Egyptian 3

8/13/2019 Egyptian 3

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An Egyptologists perusal of theHamito-Semitic Etymological Dictionaryof

Orel and Stolbova

Helmut Satzinger, Wien

The book mentioned in the title is a pioneering work. It was deliberately published as a

premature work, with the intention of smoothing the path for any further, more advanced

attempt. One of the major obstacles was the lack of a reference work on the word-roots of

Egyptian. The situation in this section is particularly tricky as Egyptian phonetics are both

complex and controversial, with variant roots that display sound changes of the pre-Egyptian

and historical Egyptian periods. Work on an Afroasiatic lexicon should therefore involve a

specialist on Egyptian lexicography and phonetics. Lexicographical work should also bebased on broad Egyptological (philological, historical, archaeological) knowledge. There is a

blatant example for this in the material in question.

From the German standard Wrterbuch, the authors obviously took over a meaningKraut for several items, and they rendered it in English as cabbage. However, anEgyptologist would (or should) know that this vegetable was introduced to Egypt inGraeco-Roman times only. In the Berlin Wrterbuch, Kraut is not used in this sense(which is South German), but rather for herb.

In the following, I give a list of those Egyptian lexemes which are either wrongly spelled

(misprints, mistakes, outdated state of knowledge, etc.), or whose meaning is not according

to our present knowledge what is given in theDictionary.

Since the work in question was composed, work on Egyptian lexemes has been greatly

facilitated by the appearance of the Berlin Thesaurus Linguae Aegyptiaein the internet.1 This

extremely useful website is the default source for the forms and meanings of lexemes given in

the following. I am quoting Orel/Stolbovas root number for each item, usually also the

meaning of the assumed root and, where desirable, also its form. Minor mistakes that have

hardly any bearing on comparativistic work, like omission of the Egyptian feminine ending,

will not be indicated.

It should be mentioned that the Afroasiatic roots elaborated for theHamito-Semitic

Etymological Dictionaryare quite often extremely hypothetical, and the evidence of just one

mistake may render them completely worthless. Just one example: root no. 1797, *mun-

1http://aaew.bbaw.de/tla/index.html. Furthermore, R. Hannigs new dictionaries (OldKingdom, Middle Kingdom; with complete references) will prove very useful not only forphilological studies, but also for all kinds of lexicographical work.


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/*muyun- ash, coal. This is based on the evidence of one Egyptian and one Boghom (West-

Chadic) word only, viz.mn.wash, coal [rectefire], and muyumash,2 respectively. The

mistake in the Egyptian meaning leaves only one testimony, which is by definition not

enough for establishing or maintaining a common Afroasiatic root. There are manycomparable cases. This remark is meant as a warning not to take the given roots as a priori

features; they are mere abstractions of the data on which they are based, and have no more

value than these.

Insofar as comparative arguments are here brought forth, they are of course based on

Rsslers system of phoneme correspondances, although the traditional views cannot be fully

discarded.

G e n e r a l r e m a r k

Bohairic aspirates are transcribed in the book as ejectives, e.g.,pinstead ofphorp.

R e m a r k s o n s o m e o f t h e E g y p t i a n l e x e m e s

1walk, go

Eg Awalk] Rectetread, step.

47*


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104(be) good

Eg imAgood] Rectepleasant, friendly; probably connected with imAdate-palm.3

105sun, day

Eg imnySun-god] Neither a noun sun-god, nor a proper name, but rather an

epithet, he who hides himself (imnhide, be hidden). No semantic correspondance.

123river, tide

Eg wAwtide] wave (of the sea); flood water. Little semantic correspondance.

143*


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293 Eg bA] The kind of bird is obviously a stork, a jabiru (Ephippiorhynchus asiaticus);

not a good match for the Berber and West-Chadic quail.

326rain, sky

Eg ban] Not so much sky water, but rather a body of water in the heavens

(Thesaurus). Little semantic correspondance.

347, 395, 722

Eg wbs, smand dy, respectively, cabbage] Recteherb. Cabbage translates Kraut

of the Berlin Wrterbuch. But krautis cabbage in Southern German only; its general

meaning is herb. Brassica olaraceais the product of Mediterranean gardening. It

was probably only in the Ptolemaic period thatit was introduced to Egypt. The

Egyptian Arabic word for it, kurunb, preserves Greek krambe(vd. LaneLexiconpart 7,2608).

367be pregnant

Eg bnd] Basically no connection with pregnancy, rather fare badly; it may, of

course, also refer to delivery.

396leg

Eg insleg] ins.tcalf, shin.

404pot, vesselEg sT.tbaking mold] There is also sT.t, a jug, for beer; a jug, as a measure of capacity

(Wrterbuch4, 346.12).

405 Eg sAry, a kind of plant] Late Egyptian; probably identical with Middle Egyptian

zAr.t/sAr.t, the assumed Afroasiatic root being no. 2600, *a>ar plant.

409cover

Eg skmwrap] Clearly cover a better semantic match with the assumed

Afroasiatic root.417 Misprint Dak for Daq; a Semitic loan.

