Egg Production

Females are born with all the eggs

they will ever have for their

entire life.

At about age 10, the average girl starts puberty.

This is when menstruation

(period occurs).

The Average Menstrual Cycle

• Days 1-4Menstrual flow leaves the

bodyBody produces a hormone

(FSH) that selects the

“egg of the month”

The Average Menstrual Cycle

• Days 5-12•Estrogen causes the lining of

the uterus to thicken•Ova (egg of the month) starts

to mature

The Average Menstrual Cycle

• Days 13-14Ovulation occurs---this means the

egg is released from the ovary

This means fertilization can occur

for about 1 week from now

The Average Menstrual Cycle

• Days 15-20Fertilization can occur

Your body starts to produceprogesterone to

preventadditional egg

releaseRemember this is still a fertile time

The Average Menstrual Cycle

• Days 21-28•The wall of the uterus is thickened

• If egg is not fertilized, it will begin to loosen and eventually shed itself and get ready for next month

The Average Menstrual Cycle

• Remember this is the “normal” cycle

• Not every female follows this cycle• Not every female has a 28 day

cycle• Not female ovulates in the middle

of their cycle• This is the average or normal cycle

but you cannot be sure how your body works

Sperm Production

• Testes are where sperm are produced

• Unlike females, men continue to produce sperm for the rest of their life. The average male produce 12 billion sperm per month

Sperm

• Before intercourse, the penis fills with blood causing the sperm to become erect (hard)

• Ejaculation occurs (semen filled with sperm are released)

• Sperm can live up to 72 hours---most live between 34 to 48 hours

Sperm

• Think about this:–The average ejaculate contains

about 300 million sperm–200 of those sperm will live long

enough to enter the female body– It only takes one of them to

fertilize an egg

How is the sex determined?

This is an egg. It is always female. It has 22

chromosomes plus the X (female) chromosome for a total of 23 chromosomes.

How is the sex determined?

This is a sperm.There are male and female sperm.Each sperm has 22 chromosomes plus and X (female) or Y (male) for a total of 23

chromosomes

So how do multiple births occur?

• Fraternal twins are not

• identical. For some

• reason more than one

• egg is released and

• fertilized by different

• sperm. Each fertilized

• egg has it’s own sac.

• Now….how many chromosomes does a fertilized ovum have?

• Did you say 44? Wrong! Try again!

• Did you say 46? You are brilliant!– There are 22 from the egg– There are 22 from the sperm– There is 1 female from the egg– Either 1 male or female from the

spermSO THAT MAKES A TOTAL OF 46

Fraternal Twins• Each baby has it’s own amniotic

sac so they grow separately• Each baby has it’s own placenta

(gives baby nourishment)• Babies may be the same or

opposite sex• Babies may look similar because

they have the same parents• These babies may be the same or

different sexes.

Paternal Twins

• These are also known as identical twins.• For some reason a fertilized egg splits.• These babies share a sac• and placenta

More than 2 babies…

• The same concepts apply to any multiple birth. For example, you can have triplets and 2 are identical and 1 fraternal

• You could have triplets that are all identical.

• It all depends on how fertilization occurs

Paternal Twins

• These babies will share an amniotic sac and placenta

• They will always be the same sex because it is one egg that split.

• They will always look exactly the same because it is one egg that split so all genes/chromosomes are the same.

How does the fertilized occur develop?

• Once an egg is fertilized it goes through 3 stages.

–Zygote–Embryo–Fetus

Zygote• This is the stage between

conception (egg and sperm uniting) and 2 weeks.

• Fertilized egg attaches to the wall of the uterus.

• Wall of the uterus thickens (blood and tissue)

• At end of this time it is the size of a pin head

• You may not even suspect you are pregnant at this time

Embryo

• This is between 3-8 weeks.• Many things develop:

– Body systems (respiratory, circulatory….)– Amniotic fluid (surrounds & protects)– Placenta (attaches to wall of uterus to

filter food and oxygen to the baby)– Umbilical cord (connects placenta to belly

button of baby)

Fetus• 9 weeks until birth occurs (40 weeks)• Movement begins

– Starts immediately however mom doesn’t feel until 4-5 months

• Amniotic fluid increases• Uterus continues to grow• Organs begin to fully develop• Fetus grows rapidly

Genes, Chromosomes, Traits

What’s it all about?Physical traits are observable

characteristics determined by specific segments of DNA called genes. Multiple genes are grouped together to form chromosomes, which reside in the nucleus of the cell.

Every cell (except eggs and sperm) in an individual’s body contains two copies of each gene. This is due to the fact that both mother and father contribute a copy at the time of conception. This original genetic material is copied each time a cell divides so that all cells contain the same DNA. Genes store the information needed for the cell to assemble proteins, which eventually yield specific physical traits.

• Most genes have two or more variations, called alleles. For example, the gene for hairline shape has two alleles – widow’s peak or straight. An individual may inherit two identical or two different alleles from their parents. When two different alleles are present they interact in specific ways. For the traits included in this activity, the alleles interact in what is called a dominant or a recessive manner.

What that means…

• The traits due to dominant alleles are always observed, even when a recessive allele is present.

• Traits due to recessive alleles are only observed when two recessive alleles are present.

How traits are handed down

Although science knows a lot about traits and chromosomes,

there is still some disagreements about whether some of the following traits are dominant or recessive. There

may never be 100% agreement but the following is the most widely agreed upon.

For Example

A widows peak is a dominate trait.

2 dominant traits = = 1 dominant +1

recessive

2 recessive traits =

Ear Lobes

• Attached ear lobes are recessive

Detached ear lobes are dominant

Tongue

• Rolled tongue is a• dominant trait.

