Eh 40

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Health and Safety Executive

EH40/2005 Workplace exposure limitsContainingthelistofworkplaceexposurelimitsforusewiththeControlofSubstancesHazardoustoHealthRegulations2002(asamended)

This is a free-to-download, web-friendly version of EH40/2005 (First edition, published 2005). This version has been adapted for online use from HSE’s current printed version.

Youcanbuythebookatwww.hsebooks.co.ukandmostgoodbookshops.

ISBN 978 0 7176 2977 0Price £11.50

This latest version of EH40 reflects the introduction of a new framework for adequate control of exposure to hazardous substances. The new workplace exposure limits (WELs) replace the previous system of MELs (maximum exposure limits) and OESs (occupational exposure standards). It is felt this will be a more effective method of occupational exposure limit.

This book contains the new WELs, as set by the Health and Safety Commission, and will guide those responsible for controlling exposure to hazardous substances at work.

Addendum to EH40 2005

ThisaddendumhasbeenproducedbecauseinJuly2006theHealthandSafetyCommissionagreedtorevisetheWorkplaceExposureLimit(WEL)forrespirablecrystallinesilicafrom0.3to0.1andnotethatthisisbeingkeptunderreview.

Page27:entryforSilica,respirablecrystalline,changeto:‘seepage31-0.1--HSC/Eplanstokeepthislimitvalueunderreview’

TheadditionalchangeslistedbelowareforfurtherclarificationtocertainentriesinEH402005:

Page17:entryforCyanides,exceptHCN,cyanogenandcyanogenchloride:Addwords‘(asCn)’atend.

Page23:entryforManganeseanditsinorganiccompounds:Addwords‘(asMn)’atend.

Page28:entryforTetracarbonylnickel:Addwords‘(asNi)’atend.

Page31:InsertnewentryinTable2:

‘Isocyanate 1µmolurinarydiamine/molcreatinineinurine Posttask’

Page56:underentryforCycloalkanesreplace‘1200mg.m-3’with800mg.m-3’.

HSE Books

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Supplement to EH40/2005 New and revised WELs in force from October 2007

On1October2007,theEuropeanCommission’s2ndDirectiveonIndicativeOccupationalExposureLimitValues(2006/15/EC)willbeimplementedinGreatBritainandNorthernIreland.

ThisdirectiverequiresMemberStatesoftheEuropeanUniontointroducedomesticoccupationalexposurelimitsforthesubstanceslistedintheAnnextothedirective.Additionally,thelevelofthedomesticlimitmusttakeaccountoftheIndicativeOccupationalExposureLimitValue(IOELV).

TheHealthandSafetyCommissionhasapprovednewandrevisedWorkplaceExposurelimits(WELs)requiredtoimplementthe2ndIOELVDirectiveandtheattachedtablegivesdetailsofthechangesthatwillcomeintoforceon1October2007.

Thechangescanbesummarisedasfollows:

n Therearenewentriesforthefollowingsubstances,forwhichthereiscurrentlynoWEL:2(2-Butoxyethoxy)ethanol,Isopentane,2-(2-Methoxyethoxy)ethanol,Neopentane,Pentane,pyrethrum(purifiedofsensitisinglactones).

n Therearenew8-hourTWAWELsforDiphosphoruspentoxideandPhosphineandanewshort-termexposurelimit(STEL)forPhosphoruspentachloride.

n TheentryforPyrethins(ISO)isremoved.n ThefollowingsubstanceshaveamendedWELs(either8-hourTWAorSTEL

orboth):2-Aminoethanol,Bromine,Chlorine,Cyanamide,Diethylamine,Diphosphorus,pentasulphide,Morpholine,Nitricacid,Nitrobenzene,Phosphine,Toluene.

n Theexisting8-hourTWAWELsforChlorineandNitricacidandtheexistingshort-termexposurelimit(STEL)forNitrobenzenearewithdrawn.

n A‘Skin’notationisaddedforthefollowingsubstances:2-Aminoethanol,Cyanamide,Resorcinol.

Changes to the list of workplace exposure limits in EH40

1 New entries


Substance CAS number

Workplace exposure limit Comments

Long-termexposurelimit(8-hourTWAreferenceperiod)ppmmg.m-3

Short-termexposurelimit(15minutereferenceperiod)ppmmg.m-3

2-(2Botoxyethoxy)ethanol

112-34-5 10 67.5 15 101.2 R36

Isopentane 78-78-4 600 1800 - - R12,51/53,65,66,67

2-(2-Methoxyethoxy)ethanol

111-77-3 10 50.1 - - SkR63

Neopentane 463-82-1 600 1800 - - R12,51/53

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2 Removed entries

3 Revised entries (changes in bold)






Pyrethrins(ISO) 8003-34-7121-21-1121-29-9

- 5 - 10 R20/21/22,50/53





Pentane 109-66-0 600 1800 - - R12,51/53,65,66,67

Pyrethrum(purifiedofsensitisinglactones)

8003-34-7 - 1 - -





2-Aminoethanol 141-43-5 1 2.5 3 7.6 SkR20/21/22,34

Bromine 7726-95-6 0.1 0.66 0.2 1.3 R26,35,50

Chlorine 7782-50-5 - - 0.5 1.5 R23,36/37/38,50

Cyanamide 420-04-2 0.58 1 - - SkR21,25,36/38,43

Diethylamine 109-89-7 5 15 10 30 R11,20/21/22,35

1 New entries continued

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Diphosphoruspentasulphide

1314-80-3 - 1 - 2 R11,20/22,29,50

Diphosphoruspentoxide

1314-56-3 - 1 - 2 R35

Morpholine 110-91-8 10 36 20 72 SkR10,20/21/22,34

Nitricacid 7697-37-2 - - 1 2.6 R8,35

Nitrobenzene 98-95-3 0.2 1 - - SkR23/24/25,40,48/23/24,62,51/53

Phosphine 7803-51-2 0.1 0.14 0.2 0.28 R12,17,26,34,50

Phosphoruspentachloride

10026-13-8 0.1 0.87 0.2 2 R14,22,26,34,48/20

Resorcinol 108-46-3 10 46 20 92 SkR22,36/38,50

Toluene 108-88-3 50 191 100 384 SkR11,38,48/20,63,65

3 Revised entries (changes in bold) continued

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© Crown copyright 2005

Firstpublished2005

ISBN9780717629775

Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystem,ortransmittedinanyformorbyanymeans(electronic,mechanical,photocopying,recordingorotherwise)withoutthepriorwrittenpermissionofthecopyrightowner.

Applicationsforreproductionshouldbemadeinwritingto:TheOfficeofPublicSectorInformation,InformationPolicyTeam,Kew,Richmond,SurreyTW94DUore-mail:[email protected]

EH40/2005containsmaterialofdifferentlegalstatus.

Table1ofEH40/2005andtheNoticesofApprovalhaveaspeciallegalstatusastheyareapprovedbytheHealthandSafetyCommission.TheControlofSubstancesHazardoustoHealthRegulations2002imposerequirementsbyreferencetothesesections,whicharethereforelegallybinding.Thus,ifTable1ortheNoticesofApprovalapplytoyourworkactivities,healthandsafetyinspectorswillexpectyoutobecomplyingwiththeserequirements,andwillifnecessarytakeappropriateenforcementaction.

TheremainderofEH40/2005isguidance.ThisguidanceisissuedbytheHealthandSafetyExecutive.Followingtheguidanceisnotcompulsoryandyouarefreetotakeotheraction.Butifyoudofollowtheguidanceyouwillnormallybedoingenoughtocomplywiththelaw.Healthandsafetyinspectorsseektosecurecompliancewiththelawandmayrefertothisguidanceasillustratinggoodpractice.