516 Eg zSylift] It is sSwi, in some forms with assimilation of wto i, i.e.sSy; a causative

stem of Swisoar up, rise. Hence, it does not support the strange digraph hypothesis4,

which assumes in this case that zSreflects Afroasiatic *c!. No formal resemblance.

521pit, well

Eg Sd.twell] Internal Egyptian derivation from Sdidig (v.).

4Cf. PeustLingAeg5, 1997, 259f.


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553 Eg Sdivessel] Mortar, also used as a container; according to the writing

(determinative), it is made of wood.

562*c!ohVr- fall (v.)

Eg Shrthrow down] An Egyptian root of this form would not be possible, as Sand h

are not compatible with each other. The reason for this lies in the origin of S: it is a

palatalized velar sound, and does not, therefore, tolerate any laryngeal consonant in the

same root. Obviously, Shr is a misspelling of sxroverthrow, cast down, which is,

however, xrfall (v.) with causative s-prefix (so already PeustLingAeg5, 1997, 267).

563 Eg wSmpot] More precisely, a metal vessel, a measure for beer.

575*c!VmVm- be ill

Eg Smm, Smbe feverous (med.)] It is the standard word for be hot, on which see

below, on nos. 1285 (*h\um-) and 2328 (*s!am-); basically, it has no medical

connotation.

583*c\!ar- enemy, 587*c\!ur- be hostile

Eg DADAenemy, DAybe hostile, respectively] DADAis also an adjective, hostile.

Stem doublets of this type are very frequent in Egyptian. Reduplicated ABAB stems

are attested of numerous verbs of types AB and ABi/w.5 This is a strong argument for

assuming here Egyptian stem doublets, rather than different Afroasiatic stems.

591*da


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747flow

Eg drprevent water from flowing down] This is a special use (vd.WrterbuchV

474.12) of drdrive away; repel; remove, whose basic meaning has nothing to do with

flowing water, etc.757 Eg dgAsee] The correct form is dgi.

772 Egfq,fqwof a lion tearing its prey] What is meant is presumably afq, ziehen

according to HannigHandwrterbuch, but zerreien according to QuackBiOr54,

1997, 330.

774magic word, omen

Egfnn.wymagic words] Regarded as a proper name by translaters of Pyr. 666.

822 Egftterase (inscriptions)] Amarna and Dyn. 21 spelling offdwipe away; Coptic(S)fote, from which Egyptian Arabicfut\a(f.) towel.

850dwelling

Eg gbAside of a room] The basic meaning is arm, from which: side. No

connection with dwelling. Vd.also PeustLingAeg5, 1997, 269, no. 996.

862bank, side

Eg gsside] The basic meaning is rib, from which: side (like costa, ct). Hardly

any connection with the only other source for the assumed root, viz.Hausa gac, bank

(scil. of a stream). Also cf. gbAarm; (2) side of a room (cf. root no. 996, and Peust

LingAeg5, 1997, 269).

871fertile soil

Eg DdAfertilize (field) (gr)] Originally, of intransitive meaning: become ripe.

Probably derived from DdAgrow fat, vd.WrterbuchV 631. Little semantic

correspondance.

889wait

Eg gmHwait] Rectecatch sight of, look. No semantic correspondance.

937carry

Eg DAybring (gr)] Idiomatic use of DAicross over, ferry: DAy s.t.sn r... their

position is transferred to .... No semantic correspondance.

1023clothes

Eg aprclothes] Undoubtedly derived from the important root *aprequip. No

semantic correspondance.


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1044*>adaw- fish

Eg adw, aAdwkind of fish (XVIII)] The lexeme in question is aADwmullet (mugil

cephalus), attested since the Old Kingdom7. In hieroglyphic, its effigy (K3)serves as phonetic sign for consonants a+ D. Later spellings are ad(w), anD(w). The

latter form points to *alDwhich should go back to *!lq(*!standing for Afroasiatic *d,

*(i.e. d ), *z(i.e. dz) or *d\). It may be the pale one (aADto become pale; cf.Arabic azraqpale, blue). Obviously, it does not originally mean fish.

1086*>asun

Eg aDsun (gr)] RecteanDwlight of the sun; dawn, used as an epithet of the sun-

god; for which Rssler Das gyptische 310 33 compares Syr.zallk\splendens;

fulgor.

1142near

Eg arwcloseness] Vd.GardinerNotes on the Story of Sinuhe12-13 for the occasional

meaning approach (v.) of ariascend, of which ar.wis a verbal noun. near, close is

probably not the basic meaning of the root.

1147take

Eg hAycapture] Recteattack, a special transitive use of hAigo down . Capture,

or anything similar to take, is certainly not the basic meaning.

1160river

Eg hnm.tspring, source] RecteXnm.t no formal correspondance with the other

reference for this root, viz. Kulere haramriver.1168give birth

Eg hAybe born] hAi m X.tcome down from the womb, an idiomatic use of hAigo

down. No basic semantic connection with giving birth.

1169speak

Eg ihyshout] Rectejoy, jubilation. Hardly any semantic correspondance.

