unfit for fine textured soils might not be so

for coarse textured soils (Table III). Farmers can use

marginal and unfit water for salt tolerant crops like wheat,

sorghum etc as these crops have physiology for moderating

the ill effects of salts. An integrated, holistic approach is

needed to conserve water and prevent soil salinization and

water logging while protecting the environment and

ecology. Firstly, source control through the implementation

of more efficient irrigation systems and practices should be

undertaken to minimize water application and reduce deep

percolation. Conjunctive use of saline groundwater and

surface water should also be undertaken to aid in lowering

water table elevations, hence to reduce the need for drainage

and its disposal, and to conserve water [26].

Efficiency of irrigation must be increased by the adoption of

appropriate management strategies, systems and practices

and through education and training. There is usually no

single way to achieve salinity control in irrigated lands and

associated waters. Many different approaches and practices

can be combined into satisfactory control systems. The

appropriate combination depends upon economic, climatic

and social as well as hydro-geologic situations [26].

(Table III) represents the maximum concentration of Fe

which has 58% of the total metal concentration while the

concentration of Mn, Zn, Cu, Cr and Co are higher than the

permissible level of NEQS but the concentration of Ni and

Pb is in the acceptable range. These species may react with

the other and the equilibrium of system may alter and may

enter the food chain due to the changing in redox

equilibrium. The presence of other trace metals is not out of

question. So The Balloki and Sulemanki head works, water

distributor to Jamber area may have heavy pollution of other

metals which are need to be determined. The odour and

color of irrigation channels especially at Head Balloki,

Sulemanki may be due to the presence of some toxic species

and microbial activities, which also need to be analyzed.

Industrial effluents and municipal wastes discharging into

irrigation channels may be monitored exclusively.

Health Effects on Common Man

To analyze the effects of polluted water on health of

common man, people were interviewed for 12 months. Total

3222 inhabitants were interviewed according to their age

and sex. The same population were interviewed in Changa

Manga Town in the same district Kasur, being irrigated with

fresh water, largest man made forest in the world and a

picnic spot. (Table VI, Graph 1) shows that in Jamber

Town, out of 3222 inhabitants being interviewed, 2351

were effected by different kind of diseases which shows that

76.07% of the population is effected and only 23.93% is

normal (Graph 2). Most of the persons being investigated

were affected by nail problem, skin problem and fever. In

Changa Manga, out of 3222 inhabitants being interviewed,

only 1289 were effected diseases (Table VII, Graph 1)

which are 40.0% of the total population investigated while

60.0% were normal (Graph 3). So it can observe that the

ratio of infection in Jamber Town is two times higher then

in Changa Manga. It was also found that most of the persons

being investigated were affected by nail problem, skin

problem, diarrhoea and fever. (Table VIII) shows that in

Jamber, female population (55.12%) is more effected with

diseases then male population (44.87%) while in Changa

Manga rate of infection is equal in male (50.65%) and



female (49.34%). Furthermore in Jamber population with

age (1-10, 61 and above) are mostly infected by diseases

while in Changa Manga, no such pattern was observed. This

study shows that the percentage of the mentioned diseases is

higher in Jamber Khurd area where underground water is

polluted due to polluted water irrigation as compared to

Changa Manga, with fresh water for irrigation. The study

indicates that people are more susceptible to stomach and

digestive system diseases like skin problem, nail problem,

diarrhoea, diarrhoea with fever and dysentery etc. which is

the direct effect of polluted water used for drinking and for

irrigation purposes. The present study also indicates the

percentage of getting ill for a family in one year is also

greater in this area as compared to other areas. An

immediate action should be taken to save the community as

well as the future generation.

V. CONCLUSION & RECOMMENDATIONS

The analytical data indicate that all sampling stations are fit

with respect to irrigation parameters (pH, temperature and

DO) while parameters (conductivity, turbidity, TDS, SAR,

RSC, FC and E.Coli) exceeds NEQS limits for irrigation.