EH40/2005Workplaceexposurelimits Page6of82


ContentsForeword 8ThenewOELframework 8

Introduction 9WhatareWELs? 9WELsandCOSHH 9Principlesofgoodpracticeforthecontrolofexposuretosubstanceshazardoustohealth 10InhaledsubstancesnotassignedWELs 10Employeesandtheself-employed 10DataProtectionAct 11Europeanoccupationalexposurelimits 11Furtherinformationandadvice 11

List of workplace exposure limits (WELs) 12Annotations 12RiskphrasesfromtheChemicals(HazardInformationandPackagingforSupply)Regulations2002usedinEH40 13

Table 1: List of approved workplace exposure limits 15

Table 2: Biological monitoring guidance values 36

Supplementary information for table 1 37Definitions 37SubstanceswhicharespecialcasesunderCOSHHorotherlegislation 40

Setting exposure limits 47Legalbackgroundtoexposurelimits 47Approachtoderivingtheworkplaceexposurelimit 47Criteriaforsettingworkplaceexposurelimits 49

Applying occupational exposure limits 50Scopeofthelimits 50Long-termandshort-termexposurelimits 50Helpinapplyinglimits 51Unitsofmeasurement 51ConversionandroundingofWELsexpressedinppmtomg.m-3 52Calculationofexposure 52Limitationstotheapplicationofexposurelimits 52Otherfactors 52Absorptionthroughtheskin 52

Calculation methods 54Calculationofexposurewithregardtothespecifiedreferenceperiods 54Noticeofapproval 54Schedule 54Theshort-termreferenceperiod 56MethodsofmeasurementandcalculationfordeterminingthefibreconcentrationsofMMMF 56Noticeofapproval 56Schedule 57



Monitoring exposure 58Personal/workplaceairmonitoring 58Biologicalmonitoring(seealsoTable2,page31) 58

Mixed exposures 60WELsformixtures 60Hydrocarbonsolvents 60Reciprocalcalculationprocedureformixturesofhydrocarbonsolvents 60Effectsofmixedexposures 62Riskassessmentandcontrol 62Monitoringmixedexposure 63Complicatingfactors 64

List of synonyms 65

References 79

Further information 82



ForewordThe new OEL framework

ThiseditionofEH40representsanewdepartureforthesettingof,andcompliancewith,occupationalexposurelimits(OELs).Theprevioussystem,settingOELsasmaximumexposurelimits(MELs)andoccupationalexposurestandards(OESs)hasbeendiscontinuedinfavourofasingletypeofOELknownastheworkplaceexposurelimitorWEL.

MELsandOESswereintroducedin1989,whenthefirstControlofSubstancesHazardoustoHealthRegulations(COSHH)cameintoforce.TheControlofSubstancesHazardoustoHealth(Amendment)Regulations20041removedthedefinitionsofthesetwotypesofOELandreplacedthemwiththedefinitionofaWEL.Thesechangescameintoeffecton6April2005.

ThechangescameaboutasaresultofconcernsexpressedbytheHealthandSafetyCommission’sAdvisoryCommitteeonToxicSubstances(ACTS)abouthowwellemployersandotherstakeholdersunderstoodOELs,andabouthowwidelythesewerebeingusedinindustry.ResearchcarriedoutforHSEshowedthatthoseconcernswerejustified.Asaresult,anACTSWorkingGroupwasgiventhetaskofconsideringanewapproachtothesettinganduseofOELs.

AdiscussiondocumentpublishedinMarch2002setouttheconcernswiththeexistingsystemandproposedoptionsforanewsystem.

Followingthecommentsreceivedonthisdiscussiondocument,aformalConsultativeDocumentwaspublishedinOctober2003,whichmadeproposalsforanewOELframework.Theseproposalsincludedtheintroductionofeightprinciplesofgoodpracticeforthecontrolofexposuretosubstanceshazardoustohealth,andreplacingMELsandOESswithWELs.ResponsestothisConsultativeDocumentshowedstrongsupportfortheseproposals.Paragraphs5and6ofthispublicationprovideinformationontheprinciplesofgoodpracticeandonhowtoapplyWELs.

AfurtheraspectofthenewframeworkisthatcertainformerOESshavenotbeenconvertedtoWELsbecauseofdoubtsthatthelimitwasnotsoundly-based.ThoseOESs,forwhichtherewassomeconcernthathealthwasnotadequatelyprotectedatthevalueoftheOES,havebeenremoved.DetailsofthesesubstancescanbefoundinatableontheHSEwebsite(http://www.hse.gov.uk/aboutus/hsc/meetings/2004/091104/c06c.pdf).ThistablealsoprovidesadviceonwhetherCOSHH essentials2canbeusedtoobtainadviceonthecontrolofthesesubstances.

Althoughonlythecourtscangiveanauthoritativeinterpretationoflaw,inconsideringtheapplicationofthisguidancetopeopleworkingunderanother’sdirection,thefollowingshouldbeconsidered.Ifpeopleworkingunderthecontrolanddirectionofothersaretreatedasself-employedfortaxandnationalinsurancepurposestheymayneverthelessbetreatedastheiremployeesforhealthandsafetypurposes.Itmaythereforebenecessarytotakeappropriateactiontoprotectthem.Ifanydoubtexistsaboutwhoisresponsibleforthehealthandsafetyofaworkerthiscouldbeclarifiedandincludedinthetermsofacontract.However,remember,alegaldutyundersection3oftheHealthandSafetyatWork(HSWAct)cannotbepassedonbymeansofacontractandtherewillstillbedutiestowardsothersundersection3oftheHSWAct.Ifsuchworkersareemployedonthebasisthattheyareresponsiblefortheirownhealthandsafety,legaladviceshouldbesoughtbeforedoingso.



Introduction1 Manypeopleareexposedtoavarietyofsubstancesatwork(egchemicals,fumes,dusts,fibres)whichcan,undersomecircumstances,haveaharmfuleffectontheirhealth.Thesearecalled‘hazardoussubstances’.Ifexposuretoahazardoussubstanceisnotproperlycontrolleditmaycauseillhealthinanumberofways.Thesubstancemaycauseharmbytoomuchbeingtakenintothebodythroughbreathing,bybeingabsorbedthroughtheskin,bybeingswallowed,orbyactingdirectlyonthebodyatthepointofcontact,egtheskin.Someillnessescausedbyexposuretohazardoussubstancesintheworkplace(occupationaldiseases)maynotappearuntilalongtimeafterthefirstexposure.Therefore,itisimportanttoknowinadvancehowtoprotectthehealthofpeopleworkingwithhazardoussubstancesandalsoofotherpeoplewhomaybeaffectedbytheworkbeingcarriedout.WELsforhazardoussubstancesatworkaresetbytheHealthandSafetyCommission(HSC)ontherecommendationsofitsAdvisoryCommitteeonToxicSubstances(ACTS)andpublishedinEH40.Amoredetailedexplanationisonpages42-44.

What are WELs?

2 WELsareoccupationalexposurelimits(OELs)setunderCOSHH,3inordertohelpprotectthehealthofworkers.WELsareconcentrationsofhazardoussubstancesintheair,averagedoveraspecifiedperiodoftimereferredtoasatime-weightedaverage(TWA).Twotimeperiodsareused:longterm(8hoursandshortterm(15minutes).Short-termexposurelimits(STELs)aresettohelppreventeffects,suchaseyeirritation,whichmayoccurfollowingexposureforafewminutes.

WELs and COSHH

3 ThefirstrequirementofCOSHHistopreventexposuretosubstanceshazardoustohealthwhereitis‘reasonablypracticable’(iethecostsinreducingexposurewouldnotbegrosslydisproportionatetothebenefits).Thiscanbeachievedby:

n changingtheprocesssothatthesubstanceisnolongerused/produced;n replacingitwithasaferalternative;orn completelyenclosingtheprocess.

4 Regulation7(7)ofCOSHHstatesthat,‘withoutprejudicetotherequirementtopreventexposure,controlofexposuretoasubstancehazardoustohealthshallonlybetreatedasadequateif- (a) theprinciplesofgoodpracticeforthecontrolofexposuretosubstances hazardoustohealthsetoutinSchedule2Aareapplied; (b) anyworkplaceexposurelimitapprovedforthatsubstanceisnotexceeded; and (c) forasubstance— (i) whichcarriestheriskphraseR45,R46orR49,orforasubstance orprocesswhichislistedinSchedule1;or (ii) whichcarriestheriskphraseR42orR42/43,orwhichislistedin sectionCofHSEpublicationAsthmagen? Critical assessments of the evidence for agents implicated in occupational asthma4as updatedfromtimetotime,oranyothersubstancewhichtherisk assessmenthasshowntobeapotentialcauseofoccupational asthma,exposureisreducedtoaslowalevelasisreasonably practicable’.



Principles of good practice for the control of exposure to substances hazardous to health

5 TheeightprinciplesofgoodpracticeforthecontrolofexposuretosubstanceshazardoustohealtharesetoutinSchedule2AofThe Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations 2002 (as amended). Approved Code of Practice and guidance.5Theprinciplesarereproducedbelow:

(a)designandoperateprocessesandactivitiestominimiseemission,releaseand spreadofsubstanceshazardoustohealth;(b) takeintoaccountallrelevantroutesofexposure–inhalation,skinabsorption andingestion–whendevelopingcontrolmeasures;(c) controlexposurebymeasuresthatareproportionatetothehealthrisk;(d) choosethemosteffectiveandreliablecontroloptionswhichminimisethe escapeandspreadofsubstanceshazardoustohealth;(e) whereadequatecontrolofexposurecannotbeachievedbyothermeans, provide,incombinationwithothercontrolmeasures,suitablepersonal protectiveequipment;(f) checkandreviewregularlyallelementsofcontrolmeasuresfortheircontinuing effectiveness;(g) informandtrainallemployeesonthehazardsandrisksfromthesubstances withwhichtheyworkandtheuseofcontrolmeasuresdevelopedtominimise therisks;(h) ensurethattheintroductionofcontrolmeasuresdoesnotincreasetheoverall risktohealthandsafety.

