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Effects of Two Advance Organizers on
Listening Comprehension
in Video Viewing—
Pictorial Contextual Cues
versus
Verbal Contextual Keys
Spooky Chang
July 5, 2013
Outline of the Presentation
Introduction Literature Review Methodology Results Discussion and Conclusion
IntroductionBackground and Motivation
The Increasing Importance of Listening in English Teaching
﹡the only foreign language listed as a required course
﹡the considerable number of cram schools and
extracurricular learning materials
﹡set as a formal part of college and senior high school
entrance examinations
Attitude Change ﹡passive→ active
Better Teaching/Learning Environment
IntroductionBackground and Motivation
DVD players, projectors, projection screens and speakers
movies, TV series (authentic/instructive video materials)
advance organizers
to improve English listening comprehension
Process of Listening Comprehension
﹡Bottom-up Processing View
﹡Top-down Interpretation View
﹡Schema Theory
Using Authentic/Instructional Video Materials
Advance Organizer (AO)
Literature Review
Which advance organizer should I use?
aural + pictorial
content + pictorialpictorial
content
verbalverbal + pictorial
aural + verbal
verbal + content
Brain-storming
pictorial vs. verbal
Literature Review
to probe the influences of two advance organizers– pictorial contextual cues and verbal contextual keys– on English listening
Literature ReviewFormation of the Present Study
Research Questions:
1. Do students who received the two advance organizers— pictorial contextual cues and verbal contextual keys
comprehend better than those who received none?
2. Is any of the treatments superior to the other?
3. What are the students’ attitudes towards the two types
of advance organizers?
MethodologyParticipants
three 9th-grade classes in a national high school in northern Taiwan
87 students → 39 females and 48 males
Group Number of Members
Pictorial Contextual Cues 26
Verbal Contextual Keys 29
Control Group 32
The Listening Comprehension Pretest— GEPT— intermediate listening comprehension section
Listening Comprehension of the Video -- Multiple-choice tests
Attitude Questionnaire
MethodologyInstruments
Pictorial Contextual Cues
﹡20 pictures + 20 descriptive sentences
Verbal Contextual Keys
﹡10 key lines + key words
Control Group– no treatment
Family Album U.S.A.
three video segments in one episode
MethodologyTreatments & Materials
MethodologyProcedures
Introduction of the experiment
Pretest—GEPT listening comprehension test
treatments in 3 classes + multiple-choice test
treatments in 3 classes + multiple-choice test
treatments in 3 classes + multiple-choice test
Attitude questionnaire
Data analysis
MethodologyProcedures
Class A Class B
Questionnaire Questionnaire
V1+T-pic
V2+T-pic
V3+T-verbal
V2+T-verbal
V3+T-pic
V1+T-verbal
Week 1
Week 2
Week 3
Pretest-GEPT Pretest-GEPT
Week 4
Week 4
Class C
Pretest-GEPT
V1+T-no
V2+T-no
V3+T-no
Questionnaire
+
Both the two advance organizers-- pictorial contextual cues and verbal contextual keys were effective in facilitating listening comprehension of video viewing without captions.
There was no significant difference between the two treatments-- pictorial contextual cues and verbal contextual keys. Neither of them outdid the other.
ResultsSummary of results
More than half the students held positive attitude towards receiving advance organizers as aids for video watching, and considered them helpful.
More students in Verbal Contextual Keys group than in Pictorial Contextual Cues group agreed on the effectiveness on improving listening comprehension.
Less students in Verbal Contextual Keys group were willing to receive the advance organizer again.
ResultsSummary of results
Discussion and ConclusionAnswers to Research Questions
Did students who received the two advance organizers— pictorial contextual cues and verbal contextual keys comprehend better than those who received none?
Students in both the experimental groups showed significantly better performance on comprehending the video clips.
Discussion and ConclusionAnswers to Research Questions
Was any of the treatments superior to the other?
Verbal contextual keys and pictorial contextual cues were both effective in facilitating students’ listening comprehension. However, there was no significant difference between the two advance organizers themselves.
Discussion and ConclusionAnswers to Research Questions
What were the students’ attitudes towards the two types of advance organizers?
They welcomed the way of watching
English-speaking video clips without captions. They thought positively of the utility of advance
organizers, especially students receiving verbal
contextual keys.
Discussion and ConclusionDiscussions of the Result
have an overview of the video content
Two advance organizers
less time and energy on the process of predicting the story
focus more on the meaning of the dialogue
better listening comprehension
Discussion and ConclusionDiscussions of the Result
Verbal contextual keys
need some time to digest
pressure
little or none benefit for low
proficiency participants
gain lexical supplement
better listening comprehension
not willing to receive it again being positive of its effectiveness
Generalizing from the previous studies which have been researched and the present study, advance organizers, both pictorial and verbal, could facilitate learners’ understanding, retention, or learning of new information.
Discussion and ConclusionComparison between the present and previous studies
plan an advance organizer before introducing the main teaching material
verbal contextual keys and pictorial contextual cues were both workable advance organizers for video viewing
more “real” English ﹡speed up a little when speaking English in class
﹡use more authentic/instructional videos in class
teach some listening strategies
Discussion and ConclusionPedagogical Implications of the Study
can not be generalized to students of other
ages or to other contexts
limited time
small sample size
Discussion and ConclusionLimitations of the Study
a long-term experiment (a few months or even a semester)
a bigger sample size
choose more up-to-date and trendy video materials
Discussion and ConclusionSuggestions for Further Research
Both verbal contextual keys and pictorial
contextual cues enhanced learners’ listening
comprehension.
Advance organizers can be served as a
beneficial pedagogical tool.
Discussion and ConclusionConclusion
Appendix JKey Lines for Video 1
1. I'm exhausted. My new exercise class is so hard. 2. In the beginner's class, they give you a chance to rest between exercises. 3. Doing aerobics for an hour is a lot different than lifting weights. 4. Oh, without a doubt. 5. It's a snap. 6. You are not going to be able to move after this and the aerobics class. 7. It's going to be a piece of cake. 8. What's the bet? 9. I'm on my way over. 10. Don't you forget.