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EGYPTIANCIVILISATIONEgypt was one of the most stable and long-lasting

civilizations of the ancient world

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Egypt was the first to give the female rulers.

The first civilization that was discovered on thebanks of river Nile, in Egypt was the Egyptiancivilization. It is one of the most oldest civilization in

the world. It was flourished over more than3,000 years ago.

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Nile is the longest river of the Africancontinent.

The Stone age people lived on the Nile valley.It has provided transport facilities by boatsand ships.

Without Nile, Egypt would have been a desert.i i i

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Geography of Egypt The Nile flooded every year

Predictable floodwaters with spring rains

Left rich, black silt

Narrow band of fertile soil

Became home of Egyptian civilization

Geography and Early Egypt

The Nile Most important physical feature in Egypt

4,000 miles long; flows through the Sahara Desert

Without the Niles waters, no one could live there.

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Nile afforded protectionitself

Flowed throughcataracts to the south

Currents and waterfallsmade sailing impossible

Not an easy invasionroute

Cataracts Egypts most fertile soil

in Nile Delta

Silt deposits at mouth ofriver

Black Land of rich arablesoil

Red Land unlivable butafforded protection

Delta

Geographical Features

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geography affect

They lived in a narrow strip of fertile landwhere they could raise crops. It was

surrounded by inhospitable desert, which wouldnot easily support life.

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They manufactured many items from

copper.They were experts in making jewellery.

They produced attractive crowns andjewellery with ease.

The headornament

The necklace Gold coins

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HORUSSUN GOD - RA OSIRIS ISIS

Sun god- Known as Ra or the chief god.

Osiris- God of death. Isis- The wife of Osiris.

Horus was their son.

Each God had its own temples and priests.

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Papyrus plant A reed (the pen) Paper

Writing On the leaves of this Papyrusplant.

A reed was the pen which was used towrite.

This Papyrus gave us the modern word

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Unification Two kingdoms unified around 3100 BC

Upper Egypt ruler Menes conquered north

Founded capital city of Memphis Adopted both symbols, the snake and the vulture

First of 31 dynasties

Two Kingdoms First farming villages as early as 5000 BC

Northern Kingdom, Lower Egypt

Mild climate; cobra goddess worshipped

Southern Kingdom, Upper Egypt

Warmer climate; prayed to a vulture goddess

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Most famous symbols of Egypt

Largest located near Giza Built as tombs for rulers

Hollow chamber for burial

Treasures buried with them

Deadly traps within

Design changed to smooth-sidedover time

The Pyramids

Took great planning and skill

Ordered when kings took thethrone

Built from the inside out

Not built by slaves

Peasants required to work

one month per year Professional craftspeople

like architects, artists

Building Pyramids

The Old Kingdom

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THE PYRAMIDS

PHARAOH KHUFU

Pyramids are gigantic structures.

Built by Pharaoh Khufu.

Took 20 years and 1,00,000

men to build.

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THE SPHINX EMPEROR KHAPHRE

Structure Head of a man & body of a lion. It was ordered to be made by EmperorKhaphre.

Carving Only out of a single stone.

http://home.planet.nl/~monique.schilders/nefertiti.jpg

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After the death of a pharaoh theEgyptians mummified a body .

They wrapped the body with linen

bandages.

They looked after them very carefully.

Provided all items of daily use.

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Pharaoh TutankhamenPharaoh Menes

The Egyptian kings were called as Pharaohs.

Pharaoh Menes was the one who united Egypt and

brought it under a single rule. Pharaoh Akhenaten was an intelligent ruler andhad great love for arts.

Tutankhamen was the third who succeeded the

Pharaoh Akhenaten

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Egyptian Bureaucracy

Pharaoh could not rule Egypt alone

Aided by bureaucracy, many of whom were pharaohs relatives

Most powerful official was the vizier Hundreds of lesser officials kept Egypt running smoothly

The Pharaohs

The head of the government was the king

Became known as pharaoh(great house)

Had great power because he was believed to be a god

Egypt a theocracy, a state ruled by religious figures

a government headed by the pharaoh, highly structured bureaucracy

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The Middle Kingdom

Old Kingdom collapsed around 2100 BC

Warfare, economic strife for almost 200 years

New dynasty began Middle Kingdom 2055 BC

Strong leadership brought stability

Trade with surrounding lands encouraged

Trade routes not always safe

Fortresses built along the Nile The Hyksos invaded, conquered around 1650 BC

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the Middle Kingdom rise and fall

new dynasty came to power after almost 200years of chaos; brought stability and economicprosperity; Middle Kingdom fell when Egypt was

invaded by the Hyksos, who conquered LowerEgypt

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Hyksos ruled almost 100years

