EGYPT / EGYPTE / EGIPTO

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EGYPT / EGYPTE / EGIPTO

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UNEP/CMS/Inf. 7.14.35

National Report of the Arab Republic of Egyptto the Convention of Migratory Species of Wild Animals

(CMS)1

Nature Conservation Sector (NCS)Egyptian Environmental Affairs Agency (EEAA)

July 2002

Prepared by:Mohamed Ibrahim Mohamed, Director General, Natural Protectorates Dept. Nature Conservation Sector(NCS), EEAA.Dr. Shrief Baha el-Din, Advisor, Nature Conservation Sector (NCS), EEAA

Revised by:Dr. Moustafa Fouda, Director Natural Conservation Sector (NCS)-(EEAA).

1 According to reporting format agreed by the Standing Committee at its 23rd meeting (Bonn, December 2001)

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Which agency has been primarily responsible for the preparation of this report?

Nature Conservation Sector (NCS), Egyptian Environmental Affairs Agency (EEAA)

List any other agencies that have provided input:

Nil

I(a). General Information

Please complete any unfilled boxes and amend and/or update as appropriate the information provided in the table below:

Reports submitted: Egyptian Environmental Affairs Agency (EEAA)

Period covered by this report: 99 / 2002

Date of entry into force of the Convention in Egypt: 1 - 11 -1983

Territory to which the Convention applies: Arab Republic of Egypt, its territories and territorialwaters.

Reservations (against species listings): None

Designated Focal Point:

Nature Conservation Sector (NCS)Address:30 Misr Helwan- Zyrae Rd. Maadi, Cairo, Egypt.

Tel: (00202) 5248792, 5271391Fax: (00202) 5248792, 5256490E-mail: [email protected]

Appointment to the Scientific Council:

Dr. Moustafa FoudaDirector, Nature Conservation Sector (NCS),EEAA

(00202) 52487925271391

E-mail: [email protected]

Membership of the Standing Committee:

Competent authority: EEAA

Implementing legislation: - The law for Natural Protectorates 102/1983 - The law forthe Environment 4/1994 - the Law of Catching fishing andaquatic life 124/1983 - The law of Agriculture 33/1966.

Other relevant conventions/agreements (apart from CMS) towhich Egypt is a Party:

Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) 1992.

Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species ofWild Flora and Fauna (CITES) 1973.

International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling(ICRW) 1946.

Convention on Wetlands (Ramsar, Iran, 1971)

United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change,1992.

United Nations Convention on Law of the Sea (UNCLOS),1982.

Convention for the conservation of the Red Sea and Gulf ofAden Environment, 1982.

Convention for the protection of the Mediterranean SeaAgainst pollution, 1976.

National policy instruments (e.g. national biodiversitystrategy, etc.):

National Strategy and Action Plan for the Conservation ofBiological Diversity

Wadden Sea Seals: Party Signed but not yet entered force Non-party

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National Focal Point/Competent authority

Name:

Address:

Tel:

Fax:

E-mail:

Membership of the trilateral Seal Expert Group

Name:

Address:

Tel:

Fax:

E-mail:

Siberian Crane MoU: Party Signed but not yet entered force Non-party

Competent authority

Name:

Address:

Tel:

Fax:

E-mail:

EUROBATS: Party Signed but not yet entered force Non-party

Competent authority

Name:

Address:

Tel:

Fax:

E-mail:

Appointed member of the Advisory Committee

Name:

Address:

Tel:

Fax:

E-mail:

Membership of other committees or working groups:

ASCOBANS: Party Signed but not yet entered force Non-party

Co-ordinating authority

Name:

Address:

Tel:

Fax:

E-mail:

Appointed member of the Advisory Committee

Name:

Address:

Tel:

Fax:

E-mail:

Membership of other committees or working groups:

Slender-billed Curlew MoU: Party Signed but not yet entered force Non-party

Competent authority

Name:

Address:

Tel:

Fax:

E-mail:

Marine Turtles – Africa MoU: Party Signed but not yet entered force Non-party

National Focal Point

Name:

Address:

Tel:

Fax:

E-mail:

AEWA: Party Signed but not yet entered force Non-party

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Administrative Authority:Nature Conservation Sector, EEAA

Name:Waheed Salama Hamied

Address:EEAATel: (002 02) 539 15 33Fax: (002 02) 539 15 33


Appointed member of the Technical Committee

Name:Sherif M. Baha El Din

Address:3 Abdalla El Katib, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt

Tel: 202-7608160

Fax:202-7608160


Membership of other committee or working groups:

ACCOBAMS: Party Signed but not yet entered force Non-party

National Focal Point

Name:

Address:

Tel:

Fax:

E-mail:

Appointed member of the Technical Committee

Name:

Address:

Tel:

Fax:

E-mail:

Membership of other committees of working groups:

Great Bustard MoU: Party Signed but not yet entered force Non-party

National Contact Point

Name:

Address:

Tel:

Fax:

E-mail:

Marine Turtle MoU-Indian Oecean/South-East Asia: Party Signed but not yet entered force Non-party

Competent national authority

Name:

Address:

Tel:

Fax:

E-mail:

Albatrosses and Petrels: Party Signed but not yet entered force Non-party

Designated Authority

Name:

Address:

Tel:

Fax:

E-mail:

National Contact Point

Name:

Address:

Tel:

Fax:

E-mail:

Membership of Advisory Committee

Name:

Address:

Tel:

Fax:

E-mail:

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I(b). Additional General Information

1 Which other government departments are involved in activities/initiatives for the conservation of migratory species inyour country?

With responsibilities for law 102/1983, law 4/1994 and international Environmental Conventions, the EgyptianEnvironmental Affairs Agency (EEAA) is the main governmental body responsible for nature conservation in Egypt.While the EEAA has been overseeing the Management of the wildlife after restructuring of the agency in 1991 that aNatural protectorates Department (NPD) was established and a national Biodiversity Unit (NBU) was established in1992 with the passing of law in 1994, the EEAA was given responsibilities for hunting management in Egypt and hasbeen following-up on hunting related issues. The structure of EEAA was alsoreorganized in1994 and the NatureConservation Sector became the body responsible for Conservation of Natural Resources.

�� The Ministry of Agriculture is the largest body responsible for agriculture, land reclamation and fisheries.There are reversal bodies which have responsibilities for hunting management. The veterinary Authority isresponsible about monitoring of all animal coming into and leaving the country and can also issue licenses to huntspecies for scientific and touristic interests. The Egyptian wildlife service (EWS) has responsibilities previously forissuing CITES permits since 1978 for import and export of wild animals, but now that is the responsibility of theNational Committee for implementing CITES. The General Authority for the Development of Fish Resources(GADFR) is responsible for the management of fisheries in Egypt and the implementation of law 124/1983pertaining to the catching of fish and aquatic life.