6 Ifemployersapplytheprinciplescorrectly,exposureshouldbebelowanyrelevantWEL.Controlbypersonalprotectiveequipmentshouldonlybeusedwhenothermeasuresarenotreasonablypracticable.ThelistofWELsappliestoconcentrationsofhazardoussubstancesbreathedinbytheworkerandareusedtodeterminetheadequacyofcontrolmeasures.ThereareseveralpublicationswhichgiveadviceandguidanceonwhatisrequiredundertheCOSHHRegulations.Someusefulreferencesaregivenonpage55.

Inhaled substances not assigned WELs

7 TheabsenceofasubstancefromthelistofWELsdoesnotindicatethatitissafe.Forthesesubstances,exposureshouldbecontrolledtoaleveltowhichnearlyalltheworkingpopulationcouldbeexposed,dayafterdayatwork,withoutadverseeffectsonhealth.Aspartoftheassessmentrequiredunderregulation6ofCOSHH,employersshoulddeterminetheirownworkingpractices,andin-housestandardsforcontrol.Insomecasestheremaybesufficientinformationtosetaself-imposedworkingstandard,egfrommanufacturersandsuppliersofthesubstance,frompublicationsofindustryassociations,occupationalmedicineandhygienejournals.FurtherinformationmaybefoundinMonitoring strategies for toxic substances6andCOSHH essentials.2

Employees and the self-employed

8 Therearealsosomedutiesforemployeesandtheself-employedunderCOSHH.GuidanceisgiveninassociatedACOPs,particularlytheCOSHHACOP.5Ifapersonworkingunderanemployer’scontrolanddirectionistreatedasself-employedfortaxandnationalinsurancepurposes,theymayneverthelessbeanemployeeforhealthandsafetypurposes.Youmayneedthereforetotakeappropriateactiontoprotectthem.



9 Ifyoudonotwishtoemployworkersonthisbasis,youshouldseeklegaladvice.Ultimatelyeachcasecanonlybedecidedonitsownmeritsbyacourtoflaw.

Data Protection Act

10Employers,incomplyingwiththerequirementsofregulation10ofCOSHH,maydecidetoholdhealthsurveillancerecordsontheiremployees.TheDataProtectionAct7placesrequirementsonthosewhoholdpersonaldatasuchashealthsurveillancerecords.FurtherinformationontheActisavailablefromtheOfficeoftheInformationCommissioner(Tel:01625545745Website:http://www.informationcommissioner.gov.uk/).

European occupational exposure limits

11TheexposurelimitslistedinTable1ofthispublicationareallBritishlimits,setunderCOSHH.Insomecases,thesealsoreflectaEuropeanlimitapplicableinallEUMemberStates.TheselimitswereknownoriginallyasIndicativeLimitValues(ILVs),andarecurrentlycalledIndicativeOccupationalExposureLimitValues(IOELVs).

12IOELVsarehealth-basedlimitssetundertheChemicalAgentsDirective(98/24/EC).TheEuropeanCommissionisadvisedonlimitsbyitsScientificCommitteeonOccupationalExposureLimits(SCOEL).ThiscommitteeevaluatesthescientificinformationavailableonhazardoussubstancesandmakesrecommendationsfortheestablishmentofanIOELV.IOELVsarelistedinDirectives,whichMemberStatesareobligedtoimplementbyintroducingnationallimitsforthesubstanceslisted.

13OnlyoneIOELVDirectivehassofarbeenimplemented,andthe63limitsarisingfromitarecontainedinTable1.

14Additionally,threelimitsinTable1derivefromtheCarcinogensDirective(2004/37/EC).Thesearethelimitsforbenzene,hardwooddustsandvinylchloridemonomer,andarebindinglimits.MemberStatesareobligedtoimplementbindinglimitsexactlyortoestablishanationallimitthatislower.

Further information and advice

15 ScientificandtechnicalinformationforsomeofthesubstanceslistedinEH40canbefoundinToxicityReviews,CriteriaDocumentsandRiskAssessmentDocumentspublishedbyHSEandinthedocumentsaccompanyingothernations’lists.8-10Inaddition,thescientificandtechnicalbasisforWELssetthroughtheWATCH/ACTSprocesssincetheintroductionofCOSHHispublishedinEH64Summary criteria for occupational exposure limits.11WELsthatwereestablishedpriortotheintroductionofCOSHHmaynothaveanaccompanyingEH64summary.

16 Furtheradviceonoccupationalexposurelimitsandotheraspectsofoccupationalhealthandsafetycanbeobtainedfrom:

n HSE’sInfoline:Tel08453450055Fax:02920859260e-mail:[email protected]

n theHSEwebsite:www.hse.gov.ukn HSElocaloffices-thetelephonenumbersarelistedinthetelephonedirectory

under‘HealthandSafetyExecutive’.

HSEpublicationsareavailablefromHSEBooks,POBox1999,Sudbury,SuffolkCO102WA(Tel:01787881165,Fax:01787313995,Website:www.hsebooks.co.uk).



List of workplace exposure limits (WELs)Annotations

BMGV BiologicalMonitoringGuidanceValuesarelistedinTable2.

Carc Capableofcausingcancerand/orheritablegeneticdamage.Theidentifiedsubstancesincludethosewhich:

n areassignedtheriskphrases‘R45:Maycausecancer’;‘R46:Maycauseheritablegeneticdamage’;‘R49:Maycausecancerbyinhalation’intheApproved supply list;12or

n asubstanceorprocesslistedinSchedule1ofCOSHH.

Sen Capableofcausingoccupationalasthma.Theidentifiedsubstancesarethosewhich:

n areassignedtheriskphrase‘R42:Maycausesensitisationbyinhalation’;or‘R42/43:Maycausesensitisationbyinhalationandskincontact’intheApproved supply list;or

n arelistedinsectionCofHSEpublicationAsthmagen? Critical assessments of the evidence for agents implicated in occupational asthma4asupdatedfromtimetotime,oranyothersubstancewhichtheriskassessmenthasshowntobeapotentialcauseofoccupationalasthma.

Sk Canbeabsorbedthroughskin.Theassignedsubstancesarethoseforwhichthereareconcernsthatdermalabsorptionwillleadtosystemictoxicity.

Thesystemofnomenclatureforthesubstanceslistedbelowisbased,inthemain,ontheconventionadoptedbytheInternationalUnionofPureAppliedChemistry(IUPAC).Wherethisisnotthecasethesubstanceswillbeflagged:

n INNInternationalNon-proprietaryName;n ISOInternationalOrganisationforStandardisation.

Notes

1 Forthepurposesoftheselimits,respirabledustandinhalabledustarethosefractionsoftheairbornedustwhichwillbecollectedwhensamplingisundertakeninaccordancewiththemethodsdescribedinMDHS14/3General methods for sampling and gravimetric analysis of respirable and inhalable dust,13asamendedbytheISO/CENconvention.

2 Wherenospecificshort-termexposurelimitislisted,afigurethreetimesthelong-termexposurelimitshouldbeused.

3 ThetablesreproducetheR-phrasesfromtheApproved supply list.12

4 Substancesmarkedwithanasterisk*indicatethoseforwhichclassificationandlabellingwasintroducedinthe29thAdaptationtoTechnicalProgressoftheEuropeanCommunity’sDangerousSubstancesDirective.



Risk phrases from the Chemicals (Hazard Information and Packaging for Supply) Regulations 2002 used in EH40

R2 Riskofexplosionbyshock,friction,fireorothersourcesofignitionR4 FormsverysensitiveexplosivemetalliccompoundsR5 HeatingmaycauseanexplosionR6 ExplosivewithorwithoutcontactwithairR7 MaycausefireR8 ContactwithcombustiblematerialmaycausefireR10 FlammableR11 HighlyflammableR12 ExtremelyflammableR14 ReactsviolentlywithwaterR16 ExplosivewhenmixedwithoxidisingsubstancesR17 SpontaneouslyflammableinairR19 MayformexplosiveperoxidesR20 HarmfulbyinhalationR20/21 HarmfulbyinhalationandincontactwithskinR20/21/22 Harmfulbyinhalation,incontactwithskinandifswallowedR20/22 HarmfulbyinhalationandifswallowedR21 HarmfulincontactwithskinR21/22 HarmfulincontactwithskinandifswallowedR22 HarmfulifswallowedR23 ToxicbyinhalationR23/24 ToxicbyinhalationandincontactwithskinR23/25 ToxicbyinhalationandifswallowedR23/24/25 Toxicbyinhalation,incontactwithskinandifswallowedR24 ToxicincontactwithskinR24/25 ToxicincontactwithskinandifswallowedR25 ToxicifswallowedR26 VerytoxicbyinhalationR26/27/28 Verytoxicbyinhalation,incontactwithskinandifswallowedR26/28 VerytoxicbyinhalationandifswallowedR27 VerytoxicincontactwithskinR27/28 VerytoxicincontactwithskinandifswallowedR28 VerytoxicifswallowedR29 ContactwithwaterliberatestoxicgasR31 ContactwithacidsliberatestoxicgasR32 ContactwithacidsliberatesverytoxicgasR33 DangerofcumulativeeffectsR34 CausesburnsR35 CausessevereburnsR36 IrritatingtoeyesR36/37 IrritatingtoeyesandrespiratorysystemR36/37/38 Irritatingtoeyes,respiratorysystemandskinR36/38 IrritatingtoeyesandskinR37 IrritatingtorespiratorysystemR37/38 IrritatingtorespiratorysystemandskinR38 IrritatingtoskinR39 DangerofveryseriousirreversibleeffectsR39/23/24/25 Toxic:dangerofveryseriousirreversibleeffectsthroughinhalation, incontactwithskinandifswallowedR40 LimitedevidenceofacarcinogeniceffectR41 RiskofseriousdamagetoeyesR42 MaycausesensitisationbyinhalationR42/43 MaycausesensitisationbyinhalationandskincontactR43 MaycausesensitisationbyskincontactR44 Riskofexplosionifheatedunderconfinement