The trace metal Ni and Pb reflects low while Fe, Mn, Zn,

Cu, Cr and Co reflects their higher concentration in the

system under the present scenario. The main reason for the

water pollution is the discharge of untreated industrial

effluents directly into the water reservoirs that results in a

high level of pollution in the surface water of reservoirs and

also in ground water. This poor quality water causes health

hazard and death of human being, aquatic life and also

disturbs the production of different crops. The main reasons

for this problem are lack of funding, lack of water treatment

plants and lack of awareness. From the present study it can

be concluded that the results are somewhat in range of

NEQS standards but if preventive measures could not be

taken then toxic level of harmful material can mix up with

the ground water and can cause serious damage to our whole

environment. There is no easy way to solve water pollution;

if there were, it wouldn’t be so much of a problem. Broadly

speaking, there are three different things that can help to

tackle the problem—education, laws, and economics—and

they work together as a team.

By applying following preventive measures, can reduce the

risk of ground water contamination in Pakistan.

1- Water Quality Standards such as NEQS should be

applied strictly to big industrial units draining huge

amount of wastewater effluents into drains that

ultimately reaches to rivers .

2- Strict actions leading to shutdown of unit should be

taken by the Environment Department in Pakistan

against the industrial units that are directly draining

their waste water effluents without proper treatment

into the drains and rivers.

3- Proper drainage system should be constructed in

order to reduce the risk of leakage and overflow

and also to avoid the addition of waste material into

the drains.

4- Post harvest contamination might occur during

transport or at markets. This is due to poor

sanitation facilities and lack of water supply for

personal hygiene as well as washing and

―refreshing‖ of vegetables. Efforts should be taken

to improve cleanliness in markets , washing

vegetables before selling, Displaying vegetables on

tables instead of the ground can largely reduce the

risk of pathogens. Market Committees in Pakistan

can play a vital role in this regard.

5- Concerning departments in Pakistan can make sure

that leafy vegetables are not growing in areas that

are directly irrigated by wastewater. If restriction

cannot be enforced, public awareness campaigns

should be launched to educate people about the

health risks involved.

6- Contamination risks can also be avoided by ceasing

irrigation 3-4 days before harvesting, if the crop is

less sensitive to water loss. It can allow the

pathogens to die-off.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

The work reported in this paper was carried out in

Analytical Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, The

Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Pakistan. I take this

opportunity to express my gratitude to Prof. Dr. Karamat

Mehmood and Mr. Abdul Wajid for facilitating me to carry

out my work in Pakistan. Thanks also go the IPPP Unit,

University of Malaya for providing me enough funding to

complete this work abroad.

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[28] Wapda Soil salinity Survey, Soil Salinity and Watertable Survey Directorate, Planning Division, Lahore, Pakistan, vol. 1, 1981.

[29] D.M. Malik, M.A. Khan and T .A. Chaudhry, ―Analysis method for soil, plant and water,‖ Soil Fertility Survey and Soil Testing

Institute, Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan, 1984. [30] S. Muhammad, ―Soil salinity, sodicity and water logging‖- In:

Soil Science. National Book Foundation Islamabad, Pakistan,

pp. 472-506, 1996. [31] WWF National Surface Water Classification Criteria and

Irrigation Water Quality Guidelines for Pakistan, WWF- Pakistan, Ferozepur Road, Lahore- 54600, Pakistan, 2007.

AUTHO R(S) BIO SKETCHES

Muhammad Aqeel Ashraf, M.Phil, PhD. Candidate, Department of

Chemistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Email: [email protected]

Mohd. Jamil Maah, PhD. Full Professor, Department of Chemistry and is currently serving as Deputy Vice Chancellor (Research & Innovation) in

University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Email: [email protected]

Ismail Yusoff, PhD., Associate Professor, Department of Geology, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Email:

[email protected]






T ABLE I WELL CASING & PURGING SPECIFICATIONS AT JAMBER T OWN

Sampling

Station

Date Location Well

Diameter

Depth to

Water

(ft)

Non Pumping

Water Level

Static (ft)

Well Volume

(ft3)

Casing

Material

Well Depth

BTOC* (ft)

Pump

set at

TOC (ft)

Type of

Pump

Water

Level

Pumping

(ft) moving

Purging

(Pump)

Rate

(L/Min)

Total

Volume

Purged gall

S1 11/4/2007

310 08’

32.65‖ N

730 54’ 55.92‖ E 6 Inch 124 40 19.62 Stainless Steel 4 2 Bladder

Pump 12 1L/Min 340

S2 17/4/20

07

310 08’