1175excrement

Eg hay.texcrement] Does not seem to exist. Note that hand a(originally alveolar:

*d) are incompatible, as are also hand s, though not hand t.

7EdelJahreszeitenreliefsII 155; cf. WrterbuchI 168.14; Gamer-Wallert Fische39 ff.;LII224.


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1220stone

Eg HTstone] Rather, a block of stone of a particular shape or size (facing block?).

1228go

Eg Hngo] Rectego speedily; journey (v.).

1237close, cover

Eg HApcover] Rectehide. Akin to Semitic *rbgo away; set (sun) (Schneider

LingAeg5, 1997, 202 no. 62).

1238arm, wing

Eg Hptarm, wing] recteembrace.

1241sky

Eg Hr.tsky] Literally, the upper (realm). No basic semantic correspondance.1250return, go

Eg Hwygo] strike; drive; tread (v.); strike is the basic meaning. No basic

semantic correspondance.

1260fly (v.)

Eg Hdyfly (v.)] Recte(1) spread out; (2) become limp. No semantic

correspondance.

1264starEg Hry.wstars] Literally, the upper ones. No basic semantic correspondance.

1277medicin, poison

Eg wHa.tpoison] Basic meaning, scorpion, lit.she who stings, from wHasting

(cf. Arabic wahad\apierce: Rssler Das gyptische 296 20). No basic semantic

correspondance.

1285*h\um- be hot

Eg hmbe inflamed] RecteXmm, var. Smm, be hot (no secondary modification of

the laryngeal!), on which see also above, no. 575 (*c!VmVm-), and below, no. 2328(*s!am-).

1286drive, move

Eg Hmymove away] More precisely, elude; cf. Hm, Hmtycoward.

1293Misprint Hsk.tfor Hsq.t.

1302 Eg Htrpay (n.)] Recterevenue, wages; the basic meaning of the root is bind (v.).

1310*ha


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1313 xbb (for xbb.t): cf. no. 1366.

1331rebellion

Eg ixm.wenemies] Basic meaning those to be extinguished, prospective passive

participle of ixm/axmextinguish, annul. No basic semantic relation.1336defecate

Eg wxAdefecate] Empty (v.); in medical texts: wxA X.tempty the body, said of a

purgative. No basic semantic connection with defecate.

1348 Misprint xnp.tfor Hnp.t.

1353be sick, be ill

Eg xmillness (of stomach)] be dry; in medical texts, iw rA-ib.f xm.fhis stomach

gets dry (meaning?). No basic semantic relation.1355 Eg xndo, make (n)] Does not seem to exist.

1366*hubVs- vessel

Eg xbsvessel for myrrha (gr)] Rectexbb.t. Cf. no. 133.

1371tomb, grave

Eg xnwtomb, burial place] Recteabode (lit.resting place); storehouse; basically

no semantic resemblance.

1372 Eg xndkind of cereals] Does not seem to exist.

1414*kahVp- hole; 1430*kaphouse

Eg kAphouse] Recteshelter. CopticBkhepi, Skepevault, cave is closely related

to Egyptian kApwand kAp.t, roof, Demotic qp(e)vault, roof. The Egyptian root is

*kApcover, which can be compared with Arabic kafara, id. No semantic connection

with hole.

1444know, learn

EgTnilearn] Rectedistinguish.

1451put on (clothes)

EgTAyput on (clothes)] Basic meaning, take.

1461genitals (Akk kirimu); 1518bind (Akk kam)

EgTAmforeskin;TAmbinding] Both are based on the root *TAmcloak (v.),

envelop; hence no semantic connection with genitals, nor with bind.

1522seeEg qAqAlook] A hapax: nAy.s-bxn.w m inr Hr qAqA r Hr.tits pylons of stone are


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towering to the sky P. Harris I 4, 1. It was also translated, are looking up to the

sky; but cf. qAhigh. Hence, qAqArise up high.

1524*k\a


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1635cow, bull

Eg nb.tcow] Rectenbw.tthe golden cow of heaven; from nbwgold. No basic

semantic relation.

1653*lap-/*lawap- be wetEg npAwet] -Ais consonantic (*l), cf. npnwater.

1656*lat- man

Eg nty.wpeople, men] The meaning is those that exist. No basic semantic relation.

1663 Eg nSmw.tfish] Basically, the scales; metonymically, fish.

1690cloud, fog

Eg nfyfog (gr)] breath.

1713 (Akkadic mahhalubox, basket)Eg mhnbox (n.)] With prefix m-; cf. hnwbox (from which MBabyl. hanunu

chest, according to Cochavi-Rainey Ugarit-Forschungen29, 1997, 978, who quotes

Lambdin, who quotes Albright).

1714wind

Eg imAxturbulence] Obviously, translated from the German Wirbel, which is,

however, ambiguous: imAxdoes not mean whirl, or turbulence, but rather

vertebra.

1723house

Eg mnroom] Does not seem to exist; perhaps mistaken for mnq, a room in the palace

(Wrterbuch2, 90.5). Coptic moneis Greek, not Egyptian.

1726pour

Eg mHypour] Rectefill.