�� Ministry of Tourism (an Environment Department) has played a decisive role in organizing game birdhuntingfor tourism and authority bird hunting tours and also issues permits for desert safari tours.

�� Ministry of Interior (Water Surface & Environment Police, Port police, Tourist police - Customs police) are themain bodies for law enforcement and are responsible for arresting violators of the laws and can also issue permitsfor guns.

�� Ministry of Defense (Border Guard Forces) play a more active role as it has jurisdiction over boarder areas andremote regions of the country, where hunting is known to take place. The border and coast guards should monitorhunting and fishing activities in areas under their control, either at the checkpoint orperiodic spot check of boatsand vehicles.

�� Ministry of Justice is responsible for prosecuting law violations concerninghunting and wildlife protection.

� Ministry of Finance is responsible for customs and monitors goods being imported and exported from thecountry. Supreme Council of Youth and Sports & Ministry of Social Affairs are responsible for approving theestablishment of sporting clubs and non-governmental organizations and supervising them and monitoringshooting clubs and associations to check that these organizations are abiding by the regulations.

1a If more than one government department is involved, describe the interaction/relationship between these governmentdepartments:

Ministry of Agriculture is currently responsible for overseeing CITES regulations.

Environment and Water Police and the Border Guard Forces are both implementing bodies.

2 List the main non-governmental organizations actively involved in initiatives for the conservation of migratory species inyour country, and describe their involvement:

Wetlands InternationalMedWetBirdLife International

Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs). There are two main NGOs in Egypt involved in or concerned abouthuntingmanagement and conservation of wildlife.

1- Shooting clubs and Associations are supervised by Supreme Council of Youth and Sports, while the associations fallunder the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Social Affairs. A number of clubs issue hunting regulations and guidelinesto be followed by their members.

2- Environmental Societies have been involved in bringing public attention tohunting and wildlife protection issues.National and International NGOs have launched campaigns aimed at encouraging the authorities to control illegalhunting and trade in wildlife. Workshops have been organised by societies to discus the problems associated withhunting and protection of wildlife in Egypt. One of the main factors contributing to the miss management ofwildlife resources is the factthat there is little awareness about wildlife and its values such as biological control andecotourism attractions.

3 Describe any involvement of the private sector in the conservation of migratory species in your country:

The role of tourism companies in implementing the annual instructions for regulating thehunting ru les.

4 Note any interactions between these sectors in the conservation of migratory species in your country:

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II. Appendix I species

1. BIRDS

1.1 General questions on Appendix I bird species

1 Identify the Ministry, agency/department, or organisation responsible for leading actions relating to Appendix I birdspecies:

Nature Conservation Sector (NCS), Egyptian Environmental Affairs Agency (EEAA).

2 Is the taking of all Appendix I bird species prohibited by the national implementing Yes Nolegislation cited in Table I(a) (General Information)?

If other legislation is relevant, please provide details:

2a If the taking of Appendix I bird species is prohibited by law, have any exceptions Yes Nobeen granted to the prohibition?

If Yes, please provide details:

3 Identify any obstacles to migration that exist in relation to Appendix I bird species:

Illegal hunting lack of awareness lack of specialised body for enforcement ofhunting legislation.

3a What actions are being undertaken to overcome these obstacles?

Reinforcing the implementation of regulations

Public awareness campaigns

Community development at critical sites

Implementation of legislation, public awareness about the wildlife and its value.

3b What assistance, if any, does your country require in order to overcome these obstacles?

Financial and technical assistance in public awareness and education programmes, and in community development

Financial and Technical support for public awareness and community development.

4 What actions have been taken to prevent, reduce or control factors that are endangering or are likely to further endangerbird species, including strictly controlling the introduction of, or controlling or eliminating, already introduced exoticspecies (Article III(4)(c))?

All CMS listed migratory bird species to which Egypt is a range state are protected under law 4/1994 and Ministerialdecrees.

Establishing National Committee to issue annual instructions for shooting Game birds.

Issuing annual regulations for shooting Game birds and water birds and also wild animals, campaignsagainst violatorsand Markets trade in wildlife, public awareness, Education.

4a Describe any factors that may limit action being taken in this regard:

Violation on natural resources to increase income. Illegal shooting andhunting, Ignorance by laws.

4b What assistance, if any, does your country require to overcome these factors?

Financial & Technical assistance.

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1.2 Questions on specific Appendix I bird species

SpeciesPelecanus crispus– Common Name(s)Dalmatian Pelican

1 Is your country a Range State for this species? Yes No

2 Please provide published distributionreference:

Goodman & Meininger (1989)

3 Summarise information on population size, trends and distribution (if known):

Rare in Egypt. A former winter visitor. Last reported in 1982, not recorded since.

4 Indicate (with an ‘X’) and briefly describe any activities that have been carried out in favour of this species in thereporting period. (Please provide the title of the project and contact details, where available.)

Research

Monitoring

Habitat protection: Habitat protection: Nile Islands and Burullus Protected Areas have been declared, where thisspecies winters or occurs on passage

Habitat restoration

Other

5 If no activities have been carried out for this species in the reporting period, what has prevented such action being taken?

N/A

6 Describe any future activities that are planned for this species:

N/A

SpeciesPelecanus onocrotalus– Common Name(s)White Pelican



Goodman & Meininger (1989), Meininger & Atta (1994), Baha El Din (1999)


An uncommon passage and winter visitor. Over 2000 were counted on passage at Zaranik Protected Area in NorthSinai. Lake Nasser now represents an important wintering wetland. 1175 were found wintering there in 1995(Baha El Din 1999).


Research

Monitoring: Regular counts are conducted at Zaranik Protected Area during autumn migration

Habitat protection: Nile Islands and Burullus Protected Areas have been declared, where this species wintersor occurs on passage

Habitat restoration

Other


N/A


N/A

SpeciesMarmaronetta angustirostris– Common Name(s)Marbled Teal





Very rare passage and winter visitor. Last recorded on passage at Zaranik PA in the 1990s. No current populations

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known to breed.


