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Effects of the Fukushima nuclear accident on the transition to a sustainable energy system
Impact and relevance
The Fukushima accident had a great impact on the public opinion for a few months but it is now almost completely forgotten by mass media
Its impact on the crisis, energy policy and the transition to a low-carbon economy has been greatly understated:
swing of the public opinion
powerful challenge to nuclear power {
revision of energy policy in many states
not only «safer, cheaper and cleaner»
repositioning of the nuclear power lobby {
also «necessary to sustainability»
The final impact is still uncertain but certainly relevant for the transition:
in any case significant factor of cost inflation that interacts with the crisis
2
1. Introduction
2. Description of the accident
3. Reactions to the accident a): challenge to the future of nuclear power
4. Reactions to the accident b): the re-positioning of the nuclear lobby
and the likelihood of a new nuclear renaissance
5. Nuclear power generation: an intrinsically unreliable «critical process»
6. Advantages and disadvantages of nuclear power generation: a post-
Fukushima reassessment
3
DESCRIPTION OF THE ACCIDENT
Section 2
4
1st Part
The Complex dynamics
of nuclear reactors
The nuclear plant Fukushima1
5
The magnitude 9.0 Tohoku earthquake that struck Japan on March 11 2011, was the largest quake to strike the country and the world's fourth-largest earthquake in recorded history
This was the largest nuclear disaster since the Chernobyl’s in 1986, the only one with Chernobyl to measure Level 7 on the International Nuclear Event Scale
The earthquake triggered a ”scram” shut down of the three active reactorsThe ensuing tsunami stopped the Fukushima I backup diesel generators, and caused a blackout:
the subsequent lack of cooling led to explosions and meltdowns at three of the six reactors and in one of the six spent fuel pools
only prompt salt water flooding of the reactors could have prevented meltdown: delayed because it would ruin the costly reactors permanentlycommenced too late only after the government ordered it
Description 1
6
Evacuation zone
On day one of the disaster nearly 134,000 people who lived between 3–20 km from the plant were evacuated. 4 days later an additional 354,000 who lived between 20–30 km from the plant were evacuated 7
Radiation deliberate venting to reduce gaseous pressureRadiation from { deliberate discharge of coolant water into the sea
accidental or uncontrolled explosions and meltdowns The Japanese government estimates the total amount of radioactivity released into the atmosphere was
approximately one-tenth as much as was released during the Chernobyl disaster (revised up to ½ by recent studies)
butterflies captured near Fukushima have an unusual number of genetic mutations, and the deformities appear to increase through succeeding generations
According to a report published in October 2011 by the French Institute for Radiological Protection and Nuclear Safety, the emission of radioactivity into the sea is the most important ever observed
scientists monitoring sea life in the region have reported that a fish caught near the plant has radiation levels more than 2,500 times the limit established for seafood by the Japanese government
8
Nuclear fallout map
9
Radioactive Seawater Impact Map
10
Casualties
(the earthquake and subsequent tsunami caused about 20,000 casualties)
According to a June 2012 Stanford University study by John Ten Hoeve and Mark Jacobson, the radiation released could cause 180 cancer cases (the lower bound being 24 and the upper bound 1800), mostly in Japan;
there were no immediate deaths due to direct radiation exposures, but at least six workers have exceeded lifetime legal limits for radiation and more than 300 have received significant radiation doses; radiation exposure to workers at the plant was projected to result in 2 to 12 deaths
An additional approximately 600 deaths have been reported due to plant-related non-radiological causes such as mandatory evacuations
due to the disruption of hospital operations, exacerbation of pre-existing health problems and the stress of dramatic changes in life
11
REACTIONS TO THE ACCIDENT 1
SECTION 3
12
Reactions to the accident – a swing of public opinion
Japan
Before most citizen favorable to an increasing share of nuclear power generation
After an Asahi Shimbun poll found that 74% wanted a nuclear-free Japan
USA
The growing acceptance of nuclear power in the US was eroded sharply: only 43 % of those polled after the accident said they would approve building new power plants
Germany
In March 2011, more than 200,000 people took part in anti-nuclear protests in four large German cities
Italy
The growing acceptance of nuclear power was dramatically reversed after the accident as confirmed by the referendum of June 2011: 94% of votes expressed against the construction of new plants
France
Opinion polls indicated that 55% of the population were still in favour of nuclear power just after the accident but 57% against it by the end of March
.