R45 MaycausecancerR46 MaycauseheritablegeneticdamageR48 DangerofseriousdamagetohealthbyprolongedexposureR48/20 Harmful:dangerofseriousdamagetohealthbyprolonged exposurethroughinhalationR48/20/21 Harmful:dangerofseriousdamagetohealthbyprolonged exposurethroughinhalationandincontactwithskinR48/20/21/22 Harmful:dangerofseriousdamagetohealthbyprolonged exposurethroughinhalation,incontactwithskinandifswallowedR48/20/22 Harmful:dangerofseriousdamagetohealthbyprolonged exposurethroughinhalationandifswallowedR48/22 Harmful:dangerofseriousdamagetohealthbyprolonged exposureifswallowedR48/23 Toxic:dangerofseriousdamagetohealthbyprolongedexposure throughinhalationR48/23/24 Toxic:dangerofseriousdamagetohealthbyprolongedexposure throughinhalationandincontactwithskinR48/23/25 Toxic:dangerofseriousdamagetohealthbyprolongedexposure throughinhalationandifswallowed R48/23/24/25 Toxic:dangerofseriousdamagetohealthbyprolongedexposure throughinhalation,incontactwithskinandifswallowedR48/25 Toxic:dangerofseriousdamagetohealthbyprolongedexposure ifswallowedR49 MaycausecancerbyinhalationR50 VerytoxictoaquaticorganismsR50/53 Verytoxictoaquaticorganisms,maycauselong-termadverse effectsintheaquaticenvironmentR51 ToxictoaquaticorganismsR51/53 Toxictoaquaticorganisms,maycauselong-termadverseeffects intheaquaticenvironmentR52/53 Harmfultoaquaticorganisms,maycauselong-termadverse effectsintheaquaticenvironmentR53 Maycauselong-termadverseeffectsintheaquaticenvironmentR59 DangerousfortheozonelayerR60 MayimpairfertilityR61 MaycauseharmtotheunbornchildR62 PossibleriskofimpairedfertilityR63 PossibleriskofharmtotheunbornchildR65 Harmful:maycauselungdamageifswallowedR66 RepeatedexposuremaycauseskindrynessorcrackingR67 Vapoursmaycausedrowsinessanddizziness R68 Possibleriskofirreversibleeffects



Table 1: List of approved workplace exposure limitsThislistislegallybinding,asitreproducesthelistofworkplaceexposurelimits(WELs)whichhavebeenapprovedbytheHealthandSafetyCommission.Thelimitsaregiveninppmandmg.m-3.Theconversionmethodisgivenonpage42.TheControlofSubstancesHazardoustoHealthRegulations2002imposerequirementsbyreferencetothislist.

However,theentriesinthecolumnsheaded‘CASnumber’,and‘Comments’arenotpartoftheapprovedlistofWELs.Theworkplaceexposurelimitsofthedustsincludedinthelistbelowrefertotheinhalabledustfraction,unlessotherwisestated.



Table 1:Listofapprovedworkplaceexposurelimits

Substance CASnumber



Short-termexposurelimit(15-minutereferenceperiod)ppmmg.m-3

Acetaldehyde 75-07-0 20 37 50 92 R12,36/37,40

Aceticanhydride 108-24-7 0.5 2.5 2 10 R10,20/22,34

Acetone 67-64-1 500 1210 1500 3620 R1136,66,67

Acetonitrile 75-05-8 40 68 60 102 R11,20/21/22,36

o-Acetylsalicylicacid 50-78-2 - 5 - -

Acrylaldehyde(Acrolein) 107-02-8 0.1 0.23 0.3 0.7 R1124/25,26,34,50

Acrylamide 79-06-1 - 0.3 - - CarcSkR45,46,20/21,25,36/38,43,48/23/24/25,62

Acrylonitrile 107-13-1 2 4.4 - - CarcSkR45,11,23/24/25,37/38,41,43,51/53*HSC/Eplanstoreviewthelimitvaluesforthissubstance

Allylalcohol 107-18-6 2 4.8 4 9.7 SkR10,23/24/25,36/37/38,50

Aluminiumalkylcompounds

- 2 - - R14,17,34

Aluminiummetal inhalabledust respirabledust

7429-90-5--

104

--

--

Aluminiumoxides inhalabledust respirabledust

1344-28-1--

104

--

--

Aluminiumsalts,soluble - 2 - -

2-Aminoethanol 141-43-5 1 2.5 3 7.6 SkR20/21/22,34*

Ammonia,anhydrous 7664-41-7 25 18 35 25 R10,23,34,50*

Ammoniumchloride,fume 12125-02-9 - 10 - 20 R22,36

Ammoniumsulphamidate 7773-06-0 - 10 - 20

Aniline 62-53-3 1 4 - - SkR23/24/25,40,4148/23/24/25,68,50*

Antimonyandcompounds exceptstibine(asSb) - 0.5 - -

p-Aramidrespirablefibres 26125-61-1 0.5 fibres/ml - -



Substance CASnumber




Arsenicandarsenic compoundsexcept arsine(asAs)

- 0.1 - - CarcHSC/Eplanstoreviewthelimitvaluesforthissubstance

Arsine 7784-42-1 0.05 0.16 - - R12,26,48/20,50/53

Asphalt,petroleumfumes 8052-42-4 - 5 - 10

Azodicarbonamide 123-77-3 - 1.0 - 3.0 SenR42,44

Bariumcompounds,soluble(asBa) - 0.5 - -

Bariumsulphate inhalabledust respirabledust

7727-43-7--

104

--

--

Benzene 71-43-2 1 - - - CarcSkR45,46,11,36/38,48/23/24/25,65*

Benzylbutylphthalate 85-68-7 - 5 - - R61,62,50/53*

Benzylchloride 100-44-7 0.5 2.6 1.5 7.9 CarcR45,22,23,37/38,41,48/22

Berylliumandberyllium compounds(asBe)

- 0.002 - - Carc

Bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate 117-81-7 - 5 - 10 R60,61

Bis(chloromethyl)ether 542-88-1 0.001 0.005 - - CarcR45,10,22,24,26

Bornan-2-one 76-22-2 2 13 3 19

Borontribromide 10294-33-4 - - 1 10 R14,26/28,35

Bromacil(ISO) 314-40-9 1 11 2 22

Bromine 7726-95-6 0.1 0.66 0.2 1.3 R26,35,50

Bromomethane 74-83-9 5 20 15 59 SkR23/25,36/37/38,48/20,68,50,59

Butane 106-97-8 600 1450 750 1810 Carc(onlyappliesifButanecontainsmorethan0.1%ofbuta-1,3-diene)R12



Substance CASnumber




Buta-1,3-diene 106-99-0 10 22 - - CarcR45,46,12HSC/Eplanstoreviewthelimitvaluesforthissubstance

Butan-1-ol 71-36-3 - - 50 154 SkR10,22,37/38,41,67

Butan-2-ol 78-92-2 100 308 150 462 R10,36/37,67

Butan-2-one(methylethylketone)

78-93-3 200 600 300 899 SkBMGVR11,36,66,67

2-Butoxyethanol 111-76-2 25 - 50 - SkBMGVR20/21/22,36/38

2-Butoxyethylacetate 112-07-2 20 - 50 - SkR20/21

n-Butylacrylate 141-32-2 1 5 5 26 R10,36/37/38,43

n-Butylchloroformate 592-34-7 1 5.7 - - R10,23,34

sec-Butylacetate 105-46-4 200 966 250 1210 R11,66

tert-Butylacetate 540-88-5 200 966 250 1210 R11,66

Butylacetate 123-86-4 150 724 200 966 R10,66,67

Butyllactate 138-22-7 5 30 - -

2-sec-Butylphenol 89-72-5 5 31 - - Sk

Cadmium&cadmium compundsexcept cadmiumoxidefume cadmiumsulphide& cadmiumsulphide pigments(asCd)