Research

Monitoring

Habitat protection: Habitat protection: Nile Islands and Burullus Protected Areas have been declared, where thisspecies winters or occurs on passage

Habitat restoration

Other


N/A


N/A

SpeciesAythya nyroca– Common Name(s)Ferruginous Duck





Egypt is considered one of the mosst important wintering grounds for the species. Lake Burullus and Lake WadiEl Rayan and the upper Nile River hold internationally important numbers (over 1% of population) Baha El Din(1999)


Research

Monitoring


Habitat restoration: Management plans are being established for Wadi El Rayan PA and Burullus PA

Other


N/A


N/A

SpeciesHaliaeetus albicilla– Common Name(s)White-tailed Sea Eagle



Goodman & Meinienger (1989), two recent records during the past 10 years in South Sinai.

3 Summarise information on population size, trends and distribution (if known):Very rare accidental visitor


Research

Monitoring

Habitat protection

Habitat restoration

Other


The species is too rare to warrant any action in Egypt.

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N/A

SpeciesAquila clanga– Common Name(s)Spotted Eagle



Goodman & Meininger (1989), Meininger & Atta (1994)


Uncommon winter visitor to Egypt’s wetlands. Scarcely observed in the Nile Valley and Delta. Numbers declining.Maximum 100 birds might winter.


Research

Monitoring


Habitat restoration: Management plans are being established for Wadi El Rayan PA and Burullus PA

Other


N/A

6 Describe any future activities that are planned for this species:N/A

SpeciesFalco naumanni– Common Name(s) Lesser Kesterl





Rare passage migrant, mostly in the eastern part of the country.


Research

Monitoring

Habitat protection

Habitat restoration

Other:Recent efforts have focused on cracking down on falcon catch ing activities, which often involve thespecies


N/A


N/A

SpeciesChlamydotis undulata– Common Name(s)Houbara Bustard


2 Please provide published distribution reference:



The North African nominate population was known to breed in northwest Egypt in the sub -desert regionadjoining the Mediterranean. The resident population has been severely reduced in recent years due to illegal

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hunting. Small numbers move into Egyptian territories during winter months.


Research

Monitoring:

Habitat protection: Siwa Protected Area was recently declared, which will provide protection to habitatsmarginally suitable for wintering birds. Two other protected areas on the Mediterranean coastal plain areproposed for declaration in coming years.

Habitat restoration

Other:Continued surveillance of known range to reduce illegal hunting activities


N/A


N/A

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2. MARINE M AMMALS

2.1 General questions on Appendix I marine mammals

1 Identify the Ministry, agency/department, or organisation responsible for leading actions relating to Appendix I listedmarine mammals:

Nature Conservation Sector (NCS), Egyptian Environmental Affairs Agency (EEAA) - General Authority for theDevelopment of Fish Resources (GADFR)

2 Is the taking of all Appendix I marine mammals prohibited by the national Yes Noimplementing legislation cited in Table I(a) (General Information)?


State and Territories have also implemented legislation, as outlined in Table I(a) (General Information). Law124/1983 for Catching Fish and Aquatic life.

2a If the taking of Appendix I marine mammals is prohibited by law, have any exceptions Yes Nobeen granted to the prohibition?


3 Identify any obstacles to migration that exist in relation to Appendix I marine mammals:

None


None


Field survey & studies to identify species and monitor the population of marine mammals. Capacity Building andPublic Awareness Campaigns.

4 What actions have been taken to prevent, reduce or control factors that are endangering or are likely to further endangerspecies of marine mammal, including strictly controlling the introduction of, or controlling or eliminating, alreadyintroduced exotic species (Article III(4)(c))?

Public awareness campaign, Monitoring of invasive species Ban on export/import of marine mammals.



Financial Support & Technical Assistances.

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3. Marine Turtles

3.1 General questions on Appendix I marine turtles

1 Identify the Ministry, agency/department, or organisation responsible for leading actions relating to Appendix I listedmarine turtles:

Nature Conservation Sector (NCS), Egyptian Environmental Affairs Agency (EEAA).

2 Is the taking of all Appendix I marine turtles prohibited by the national implementing Yes Nolegislation cited in Table I(a) (General Information)?


State and Territories have also implemented legislation, as outlined in Table I(a) (General Information).

2a If the taking of Appendix I marine turtles is prohibited by law, have any exceptions Yes Nobeen granted to the prohibition?


3 Identify any obstacles to migration that exist in relation to Appendix I marine turtles:

Accidental mortality as by- catch in nets.Reduction of nesting site habitats due to urban development disturbances.


Legislation to ban catching of marine turtles: Decrees 472/1982 for the Minister of Agriculture concerning of theban on hunting of wildlife in protected areas, Decree 1403/1990 concerning the ban of hunting, killing, capturing,transporting selling of marine turtles. Conduct public awareness campaigns- control commercial fisheries indistribution zone- protect specific nesting habitats within marine protected areas. Prime ministerial decree264/1994 concerning regulating activities in protected areas.


Capacity Building of local conservation authorities-public awareness campaigns to local and regionalstakeholders.

4 What actions have been taken to prevent, reduce or control factors that are endangering or are likely to further endangerspecies of marine turtles, including strictly controlling the introduction of, or controlling or eliminating, alreadyintroduced exotic species (Article III(4)(c))?

All species of marine turtles are protected under Egyptian legislat ion. Legislation to ban exporting or importingmarine turtles.


Low awareness of protected status of marine turtle and their endangered status


Further public education and information of the issue, establish a data base on nesting sites of marine turtle.

3.2 Questions on specific Appendix I marine turtles

SpeciesChelonia mydas– Common Name(s)Green Turtle



Frazier & Salas (1984),Kasparak (1993),Clarke et al (2000)

The status of marine turtles in Egyptian Red Sea.

3 Summarise information on population size, trends and distribution (if known):Green Turtles are found in both RedSea and Mediterranean Egyptian waters and nest in sandy beaches in both seas. The Red Sea population is largerthan that in the Mediterranean.

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Research:Recent nesting population estimate in the Mediterranean (Clarke et al 2000).

Monitoring: Of nesting along the Red Sea coast between Hurghada and Ras Banas (NCS staff)Habitat protection:Protected area with important breeding ground proposed at Wadi El Gemal, Red SeaHabitat restoration

Other: Market surveys in Alexandria (NGO input)


N/A


Ongoing research and monitoring programs, with additional habitat protection if required.

SpeciesCaretta caretta– Common Name(s)Loggerhead Turtle



Frazier & Salas (1984),Kasparak (1993),Clarke et al (2000)


Found largely in the Mediterranean, with very few records from the Red Sea. Breeding population on the Med.coast limited (see Clarke et al (2000) for estimate), but there is evidence that non -local stock (particularlyimmature animals) feed off shore Egyptian shores.


Research:Recent nesting population estimate in the Mediterranean (Clarke et al 2000).