13
Reactions to the accident – a change of policy
Japan The incumbent Prime Minister Naoto Kan announced a dramatic change of direction in energy policy promising to make the country nuclear-free by the 2030s; in the meantime: no new nuclear power plant, 40-year lifetime limit on existing plants, tougher safety standards enforced by the new independent regulatory authority
Germany On the 6 Aug. the Government decided to shut down 8 reactors and to decommission the other 9 by the end of 2022
Merkel: "[ we do not] only want to renounce nuclear energy by 2022, we also want to reduce our CO2 emissions by 40 percent and double our share of renewable energies, from about 17 percent today to then 35 percent"
Italy After the 1987 referendum the government phased out existing plants
2008: the government approves the construction of 10 new plants
After the Referendum of June 2011 a new construction ban of new nuclear plants implemented by the government
Switzerland and Spain have also banned the construction of new reactors14
REACTIONS TO THE ACCIDENT 2
SECTION 4
15
A new nuclear renaissance?Long-run cycle of fear (as in finance, see Minsky):
In the 1950s the fear was widespread because it was an untried technology evoking nuclear weapons but in the 1960 and 1970s the fear started to subside (apart from an active minority organizing impressive demonstrations)
The accidents of three Miles island (1979) and Chernobyl (1986) rekindled widespread fear that relented in the late 1990s and the first decade of the century until Fukushima (Nuclear Renaissance)
Japan
The new Prime Minister Abe was elected on 26 December 2012 and immediately said he was in favor of building new nuclear reactors
UK
Trebling of total installed capacity by 2050
China
has 25 reactors under construction to be added to the 14 already in service, providing a fivefold increase in nuclear-power generation capacity by 2020
India
will proceed with plans to order as many as 21 nuclear reactors
16
OECD IEA: decarbonization
17
18
“even if renewable and clean-fossil technologies meet extremely optimistic assumptions, a global clean-energy revolution adequate to avert catastrophic climate change will require an enormous contribution from nuclear power and extensive realization of its worldwide growth potential”
(World Nuclear Association)
World Nuclear Association: the long-term vision
19
NUCLEAR POWER GENERATION: AN INTRINSICALLY UNRELIABLE «CRITICAL PROCESS»
SECTION 5
20
Typical BWR nuclear plant
21
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF NUCLEAR POWER GENERATION:
A POST-FUKUSHIMA RE-ASSESSMENT
SECTION 6
22
Policy implications: arguments pro nuclear energy
a) safer: less casualties and radiation than with fossil fuels
Relatively { b) cheaper: less expensive than with renewables and
non-conventional fossil fuels
c) cleaner: GHGs emissions much less than fossil fuels and
similar to renewables’
23
Safer
24
Safer: deaths from energy-related accidents per unit of electricity
25
source: Paul Scherrer Institut 1998, considering 1943 accidents with more than 5 fatalities. One TW.yr is the amount of electricity used by the world in about 5 months.
Safer?
Correct stress on the heavy risks associated to the use of fossil fuel:
e.g.: over 30 thousand deaths have been attributed to US coal mining since the 1930's related to mining accidents and respiratory complications,
However, the belief in nuclear safety underestimates the number of casualties brought about by nuclear energy because:
-Difficult to establish the probabilistic cause-effect nexus even in the short run
-official estimates do not take into account the long-run effects of radiation on human health:
long latency: some cancers may take up to 40 years to develop
genetic consequences may become visible after many generations
-”exposure to radiation may disturb a number of other biological pathways: cardiovascular and immunological disorders…psychological disturbances: stress… depression and suicides…pathological changes in reproductive function…Down Syndrome” (EEA, 2013, p.5…)
26
Safer? Major incidents
Accidents under-reported and played down
Controversial UN agreement: IAEA has the right to veto any action by the WHO concerning health aspects of nuclear power (Karlsson, 2012, p.244)
Major nuclear incident =def one that either resulted in loss of human life or more than US$50,000 of property damage (US federal government) 100 major nuclear power plant accidents have been recorded since 1952, totalling more than US$21 billion in property damages
Nuclear industry claims that new technology and improved oversight made nuclear plants much safer, but 57 major accidents occurred since 1986
It was claimed that these accidents occurred in badly managed old-fashioned nuclear plants as in Chernobyl (1986);
however two thirds of these accidents occurred in the US and the worst of all, the Fukushima1 disaster, in the technologically advanced Japan using American technology (General Electric reactors)
27
Cheaper?b) the favourable cost estimates are criticized for not taking full account of
- the entire life cycle of the plant
- the scarcity of the fuel similar to that of oil
- the external diseconomies
- the crucial role of an arbitrary high rate of discount
After each nuclear disaster, the bar is set higher for safety:
reactors built after the disasters at Three Mile Island in 1979 and Chernobyl in 1986 cost 95 percent more than those built before
about the same occurred after Chernobyl and will happen after Fukushima
The cost of power generated in plants built after the Three Mile Island accident was 40 % higher, and after the Chernobyl accident it increased an additional 40 %
28
Cheaper?: scarcity of high-grade uranium
Reserves from existing uranium mines are being rapidly depleted, and one assessment from the IAEA showed that enough high-grade ore exists to supply the needs of the current reactor fleet for only 40–50 years
Expected shortfalls in available fuel threaten future plants and contribute to volatility of uranium prices at existing plants
Uranium fuel costs have escalated in recent years, which negatively impacts on the viability of nuclear projects
29
Cheaper? The construction costs of new plants already increasing before the Fukushima accident
30Source: Sokolski, 2010
Cheaper? The cost of renewables is decreasing
31
Security & safety of nuclear facilities
• Risk of major nuclear ‘incident’ is very low, but…– Terrorist groups consider nuclear facilities as potential targets– ‘Successful’ attack on high-level waste/ plutonium store could
be worse than Chernobyl– Even a ‘failed’ attack could cause major disruption
Nuclear waste
• Nuclear power creates radioactive waste which is (very) damaging to life
– High-level waste (HLW)
– Intermediate-level waste (ILW)
– Low-level waste (LLW)
– Also ‘spent’ fuel & plutonium/uranium stocks
• Much needs to be isolated from environment for 100,000+ years
Other concerns
• Inflexible, centralised energy source• Carbon emissions
– no savings before 2020– low emissions status may not last
• Uranium supplies – high-grade ore limited
• Skills shortages• Impacts of uranium ore mining • Climate change and sea-level rise• Other health and environment concerns
Alternatives
• Renewable energy– Wind– Bioenergy– Solar– Hydro– Wave– Tidal– Geothermal
• Energy efficiency– Combined heat &
power (CHP)– Building insulation– Efficient lighting– Efficient appliances– Efficient vehicles
• Controlling demand– Behaviour change
• Carbon capture and storage– ‘burial’ of carbon from
fossil fuels
Energy efficiency
• 30% of UK’s overall energy supply dumped as waste heat/ hot water from power stations– more than 10 times energy produced by nuclear power
• Combined heat & power (CHP)– UK: 7% of electricity– Netherlands: 30%– Denmark: 50%