28.06‖ N

730 55’ 09.32‖ E

6 Inch 132 44 19.85 Stainless Steel 5 2 Bladder

Pump

10 1L/Min 318

S3 24/4/20

07

310 08’

26.89‖ N

730 54’ 50.61‖ E


Pump

14 1L/Min 354

S4 29/4/2007

310 08’

21.81‖ N

730 54’ 39.15‖ E

6 Inch 138 58 23.88 Stainless Steel 6 2 Bladder Pump

13 1L/Min 311

S5 03/5/2007

310 08’

17.47‖ N

730 54’ 25.85‖ E


9 1L/Min 344

S6 09/5/2007

310 08’

09.93‖ N

730 54’ 26.37‖ E


11 1L/Min 326

S7 14/5/20

07

310 08’

13.18‖ N

730 54’ 33.68‖ E


Pump

10 1L/Min 313

S8 18/5/20

07

310 08’

17.05‖ N

730 54’ 42.45‖ E


Pump

12 1L/Min 328

S9 23/5/2007

310 08’

20.54‖ N

730 54’ 52.91‖ E


14 1L/Min 309

S10 28/5/2007

310 08’

19.96‖ N

730 55’ 08.33‖ E


13 1L/Min 351

S11 03/6/2007

310 08’

16.39‖ N

730 55’ 16.26‖ E


13 1L/Min 345

S12 09/6/20

07

310 08’ 15.02‖ N

730 55’ 07.72‖ E


Pump

12 1L/Min 329



S13 13/6/2007

310 08’

13.53‖ N

730 54’ 55.48‖ E


11 1L/Min 348

S14 18/6/2007

310 08’

19.39‖ N

730 54’ 44.94‖ E


15 1L/Min 319

S15 23/6/2007

310 07’

59.63‖ N

730 54’ 26.78‖ E


10 1L/Min 328

S16 29/6/20

07

310 08’

1.44‖ N

730 54’ 42.32‖ E


Pump

11 1L/Min 324

S17 04/7/20

07

310 08’

3.37‖ N

730 54’ 54.25‖ E


Pump

14 1L/Min 337

S18 10/7/2007

310 08’

08.93‖ N

730 55’ 07.78‖ E


12 1L/Min 344

S19 14/7/2007

310 08’

02.26‖ N

730 55’ 07.94‖ E


10 1L/Min 317

S20 18/7/2007

310 07’

46.76‖ N

730 55’ 5.86‖ E


11 1L/Min 321

BTOC*

below top of casing

TOC*

top of casing

Specifications

Nominal Stainless steel, type schedule 40, fine thread, casing diameter 2 inch, Wt lbs/ft 1.732.

Pump dials cycles/min.

Stabilization Criteria DO +/- 0.3 mg/L Turbidity +/-10%

EC +/- 3% pH +/- 0.1 Units



T ABLE II IRRIGATION WATER QUALITY CRITERIA

Serial No. Parameter Status Richards, L. A. (1954)

[28]

WAPDA (1981)

[29]

Malik et al. (1984)

[30]

Muhammad (1996)

[31]

