Egypt

Pharaohs, Mummies, Pyramids

Review

•Major River?

• two types of soil?

• What is inundation?

Last Nights Notes - Government•What led to the creation of local

government?•Who was in charge?•What is a nome?•Nomarch?

Upper Egypt

Lower Egypt

Trade•Why was there a surplus in Egypt?

•What does a surplus lead to?

•Nile River would serve as a highway for the people of Upper and Lower Egypt!

Upper and Lower Differences

•Different cultures▫Lower- These people were exposed to

Mediterranean traders and their distinct cultures

▫Upper- Not as much exposure to Mediterranean traders

•Different dialects•Differences cause a rift between the two

kingdoms.

Unification

•3100 B.C. King Menes of Upper Egypt conquered Lower Egypt.

Unification cont.

•Menes built a capital city at Memphis.

Menes

•Founded the first Egyptian dynasty.•30 More to follow (330 Kings)•Killed by a hippo while hunting

Chapter Two – The Pharaoh

Intro

•King known as Pharaoh •“He who lives in the great house”

Pharaoh

•Cartouche?

Pharaoh

•People believed the pharaoh was a god!•Never questioned!•Sinful to disobey – Ears chopped off!•High priest•Responsible for natural events

Other responsibilities?

Others who had the power

•Relatives and heads of important families•Vizier – right hand man, advisor, second in

charge▫Handled everyday matters

•Chancellor•Scribes

•A bureaucracy formed

Bureaucracy

•is the collective organizational structure, procedures, protocols, and set of regulations in place to manage activity, usually in large organizations and government.

Owner of all!!! – Absolute power•Owned everything – even souls•Belief in the powers of the pharaoh gave

people security

Childhood

•1st born son was the heir to the throne•Reading writing and math•Hunt and military training•Married cousin or sister – keep blood pure

Thrones

What did they wear?

The look

•Shaved heads, false beard, white linen skirts, jewelry, sandals

Chapter III

Old Kingdom 2700BC – 2200BC

•First centralized government▫Easy to govern because of the geography of

Egypt, most people lived along the Nile ▫Pharaoh still seen as a god – people obeyed

Jobs

•Flooding and great soil produced more than enough food

•Peasants worked hard took pride in their work

•Food surplus + good economy = men having jobs other than farming▫Ex: shipbuilders, architects, artists

Trade

•Who did the Egyptians trade with?•What did the Egyptians obtain from the

Nubians?

Copper Age

•What was copper used for?•What did Pepi I do?

Foreigners

•Egyptians distrusted foreigners•Isolationists

Where did writing come from?

•Symbol writing made its way to Egypt from Mesopotamia.

•Turned cuneiform into hieroglyphics

Construction of the pyramids

•2600 B.C. mastery•Quarrying – perfect geometrically•Block by block approach•Ramps and sleds•Smooth sides

Decline of the Old Kingdom

•Old Kingdom many great achievements

Cont.

•Spent too much $$$ building pyramids•People did not pay taxes•Pharaoh delegated more power – more

people given government jobs- more people entering the nobility- weakened the control pharaoh once had over the people

Cont.

•Pepi II / Neferkare last Old Kingdom pharaoh

•94, 90, 64 yr. reign•Too old most power with gov. officials –

interested in personal wealth not the fate of Egypt

•After Pepi gov. fell apart•Egypt reverted back to the system of

nomes that existed before Menes and the unification

•Famine = end of Old Kingdom

Dark Ages

•What does this term mean?

•Other examples?

Middle Kingdom 2000-1700 B.C.

Egypt is Reunited▫Mentuhotep reunites Egypt – ruler of

Thebes, defeated many nomarchs ▫Thebes new capital city▫12th Dynasty

Amenemhat I Senusret Amenemhat II Senusret II Senusret III - Senwosnet

Back in power

The Power of the Pharaoh is Restored▫Took away nomarchs power

The good life

A Greater Sharing of the Wealth▫Return of economic prosperity = middle

class expansion▫Golden age of art and literature

Conquest

The Conquest of Nubia▫250 ft channel to Nubia▫Easily conquered Nubia▫Gold

Fayum

Hyksos

Invasion by the Hyksos▫About 1750 B.C.▫nomads from Palestine▫Occupy the Delta region▫Easily defeated Egypt

Why?