1743stair, staircase

Eg mAqstaircase] From the root *iAqclimb up, with prefix m-. Cf. Arabic raqiya

climb up, and mark\a-, mark\at-/mirk\at-ladder, staircase (as was already seen by

EmberEgypto-Semitic Studies, vd.Calice Grundlagenno. 114).

1762*met-met- speak, shout

Eg mtmtspeak] Rectediscuss (two attestations, dyn. 18; probably for *mdmd:

reduplicated stem (pluralic/intensive meaning) of root *md(w)speak (mdwword,

speech, mdw.tword, speech, matter, mdwispeak; cf. root no. 1788).

8Cochavi-Rainey Ugarit-Forschungen29, 1997, 97.


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1768arrow, spear

Eg mabAharpoon] A really tricky matter. mabAmay be derived, by means of an m-

prefix, from the root *abAdirect (v.; command a ship; aba-sceptre; provide

(someone with something); secondarily, offering table, altar): harpoon, somethingthat is directed or launched. It has been compared with Geez ma>bal-telum,

jaculum9, and Arabic mi>balat-long, broad arrowhead; an arrow with such a head.

However, the Arabic word seems to be derived from >abilabe large, big, bulky, thick

(hardly from >abalacut (v.)). Anyway, Semitic has no root *>blthat would

correspond in meaning to Egyptian *abAdirect (v.). Rather, the Semitic reflex of the

root in question is *dbrguide (Hebrew,10Syriac, Arabic; vd. Rssler Das

gyptische 286 6. 37). Hence, the resemblance between Semitic *m>blandEgyptian mabAharpoon must be mere coincidence. Or is the Geez word, or the Arabic

word, an Egyptian loan in Semitic? As the lsound is preserved in Semitic, it could nothave been taken over from Egyptian mabAlater than the IIIrdmillennium B.C.: how did

it reach South Semitic without leaving traces in Northwest Semitic?1773cow

Eg mna.tcow] milk cow; internal Egyptian derivation from the root *mnanurse,

suckle. No basic semantic connection.1781bury

Eg maHa.ttomb] Internal Egyptian derivation from aHastand (up) (v.). Vd.Peust

LingAeg5, 1997, 296. No basic semantic connection.

1782 Eg mnmnmove (away)] Pluralic/intensive stem: move to and fro.

1783slave

Eg mnHslave] youth; stripling.

1784fat, oilEg mrH.tfat, grease] fat, unguent; internal Egyptian derivation from wrHannoint,

with prefix m-.

1797ash, coal

Eg mn.wash, coal] mnwifire, in mnwin Dba.tcoal-firing.

9EmberEgypto-Semitic Studies 3 c. 3; VycichlMDIK16, 1958, 372.10Bibl. Hebrew dabardrift (v.); dbrdrift, trailing; post-biblical dabbarleaderseems to be Aramaic.


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1809cattle

Eg mD.tcattle] Rectebyre.

1824(be) sharp

Eg nSny sharp] Recterage, be furious.

1833snake, worm

Eg nawkind of snake] Internal Egyptian derivation from naitwist (cf. root no.

1908): sqirming one.

1855spit

Eg nXspit] For a root doublet with Sas palatalized X, vd.nS, nSSspittle.

1875vessel

Eg nmvessel] Rectewine-press.1878*ninay- man

Eg wnny.wpeople, men] Properly, the existing ones; no semantic remblance.

1881water

Eg nqw.tliquid] Rectemoisture.

1883cry

Eg nggcry (of a goose)] Root or spelling variants (n)gAgA, gngn; onomatopoetic,

specific for geese. The only other source for the assumed root is Akkadian nagagu, first

adduced by Rssler Das gyptische 263326: 295 18.

1894go

Eg nfago (from)] Rectedisperse (always transitive), though with reflexive

pronoun, make off. It is related to Arabic nabad_athrow away, according to Rssler

Das gyptische 281 2; 288 9; also cf. nabd_aradisperser, disseminer (de

Biberstein KazimirskiDictionnaire).11 No semantic remblance.

1950cattleEgprybull-fight] RecteKampfstier, ferocious bull.

1965go

Eg apygo] Rectestride (through, by).

1973rain

EgpAa.tsky waters] RectepAar.t, Gewsser am Himmel, a region in the sky.

11Leslau comparisons 46 adduces the intransitive Arabic verb nafaradisperse, flee (1.tre peureux au point de senfuir au moindre bruit 2. Fuir et se disperser , according tode Biberstein KazimirskiDictionnaire).


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2010container

Egprbox] A very specific metaphoric meaning ofprhouse:pr n sTAa house for

dragging, an equipment for the royal burial of the New Kingdom (WrterbuchI 516.1).

2033possessEg xAmpossess] Rectebend (the arm); bow down.

2039tear

Eg xtttear off] Rectehttor hthttraverse.

2041mix

Eg xAwmix] Rectebreak up, pound, batter.

2046elbow

Eg xtelbow] Does not seem to exist.2047knife, sickle

Eg xAbchisel] RecteXAbsickle!