Monitoring:

Habitat protection:The recently declared Burullus Protected Areas cover some potential nesting ground

Habitat restoration

Other: Market surveys in Alexandria (NGO input)


N/A


N/A

SpeciesEretmochelys imbricata– Common Name(s)Hawksbill Turtle



Frazier & Salas (1984), Clarke et al (2000)


Confined to the Red Sea in Egypt. Fairly good populations are found still. Breeding o ccurs on off shore islands andon the mainland.


Research

Monitoring: Of nesting along the Red Sea coast between Hurghada and Ras Banas (NCS staff)Habitat protection:Protected area with important breeding ground proposed at Wadi El Gemal, Red Sea

Habitat restoration

Other


N/A

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Ongoing monitoring programs, with additional habitat protection if required

SpeciesLepidochelys olivacea– Common Name(s)Ridley Turtle, Olive Ridley Turtle



Frazier & Salas (1984)


The Species has been recorded once in the Red Sea, its status is poorly known.


Research

Monitoring

Habitat protection

Habitat restoration

Other


Too rare in Egypt to require any specific action.


N/A

SpeciesDermochelys coriacea– Common Name(s)Leatherback Turtle, Leathery Turtle


2 Please provide published distributionreference


The Species has been recorded less than a dozen times in both the Mediterranean and the Red Sea, its status ispoorly known.


Research

Monitoring

Habitat protection

Habitat restoration

Other


Too rare in Egypt to require any specific action.


N/A

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4 TERRESTRIAL M AMMALS (OTHER THAN BATS )

4.1 General questions on Appendix I terrestrial mammals (other than bats)

1 Identify the Ministry, agency/department, or organisation responsible for leading actions relating to Appendix I listedterrestrial mammals (other than bats):

Nature Conservation Sector (NCS), EEAA; Wildlife Services, Ministry of AgricultureN/A – There are no CMS Appendix I listed terrestrial mammals to which Egypt is a range state.

2 Is the taking of all Appendix I terrestrial mammals (other than bats) prohibited by Yes Nothe national implementing legislation cited in Table I(a) (General Information)?


2a If the taking of Appendix I terrestrial mammals (other than bats) is prohibited by Yes Nolaw, have any exceptions been granted to the prohibition?


3 Identify any obstacles to migration that exist in relation to Appendix I terrestrial mammals (other than bats):

N/A


N/A


N/A

4 What actions have been taken to prevent, reduce or control factors that are endangering or are likely to further endangerspecies of terrestrial mammal (other than bats), including strictly controlling the introduction of, or controlling oreliminating, already introduced exotic species (Article III(4)(c))?

N/A

4a Describe any factors which limit action being taken in this regard:

N/A


N/A

4.2 Questions on specific Appendix I Terrestrial mammals

SpeciesGazella dorcas– Common Name(s)Dorcas Gazelle


2 Please provide published distributionreference:Osborne & Helmy (1980), Saleh (1987), Wacher (1997)

3 Summarise information on population size, trends and distribution (if known):Still occurring in stable numbers overmuch of its range east of the Nile, however it has disappeared form large parts of the Western Desert of Egyp t,main populations left around the Qattara Depression.


Research

Monitoring: Monitoring of South Sinai populations on goingHabitat protection:Protected Areas cover certain critical habitat, most recently in Siwa and the White Desert

Protected Areas (recently declared in June 2002)Habitat restoration

Other:More strict enforcement of protection regulations


N/A


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Nation wide research and monitoring programs

SpeciesGazella leptoceros– Common Name(s)Slender-horned Gazelle



Osborne & Helmy (1980), Saleh (1987), Wacher (1997)

3 Summarise information on population size, trends and distribution (if known):Highly endangered. Disappeared frommost of its former range in the Western Desert of Egypt. Now only small numbers are found around the QattaraDepression.


Research:Recent survey in the northern part of the Western Desert (Wacher 1998)Monitoring

Habitat protection:Critical habitat around Siwa Oasis was declared as a protected area (recently declared inJune 2002)

Habitat restoration

Other


N/A

6 Describe any future activities that are planned for this species: N/A

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5 BATS

5.1 General questions on Appendix I bats

1 Identify the Ministry, agency/department, or organisation responsible for leading actions relating to Appendix I listedbats:

N/A – There are no CMS Appendix I listed bats to which Egypt is a range state.

2 Is the taking of all Appendix I bats prohibited by the national implementing Yes NoLegislation cited in Table I(a) (General Information)?


2a If the taking of Appendix I bats is prohibited by law, have any exceptions Yes NoBeen granted to the prohibition?


3 Identify any obstacles to migration that exist in relation to Appendix I bats:

N/A


N/A


N/A

4 What actions have been taken to prevent, reduce or control factors that are endangering or are likely to further endangerspecies of bats, including strictly controlling the introduction of, or controlling or eliminating, already introduced exoticspecies (Article III(4)(c))?

N/A


N/A


N/A

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6 OTHER TAXA

6.1 General questions on Appendix I species belonging to other taxa

1 Identify the Ministry, agency/department, or organisation responsible for leading actions relating to Appendix I listedspecies belonging to taxa not included in sections 1-5 above:

N/A – There are no CMS Appendix I listed species (belonging to taxa not included in sections 1 -5 above) to whichEgypt is a range state.

2 Is the taking of all Appendix I species belonging to taxa not included in Yes Nosections 1-5 above, prohibited by the national legislation listed as beingimplementing legislation in Table I(a) (General Information)?


2a If the taking of Appendix I species belonging to taxa not included in Yes Nosections 1-5 above is prohibited by law, have any exceptions beengranted to the prohibition?


3 Identify any obstacles to migration that exist in relation to Appendix I

species belonging to taxa not included in sections 1-5 above: Yes No

3a What actions are being undertaken to overcome these obstacles? Yes No

3b What assistance, if any, does your country require in order to overcome these obstacles? Yes No

4 What actions have been taken to prevent, reduce or control factors that are endangering

or are likely to further endanger species belonging to taxa not included in section

1-5 above, including strictly controlling the introduction of, or controlling or eliminating,

already introduced exotic species (Article III(4)(c))? Yes No

4a Describe any factors that may limit action being taken in this regard: Yes No

4b What assistance, if any, does your country require to overcome these factors? Yes No

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7 LISTING OF OTHER ENDANGERED MIGRATORY SPECIES IN APPENDIX I

1 Is your country a Range State for any other endangered migratory species Yes Nonot currently listed in Appendix I?


1a Is your country taking any steps to propose listing any of these species? Yes NoIf Yes, please provide details:

1b What assistance, if any, does your country require to initiate the listing of these species?