1 pH Suitable 6.0-7.5 6.0-7.5 6.5-7.5 6.5-7.5

Marginal 5.5-8.00 6.0-8.00 6.0-8.00 6.0-8.00

Unsuitable Above or Below Above or Below Above or Below Above or Below

2 Temperature 0C

Suitable 22-26

24-26 24-26 24-26

Marginal 15-28 15-30 15-30 15-30

Unsuitable Above or Below Above or Below Above or Below Above or Below

3 DO mg/L Suitable 7.0-8.0 7.5-8.5 7.0-8.5 7.5-8.5

Marginal 5.0-8.5 5.0-8.50 5.0-8.5 5.0-8.0

Unsuitable <5.0 <5.0 <5.5 <5.5

4 Conductivity µS/cm Suitable 750 <1500 <1500 <1000

Marginal 751-2250 1500-3000 1500-2700 1001-1250

Unsuitable >2250 >3000 >2700 >1250

5 Turbidity NTU Suitable 10-15 5-15 5-10 5-15

Marginal 5-25 5-50 5-30 5-30

Unsuitable >25 >50 >30 >30

6 Total dissolved solids

mg/L

Suitable 500 1,000 1,000 1,000

Marginal 500-1,000 1,000-2,000 1,000-1,500 1,000-1,500

Unsuitable >1,000 >2,000 >1,500 >1,500

7 RSC me L-1

Suitable <1.25 <2.5 <2.0 <1.25

Marginal 1.25-2.50 2.5-5.0 2.0-4.0 1.25-2.50

Unsuitable >2.50 <5.0 >4.0 >2.50

8 SAR Suitable <10 <10 <7.5 <6.0

Marginal 10-18 10-18 7.5-15 6.0-10.0

Unsuitable >18 >18 >15 >10.0

9 Cl me L-1

Suitable <4.5 - 0-3.9 -

Marginal - - - -

Unsuitable >4.5 - >3.9 -

10 Faecal Coliform

FC/100ml

Suitable <150 <100 <50 <50

Marginal 150-250 100-200 50-200 50-200

Unsuitable >250 >200 >200 >200

11 E.Coli EC/100ml Suitable <150 <100 <50 <50

Marginal 150-250 100-200 50-200 50-200

Unsuitable >250 >200 >200 >200



T ABLE III RANGE, MEAN AND STANDARD DEVIATION (S.D.) OF IRRIGATION QUALITY PARAMETERS WITH NEQS

Serial No. Parameter Experimental Results

(Range)

Mean Standard Deviation NEQS

1 pH 8.4-9.1 8.73 0.24 6-10

2 Temperature 22-26 24 0.42 20-26

3 Dissolved Oxygen (DO) mg/L 5-8 6 1.46 6-8

4 Conductivity µS/cm 3,500-4970 4,600 677.43 1,500

5 Turbidity NTU 25-100 78 78.67 25-50

6 Total dissolved solids mg/L 3000-5000 3498 562.34 1000

7 RSC me L-1

0-21.4 6.51 4.82 2.5

8 SAR (mmol/L)0.5

0.1-33.5 18.69 12.44 10.0

9 Cl me L-1

0.1-6.8 3.28 3.32 2.5

10 Faecal Coliform mg/L 1.0-1.5 1.2 0.0056 0.5

11 E.Coli mg/L 1.2-2.0 1.6 0.0042 0.5

12 Fe mg/L 4.10-5.0 4.34 0.77 5.0

13 Mn mg/L 1.10-1.15 1.12 1.23 0.12

14 Ni mg/L 0.19-0.24 0.20 1.26 0.20

15 Cu mg/L 1.56-1.80 1.62 2.56 1.0

16 Cr mg/L 0.09-1.50 1.16 23.24 1.0

17 Pb mg/L 0.36-0.55 0.47 25.10 0.50

18 Co mg/L 0.17-0.22 0.20 45.10 0.05

19 Zn mg/L 1.84-2.0 1.86 1.28 0.77

T ABLE IV

CONDITIONS OF WATER USE AND IRRIGATION WATER QUALITY PARAMETERS

Condition of Use Conductivity µS/cm SAR RSC me L-1

Coarse Textured Soil 3000 10 2.50

Medium Textured Soil 2300 08 2.30

Fine Textured Soil 1500 08 1.25 Irrigation water quality guidelines for Pakistan, proposed by WWF (2007) [32]



T ABLE V RELATIVE FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION OF GROUND WATER CHARACTERISTICS IN JAMBER T OWN, DISTRICT KASUR