- 0.025 - - Carc(cadmiummetal,*cadmiumchloride,flourideandsulphate)

Cadmiumoxidefume(asCd)

1306-19-0 - 0.025 - 0.05 CarcR45,26,48/23/25,62,63,68,50/53*

Cadmiumsulphideandcadmiumsulphidepigments(respirabledust(asCd)

- 0.03 - - Carc(cadmiumsulphide*)

Caesiumhydroxide 21351-79-1 - 2 - -

Calciumcarbonate inhalabledust respirable

1317-65-3--

104

--

--

Calciumcyanamide 156-62-7 - 0.5 - 1 R22,37,41



Substance CASnumber




Calciumhydroxide 1305-62-0 - 5 - -

Calciumoxide 1305-78-8 - 2 - -

Calciumsilicate inhalabledust respirable

1344-95-2--

104

--

--

Captan(ISO) 133-06-2 - 5 - 15 R23,40,41,43,50

Carbonblack 1333-86-4 - 3.5 - 7

Carbondioxide 124-38-9 5000 9150 15000 27400

Carbondisulphide 75-15-0 10 32 - - SkR11,36/38,48/23,62,63HSC/Eplanstoreviewthelimitvaluesforthissubstance

Carbonmonoxide 630-08-0 30 35 200 232 BmgvR12,23,48/23,61

Carbontetrachloride 56-23-5 2 13 - - SkR23/24/25,40,48/23,52/53,59*

Cellulose inhalabledust respirable

9004-34-6--

104

--

20-

Chlorine 7782-50-5 - - 0.5 1.5 R23,36/37/38,50

Chlorinedioxide 10049-04-4 0.1 0.28 0.3 0.84 R6,8,26,34,50*

Chloroacetaldehyde 107-20-0 - - 1 3.3 R24/25,26,34,40,50*

2-Chloroacetophenone 532-27-4 0.05 0.32 - -

Chlorobenzene 108-90-7 1 - 3 - SkR10,20,51/53*

Chlorodifluoromethane 75-45-6 1000 3590 - -

Chloroethane 75-00-3 50 - - - R12,40,52/53

2-Chloroethanol 107-07-3 - - 1 3.4 SkR26/27/28

1-Chloro-2,3-epoxypropane(Epichlorohydrin)

106-89-8 0.5 1.9 1.5 5.8 CarcR45,10,23/24/25,34,43

Chloroform 67-66-3 2 9.9 - - SkR22,38,40,48/20/22

Chloromethane 74-87-3 50 105 100 210 R12,40,48/20



Substance CASnumber




1-Chloro-4-nitrobenzene 100-00-5 - 1 - 2 SkR23/24/25,40,48/20/21/22,68,51/53*

Chlorosulphonicacid 7790-94-5 - 1 - - R14,35,37

Chlorpyrifos(ISO) 2921-88-2 - 0.2 - 0.6 SkR25,50/53*

Chromium 7440-47-3 - 0.5 - -

Chromium(II)compounds(asCr)

- 0.5 - -

Chromium(III)compounds(asCr)

- 0.5 - -

Chromium(VI)compounds(asCr)

- 0.05 - - Carc,Sen*BMGV

Cobaltandcobaltcompounds(asCo)

- 0.1 - - Carc(cobaltdichlorideandsulphate)Sen

Copper fume dustsandmists(asCu)

7440-50-8--

0.21

--

-2

Cottondust Seepage32 - 2.5 - -

Cryofluorane(INN) 76-14-2 1000 7110 1250 8890

Cumene 98-82-8 25 125 50 250 SkR10,37,65,51/53

Cyanamide 420-04-2 0.58 1 - - SkR21,25,36/38,43

Cyanides,exceptHCN,cyanogenandcyanogenchloride

- 5 - - Sk

Cyanogenchloride 506-77-4 - - 0.3 0.77

Cyclohexane 110-82-7 100 350 300 1050 R11,38,65,67,50/53*

Cyclohexanol 108-93-0 50 208 - - R20/22,37/38

Cyclohexanone 108-94-1 10 - 20 - SkBMGVR10,20

Cyclohexylamine 108-91-8 10 41 - - R10,21/22,34

2,4-D(ISO) 94-75-7 - 10 - 20 R22,37,41,43,52/53

Dialkyl79phthalate 83968-18-7 - 5 - -

Diallylphthalate 131-17-9 - 5 - - R22,50/53*

Diatomaceousearth,natural,respirabledust

61790-53-2 - 1.2 - -



Substance CASnumber




Dibenzoylperoxide 94-36-0 - 5 - - R2,36,43

Dibismuthtritelluride 1304-82-1 - 10 - 20

Diborontrioxide 1303-86-2 - 10 - 20

1,2-Dibromoethane(Ethylenedibromide)

106-93-4 0.5 3.9 - - Carc,SkR45,23/24/25,36/37/38,51/53*

Dibutylhydrogenphosphate

107-66-4 1 8.7 2 17

Dibutylphthalate 84-74-2 - 5 - 10 R61,62,50

Dichloroacetylene 7572-29-4 - - 0.1 0.39 R2,40,48/20

1,2-Dichlorobenzene(ortho-dichlorobenzene)

95-50-1 25 153 50 306 SkR22,36/37/38,50/53*

1,4-Dichlorobenzene(para-dichlorobenzene)

106-46-7 25 153 50 306 R36,40,50/53*

1,3-Dichloro-5,5-dimethyl-hydantoin

118-52-5 - 0.2 - 0.4

1,1-Dichloroethane 75-34-3 100 - - - SkR11,22,36/37,52/53*

1,2-Dichloroethane(Ethylenedichloride)

107-06-2 5 21 - - Carc,SkR45,11,22,36/37/38

1,2-Dichloroethylene,cis:transisomers60:40

540-59-0 200 806 250 1010 R11,20,52/53*

Dichlorofluoromethane 75-43-4 10 43 - -

Dichloromethane 75-09-2 100 350 300 1060 BmgvSkR40HSC/Eplanstoreviewthelimitvaluesforthissubstance

2,2’-Dichloro-4,4’-methylenedianiline(MbOCA)

101-14-4 - 0.005 - - CarcSkBmgvR45,22,50/53

Dicyclohexylphthalate 84-61-7 - 5 - -

Dicyclopentadiene 77-73-6 5 27 - - R11,20/22,36/37/3851/53

Diethylamine 109-89-7 5 15 10 30 R11,20/21/22,35

Diethylether 60-29-7 100 310 200 620 R12,19,22,66,67

Diethylphthalate 84-66-2 - 5 - 10



Substance CASnumber




Diethylsulphate 64-67-5 0.05 0.32 - - CarcSkR45,46,20/21/22,34

Dihydrogenselenide(asSe)

7783-07-5 0.02 - 0.05 - R23/25,33

Diisobutylphthalate 84-69-5 - 5 - -

Diisodecylphthalate 26761-40-0 - 5 - -

Diisononylphthalate 28553-12-0 - 5 - -

Diisooctylphthalate 27554-26-3 - 5 - -

Diisopropylamine 108-18-9 5 21 - - R11,20/22,34

Diisopropylether 108-20-3 250 1060 310 1310 R11,19,66,67

N,N-Dimethylacetamide 127-19-5 10 36 20 72 SkBMGVR20/21,61

N,N-Dimethylaniline 121-69-7 5 25 10 50 SkR23/24/25,40,51/53

N,N-Dimethylethylamine 598-56-1 10 30 15 46 R12,20/22,34

Dimethoxymethane 109-87-5 1000 3160 1250 3950

Dimethylamine 124-40-3 2 3.8 6 11 R12,20,37/38,41

2-Dimethylaminoethanol 108-01-0 2 7.4 6 22 R10,20/21/22,34

Dimethylether 115-10-6 400 766 500 958 R12

Dimethylformamide 68-12-2 10 30 20 61 SkR61,20/21,36

2,6-Dimethylheptan-4-one 108-83-8 25 148 - - R10,37

Dimethylphthalate 131-11-3 - 5 - 10

Dimethylsulphate 77-78-1 0.05 0.26 - - CarcSkR45,25,26,34,43,68*

Dinitrobenzene,allisomers

25154-54-5 0.15 1 0.5 3.5 SkR26/27/28,33,50,53

Dinonylphthalate 84-76-4 - 5 - -

1,4-Dioxane 123-91-1 25 91 100 366 SkR11,19,36/37,40,66

Diphenylamine 122-39-4 - 10 - 20 R23/24/25,33,50/53

Diphenylether(vapour) 101-84-8 1 7.1 - -

Diphosphoruspentasulphide

1314-80-3 - 1 - 2 R11,20/22,29,50

Diphosphoruspentoxide 1314-56-3 - 1 - 2 R35



Substance CASnumber




Diquatdibromide(ISO) 85-00-7 - 0.5 - 1 R22,26,36/37/38,43,48/25,50/53

Disodiumdisulphite 7681-57-4 - 5 - - R22,31,41

Disodiumtetraborate,anhydrous

1330-43-4 - 1 - -

Disodiumtetraborate,decahydrate

1330-96-4 - 5 - -

Disodiumtetraborate,pentahydrate

11130-12-4 - 1 - -

Disulphurdichloride 10025-67-9 - - 1 5.6 R14,20,25,29,35,50

2,6-Di-tert-butyl-p-cresol 128-37-0 - 10 - -

6,6’-Di-tert-butyl-4,4’-thiodi-m-cresol

96-69-5 - 10 - 20

Diuron(ISO) 330-54-1 - 10 - - R22,40,48/22,50/53

Emery inhalabledust respirable

1302-74-5--

104

--

--

Endosulfan(ISO) 115-29-7 - 0.1 - 0.3 SkR24/25,36,50/53

Enflurane 13838-16-9 50 383 - -

Ethane-1,2-diol particulate vapour

107-21-1-

201052

-40

-104

SkR22

Ethanethiol 75-08-1 0.5 1.3 2 5.2 R11,20,50/53

Ethanol 64-17-5 1000 1920 - - R11

2-Ethoxyethanol 110-80-5 10 37 - - SkR10,20/21/22,60,61HSC/Eplanstoreviewthelimitvaluesforthissubstance