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III. Appendix II Species

1. INFORMATION ON APPENDIX II SPECIES

Information pertaining to the conservation of Appendix II species that are the object of CMS Agreements will have beenprovided in periodic Party reports to those instruments. It will suffice therefore to reference (below), and preferablyappend, a copy of the latest report that has been submitted to the secretariat each of the Agreement/MoUs to which yourcountry is a Party.

WADDEN SEA SEALS (1991)

Date of last report: Period covered:

SIBERIAN CRANE MoU (1993/1999)


EUROBATS (1994)


ASCOBANS (1994)


SLENDER-BILLED CURLEW MoU (1994)


MARINE TURTLES - AFRICA MoU (1999)


AEWA (2000)

Date of last report: Nil to Date, to beprovided prior to the first CoP under theMOU later this year.

Period covered: N/A

ACCOBAMS (2001)


GREAT BUSTARD MoU (2001)


MARINE TURTLES - INDIAN OCEAN/SOUTHEAST ASIA MoU (2001)


ALBATROSSES AND PETRELS (2000)


2. QUESTIONS ON CMS AGREEMENTS

2.1 Questions on CMS Agreements relating to birds

1 In the current reporting period, has your countryinitiated the development of any Yes NoCMS Agreements, including Memoranda of Understanding, to address theConservation needs of Appendix II bird species?

If Yes, what is the current state of development?

Egypt ratified AEWA in the year 2000.

2 In the current reporting period, has your countryparticipatedin the development Yes NoOf any CMS Agreements, including Memoranda of Understanding, which addressThe conservation needs of Appendix II b ird species?


3 If your country has initiated or is participating in the development of an Agreement or Memorandum of Understanding,what assistance, if any, does your country require in order to initiate or participate in the instrument’s development?

4 Is the development of any CMS Agreement for birds, including Memorandum of Yes No

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Understanding, planned by your country in the foreseeable future?


N/A

2.2 Questions on CMS Agreements relating to marine mammals

1 In the current reporting period, has your countryinitiated the development of any Yes NoCMS Agreements, including Memoranda of Understanding, to address theConservation needs of Appendix II marine mammal species?


2 In the current reporting period, has your countryparticipated in the development Yes NoOf any CMS Agreements, including Memoranda of Understanding, which addressThe conservation needs of Appendix II marine mammal species?



N/A

4 Is the development of any CMS Agreement for marine mammals, including Yes NoMemorandum of Understanding, planned by your country in the foreseeable future?

If Yes, please provide details: Regional/Range State Agreement/MOU for Dugongs

2.3 Questions on CMS Agreements relating to marine turtles

1 In the current reporting period, has your countryinitiated the development of any Yes NoCMS Agreements, including Memoranda of Understanding, to address theConservation needs of Appendix II marine turtles?


2 In the current reporting period, has your countryparticipated in the development Yes NoOf any CMS Agreements, including Memoranda of Understanding, which addressThe conservation needs of Appendix II marine turtles?


Memorandum of Understanding on the Conservation and Management of Marine Turtles and their Habitats of theIndian Ocean and South-East Asia. Until now not ratified but necessary arrangements will be taken to be sugned.


Financial and technical assistance required

4 Is the development of any CMS Agreement for marine turtles, including Yes NoMemorandum of Understanding, planned by your country in the foreseeable future? N/A


2.4 Questions on CMS Agreements relating to terrestrial mammals (other than bats)

1 In the current reporting period, has your countryinitiated the development of any Yes NoCMS Agreements, including Memoranda of Understanding, to address the conservationNeeds of Appendix II terrestrial mammal species (other than bats)?


2 In the current reporting period, has your countryparticipated in the development Yes NoOf any CMS Agreements, including Memoranda of Understanding, which addressThe conservation needs of Appendix II terrestrial mammal species (other than bats)?


Sahilo-saharan migratory ungulates in development.


Financial & Technical assistance.

24

4 Is the development of any CMS Agreement for terrestrial mammals (other than bats), Yes NoIncluding Memorandum of Understanding, planned by your country in the foreseeable future?


2.5 Questions on CMS Agreements relating to bats

1 In the current reporting period, has your countryinitiated the development of any Yes NoCMS Agreements, including Memoranda of Understanding, to address theConservation needs of Appendix II bat species?


2 In the current reporting period, has your countryparticipated in the development Yes Noof any CMS Agreements, including Memoranda of Understanding, which addressthe conservation needs of Appendix II bat species?



4 Is the development of any CMS Agreement for bats, including Memorandum of Yes NoUnderstanding, planned by your country in the future?


2.6 Questions on CMS Agreements relating to other taxa

1 In the current reporting period, has your countryinitiated the development of any Yes NoCMS Agreements, including Memoranda of Understanding, to address theconservation needs of Appendix II species belonging to taxa notincluded in sections 1-6 above?


2 In the current reporting period, has your countryparticipated in the development Yes Noof any CMS Agreements, including Memoranda of Understanding, which addressthe conservation needs of species belonging to taxa not included in sections 1-6 above?



4 Is the development of any CMS Agreement for other taxa, including Memorandum of Yes NoUnderstanding, planned by your country in the foreseeable future?


3. LISTING OF MIGRATORY SPECIES IN APPENDIX II

1 Is your country a Range State for any migratory species that has an unfavourable Yes Noconservation status, but is notcurrently listed in Appendix II and could benefitfrom the conclusion of an Agreement for its conservation?


1a Is your country taking any steps to propose the listing of this/these species in Appendix II? Yes NoIf Yes, please provide details:

1b What assistance, if any, does your country require to initiate the listing of this/these species?

IV. National and Regional Priorities

1 Does the conservation of migratory species currently feature in any national Yes Noor regional policies/plans (apart from CMS Agreements)

25


1a Do these policies/plans cover the following areas (if yes, please provide details):

Yes No

Economic development

Land-use planning

Designation and development of reserves

Development of ecological networks

Planning of powerlines

Planning of fences

Planning of dams

Other

V. Policies on Satellite Telemetry

1 In the current reporting period, has your country undertaken Yes Noconservation/research projects that use satellite telemetry?

If Yes, please provide details (Indicate inter alia the scientific justification for the research, describe briefly the measurestaken to ensure that risks to the welfare of individual animals and – in the case of severely depleted populations – to thespecies are minimised, and summarise the results obtained):

2 Are any future conservation/research projects planned that will use Yes Nosatellite telemetry?

If Yes, please provide details (including the expected timeframe for these projects):

If No, please explain any impediments or requirements in this regard:

VI. Membership

1 Have actions been taken by your country to encourage non-Parties Yes Noto join CMS and its related Agreements?

If Yes, please provide details. (In particular, describe actions taken to recruit the non-Parties that have been identified bythe Standing Committee as high priorities for recruitment.)

