37
E.G. Domestic hot-water system
E.G. Domestic hot-water system
Typical collector design(fig 6.18)
Can we understand the design criteria for each of these components?
What happens if you run such a collector too hot?
National Solar Thermal Test Facility—Sandia National Lab
What is this?
What is oil??
•Complex mixture of MANY different hydrocarbons. More complex molecules (more carbon atoms per molecule) have higher boiling points.
•The refining process separates the crude petroleum into many different types of fuels (based on boiling point, and therefore carbon number)
•Don’t forget, there are also lots of impurities (sulfur, vanadium, nickel, …).
5-10 carbons/mol.
11-12 carbons/mol.
13-17 carbons/mol.
18-20 C’s/mol.
Resources vs. Reserves(McKelvey Diagram)
Resources
Reserves
Resources vs. Reserves (McKelvey Diagram)
Resources
Reserves
Proven
Indicated Inferred
Mo
re Exp
ensive
More Uncertain
US “Proven Reserves” over the last century (does not include 2006).
US Proven RESERVES (FROM EIA)
05000
10000
15000200002500030000
350004000045000
1900 1927 1954 1982 2009 2036
Year
Re
se
rve
s (
mill
ion
s o
f B
BL
's)
Series1
http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/dnav/pet/pet_sum_crdsnd_adc_mbbl_m.htm
Changes to US Petroleum reserves
Note: Domestic “production” accounts for only about27% of our petroleum consumption
http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/aer/pdf/pages/sec1_3.pdf
Gasoline prices (EIA)
http://www.eia.doe.gov/oil_gas/petroleum/info_glance/petroleum.html
http://www.daviesand.com/Perspectives/Forest_Products/Oil_Reserves/index.html
Oil Reserves
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_reserves
http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0872964.html
Two Views of World’s “Oil” Supply
http://www.radford.edu/~wkovarik/oil/
Oil deposits
Fig. 7.9 from H&K
How do you find oil?
VIBRATOR TRUCKS
Sample seismic section
From Lafond et al. CSEG 2004 proceedings (effect of salt domes etc.)
E.G. Domestic hot-water system
Oil deposits
Fig. 7.9 from H&K
Southern Former Soviet States
Alakska National Wildlife Refuge
Model used for the seismic section
From Lafond et al. CSEG 2004 proceedings (effect of salt domes etc.)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_reserves
Well log and synthetic seismic section
Typical LNG tankers
Classic Puteri Firus (130000 m3)(Alstrom marine, 1997)
How much can you get out?
15%
35% (Total)
Up to 45% (Total)
Even out best technologyPresently leaves over halfThe oil in the ground!
Coal
14000 Btu/lb
~13000 Btu/lb
9000 Btu/lb
6000 Btu/lb
Today, 90% of UScoal consumption is used for Electricitygeneration. This accounts for 72%of all electricitygeneration in the U.S.
Energy content and impuritiesboth change with grade and location.
Coal
Strip mining (about 60% of today’sproduction in the U.S.)
Underground mining
http://mysite.verizon.net/sosborne1/underground.html
http://www.mii.org/ReclStories/JacobsRanch/Jacobs.html
Methane Clathrate
“Burning Ice”
Close up of the atomicstructure
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methane_clathrate
Methane Clathrate
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methane_clathrate
Tar sands
http://www.eos.ubc.ca/research/ubcgif/research/petrol.html
Tar sands- Bucket wheels
These devices were used to remove the overburden and remove the Bitumen. The sand was loaded onto 31 MILES of conveyor belt. These Devices were phased out in 2000 in favour of large excavators and trucks.
http://www.www.dykon-explosivedemolition.com/Archives/BucketWheel/BucketWheel.html
Tar Sands
Each truck carries up to 400 TONS, equivalent of200 barrels of crude oil (that’s $16K at 80$/bbl).
Tar sands
http://www.usask.ca/education/ideas/tplan/sslp/yukon/bitumont.htm