This is a recessive

trait.

Look at the handout about dominant and

recessive traits.

Cleft Chin

•

• This is a

• dominate

• trait.

Dimples

Dimples are a dominant trait.

Roman Nose

This is an

example of

a roman

nose.

Handedness

Right handedness is a dominant trait while left handedness is

recessive.

Freckles

• These are dominant

Hair

• Curly hair is dominant

• Straight hair is recessive

Hand Clasping

• Clasp your hands

• together.

• If your right thumb

• is on top, that is

• dominant---left is

• recessive.

Today’s Summarizer

Think about your family. Choose three traits that you see in your

family that you have. Using the paper, tell whether they are

dominant or recessive.

Today’s Bell Ringer11/6/12

• Define the following words and write a sentence using the word.

• Infertility• Invitro Fertilization

Partner Activity

Draw a Venn Diagram

Artificial Insemination

Invitro Fertilization

Prenatal Testing

• What does prenatal mean?– It refers to the time before birth

– These test can be done to determine specific birth defects

– No test is 100% safe or accurate

Ultrasound

http://youtu.be/cK0_eC7PIgY

3D Ultrasound

Ultra Sound

• This test is used for the following:verify due datesex of baby’development is on scheduleskeletal or organ defects

Risks are unknown but considered relatively safe for both mom and

baby

Amniocentesis

• Withdraw of a sample of amniotic fluid that surrounds the newborn

.• This can detect specific birth

defects and or health problems

Amniocentesis

• http://youtu.be/bZcGpjyOXt0

• This will show how an amniocentesis is done and give you additional information about the procedure. Please take notes. This is not a “live demo” so hopefully no one will get squeamish.

Check Yourself

• At what time period is this procedure done?

• Is this procedure for everyone?• What are some reasons it is done?

• What might be some dangers of this procedure?

Chorionic Villus Sampling (CVS)

http://youtu.be/sxEf_ddmpZk

• Again, please take some notes. This is also a demo so don’t be

scared!

CVS

• How is this different from Amniocentesis?

• Why would someone choose this test over Amnio?

• Why would this procedure be more dangerous?

Prenatal Nutrition

• During pregnancy, it is very important to eat a healthy diet.

• Each of the three trimesters of pregnancy requires an increase in food intake

• It is important to eat good foods along with taking supplements from doctor

• Do not over eat

GRAINS

• Start with 6 oz and increase to 9 oz daily (1st trimester-3 rd trimester)

• Remember to eat whole grains as well as refined grains

• Whole grains provide fiber in your diet

Good Choices for Grains

• Fortified ready-to-eat cereals• Fortified cooked cereals• When buying ready-to-eat and

cooked cereals, choose those made from whole grains most often.  Look for cereals that are fortified with iron and folic acid

VEGETABLES

• Start with 2 ½ cups and increase to 3 ½ cups daily

• Eat a variety of vegetables (not the same thing every day)

• Eat a rainbow of vegetables (lots of different colors)

• The darker the veggie, the more nutrients it contains

Good Choices of Vegetables

• Carrots• Sweet potatoes• Pumpkin• Spinach• Cooked greens (such as kale, collards, turnip

greens, and beet greens)• Winter squash• Tomatoes and tomato sauces• Red sweet peppers• These vegetables all have both vitamin A and

potassium.  When choosing canned vegetables, look for "low-sodium" or "no-salt-added" on the label.

FRUITS

• 2 cups a day through the entire pregnancy

• Fruits are a naturally sweet food

• Fruits contain a lot of fiber

Good Choices for Fruits• Cantaloupe• Honeydew melon• Mangoes• Prunes• Bananas• Apricots• Oranges• Red or pink grapefruit• 100% prune juice or orange juice• These fruits all provide potassium, and many

also provide vitamin A. When choosing canned fruit, look for those canned in 100% fruit juice or water instead of syrup.

MILK

• Continue to drink at least 3 cups a day throughout the pregnancy

• The calcium helps baby’s bones and teeth to develop and strengthen

• Choose lower fat whenever possible

• Try a variety of dairy foods

Good Choices for Dairy• Fat-free or low-fat yogurt• Fat-free milk (skim milk)• Low-fat milk (1% milk)• Calcium-fortified soymilk (soy

beverage)•  • These all provide the calcium and

potassium you need.  Make sure that your choices are fortified with vitamins A and D.

MEAT AND BEANS

• Start with 5 ½ oz and increase to 6 ½ ounces daily

• Choose items low in fat or lean pieces of meat (chicken and fish)

• Try nuts, beans and seeds as a suppliment to meat

Good Choices for Meat• Beans and peas (such as pinto beans,

soybeans, white beans, lentils, kidney beans, chickpeas)

• Nuts and seeds (such as sunflower seeds, almonds, hazelnuts, pine nuts, peanuts, and peanut butter)

• Lean beef, lamb, and pork • Oysters, mussels, crab• Salmon,  trout, herring, sardines, and pollock• NOTE:  Do not eat  shark, swordfish, king

mackerel, or tilefish when you are pregnant or breastfeeding.  They contain high levels of mercury.  Limit white (albacore) tuna to no more than 6 ounces per week.

Dietary Needs and Supplements

• Prenatal Vitamins—it is important to take these as directed by the doctor

• Folic Acid---this is a B vitamin. It helps to prevent serious birth defects. Pregnant woman need to make sure they are taking a sufficient amount of this.

Dietary Needs and Supplements

• Iron—this is a mineral. It is important during pregnancy because it helps blood carry necessary oxygen to your cells.

• Too little iron causes anemia which makes you even more tired and can harm the baby

• Sodium (salt) – remember a little is good but a lot is really bad. Eat in moderation