+ + +

•There were some positives during the Hyksos occupation

•Examples????

New Kingdom1500 – 1000 B.C.

•Egyptians Fashion New Weaponry

Hyksos Gone!

The Invaders are Finally Driven Out•Sequenenra of Thebes begins the process

of driving the Hyksos out of Egypt.▫Died during battle

•Sons Kamose and Ahmose finished the fight

•Ahmose again reunited Upper and Lower Egypt

• Gaston Maspero on June 9, 1886

Pharaoh’s and war

A New Role for the Pharaoh▫In the New Kingdom led military

campaigns

Thutmose • Thutmose I

▫ Conquered Syria

A Woman Gains Power!

Egypt’s First Great Woman Leader▫Hatshepsut could not stay in the background

– made important decisions – ran Egypt▫Made herself pharaoh▫1st great woman leader▫20yrs.▫Dealt with trade, city beautification, and her

afterlife▫Peace and prosperity▫Death????

Thutmose III

•Thutmose III Seeks Revenge▫Hated his aunt/step mother▫Wanted to erase all that Hatshepsut had

done Erased her name and image from monuments

– belief this would deny a person immortality▫Led his army against

Mesopotamia,Palestine and Syria (1,000 mi)

▫How did he ensure loyalty?

Thutmose III

•Besides “Egyptianizing” children, he made sure gov. officials did not gain financial power

•He made conquered lands pay tribute•Egypt richest nation in ancient world

Art and Architecture

Egypt begins to fall again

•Patriotism on the Wane▫Egypt was huge 9 million!!!▫Pharaoh again had to delegate power to

nobles▫Mercenaries

Off topic• Not counting spaces, the text on 136 pages of an Encyclopedia Britannica,

or 600 pages of pulp paperback fiction contains approximately one million characters.

• How long would it take to count to a million? Well, counting once per second (easy at the start, but tough when you reach the hundred thousand mark), eight hours per day, seven days per week (no weekends off), it would take you a little over a month to count to one million!

• If you were a swimming-pool builder and a customer asked you to build a pool that would hold a million-gallons, then they had better have a big yard! You would need to build a pool about 267 feet long (almost as long as a football field), 50 feet wide, and 10 feet deep.

Ten Million Pennies

10,017,024Ten million, seventeen thousand and twenty-four Pennies[ A cube 6 x 6 x 6 feet ]  Ten Million cents. If you laid these all out flat, side-by-side, like ahuge carpet of pennies, it would nearly cover one acre. Click herefor a look at 100,000,000 copper disks.  

value  $100,170.24(One hundred thousand, one hundredseventy dollars and twenty-four cents)

width  Six feet

height  Six feet

thickness  Six feet

weight  31.3 tons

height stacked  9.88 Miles

area (laid flat)  39,129 square feet (0.9 acres)

A New Kind of Monarch

•1361 B.C. Amonhotep IV/ Akhenaten (Effective Spirit of the Aten/Aton)▫He and wife Nefertiti changed Egypt’s

religion Changed from worshiping many gods

especially Amun-Ra to worshiping one god named Aten or Aton.

Created a new capital city called el-Amarna People were forced to worship the new god.

Tut• In power after Akhenaten • Parents unknown• 8 or 9 when he becomes

pharaoh• With help from gov.

officials he started to restore the old Egyptian religion

• Howard Carter 1922 finds an almost undisturbed tomb

11 Ramses

•The Rameside▫11 Ramses▫Ramses II / Ramses the Great

66yr reign

▫Ramses the Great

Ramses the Great• Military campaigns in

Palestine and Syria - Hittites

• First peace treaty• Nefertari• EGO• Many monuments

▫ Abu Simbel▫ Karnak

• Died at age 91, 99, 100• So respected that later

Egyptians referred to him as “Great Ancestor”

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c8/Sadat-Ramesses.jpg

Foreign Rule

•Weakens position of pharaoh•Egypt conquered many times by many

peoples•Greeks and Romans