2052be angry

Eg xzyangry] Note that xand zare incompatible in Egyptian. RecteXziweak, vile,

cowardish.

2059 Misprint xnfor Xn.

2061 Misprint xA.tfor XA.t.

2065go, walk

Eg xnywalk] RecteXniapproach.

2068 Misprint xnwfor Xnw.

2110 rb.t(for rb): rand bare incompatible, the copper-pot may be a loan. Cf. Hebrew

lbabmake a cake,lbbhcake?2128 Misprint hyppopotamosfor hippopotamos.

2134lion

Eg Amlion (g)] Internal derivation, the seizer. No basic semantic relation.

2145*rVsV>- evil; be evil

Eg arSevil] Recte arS, or perhaps atS12, sneeze. May belong to root no. 1115, *>ot\is

sneeze. Of course, onomatopoetic.

2166*sag- bring

Eg sDAbring] The root is *wDA, with prefix s-. Vd.PeustLingAeg5, 1997, 270.

12The hieratic text may be read either way; cf. Satzinger Textcorpus und Wrterbuch 380with notes 25 and 26.


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2176pour, flow

Eg sTAflow] Basicaly, pull, drag.

2177 Eg skAhoe] Recteplough.

2180 Eg sqkcut] Rectesq; meaning uncertain.2183 Eg srp.tplant] Rectesrptlotus leaf.

2227worm

Eg sAb.tmotley snake] RectesAb; internal derivation from sAbmany-coloured, no

semantic connection with worm.

2235cereal

Eg Smaybarley] Internal derivation vom Smaslender, narrow.

2238 Eg sx.wmilk] Should be spelled *sXr(only attested as milk; stroke (v.)).

2280hair

Eg smAhair] Rectescalp; temple (of the head).

2296: Misprint sbn.tfor snb.t

2313 Eg stpslaughter] Rectecut up.

2328*s!am- burn; lightning

Eg Sm, Smmbe hot ] Cannot be adduced for a root with *s!- as it is the palatized

variant of the original Xmm. On this, vd.supra, on roots nos. 575 (*c!VmVm-) and 1285

(*h\um-).

2329sun

Eg sSm.tmoon-disc] Recte(lunar?) eye. No semantic relation.

2344ash

Eg tA.wash] Rectehot. No semantic relation.

2351go

Eg tfymove away] Recteremove forcefully; repulse (transitive!).2352henna

Eg tftfhenna] a useful plant.

2388*tek- take; 2434*tVk-tVk- trample

Eg tkktake] Recteattack (v.).

Eg tktktrample (enemies)] Recteattack (v.; pluralic/intensive stem).

2395strikeEg thmpush, pierce] Only pierce!


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2425lift

Eg twAlift] Rectesupport.

2437flow

Eg twrwaters] Recte, a body of water in the hereafter; properly the Pure One. No

semantic relation.

2446cut, tear; 2447catch, seize

Eg dbdbpierce, tear; catch, seize] Recteattack. No semantic relation.

2448*t\ab- container

Eg tb.tbox (gr)] Late writing of db.t< DbA.t.

2466roof

Eg twA.ttemple roof] Internal derivation from twAsupport (cf. root no. 2425).2468kill, destroy

Eg tAHkill] Rectesink (dagger, etc., into body); hence stab.

2479container

Eg dSr.tvessel] Properly, red (pot). No semantic relation.

2491be happy

Eg wASbe happy] Rectepowerful, respected. Hardly any semantic relation.

2493man

Eg wAS.tdescription of men] Rectethe respected ones. No semantic relation.

2494hen

Eg wSA.tpoultry] Internal derivation from wSAfatten. No semantic relation.

2501beast of prey

Eg wa.tylion] Properly, the unique one. No semantic relation.

2502wash

Eg wabwash] Recteclean, purify.

2510die; death

Eg wHAdeadly illness] Recteskin disease, rash. No semantic relation.

2528 burn; flame

Eg wr.tdefinition of the flame (gr)] Properly, the great one. No semantic relation.

2552send, order

Eg wDysend] Properly, two verbs: wDassign; order; wDitravel; send.


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2571dog

Eg iSpl. dogs pulling the ship of the Sun-God] Properly, iS.wthe pulling ones. No

semantic relation.

2580cerealEg iry.tcorn (as donation)] Recteduty (lit. what is to be done). No semantic

relation. Vd.PeustLingAeg5, 1997, 271.

2584 Eg iwypour out] Recte irrigate; for iwH, id.?2651ask

Eg sDminterrogate] The basic meaning is hear; no semantic connection with

ask.

L o a n s f r o m S e m i t i c

66 Yes, iyrstag is borrowed from Semitic; vd.Hoch Semitic Wordsnos. 1 and 18.

115 iswtlong plank (of coniferous wood) (regarded as masculin); vd.Hoch Semitic Words

no. 27.

371 isbrwhip; vd.Hoch Semitic Wordsno. 29.