2-Ethoxyethylacetate 111-15-9 10 55 - - SkR20/21/22,60,61

2-Ethylhexylchloroformate 24468-13-1 1 8 - -

Ethylacetate 141-78-6 200 - 400 - R11,36,66,67

Ethylacrylate 140-88-5 5 21 15 62 R11,20/21/22,36/37/38,43

Ethylamine 75-04-7 2 3.8 6 11 R12,36/37

Ethylbenzene 100-41-4 100 441 125 552 SkR11,20



Substance CASnumber




Ethylchloroformate 541-41-3 1 4.5 - - R11,22,26,34

Ethylcyanoacrylate 7085-85-0 - - 0.3 1.5 R36/37/38

Ethylformate 109-94-4 100 308 150 462 R11,20/22,36/37

Ethyleneoxide 75-21-8 5 9.2 - - CarcR45,46,12,2336/37/38

4-Ethylmorpholine 100-74-3 5 24 20 96 Sk

Ferrousfoundryparticulate inhalabledust respirabledust

Seepage32

--

104

--

--

Flourdust Seepage33 - 10 - 30 SenHSC/Eplanstoreviewthelimitvaluesforthissubstance

Fluoride(inorganicasF) 16984-48-8 - 2.5 - -

Fluorine 7782-41-4 1 - 1 - R7,26,35

Formaldehyde 50-00-0 2 2.5 2 2.5 R23/24/25,34,40,43HSC/Eplanstoreviewthelimitvaluesforthissubstance

Formamide 75-12-7 20 37 30 56 R61

Formicacid 64-18-6 5 9.6 - - R35

2-Furaldehyde(furfural) 98-01-1 2 8 5 20 SkR21,23/25,36/37,40

Germane 7782-65-2 0.2 0.64 0.6 1.9

Glutaraldehyde 111-30-8 0.05 0.2 0.05 0.2 SenR23/25,34,42/43,50

Glycerol,mist 56-81-5 - 10 - -

Graindust Seepage33 - 10 - - Sen

Graphite inhalabledust respirable

7440-44-0--

104

--

--

Gypsum inhalabledust respirable

10101-41-4--

104

--

--



Substance CASnumber




Halogeno-platinumcompounds(complexco-ordinationcompoundsinwhichtheplatinumatomisdirectlyco-ordinatedtohalidegroups)(asPt)

Seepage33 - 0.002 - - Sen

Halothane 151-67-7 10 82 - -

Hardwooddust Seepage35 - 5 - - CarcSenHSC/Eplanstoreviewthelimitvaluesforthissubstance

n-Heptane 142-82-5 500 - - - R11,38,65,67,50/53

Heptan-2-one 110-43-0 50 237 100 475 SkR10,20/22

Heptan-3-one 106-35-4 35 166 100 475 SkR10,20,36

n-Hexane 110-54-3 20 72 - - R11,38,48/20,62,65,67,51/53*

1,6-Hexanolactam dustonly dustandvapour

105-60-2--

110

--

320

R20/22,36/37/38

Hexan-2-one 591-78-6 5 21 - - SkR10,48/23,62,67

Hydrazine 302-01-2 0.02 0.03 0.1 0.13 CarcSkR45,10,23/24/25,34,43,50/53

Hydrogenbromide 10035-10-6 - - 3 10 R35,37

Hydrogenchloride(gasandaerosolmists)

7647-01-0 1 2 5 8 R23,35

Hydrogencyanide 74-90-8 - - 10 11 SkR12,26,50/53

Hydrogenfluoride(asF) 7664-39-3 1.8 1.5 3 2.5 R26/27/28,35

Hydrogenperoxide 7722-84-1 1 1.4 2 2.8 R5,8,20/22,35*

Hydrogensulphide 7783-06-4 5 7 10 14 R12,26,50

Hydroquinone 123-31-9 - 0.5 - - R22,40,41,43,68,50

4-Hydroxy-4-methylpentan-2-one

123-42-2 50 241 75 362 R36

2-Hydroxypropylacrylate 999-61-1 0.5 2.7 - - SkR23/24/25,34,43



Substance CASnumber




2,2’-Iminodi(ethylamine) 111-40-0 1 4.3 - - SkR21/22,34,43

Indene 95-13-6 10 48 15 72

Indiumandcompounds(asIn)

- 0.1 - 0.3

Iodine 7553-56-2 - - 0.1 1.1 R20/21,50

Iodoform 75-47-8 0.6 9.8 1 16

Iodomethane 74-88-4 2 12 - - SkR21,23/25,37/38,40

Ironoxide,fume(asFe) 1309-37-1 - 5 - 10

Ironsalts(asFe) - 1 - 2

Isobutylacetate 110-19-0 150 724 187 903 R11,66

Isocyanates,all(as-NCO)

- 0.02 - 0.07 SenHSC/Eplanstoreviewthelimitvaluesforthissubstance

Isoflurane 26675-46-7 50 383 - -

Isooctylalcohol(mixedisomers)

26952-21-6 50 271 - -

Isopropylacetate 108-21-4 - - 200 849 R11,36,66,67

Isopropylchloroformate 108-23-6 1 5.1 - -

Kaolin,respirabledust 1332-58-7 - 2 - -

Ketene 463-51-4 0.5 0.87 1.5 2.6

Limestone totalinhalable respirable

1317-65-3--

104

--

--

Liquefiedpetroleumgas 68476-85-7 1000 1750 1250 2180 Carc(onlyappliesifLPGcontainsmorethan0.1%ofbuta-1,3-diene)R12

Lithiumhydride 7580-67-8 - 0.025 - -

Lithiumhydroxide 1310-65-2 - - - 1

Magnesite inhalabledust respirabledust

546-93-0--

104

--

--



Substance CASnumber




Magnesiumoxide(asMg) inhalabledust fumeandrespirabledust

1309-48-4--

104

--

--

Malathion(ISO) 121-75-5 - 10 - - SkR22,50/53*

Maleicanhydride 108-31-6 - 1 - 3 SenR22,34,42/43

Manganeseanditsinorganiccompounds(asMn)

- 0.5 - -

Marble totalinhalable respirable

1317-65-3--

104

--

--

Mercaptoaceticacid 68-11-1 1 3.8 - - R23/24/25,34

Methacrylicacid 79-41-4 20 72 40 143 R21/22,35

Methacrylonitrile 126-98-7 1 2.8 - - SkR11,23/24/25,43*

Methanethiol 74-93-1 0.5 1.0 - - R12,23,50/53*

Methanol 67-56-1 200 266 250 333 SkR11,23/24/25,39/23/24/25

2-Methoxyethanol 109-86-4 5 16 - - SkR10,20/21/22,60,61

2-Methoxyethylacetate 110-49-6 5 25 - - SkR20/21/22,60,61

(2-methoxymethylethoxy)propanol

34590-94-8 50 308 - - Sk

1-Methoxypropan-2-ol 107-98-2 100 375 150 560 SkR10

1-Methoxypropylacetate 108-65-6 50 274 100 548 SkR10,36

Methylacetate 79-20-9 200 616 250 770 R11,36,66,67

3-Methylbutan-1-ol 123-51-3 100 366 125 458

Methylcyanoacrylate 137-05-3 - - 0.3 1.4 R36/37/38

4,4’-Methylenedianiline 101-77-9 0.01 0.08 - - CarcSkBmgvR45,39/23/24/25,43,48/20/21/22,68,51/53

Methylethylketoneperoxides(MEKP)