Egyptian posts have rallied nations that attended the mostrecent meeting regarding the MOU for Marine Turtles,encouraging those who haven’t signed the MOU, to sign prior to the first meeting of signature states.

1a Identify the agency, department or organization responsible for leading on this action in your country:

Egyptian Environmental Affairs Agency

VII. Global and National Importance of CMS

1 Have actions been taken by your country to increase national, regional Yes Noand/or global awareness of the relevance of CMS and its global importancein the context of biodiversity conservation?


National parks of Egypt provide information, awareness material, field visits to more than one and half millionvisitors. There are brochures, CD, video, field guides and other material.

2 Identify the agency, department or organization responsible for leading on this action in your country:

Egyptian Environmental Affairs Agency

26

VIII. Mobilization of Resources

1 Has your country made financial resources available for conservation activities having Yes Nodirect benefits for migratory species in your country?


Marine Turtles Species Protection Program (Administered by Egyptian Environmental Affairs Agency incooperation with Suez Canal University)-------

The Egyptian Government has provided funding since 1999 for the conservation of migratory waterbirdsThis includes partial funding for the Med-Wet Coast (Medwet Land Conserving Project).

2 Has your country made voluntary contributions to the CMS Trust Fund to support Yes Norequests from developing countries and countries with economies in transition?


3 Has your country made other voluntary financial contributions to support Yes Noconservation activities having direct benefits for migratory species in othercountries (particularly developing countries)?


4 Has your country provided technical and/or scientific assistance to Yes Nodeveloping countries to facilitate initiatives for the benefit of migratoryspecies?


5 Has your country received financial assistance/support from the CMS Trust Yes NoFund, via the CMS Secretariat, for national conservation activities havingdirect benefits for migratory species in your country?


6 Has your country received financial assistance/support from sources other Yes Nothan the CMS Secretariat for conservation activities having direct benefit formigratory species in your country?


27

IX. Implementation of COP Resolutions and Recommendations

Please summarize the measures undertaken by your country to implement the substantive, operational Resolutions andRecommendations adopted by the Conference of the Parties, where these have not been mentioned elsewhere in thisreport, giving particular emphasis to those adopted by at the Sixth Meeting (Cape Town, November 1999).

Other remarks: nil

28

Annex: Questions on specific Appendix II species

The tables below contain the list of all species listed in Appendix II. Boxes have been checked to indicatethe species for which your country is considered to be a Range State. Please amend the boxes whereappropriate. (If you wish to provide further information on any of these species, please attach as anannex.) Please also provide published distribution references where available.

Species RangeState

Not a RangeState

Extinct Noinformationavailable

Published distribution reference

CHIROPTERA

Rhinolophus ferrumequinum

(only European populations)

Rhinolophus hipposideros


Rhinolophus euryale


Rhinolophus mehelyi


Rhinolophus blasii


Myotis bechsteini


Myotis blythi


Myotis brandtii


Myotis capaccinii


Myotis dasycneme


Myotis daubentoni


Myotis emarginatus


Myotis myotis


Myotis mystacinus


Myotis nattereri


Pipistrellus kuhli


Pipistrellus nathusii


Pipistrellus pipistrellus


Pipistrellus savii

29

Species RangeState

Not a RangeState




Nyctalus lasiopterus


Nyctalus leisleri


Nyctalus noctula


Eptesicus nilssonii


Eptesicus serotinus


Vespertilio murinus


Barbastella barbastellus


Plecotus auritus


Plecotus austriacus


Miniopterus schreibersii


Tadarida teniotis

CETACEA

Platanista gangetica gangetica

Pontoporia blainvillei

Inia geoffrensis

Delphinapterus leucas

Monodon monoceros

Phocoena phocoena

(North and BalticSea populations)

Phocoena phocoena

(western NorthAtlanticpopulation)

Phocoena phocoena

(Black Sea population)

Neophocaena phocaenoides

Phocoenoides dalli

Phocoena spinipinnis

Phocoena dioptrica

Sousa chinensis Indo-Pacific Humpback Dolphin

Sousa teuszii

Sotalia fluviatilis

Lagenorhynchus albirostris

(only North and Baltic Sea

30

Species RangeState

Not a RangeState



populations)

Lagenorhynchus acutus

(only North and Baltic Seapopulations)

Lagenorhynchus australis

Lagenorhynchus obscurus

Grampus griseus


Tursiops aduncus

(Arafura/Timor Sea populations)

Tursiops truncatus

(North and Baltic Seapopulations)

Tursiops truncatus

(western Mediterraneanpopulation)

Tursiops truncatus


Stenella attenuata

(eastern tropical Pacificpopulation)

Stenella attenuata

(Southeast Asian populations)

Stenella longirostris

(eastern tropical Pacificpopulations)

Stenella longirostris


Stenella coeruleoalba


Stenella coeruleoalba


Delphinus delphis

(North and Baltic Seapopulations)

Delphinus delphis


Delphinus delphis


Delphinus delphis


Lagenodelphis hosei


31

Species RangeState

Not a RangeState



Orcaella brevirostris

Cephalorhynchus commersonii

(South American population)

Cephalorhynchus eutropia

Cephalorhynchus heavisidii

Orcinus orca

(eastern North Atlanticpopulation)

Orcinus orca

(eastern North Pacific population)

Globicephala melas


Berardius bairdii

Hyperoodon ampullatus

PINNIPEDIA

Phoca vitulina(only Baltic and Wadden Seapopulations)

Halichoerus grypus(only Baltic Sea populations)

Monachus monachus

PROBOSCIDEA

Loxodonta africana

SIRENIA

Trichechus manatus

Dugong dugon Dugong

ARTIODACTYLA

Vicugna vicugna

Oryx dammah

Gazella gazella

GAVIIFORMES

Gavia stellata(Western Palearctic populations)

Gavia arctica arctica

Gavia arctica suschkini

Gavia immer immer(Northwest European population)

Gavia adamsii(Western Palearctic population)

PODICIPEDIFORMES

Podiceps grisegena grisegena

Podiceps auritus(Western Palearctic populations)

32

Species RangeState

Not a RangeState



PELECANIFORMES

Phalacrocorax nigrogularis

Phalacrocorax pygmeus

Pelecanus onocrotalus

(Western Palearctic populations)