417 Dak, recteDaq; Semitic *z>q / *s\>q, vd.Hoch Semitic Wordsno. 571.

577 DbAarmy; vd.Hoch Semitic Wordsno. 573.

591 For dd(dAdA) as a Semitic loan (Hoch Semitic Wordsno. 568), vd.supra.

1428 kpenemys hand , cut off ; vd.Hoch Semitic Wordsno. 457.

1984prxflower; vd.Hoch Semitic Wordsno. 152.

2629 iDr.tkind of vessel; vd.Hoch Semitic Wordsno. 46.

2260 SrHriver is borrowed from Semitic, cf. Hebrew slah\aqueduct; vd.Rssler Das

gyptische 308 29.

L o a n s f r o m E g y p t i a n

1367: Akk husgustone, Eg Hsg, stone as material for unguent vessels (Amazonite (?),

according to HannigHandwrterbuch; 1 occurrence, dyn. 18). The pharyngeals would

point to an Egyptian word loaned by Akkadian.

2431*tm- crocodile, snake

Arabic timsah\-is a loan from Coptic, te-msahwith feminine article, Eg msHcrocodile


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(cf. PeustLingAeg5, 1997, 270). Mubi etc. tumsais from Arabic: obviously, ihas

become ubefore a labial.

E t y m o l o g i c a l s u g g e s t i o n s

4


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Index of the Egyptian lexemes mentioned.Atread, step 1Amlion 2134Ax.tfield; arable land; basic meaning, useful

48iAd.tpasture 1633iyrstag 66 (subLoans from Semitic)iar.t, the uprising cobra 95iwiirrigate 2584iwH, irrigate 2584imApleasant, friendly 104imAxvertebra 1714imny, an epithet of the sun-god, he who hides

himself 105inin cut 143ins.tcalf, shin 396iry.tduty (lit. what is to be done) 2580

ir.wtworkfolk (lit. ones who do something) 76ihyjoy, jubilation 1169ixm.wenemies 1331ixm/axmextinguish, annul 1331iswtlong plank (of coniferous wood) 115 (sub

Loans from Semitic)isbrwhip 371 (subLoans from Semitic)isqlinger 153iS.wthe pulling ones (jackels pulling the ship of

the Sun-God) 2571iDr.t, a kind of vessel 2629 (subLoans from

Semitic)

aAgreat; large; rich; senior; as noun, great one;elder; leader 19 (subEtymologicalSuggestions)

aAa ejaculate; spew; beget 591aAa semen; poison 591aADwmullet (mugil cephalus) 1044abAaba-sceptre 1768abAcommand a ship 1768abAlight 1768abAoffering table, altar 1768abAprovide (someone with something) 1768abAshine (on); glitter 1768

abAy.t/abAw.t, aby.trope, fetter 1768afq, ziehen; zerreien 772apistride (through, by) 1965aprclothes 1023anDwlight of the sun; dawn 1086ariapproach 1142arwcloseness 1142arSor atSsneeze 2145aHastand (up) (v.) 1781wAwwave (of the sea); flood water 123wASpowerful, respected 2491wAS.tthe respected ones 2493wa.tylion, lit. the unique one 2501wabclean, purify 2502wbn.twebenet (mummy bindings of the head)

249wbsherb 347wpidivide 47wnny.wpeople, men 1878wr.tdefinition of the flame, lit. the great one

2528wrHannoint 1784wHAskin disease, rash 2510wHa.tscorpion 1277wHy.tfamily 1256wxAempty (v.); in medical texts: wxA X.tempty

the body, said of a purgative 1336wSA.tpoultry 2494wSm, a metal vessel, a measure for beer 563wD assign; order 2552wDi travel; send 2552

bAstork, jabiru (Ephippiorhynchus asiaticus) 293bAAw.tvirility 339bAnisleep 89bAHpenis 4 (subEtymological Suggestions)byA.tneck(?) 251bana body of water in the heavens 326baHiflood (v.); inundate; be flooded 180bnnbeget; become erect (of the penis) 4bnbn point upwards, be erect 264bnbnbeget; ejaculate 4, 264bnbnBenben (sacred stone) 264bnbnobelisk 264

bnbn stela 264bnbn, a conical loaf of bread 264bndfare badly 367bhAflee; turn back(wards) 219bsAwbesausporran (protective, of beads) 236

bq(spelling variantbAq)catch sight of 201bT run 202

pAar.t, ein Gewsser am Himmel, a region in the sky1973

prhouse;pr n sTAa house for dragging 2010pryKampfstier, ferocious bull 1950prxflower 1984 (subLoans from Semitic)fnn.wy, a proper name 774fdwipe away 822ftterase (inscriptions), Amarna and Dyn. 21

spelling offdwipe away 822mAq staircase 1743mabAharpoon 1768maHa.ttomb 1781mHifill 1726mhnbox 1713mna.tmilk cow 1773mnwifire, in mnwin Dba.tcoal-firing 1797

mnmnmove to and fro 1782mnHyouth; stripling 1783mnq, a room in the palace 1723


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mrH.tfat, unguent 1784msHcrocodile, Coptic msah2431 (subVaria)mtmtdiscuss 1762mdwword, speech 1762mdw.tword, speech, matter 1762mdwispeak; cf. root no. 1788) 1762, 1788mD.t byre 1809naitwist 1833, 1908naw, a kind of snake] Internal Egyptian derivation