Not harsh, but resented

Defeated by nobles from Thebes whobecame new rulers of Egypt

First permanent army

Traditional foot soldiers

Archers and charioteers

Adopted weapons from Hyksos

Securing Egypt

Egypt could not rely on geography forprotection

Desert and sea not enough

Had to build powerful military

Created an empire

Egypt to rule beyond Nile Valley

Headed south into Nubia

Also campaigns east into Asia

The New Kingdom

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Monotheism in Egypt

Amenhotep IV, 1353

Worshipped only one god, Aten

Banned worship of all other gods

Built temple to Aten at Akhetaten

The next pharaoh restored worship of traditional gods

The Reign of Hatshepsut

Hatshepsut best known for encouraging trade Only woman pharaoh

Wanted to be treated like any other pharaoh

Dressed like a man, statues of her as a man

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Egypt expanded empire Fought campaigns in Nubia and Syria

A new foe around 1250 BC

Hittites invaded from Mesopotamia

Ramses rule Reign marked with extravagant splendor

Built more temples and monuments than other pharaohs

Many political and artistic achievements

Confrontation with Hittites Ramses the Great led army

Accounts of battle vary, but two armies signed truce

Ramses married Hittite princess and conflict ended

Ramses the Great

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Egypts Decline

Ramses successors faced challenges to authority

Major invasions of Egypt

Sea Peoples devastated empires

Ended Hittite Empire, weakened Egypts control of Syria Egypt broke into small states

Many foreign rulers over next 700 years

Libyans, Assyrians, Persians, Greeks Finally fell to Rome

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Temples of EgyptOver a long period of time, the Egyptians built numerous Temples along the NileThese impressive structures, with their huge columned halls and Pylon Gateways, were bu

to honour the dead and worship local and national gods.

Temples were places where The GODS and their divine(great) energy could live in,separated from everything else in the world. According to the Egyptian creationlegend, the first temple came into existence on a Mound of Land that rose up fromthe ancient sea, called Nun (priest).

The first form of life to appear on that mound was a plant on which the falcon,Horus,(Horus is one of the oldest and most significant deities in the AncientEgyptian religion, who was worshipped from at least the late Predynastic periodthrough to Greco-Roman times. ) first balanced.Another version of this story describes the Lotus flower as the first plant on whichthe sun emerged. Following this, human beings were created.This moment was called the First Occasion.

As conscious beings, the Egyptians reciprocated by building temples to admire andnourish the gods.

The design of the first temple was laid down by the gods, and each successivetemple was a copy of the first one.The design encouraged the gods to bring divine energy into the earths plane.

Priests worked at the temples, conducting the daily rituals in honour of the deities

and pharaohs to whom the temples were dedicated.

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Temples of Egypt

MORTUARY TEMPLES

For ministrations to deified PharoahsDeveloped from the offering chapels of theRoyal Mastabas and the Pyramids

In the MIDDLE KINGDOM royal burials weremade in the hillside hence temples gained importance

In the NEW KINGDOM they were detached from theThen customary corridor tombsSoon they resembled the Cult Temples

CULT TEMPLESFor the popular worship of theAncient and mysterious Gods

Worship of local deities

Rectangular palisade (A palisade is a steel or woodenfenceor wall of variable height, usually used as a defensivestructure. )court

Entrance through the narrow end

Pennon poles flanked the entrance

Emblem of the deity in the center

Pavilion, vestibule and sanctuaryin the further end of the court

Stages of development difficult to

trace due to successive rebuildingProcessions were a feature

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Components :Walled open courts with colonnades along the

main axisLed to a covered shelter comprising oftransverse columned

vestibule(Hypostyle Hall)sanctuary beyond

Axial gateway to courtThe Gateway extended to the entire width of the

court

Temples of Egypt

Forming towering sloping sided pair of Pylons with a tall Portal -Pennon pole, gorgecornice roll moulded outer angles

Temple within enclosure and about it were houses of priests, Official buildings, stores,granaries and a sacred pool or lakeEXAMPLES

TEMPLE OF KHONS KARNAK 1198 BC

TEMPLE OF MENTUHETEP DER EL BAHARI THEBES -21301580 BC M .KINGDOM

TEMPLE OF HATSHEPSUT THEBES 1520 BC NEW KINGDOM

GREAT TEMPLE OF AMON KARNAK 1530 323 BC NEW KINGDOM

TEMPLE OF LUXOR THEBES 1408 1300 BC NEW KINGDOM

TEMPLE OF HORUS, MAMMISI TEMPLE EDFU 237- 57 BC, HATHOR DENDERA 110BC-68AD