Effects of the cold war—wider military/economic presence; paranoia over “Reds”; reliance on military-industrial-university complex

The Rise of the Cold WarAmericans fear Soviet intentions—why?

What were Soviet ambitions?—peaceful or aggressive along its power fringes? suspicions justified?

Roots of the cold war—Communism used violence, purges, terror; renounced religion and property; made shady deals (non-aggression pact w/ Hitler)

Munich analogy—no more appeasing dictators

George Kennan’s long telegram—“containment”: diplomatic, economic, military

George Kennan,

charge d’ affaires in

Moscow embassy,

who wrote the telegram

that changed attitudes

about the Soviet Union.

The Iranian crisis—gateway to oil, so get Soviets out

Aid to Greece and Turkey—help against

totalitarian takeover: Truman Doctrine (help free people

from totalitarianism)

Communism in Hungary and Czechoslovakia—Soviet manipulation begins “Eastern Bloc”

Berlin Airlift—Soviet blockade over flown

George C. Marshall, chairman of joint chiefs of staff during WWII and secretary of state for Truman, who formulated the Marshall Plan.

Berlin school children

celebrate the arrival of food

supplies during the Berlin Airlift.

East German guard defects over barrier to escape

communism.

NATO formed—first entangling alliance in American History—why?

Israel recognized—WWII creates worldwide (except for Arabs) sympathy for homeland

The Atomic Energy Commission—civilian or military control of nuclear science

Baruch plan—U.N. influence over atomic energy must be U.S. dominated: take it or leave it—Soviets leave it in pursuit of their own bomb

Bernard Baruch

Symbol of NATO.

Postwar ProsperitySources of prosperity—unbridled consumers after years of depression and war; government spending: health, education, defense

Minority workers—“last hired, first fired” to make room for returning soldiers

American G.I. Forum—Hispanic soldier in segregated cemetery?—Congressman Lyndon Baines Johnson intervenes

Black veterans and civil rights—new energy in fight against segregation

To secure these rights—Truman’s Committee on Civil Rights report; Southern Senators stand against segregation reform; Truman integrates armed forces

Organized labor—peacetime conversion brings fewer hours, lower wages, strikes

Taft-Hartley Act—90-day cool-offs,

states can adopt right-to-work laws with no closed shops

The GI Bill—tuition, fees, living

expenses or a mortgage transform nation

Henry Wallace—not enough New Deal

Dixiecrats—southern segregationalists

Truman fights back—that “do-nothing

80th Congress”; “Give ‘em hell, Harry”

Young WWII veterans registering for college classes

paid for by the GI Bill.

FDR and Truman with

Henry Wallace

behind and Strom

Thurmond (inset).

Truman with the paper

that announced his defeat.

END OF READING

The Cold War at HomeConservative anticommunism—New Deal was “creeping socialism”: next thing is communism

The H-bomb—since Soviets have A-bomb, we need H-bomb

China falls to Communists—whose fault?

The Hiss case

Chiang Kai-shek (above) and Mao

Zedong.

Whitaker Chambers testifying in the Hiss case; Nixon was Hiss’s arch-

enemy; Hiss.

Loyalty Review Board—no “Reds,

phonies and parlor pinks” witch hunt

Blacklisting—“suspects” automatically

unemployable

McCarran Act—communist registration, no totalitarian affiliation for citizenship, indefinite alien detention

The Hollywood Ten.

Senator “Jolting Joe” or “Tail Gunner Joe” McCarthy and his

hatchet man, assistant Roy Cohn, grilling a witness on a

probably groundless accusation in a Senate

committee hearing.

From Cold War to Hot War and Back

NSC-68–“strive for

victory” rather than containment—Korea jump-starts plan

The North Korean invasion—“police action”

Europe, not Asia first--Truman vs. McArthur world views

Moderates like “Ike”—Taft too conservative; Nixon Veep for conservative Republicans

Nixon’s Checkers Speech– “slush fund”?— “We’re keeping Tricia’s dog” and the coat

Truman meets with MacArthur on Wake Island during the Korean

War. Truman eventually fired his insubordinate general.

War hero Dwight Eisenhower runs for President; his running mate Richard Nixon makes his “Checkers Speech”

on TV.

Eisenhower and Korea—threatened

retaliation spurred peace settlement (1953—54,000)

The case of J. Robert Oppenheimer—barred from

research for opposing H-bomb and slightly pink past

McCarthy versus the army—Army Secretary:

“Have you no shame?”; TV audience sees him for who he is

J. Robert Oppenheimer.

Eisenhower visiting and eating with the

troops in Korea.