from 1833nbgolden (cereal) 1634nb.t, the golden cow of heaven 1635nbD evil; destructive 175npA wet 1653npn water 1653nfybreath; fog 1690nfadisperse (always transitive), with reflexive

pronoun, make off 1894nmwine-press 1875nXspit 1855nS, nSSspittle 1855nSmw.tscales; metonymically, fish 1663nSni rage, be furious 1824nqw.tmoisture 1881ngg, (n)gAgA, gngn, cry (of a goose) 1883nty.wpeople, men 1656rb, a pot of copper 2110rbw(y), Coptic (S) laboj, lioness 1636hAroast 1310

hAigo down; attack; hAi m X.tcome downfrom the womb 1147, 1168

hnwboxhtht traverse 2039htttraverse 2039HAphide 1237Hwi strike; drive; tread (v.) 1250Hptembrace 1238Hm, Hmtycoward 1286Hmielude 1286Hngo speedily; journey (v.) 1228Hnp.tfield 1348Hr.tsky 1241Hry.wstars; literally, the upper ones 1264Hsq.tknife 1293Hsg, stone as material for unguent vessels

(Amazonite (?)) 1367 (subLoan fromEgyptian)

Htrrevenue, wages 1302HT, a block of stone of a particular shape or size

(facing block?) 1220Hdi(1) spread out; (2) become limp 1260xAwbreak up, pound, batter 2041xAmbend (the arm); bow down 2033xbb.t, a vessel for myrrh; for wine 1313, 1366xnwabod; storehouse 1371xrfall (v.) 562

XA.t, kind of fish 2061XAbsickle 2047Xadrain, exhaust; empty (v.); debauch, violate (a

woman) 25xmbe dry; in medical texts, iw rA-ib.f xm.fhis

stomach gets dry 1353Xmmbe hot 1285Xntent 2059Xniapproach 2065Xnm.tspring, source 1160Xnwrivulet 2068Xziweak, vile, cowardish 2052zAr.t, a garden plant 405, 2600sAbmany-coloured 2227sAbmotley snake 2227sAb.t, a kind of plant 2318sAr.t, a garden plant 405, 2600

sAri, a kind of plant 405sbyrebel 2155sbH, a kind of fowl 2157smherb 395smAscalp; temple (of the head) 2280snb.tsky 2296srptlotus leaf 2183sx.wmilk 2238sxroverthrow, cast down 562sXrmilk; stroke (v.) 2238sSwi lift 516sSm.t(lunar?) eye 2329

sqcut (?) 2180skA plough 2177skmcover 409stpcut up 2313sT.tbaking mold 404sT.t, a jug, for beer; a jug, as a measure of capacity

404sTApull, drag 2176sDAbring 2166sDm hear 2651Sd.t well 521Sdimortar, also used as container 553Smaslender, narrow 2235Smaybarley 2235Smmbe hot 575, 1285, 2328Swisoar up, rise 516qAhigh 1522qAavomit; pour out 1524qAbintestines 1573qAb.tknee 1573qaHshoulder, arm 1622qAqAloom, tower (v.) 1522qAsrope] Basic meaning, bind 1612

qAs, qisvomit; spew out 1625qbHbe cool; cool; pour a libation; presentlibations (v.) 1578

qbH.wcoolness 1578


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qbH.wlibation vase 1578qbH.wlibation water; water 1578qbH.wwater fowl 1578qbH.wwatery region (habitat of birds); watery

region (mythological) 1578qbH.wwatery region (in the sky) 1578qmhw, a type of bread 1545qq eat 1623qrfbend, contract 1573qrf, qrf.tbag 1573qrf.tcontractions (med.) 1573qrf.w(facial) wrinkles 1573kApshelter 1414kApwand kAp.t, roof, Demotic qp(e)vault, roof,

CopticBkhepi, Skepevault, cave 1414kpenemys hand , cut off 1428 (sub

Loans from Semitic)kr.tyhorns 1549gbAarm; side 850, 862gmHcatch sight of, look 889gsrib; side 862tA.whot 2344tAHkill 2468twAsupport 2425, 2466twA.ttemple roof 2466twr, a body of water in the hereafter 2437tb.tbox (gr); late writing of db.t< DbA.t 2448tfiremove forcefully; repulse 2351tftf, a useful plant 2352

thmpierce 2395tkkattack (v.) 2388,tktkattack (v.) 2434

TAitake; put on (clothes) 1451TAmbinding 1518TAmforeskin 1461Tnidistinguish 1444dAdA (dd)copulate 591 (subLoans from

Semitic)diherb 722dbdbattack 2446, 2447dbdbcut up, strike (?), pound (of the heart)

688dmitouch; be joined to; cleave to 707drdrive away; repel; remove 747dSr.tvessel 2479dgi see 757

dd(dAdA) love 591DADAenemy, hostile 583DAibe hostile 583DAicross over, ferry 937DAm offspring; youths; generation 1018Daqcry out 417 (also subLoans from Semitic)DbAarmy 577 (subLoans from Semitic)Dbnhartebeest 1017DdAbecome ripe; fertilize (field) (gr) 871DdAgrow fat 871

Bibliography.