Pelecanus crispus

CICONIIFORMES

Botaurus stellaris stellaris



Ixobrychus minutus minutus



Ixobrychus sturmii

Ardeola rufiventris

Ardeola idae

Egretta vinaceigula

Casmerodius albus albus



Ardea purpurea purpurea

(populations breeding in theWestern Palearctic)


Mycteria ibis Goodman & Meininger (1989)

Ciconia nigra Goodman & Meininger (1989)

Ciconia episcopus microscelis

Ciconia ciconia Goodman & Meininger (1989)

Plegadisfalcinellus Goodman & Meininger (1989)

Geronticus eremita

Threskiornis aethiopicusaethiopicus

Platalea alba

(excluding Malagasy population)

Platalea leucorodia Goodman & Meininger (1989)

Phoenicopterus ruber Goodman & Meininger (1989)

Phoenicopterus minor

ANSERIFORMES

Dendrocygna bicolor

Dendrocygna viduata

Thalassornis leuconotus

Oxyura leucocephala

Cygnus olor

Cygnus cygnus

Cygnus columbianus

Anser brachyrhynchus

33

Species RangeState

Not a RangeState



Anser fabalis

Anser albifrons

Anser erythropus

Anser anser

Branta leucopsis

Branta bernicla

Branta ruficollis

Alopochen aegyptiacus Goodman & Meininger (1989)

Tadorna ferruginea Goodman & Meininger (1989)

Tadorna cana

Tadorna tadorna Goodman & Meininger (1989)

Plectropterus gambensis

Sarkidiornis melanotos

Nettapus auritus

Anas penelope Goodman & Meininger (1989)

Anas strepera Goodman & Meininger (1989)

Anas crecca Goodman & Meininger (1989)

Anas capensis

Anas platyrhynchos Goodman & Meininger (1989)

Anas undulata

Anas acuta Goodman & Meininger (1989)

Anas erythrorhyncha

Anas hottentota

Anas querquedula Goodman & Meininger (1989)

Anas clypeata Goodman & Meininger (1989)

Marmaronetta angustirostris Goodman & Meininger (1989)

Netta rufina Goodman & Meininger (1989)

Netta erythrophthalma

Aythya ferina Goodman & Meininger (1989)

Aythya nyroca Goodman & Meininger (1989)

Aythya fuligula Goodman & Meininger (1989)

Aythya marila

Somateria mollissima

Somateria spectabilis

Polysticta stelleri

Clangula hyemalis

Melanitta nigra

Melanitta fusca

Bucephala clangula

Mergellus albellus

34

Species RangeState

Not a RangeState



Mergus serrator Goodman & Meininger (1989)

Mergus merganser

FALCONIFORMES

Pandion haliaetus Goodman & Meininger (1989)

GALLIFORMES

Coturnix coturnix coturnix Goodman & Meininger (1989)

SPHENISCIFORMES

Spheniscus demersus

PROCELLARIIFORMES

Diomedea exulans

Diomedea epomophora

Diomedea irrorata

Diomedea nigripes

Diomedea immutabilis

Diomedea melanophris

Diomedea bulleri

Diomedea cauta

Diomedea chlororhynchos

Diomedea chrysostoma

Phoebetria fusca

Phoebetria palpebrata

Macronectes giganteus

Macronectes halli

Procellaria cinerea

Procellaria aequinoctialis

Procellaria aequinoctialisconspicillata

Procellaria parkinsoni

Procellaria westlandica

GRUIFORMES

Porzana porzana



Porzana parva parva Goodman & Meininger (1989)

Porzana pusilla intermedia Goodman & Meininger (1989)

Fulica atra atra

(Mediterranean and Black Seapopulations)


Aenigmatolimnas marginalis

Sarothrura boehmi

Sarothrura ayresi

35

Species RangeState

Not a RangeState



Crex crex Goodman & Meininger (1989)

Grus leucogeranus

Grus virgo (Syn. Anthropoidesvirgo)

Grus paradisea

Grus carunculatus

Grus grus Goodman & Meininger (1989)

Chlamydotis undulata

(only Asian populations)


Otis tarda

CHARADRIIFORMES

Himantopus himantopus Goodman & Meininger (1989)

Recurvirostra avosetta Goodman & Meininger (1989)

Dromas ardeola Goodman & Meininger (1989)

Burhinus oedicnemus Goodman & Meininger (1989)

Glareola pratincola Goodman & Meininger (1989)

Glareola nordmanni Goodman & Meininger (1989)

Pluvialis apricaria Goodman & Meininger (1989)

Pluvialis squatarola Goodman & Meininger (1989)

Charadrius hiaticula Goodman & Meininger (1989)

Charadrius dubius Goodman & Meininger (1989)

Charadrius pecuarius Goodman & Meininger (1989)

Charadrius tricollaris

Charadrius forbesi

Charadrius pallidus

Charadrius alexandrinus Goodman & Meininger (1989)

Charadrius marginatus

Charadrius mongulus Goodman & Meininger (1989)

Charadrius leschenaultii Goodman & Meininger (1989)

Charadrius asiaticus Goodman & Meininger (1989)

Eudromias morinellus Goodman & Meininger (1989)

Vanellus vanellus Goodman & Meininger (1989)

Vanellus spinosus Goodman & Meininger (1989)

Vanellus albiceps

Vanellus senegallus

Vanellus lugubris

Vanellus melanopterus

Vanellus coronatus

Vanellus superciliosus

Vanellus gregarius (SynChettusia gregaria)


36

Species RangeState

Not a RangeState



Vanellus leucurus Goodman & Meininger (1989)

Gallinago media Goodman & Meininger (1989)

Gallinago gallinago Goodman & Meininger (1989)

Lymnocryptes minimus Goodman & Meininger (1989)

Limosa limosa Goodman & Meininger (1989)

Limosa lapponica Goodman & Meininger (1989)

Numenius phaeopus Goodman & Meininger (1989)

Numenius tenuirostris Goodman & Meininger (1989)

Numenius arquata Goodman & Meininger (1989)

Tringa erythropus Goodman & Meininger (1989)

Tringa totanus Goodman & Meininger (1989)

Tringa stagnatilis Goodman & Meininger (1989)

Tringa nebularia Goodman & Meininger (1989)

Tringa ochropus Goodman & Meininger (1989)

Tringa glareola Goodman & Meininger (1989)

Tringa cinerea Goodman & Meininger (1989)

Tringa hypoleucos Goodman & Meininger (1989)

Arenaria interpres Goodman & Meininger (1989)

Calidris tenuirostris Goodman & Meininger (1989)

Calidris canutus Goodman & Meininger (1989)

Calidris alba Goodman & Meininger (1989)

Calidris minuta Goodman & Meininger (1989)