Serial No. Parameter Class Interval Relative Frequency Distribution Status

No. of Samples Percentage %

1 pH 6.5-7.5 80 35 Fit

6.0-8.00 108 47 Marginally Fit

8.1-10.0 12 18 Unfit

2 Temperature 0C 24-26 134 67 Fit

15-30 62 31 Marginally Fit

31-50 4 2 Unfit

3 DO 7.5-8.5 98 49 Fit


8.1-10.0 28 14 Unfit

4 Conductivity µS/cm 750-1000 24 12 Fit

1001-1250 38 19 Marginally Fit

1251-1500 138 69 Unfit

5 Turbidity 1-15 56 28 Fit

16-30 49 24.5 Marginally Fit

31-45 95 47.5 Unfit

6 Total dissolved

solids

500-1,000 12 6 Fit

1,001-1,500 19 9.5 Marginally Fit

1,501-2000 169 84.5 Unfit

7 RSC me L-1

0.1-1.25 43 21.5 Fit


2.50-5.00 101 50.5 Unfit

8 SAR (mmol/L)0.5

2.0-6.0 76 38 Fit

6.0-10.0 21 10.5 Marginally Fit

10.1-14.0 103 51.5 Unfit

9 Cl me L-1

3.3-3.9 18 9 Fit


4.6-5.1 119 59.5 Unfit

10 Faecal Coliform .001-50 61 30.5 Fit


200-350 102 51 Unfit

11 E.Coli .001-50 71 35.5 Fit


200-350 42 21 Unfit



12 Fe mg/L

4.0-5.0 72 36 Fit


6.1-7.0 76 38 Unfit

13 Mn mg/L

0.05-0.10 38 19 Fit


0.16-0.20 136 68 Unfit

14 Ni mg/L 0.10-0.15 82 41 Fit


0.21-0.25 50 25 Unfit

15 Cu mg/L 0.01-0.10 33 16.5 Fit


1.0-1.1 110 55 Unfit

16 Cr mg/L

0.005-0.10 32 16 Fit


1.1-1.5 107 53.5 Unfit

17 Pb mg/L

0.10-0.35 91 45.5 Fit


0.71-1.05 36 18 Unfit

18 Co mg/L 0.01-0.03 29 14.5 Fit

0.031-0.05 43 21.5 Marginally Fit

0.051-0.70 128 64 Unfit

19 Zn mg/L 0.10-0.50 59 29.5 Fit


1.1-1.5 108 54 Unfit



T ABLE VI AFFECTED INHABITANTS ACCORDING TO AGE IN JAMBER T OWN

Age

Diseases

Cold/Pneumonia Typhoid Fever Nail Problem Dysentery Skin Problem Diarrhoea with fever Diarrhoea

15-19 51 38 56 70 48 64 32 30

20-24 40 41 50 68 44 58 38 28

25-34 29 32 41 59 33 49 34 29

35-44 24 29 38 49 29 47 31 25

45-54 35 33 46 56 32 52 36 24

55-64 39 35 49 62 36 56 33 26

65 and above 43 40 52 65 41 60 37 29

Total 261 248 332 429 263 386 241 191

Total Inhabitants 3222

Effected by Diseases 2351 Effected Percentage 76.07%



T ABLE VII AFFECTED INHABITANTS ACCORDING TO AGE IN CHANGA MANGA T OWN

Age

Diseases

Cold/Pneumonia Typhoid Fever Nail Problem Dysentery Skin Problem Diarrhoea with fever Diarrhoea

15-19 27 14 18 19 32 35 20 30

20-24 26 22 28 21 16 14 31 20

25-34 28 23 31 26 21 32 34 16

35-44 25 24 42 25 14 18 12 25

45-54 23 19 34 20 32 22 10 24

55-64 27 20 22 23 12 17 33 14

65 and above 26 17 16 17 41 10 18 23

Total 182 139 191 151 168 148 158 152

Total Inhabitants 3222

Effected by Diseases 1289 Effected Percentage 40.00%



T ABLE VIII COMPARISON OF INHABITANTS IN BOTH T OWNS ACCORDING TO AGE & SEX

Age Total Affected Persons in

Jamber Male Female Total Affected Persons in Changa

Manga Male Female

15-19 389 177 212 195 102 93

20-24 367 199 168 178 98 80

25-34 306 118 188 211 94 117

35-44 272 130 142 185 104 81

45-54 314 126 188 184 90 94

55-64 336 156 180 168 91 77

65 and above 367 149 218 168 74 94

Total 2351 1055 1296 1289 653 636

Percentage 44.87% 55.12% Percentage 50.65% 49.34%

Graph. 1. Comparison of Population Affected by Different Diseases in Both Towns

Disease Vs Inhibitants n=3222

261 248

332

429

263

386

241

191182

139

191

151168

148 158 152

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

Cold/P

eneumonia

Typhoid

Fever

Nail Pro

blem

Dysentry

Skin Pro

blem

Diarrh

ae with

fever

Diarrh

ae

Disease

Inh

ibta

nts

Jamber

Changa Manga



Graph. 2. Jamber Population Affected by Diseases

Graph. 3. Changa Manga Population Affected by Disease

Jamber Population Affected by Diseases

n=3222

Not

Affected,

23.93%

Affected,

76.07%

Changa Manga Population Affected by Diseases

n=32222

Affected,

40.0%

Not

Affected,

60.0%

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