1338-23-4 - - 0.2 1.5



Substance CASnumber




Methylmethacrylate 80-62-6 50 208 100 416 R11,37/38,43

2-Methylcyclohexanone 583-60-8 50 233 75 350 R10,20

Methylcyclohexanol 25639-42-3 50 237 75 356

N-Methylaniline 100-61-8 0.5 2.2 - - SkR23/24/25,33,50/53

5-Methylheptan-3-one 541-85-5 10 - 20 - R10,36/37

5-Methylhexan-2-one 110-12-3 20 95 100 475 SkR10,20

2-Methylpentane-2,4-diol 107-41-5 25 123 25 123 R36/38

4-Methylpentan-2-ol 108-11-2 25 106 40 170 SkR10,37

4-Methylpentan-2-one 108-10-1 50 208 100 416 SkBmgvR11,20,36/37,66

2-Methylpropan-1-ol 78-83-1 50 154 75 231 R10,37/38,41,67

2-Methylpropan-2-ol 75-65-0 100 308 150 462 R20

1-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone 872-50-4 25 103 75 309 SkR36/38

Methyl-tert-butylether 1634-04-4 25 92 75 275 R11,38*

Mica totalinhalable respirable

12001-26-2--

100.8

--

--

MMMF(Machine-mademineralfibre)(exceptforRefractoryCeramicFibresandSpecialPurposeFibres)

5mg.m-3and2fibres/mililitre

- - HSC/Eplanstoreviewthelimitvaluesforthissubstance

Molybdenumcompounds(asMo) solublecompounds insolublecompounds

--

510

--

1020

Monochloroaceticacid 79-11-8 0.3 1.2 - - SkR25,34,50

Morpholine 110-91-8 10 36 20 72 SkR10,20/21/22,34



Substance CASnumber




Nickelanditsinorganiccompounds(exceptnickeltetracarbonyl): water-solublenickel compounds(asNi) nickelandwater-insoluble nickelcompounds(asNi)

-

-

0.1

0.5

-

-

-

-

SkCarc(nickeloxidesandsulphides)Sen(nickelsulphate)

Nicotine 54-11-5 - 0.5 - 1.5 SkR25,27,51/53

Nitricacid 7697-37-2 - - 1 2.6 R8,35

Nitrobenzene 98-95-3 0.2 1 - - SkR23/24/25,40,48/23/24,62,51/53

Nitromethane 75-52-5 100 254 150 381 R5,10,22

2-Nitropropane 79-46-9 5 19 - - CarcR45,10,20/22

Nitrousoxide 10024-97-2 100 183 - -

Orthophosphoricacid 7664-38-2 - 1 - 2 R34

Osmiumtetraoxide(asOs) 20816-12-0 0.0002 0.002 0.0006 0.006 R26/27/28,34

Oxalicacid 144-62-7 - 1 - 2 R21/22

2,2’-Oxydiethanol 111-46-6 23 101 - - R22

Ozone 10028-15-6 - - 0.2 0.4

Paracetamol,inhalabledust

103-90-2 - 10 - -

Paraffinwax,fume 8002-74-2 - 2 - 6

Paraquatdichloride(ISO),respirabledust

1910-42-5 - 0.08 - - R24/25,26,36/37/38,48/25,50/53

Pentacarbonyliron(asFe) 13463-40-6 0.01 0.08 - -

Pentaerythritol inhalabledust respirabledust

115-77-5--

104

--

20-

Pentan-2-one 107-87-9 200 716 250 895

Pentan-3-one 96-22-0 200 716 250 895 R11,37,66,67

Pentylacetates(allisomers) 50 270 100 541 R10,66

2-Phenylpropene 98-83-9 50 246 100 491 R10,36/37,51/53*



Substance CASnumber




Phenol 108-95-2 2 - - - SkR23/24/25,34,48/20/21/22,68*

p-Phenylenediamine 106-50-3 - 0.1 - - SkR23/24/25,36,43,50/53

Phorate(ISO) 298-02-2 - 0.05 - 0.2 SkR27/28,50/53

Phosgene 75-44-5 0.02 0.08 0.06 0.25 R26,34

Phosphine 7803-51-2 0.1 0.14 0.2 0.28 R12,17,26,34,50*

Phosphoruspentachloride 10026-13-8 0.1 0.87 0.2 2 R14,22,26,34,48/20

Phosphorustrichloride 7719-12-2 0.2 1.1 0.5 2.9 R14,26/28,35,48/20

Phosphorus,yellow 7723-14-0 - 0.1 - 0.3 R11,16,52/53

Phosphoryltrichloride 10025-87-3 0.2 1.3 0.6 3.8 R14,22,26,35,48/23

Phthalicanhydride 85-44-9 - 4 - 12 SenR22,37/38,41,42/43

Picloram(ISO) 1918-02-1 - 10 - 20

Picricacid 88-89-1 - 0.1 - 0.3 R2,4,23/24/25

Piperazine 110-85-0 - 0.1 - 0.3 SenR34,42/43,52/53

Piperazinedihydrochloride 142-64-3 - 0.1 - 0.3 Sen

Piperidine 110-89-4 1 3.5 - - SkR11,23/24,34

PlasterofParis inhalabledust respirabledust

26499-65-0--

104

--

--

Platinumcompds,soluble (exceptcertainhalogeno- Ptcompounds)(asPt)

- 0.002 - -

Platinummetal 7440-06-4 - 5 - -

Polychlorinatedbiphenyls(PCB)

1336-36-3 - 0.1 - - SkR33,50/53*

Polyvinylchloride inhalabledust respirabledust

9002-86-2--

104

--

--

Portlandcement inhalabledust respirabledust

65997-15-1--

104

--

--

Potassiumhydroxide 1310-58-3 - - - 2 R22,35



Substance CASnumber




Propane-1,2-diol totalvapourand particulates particulates

57-55-6

150-

47410

--

--

Propan-1-ol 71-23-8 200 500 250 625 SkR11,41,67

Propan-2-ol 67-63-0 400 999 500 1250 R11,36,67

Propionicacid 79-09-4 10 31 15 46 R34

Propoxur(ISO) 114-26-1 - 0.5 - 2 R25,50/53

Propranolol 525-66-6 - 2 - 6

n-Propylacetate 109-60-4 200 849 250 1060 R11,36,66,67

Propyleneoxide 75-56-9 5 12 - - CarcR45,46,12,20/21/22,36/37/38

Prop-2-yn-1-ol 107-19-7 1 2.3 3 7 SkR10,23/24/25,34,51/53

Pulverisedfuelash inhalabledust respirabledust

--

104

--

--

Pyridine 110-86-1 5 16 10 33 R11,20/21/22

2-Pyridylamine 504-29-0 0.5 2 2 7.8

Pyrocatechol 120-80-9 5 23 - - R21/22,36/38

RefractoryCeramicFibresandSpecialPurposeFibres

5mg.m-3

1fibre/mililitre- - Carc

R49,38

Resorcinol 108-46-3 10 46 20 92 SkR22,36/38,50

Rhodium(asRh) metalfumeanddust solublesalts

--

0.10.001

--

0.30.003

Rosin-basedsolderfluxfume

8050-09-7 - 0.05 - 0.15 Sen

Rotenone(ISO) 83-79-4 - 5 - 10 R25,36/37/38,50/53

Rouge totalinhalable respirable

1309-37-1--

104

--

--

Rubberfume Seepage30 - 0.6 - - CarcLimitrelatestocyclohexanesolublematerial



Substance CASnumber




Rubberprocessdust Seepage30 - 6 - - CarcHSC/Eplanstoreviewthelimitvaluesforthissubstance

Seleniumandcompounds,excepthydrogenselenide(asSe)

- 0.1 - -

Silane 7803-62-5 0.5 0.67 1 1.3

Silica,amorphous inhalabledust respirabledust

--

62.4

--

--

Silica,respirablecrystalline

Seepage34 - 0.3 - - HSC/Eplanstoreviewthelimitvaluesforthissubstance

Silica,fusedrespirabledust

60676-86-0 - 0.08 - -

Silicon inhalabledust respirabledust

7440-21-3--

104

--

--

Siliconcarbide(notwhiskers) totalinhalable respirable

409-21-2

--

104

--

--

Silver(solublecompoundsasAg)

- 0.01 - -

Silver,metallic 7440-22-4 - 0.1 - -

Sodiumazide(asNaN3) 26628-22-8 - 0.1 - 0.3 SkR28,32,50/53

Sodium2-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)ethylsulphate

136-78-7 - 10 - 20

Sodiumhydrogensulphite 7631-90-5 - 5 - - R22,31

Sodiumhydroxide 1310-73-2 - - - 2 R35

Softwooddust Seepage34 - 5 - - SenHSC/Eplanstoreviewthelimitvaluesforthissubstance

Starch totalinhalable respirable

9005-25-8--

104

--

--



Substance CASnumber




Styrene 100-42-5 100 430 250 1080 R10,20,36/38HSC/Eplanstoreviewthelimitvaluesforthissubstance

Subtilisins 1395-21-7(Bacillus subtilisBPN)9014-01-1(Bacillus subtilisCarlsberg)