J. P. Allen, The Inflection of the Verb in the Pyramid Texts. Malibu 1984. (=Bibliotheca Aegyptia, 21/2).F. Calice, Grundlagen der gyptisch-semitischen Wortvergleichung; eine kritische Diskussion des bisherigen

Vergleichsmaterials. Wien 1936. (= Wiener Zeitschrift fr die Kunde des Morgenlandes, Beihefte, Heft 1).Z. Cochavi-Rainey, Egyptian Influence in the Amarna Texts. Ugarit-Forschungen29, 1997, 95114.A. de Biberstein Kazimirski,Dictionnaire arabe-franais. Beyrouth.E. Edel,Zu den Inschriften auf den Jahreszeitenreliefs der "Weltkammer" aus dem Sonnenheiligtum des

Niuserre. II. Teil, 1964. (=Nachrichten der Akademie der Wissenschaft in Gttingen1963. Nr. 4 [und] 5, p.89-217.)

A. Ember,Egypto-Semitic Studies. Aus den berresten des Originalmanuskripts hergestellt und nach lterenArbeiten des Verfassers ergnzt von Frida Behnk. Leipzig 1930. (= Verffentlichungen der AlexanderKohout Memorial Foundation. Philologische Reihe, 2.)

I. Gamer-Wallert, Fische und Fischkulte im alten gypten. Wiesbaden 1970. (=gyptologische Abhandlungen21.).

A. H. Gardiner,Notes on the Story of Sinuhe. Paris 1916R. Hannig, Grosses Handwrterbuch gyptisch Deutsch. Die Sprache der Pharaonen (2800-950 v.Chr.),

Mainz 1995. (= Kulturgeschichte der Antiken Welt, 64.)R. Hannig,gyptisches WrterbuchI. Altes Reich und Erste Zwischenzeit. Mainz 2003.R. Hannig,gyptisches WrterbuchII. Mittleres Reich und Zweite Zwischenzeit. Teil 1 u. 2Mainz 2006.J. E. Hoch, Semitic Words in Egyptian Texts of the New Kingdom and Third Intermediate Period. Princeton

1994.H. Jungraithmayr & D. Ibriszimow, Chadic Lexical Roots. vols. I-II. Berlin 1994.

Lexikon der gyptologie. 7 vols. E. Otto, W. Helck, W. Westendorf (eds.). Wiesbaden 1975-1992.E. W. Lane,An Arabic-English Lexicon. 8 vols. Beyrouth 1980 [1863]; online:

http://www.studyquran.co.uk/LLhome.htm

W. Leslau, Semitic and Egyptian comparisons. Journal of Near Eastern Studies21, 1962, 44-49.D. Meeks,Anne Lexicographique. gypte Ancienne. Tome 2 (1978). Paris 1981.J. Osing, Jrgen,Die Nominalbildung des gyptischen. 2 vols. Mainz/Rhein 1976.C. Peust, New impulses in Afroasiatic linguistics. Lingua Aegyptia5, 1997, 25176.


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J. Quack, (revue of:) R. Hannig,Die Sprache der Pharaonen. Groes Handwrterbuch gyptisch-Deutsch(2800-950 v.Chr.).Bibliotheca Orientalis54, 1997, 328334.

O. Rssler, Das gyptische als semitische Sprache. F. Altheim - R. Stiehl, Christentum am Roten Meervol. I.Berlin New York 1971, 263326.H. Satzinger, Egyptian Ayin in variation with D. Lingua Aegyptia6, 1999, 141151.H. Satzinger, Modifizierung gyptischer Verbalwurzeln durch Reduplikation. Wiener Zeitschrift fr die

Kunde des Morgenlandes, in preparation.H. Satzinger, Afroasiatischer Sprachvergleich. St. Grunert - I. Hafemann (eds.), Textcorpus und Wrterbuch.Aspekte zur gyptischen Lexikographie. Leiden - Boston - Kln 1999, 367386. (= Probleme dergyptologie14.).

Th. Schneider, Beitrge zur sogenannten Neueren Komparatistik.Lingua Aegyptia5, 1997, 189209.S. Starostin, The Tower of Babel, http://starling.rinet.ru/cgi-bin/main.cgi?root=config.G. Takcs, Etymological Dictionary of Egyptian. Volume II: b-,p-,f-. Leiden Boston Kln 2001.

(Handbuch der Orientalistik. Erste Abt. Der Nahe und Mittlere Osten, 48/2.)Thesaurus Linguae Aegyptiae. Arbeitsstelle gyptisches Wrterbuch. Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der

Wisssenschaften. http://aaew.bbaw.de/tla/index.html.W. Vycichl, Grundlagen der gyptisch-semitischen Wortvergleichung. Mitteilungen des Deutschen

Archologischen Instituts Kairo16, 1958, 367405.Wrterbuch der gyptischen Sprache. 5 vols. Berlin 1935.

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