Calidris temminckii Goodman & Meininger (1989)

Calidris maritima

Calidris alpina Goodman & Meininger (1989)

Calidris ferruginea Goodman & Meininger (1989)

Limicola falcinellus Goodman & Meininger (1989)

Philomachus pugnax Goodman & Meininger (1989)

Phalaropus lobatus Goodman & Meininger (1989)

Phalaropus fulicaria Goodman & Meininger (1989)

Larus hemprichii Goodman & Meininger (1989)

Larus leucophthalmus Goodman & Meininger (1989)

Larus ichthyaetus

(West Eurasian and Africanpopulation)


Larus melanocephalus Goodman & Meininger (1989)

Larus genei Goodman & Meininger (1989)

Larus audouinii Goodman & Meininger (1989)

Larus armenicus Goodman & Meininger (1989)

Sterna nilotica nilotica

(West Eurasian and African


37

Species RangeState

Not a RangeState



populations)

Sterna caspia

(West Eurasian and Africanpopulations)


Sterna maxima albidorsalis

Sterna bergii

(African and Southwest Asianpopulations)


Sterna bengalensis

(African and Southwest Asianpopulations)


Sterna sandvicensis sandvicensis Goodman & Meininger (1989)

Sterna dougallii

(Atlantic population)

Sterna hirundo hirundo



Sterna paradisaea

(Atlantic populations)

Sterna albifrons Goodman & Meininger (1989)

Sterna saundersi Goodman & Meininger (1989)

Sterna balaenarum

Sterna repressa Goodman & Meininger (1989)

Chlidonias niger niger Goodman & Meininger (1989)

Chlidonias leucopterus

(West Eurasian and Africanpopulation)


CORACIIFORMES

Merops apiaster Goodman & Meininger (1989)

Coracias garrulus Goodman & Meininger (1989)

PSITTACIFORMES

Amazona tucumana

PASSERIFORMES

Hirundo atrocaerulea

Acrocephalus paludicola Goodman & Meininger (1989)

TESTUDINATA

Chelonia depressa

Chelonia mydas Frazier & Salas (1984), Clarke etal (2000)

Caretta caretta Frazier & Salas (1984), Clarke etal (2000)

Eretmochelys imbricata Frazier & Salas (1984)

Lepidochelys kempii

Lepidochelys olivacea Frazier & Salas (1984)

38

Species RangeState

Not a RangeState



Dermochelys coriacea Frazier & Salas (1984), Clarke etal (2000)

Podocnemis expansa

CROCODYLIA

Crocodylus porosus Estuarine or Salt-WaterCrocodile

ACIPENSERIFORMES

Huso huso

Huso dauricus

Acipenser baerii baicalensis

Acipenser fulvescens

Acipenser gueldenstaedtii

Acipenser medirostris

Acipenser mikadoi

Acipenser naccarii

Acipenser nudiventris

Acipenser persicus

Acipenser ruthenus

(Danube population)

Acipenser schrenckii

Acipenser sinensis

Acipenser stellatus

Acipenser sturio

Pseudoscaphirhynchus kaufmanni

Pseudoscaphirhynchus hermanni

Pseudoscaphirhynchusfedtschenkoi

Psephurus gladius

LEPIDOPTERA

Danaus plexippus Wanderer Butterfly

ORECTOLOBIFORMES

Rhincodon typus Whale Shark

All species of each of the Families below are listed in Appendix II. If y our country is a Range State forany of the species in these Families, please enter the species name in the first column, under the relevantFamily heading. Please indicate (with a ‘X’) whether your country is a Range State or the species isextinct and, where appropriate, please provide published distribution references. (Space is provided forten species in each Family. If additional lines are required, please attach the information as an annex.)

Order FALCONIFORMES , Family Accipitridae

Accipiter brevipes Range State Extinct Goodman & Meininger (1989)

Accipiter nisus Range State Extinct Goodman & Meininger (1989)

Accipiter gentilis Range State Extinct Goodman & Meininger (1989)

39

Order FALCONIFORMES , Family Falconidae

Falco naumanni Range State Extinct Goodman & Meininger (1989)

Falco tinnunculus Range State Extinct Goodman & Meininger (1989)

Falco vespertinus Range State Extinct Goodman & Meininger (1989)

Falco eleonorae Range State Extinct Goodman & Meininger (1989)

Falco concolor Range State Extinct Goodman & Meininger (1989)

Falco columbarius Range State Extinct Goodman & Meininger (1989)

Falco subbuteo Range State Extinct Goodman & Meininger (1989)

Falco biarmicus Range State Extinct Goodman & Meininger (1989)

Falco cherrug Range State Extinct Goodman & Meininger (1989)

Falco peregrinus Range State Extinct Goodman & Meininger (1989)

Falco pelegrinoides Range State Extinct Goodman & Meininger (1989)

Order PASSERIFORMES, Family Muscicapidae

Muscicapa striata Range State Extinct Goodman & Meininger (1989)

Ficedula hypoleuca Range State Extinct Goodman & Meininger (1989)

Ficedula albicollis Range State Extinct Goodman & Meininger (1989)

Ficedula semitorquata Range State Extinct Goodman & Meininger (1989)

Ficedula parva Range State Extinct Goodman & Meininger (1989)

References

Baha El Din, S.M. (1999). Directory of important bird areas in Egypt. BirdLife International.

Clarke, M., Campbell, A. C., Salama, W. S. & Ghoneim, S. (2000). Preliminary report on the status of marineturtle nesting populations on the Mediterranean coast of Egypt. Biological Conservation, 94 (3): 363-371.

Goodman, S.M. & Meininger, P.L. (eds.) (1989). The birds of Egypt. Oxford University Press, Oxford.

Frazier, J. and Salas, S. (1984). The status of marine turtles in the Egyptian Red Sea.Biological Conservation30: 41-67.

Osborne, D.J. and Helmy, I. (1980). The contemporary land mammals of Egypt (includingSinai).Fieldiana: Zoology,New Ser., No. 5.

Meininger, P.L. and Atta, G. (1994).Ornithological Studies in Egyptian Wetlands 1989/90,FORE-report No. 94-01, Netherlands.

Kasparak, M. (1993).Marine Turtle Conservation in the Mediterranean, Marine Turtles inEgypt Phase I. Survey of the Mediterranean coast between Alexandria and El-Salum,MEDASSET.Saleh, M. A. (1987). The decline of Gazelle in Egypt.Biological Conservation.

Wacher, T. (1997). Large mammal survey: The Qattara Depression, Siwa and Wadi Rayan.Report to the EEAA.

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