Argentine-German Women20 Outreach Dialogue

March 20th, Buenos Aires, Argentina

Effects of Digitalization on Women within the G20 economies

Alina Sorgner

Christiane Krieger-Boden

Eckhardt Bode

Kiel Institute for the World Economy, Germany

� To understand how current technological change thatinvolves digitalization will affect women in the G20 economies with regard to their labor marketinclusion and financial inclusion

� To provide an overview of policies and initiatives thataddress women‘s empowerment in the digital ageand to formulate „best practices“

Aim and Scope of the Study

Gender gaps in labor force participation

persist in all G20 countries

Source: The Global Gender Gap Report 2016. 3

0,000,100,200,300,400,500,600,700,800,901,00

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Sau

di A

rabia

Ind

ia

Turk

ey

Mexic

o

Ind

one

sia

Arg

entin

a

Kore

a

Bra

zil

Ita

ly

Jap

an

Sou

th A

fric

a

Ch

ina, P

R

Un

ited

Sta

tes

Ru

ssia

n F

ed.

Un

ited

Kin

gd

om

Germ

an

y

Austr

alia

Fra

nce

Ca

na

da

Fem

ale

-to

-Male

rati

o

Labor force participation Legislators, senior officials, managers

No gender gap

Digitalization and the Future of Work

Routine tasks

(high risk of

digitalization)

Non-routine tasks (relatively low risk of

digitalization)

Manual tasks Abstract tasks

� Tasks that can be

codified

� Examples:

mathematical

calculations in

bookkeeping; data

processing; precise

executing of a

repetitive physical

operation in

production tasks.

4

Digitalization and the Future of Work

Routine tasks

(high risk of

digitalization)

Non-routine tasks (relatively low risk of

digitalization)

Manual tasks Abstract tasks

� Tasks that can be

codified

� Examples:

mathematical

calculations in

bookkeeping; data

processing; precise

executing of a

repetitive physical

operation in

production tasks.

� Require situational

adaptability, visual and

language recognition,

and in-person

interactions

� Examples: food

preparation, serving

jobs, cleaning work,

in-person health

assistance.

5

Digitalization and the Future of Work

Routine tasks

(high risk of

digitalization)

Non-routine tasks (relatively low risk of

digitalization)

Manual tasks Abstract tasks

� Tasks that can be

codified

� Examples:

mathematical

calculations in

bookkeeping; data

processing; precise

executing of a

repetitive physical

operation in

production tasks.

� Require situational

adaptability, visual and

language recognition,

and in-person

interactions

� Examples: food

preparation, serving

jobs, cleaning work,

in-person health

assistance.

� Prevalent in

professional,

technical, and

managerial

occupations

� Require high levels of

education, problem-

solving capabilities,

intuition, creativity, and

persuasion.

� Are supplemented by

computers

6

�On average, between 40% - 50% of jobs face a very high risk

of digitalization

Gender Effects of Digitalization of Jobs

Source: Survey of Adult Skills, own calculations. 7

GER

Digitalization of Jobs: Skill effects

Source: Survey of Adult Skills, own calculations. 8

� The risk of digitalization of

jobs is the highest for low-

skilled workers

� The risk of digitalization

decreases with the skill level

Low-skilled Medium-skilled

High-skilled

�The susceptibility of women’s jobs appears to increase with

increasing age.

� In Italy and Turkey, by contrast, the susceptibility appears to

decrease with increasing age.

Digitalization of Jobs: Age effects

Source: Survey of Adult Skills, own calculations. 9

GER

WOMEN

Gender gaps in entrepreneurial activities

0,00

0,20

0,40

0,60

0,80

1,00

1,20

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

So

uth

Ko

rea

Ita

ly

Tu

rke

y

Fra

nce

Ind

on

esia

Sa

ud

i A

rab

ia

Ja

pa

n

Au

str

alia UK

Arg

en

tin

a

Ca

na

da

Ge

rma

ny

US

A

So

uth

Afr

ica

Me

xic

o

Ch

ina

Ru

ssia

Ind

ia

Bra

zil

Fe

ma

le-t

o-M

ale

ra

tio

Pe

rce

nt

Males Females Ratio Female/Male

Source: The Global Entrepreneurship Monitor, 2014. Own calculations. 1

0

No gender gap

1

1

Careers in the digital sector often require

knowledge of STEM subjects

� Women are underrepresented among the STEM graduates

� The gap in STEM graduates persists in all G20 countries

0,00 0,10 0,20 0,30 0,40 0,50 0,60 0,70 0,80

JapanGermany

BrazilAustralia

United StatesCanadaFranceMexico

ArgentinaUnited Kingdom

South AfricaItaly

IndonesiaTurkey

Saudi ArabiaIndia

STEM graduates, female-to-male ratio

Digital gender divide

12

� Gender gaps rather small for internet use in general

� Gender gaps are larger for the use of mobile and digital technologies

for payments through internet or mobile phones

Source: ITU Gender Statistics. - OECD Statistics database, 2014-2015.

No gender gap

Initiatives against gender digital divide

- National level

13

Addressing women directly

� Capacity Building

� Training

� Mentoring

� Community building

Addressing society at large

� Infrastructure development

� Advocacy

� Awareness raising

Other

� Research

� Multi-stakeholder partnership

Source: ITU EQUALS, IGF, own complements.

Note: Circle size refers to number of initiatives recorded.

United States

Argentina Brazil Canada France

Germany India Indonesia Italy Korea Japan

Mexico Saudi-Arabia

South Africa United Kingdom

Australia

Initiatives against gender digital divide

- Multi-country level

14

GlobalCapacity building

Training

Mentoring

CommunitybuildingInfrastructuredevelopmentAdvocacy

Awareness raising

Research

Multi-stakeholderpartnership

Europe+CEE/CIS Africa

• International NGOs and

governments also engage in

multi-country initiatives

– On the regional level

(Europe, Africa; only little for

Asia and Latin America),

– On the global level

• Compared to national level:

– More society oriented

measures (red)

– More soft measures (light

colours)

– Hard measures for Africa

Source: ITU EQUALS, IGF, own complements.

Note: Circle size refers to number of initiatives recorded.

Examples of initiatives promotingwomen‘s empowerment in the digital age

� Promoting digital literacy skills for women and girls

� „#eSkills4Girls“ is an initiative by the German government for

emerging and developing economies. It covers different action

fields, including an online platform and an international coding

competition.

� „She Will Connect“ by Intel helps to improve women‘s digital

literacy skills, provides an online peer network and gender-

relevant content in African countries

� Promotion of advanced IT-skills to build, not just to consume

the technology through programs, such as „Ladies Learning

Code“ in Canada, „Be the Video Game Developer“ in the US,

„MariaLab Hackerspace“ in Brazil

� Addressing digital gender gap among minorities:

� “Black Girls Code” and “TECHNOLOchicas” in the US

15

Examples of initiatives promotingwomen‘s empowerment in the digital age

� Digital e-learning & networking platforms for female entrepreneurs

and investors:

� Girls in Tech in Argentina

� Next Wave in the US provide the digital platform for delivering

training content for women angel investors. It also allows to

create a network of women investors from different geographic

regions.

� Internet-based loan programs allow alternative ways to assess

creditworthiness of women without formal credit records (e.g.

Alibaba Group and the Goldman Sachs‘ 10,000 Women Initiative)

16

Many thanks for your attention!

17