- 0.00004 - - SenR37/38,41,42

Sucrose 57-50-1 - 10 - 20

Sulfotep(ISO) 3689-24-5 - 0.1 - - SkR27/28,50/53*

Sulphurhexafluoride 2551-62-4 1000 6070 1250 7590

Sulphuryldifluoride 2699-79-8 5 21 10 42 R23,48/20,50*

o-Toluidine 95-53-4 0.2 0.89 - - CarcSkR45,23/25,36,50

Talc,respirabledust 14807-96-6 - 1 - -

Tantalum 7440-25-7 - 5 - 10

Tellurium&compounds,excepthydrogentelluride,(asTe)

- 0.1 - -

Terphenyls,allisomers 26140-60-3 - - 0.5 4.8

1,1,2,2-Tetrabromoethane 79-27-6 0.5 7.2 - - SkR26,36,52/53*

Tetracarbonylnickel 13463-39-3 - - 0.1 0.24 R11,26,40,61,50/53

Tetrachloroethylene 127-18-4 50 345 100 689 R40,50/53

1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane(HFC134a)

811-97-2 1000 4240 - -

Tetrahydrofuran 109-99-9 50 150 100 300 SkR11,19,36/37

Tetrasodiumpyrophosphate 7722-88-5 - 5 - -

Thallium,solublecompounds(asTl)

- 0.1 - - Sk

Thionylchloride 7719-09-7 - - 1 4.9 R14,20/22,29,35

Tincompounds,inorganic,exceptSnH4,(asSn)

- 2 - 4



Substance CASnumber




Tincompounds,organic,exceptCyhexatin(ISO),(asSn)

- 0.1 - 0.2 Sk

Titaniumdioxide totalinhalable respirable

13463-67-7--

104

--

--

Toluene 108-88-3 50 191 100 384 SkR11,38,48/20,63,65,67*

p-Toluenesulphonylchloride

98-59-9 - - - 5

Tributylphosphate,allisomers

126-73-8 - 5 - 5 R22,38,40*

1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene 120-82-1 1 - 5 - SkR22,38,50/53

1,1,1-Trichloroethane 71-55-6 100 555 200 1110 R20,59

Trichloroethylene 79-01-6 100 550 150 820 Carc,SkR45,36/38,67,52/53HSC/Eplanstoreviewthelimitvaluesforthissubstance

Trichloronitromethane 76-06-2 0.1 0.68 0.3 2.1 R22,26,36/37/38

Triethylamine 121-44-8 2 8 4 17 SkR11,20/21/22,35

Triglycidylisocyanurate(TGIC)

2451-62-9 - 0.1 - - CarcR46,23/25,41,43,48/22,52/53

Trimelliticanhydride 552-30-7 - 0.04 - 0.12 SenR37,41,42/43

Trimethylbenzenes,allisomersormixtures

25551-13-7 25 125 - -

3,5,5-trimethylcyclohex-2-enone

78-59-1 - - 5 29 R21/22,36/37,40

Trimethylphosphite 121-45-9 2 10 - -

2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene 118-96-7 - 0.5 - - SkR2,23/24/25,33,51/53

Tri-o-tolylphosphate 78-30-8 - 0.1 - 0.3 R39/23/24/25,51/53

Triphenylphosphate 115-86-6 - 3 - 6

Tungsten&compounds(asW) solublecompounds insolublecompounds andothers

7440-33-7

--

15

--

310



Substance CASnumber




Turpentine 8006-64-2 100 566 150 850 R10,20/21/22,36/38,43,65,51/53

Vanadiumpentoxide 1314-62-1 - 0.05 - - R20/22,37,48/23,63,68,51/53

Vinylchloride 75-01-4 3 - - - CarcR45,12

Vinylidenechloride 75-35-4 10 40 - - R12,20,40*

Woolprocessdust Seepage34 - 10 - -

Xylene,o-,m-,p-ormixedisomers

1330-20-7 50 220 100 441 SkBMGVR10,20/21,38

Yttrium 7440-65-5 - 1 - 3

Zincchloride,fume 7646-85-7 - 1 - 2 R22,34,50/53*

Zincdistearate inhalabledust respirabledust

557-05-1--

104

--

20-

Zirconiumcompounds(asZr)

- 5 - 10



Table 2: Biological Monitoring Guidance Values17TheframeworkfortheuseofbiologicalmonitoringandthesettingofBiologicalMonitoringGuidanceValues(BMGVs)isdetailedinparagraphs114-116.ForeachsubstancewithaBMGVafreeinformationsheetbrieflydescribingasuggestedanalyticalmethod,appropriatesamplingstrategy,theavailabilityofqualityassuranceschemesandinterpretationofresultsisavailable.InformationsheetscanbeobtainedfromHSE’sHealthandSafetyLaboratory,BiomedicalSciencesGroup,Health&SafetyLaboratory,HealthSciences(orBiologicalMonitoring),Buxton,Derbyshire,SK179JN(Website:www.hsl.gov.uk).

Substance Biological Monitoring Guidance Values Sampling time

Butan-2-one 70µmolbutan-2-one/Linurine Postshift

2-Butoxyethanol 240mmolbutoxyaceticacid/molcreatinineinurine Postshift

Carbonmonoxide 30ppmcarbonmonoxideinend-tidalbreath Postshift

ChromiumVI 10µmolchromium/molcreatinineinurine Postshift

Cyclohexanone 2mmolcyclohexanol/molcreatinineinurine Postshift

Dichloromethane 30ppmcarbonmonoxideinend-tidalbreath Postshift

N,N-Dimethylacetamide 100mmolN-methylacetamide/molcreatinineinurine Postshift

Glyceroltrinitrate(Nitroglycerin)

15µmoltotalnitroglycols/molcreatinineinurine Attheendoftheperiodofexposure

Lindane(BHC(ISO)) 35nmol/L(10µg/L)oflindaneinwholeblood(equivalentto70nmol/Loflindaneinplasma)

Random

MbOCA(2,2’dichloro-4,4’methylenedianiline)

15µmoltotalMbOCA/molcreatinineinurine Postshift

Mercury 20µmolmercury/molcreatinineinurine Random

4-methylpentan-2-one 20µmol4-methylpentan-2-one/Linurine Postshift

4,4’-Methylenedianimile(MDA)

50µmoltotalMDA/molcreatinineinurine Postshiftforinhalationandpre-shiftnextdayfordermalexposure

Polycyclicaromatichydrocarbons(PAHs)

4µmol1-hydroxypyrene/molcreatinineinurine Postshift

Xylene,o-,m-,p-ormixedisomers

650mmolmethylhippuricacid/molcreatinineinurine Postshift



Supplementary information for Table 1Definitions Cotton dust 18 Cottonisthecellulosefibrethatgrowsinsidetheseedpods(orbolls)ofthecottonplant.Whenmature,thebollbreaksandthecottonappearsasasoftwadoffinefibres.Afterpicking,thecottonisseparatedfromtheseedetc,andispackedandcompressedintobales.

19TheWEL,whichisbasedonpersonalsampling,appliestoexposuretoinhalabledustduringthehandlingofrawandwastecottonincludingblendscontainingraworwastecotton,withthefollowingexceptions:

(a)dustfromweaving,knitting,braidingandsubsequentprocesses;

(b)dustfrombleachedordyedcotton;and

(c)dustfromfinishedarticles,forexamplegarments.

(WheretheWELdoesnotapply,exposureshouldstillbeadequatelycontrolled.)

20MDHS14/3General methods for sampling and gravimetric analysis of respirable and inhalable dust13givesinformationaboutairsamplingforcomparisonwiththeWEL.ThesamplershouldbeanIOMinhalabledustsampleroranyothersamplergivingequivalentresults.

Ferrous foundry particulate21Theatmosphericcontaminationinferrous(ironandsteel)foundriesisacomplexmixtureofdust,fume,gasesandvapoursproducedasaconsequenceofthefoundryprocesses.Theparticulatefractionoftheatmosphericcontaminationisdescribedasferrousfoundryparticulate(FFP).ThecompositionofFFPwillvaryaccordingtotheprocessproducingitandthematerialsused.

22Duringthemakingofcoresandmoulds,vapoursandgasesfromthebindersystemmaybegivenoff,andparticlesofsand,includingrespirablesilica(possiblycoatedwithunreactedorreactedbindermaterials)canbecomeairborne.Whenmoltenmetalispouredintothemoulds,decompositionproductscanbeproducedfromorganicbindersandadditivesinthemould.Thedecompositionproductsmaybindtoparticlesofsandormetaloxide.Atknockoutandshakeout,sandparticles(whichmaybecoatedwiththermallydegradedbindermaterial)arethemaincontaminantsproduced.Metalfinishingoperationscangiverisetofumeaswellasairbornemetal,metaloxideparticlesandcoatedsandparticles.

23SomeoftheindividualcomponentsoftheatmosphericcontaminationareknowntobecarcinogenicormutagenicandsomehavebeenassignedWELs.TheinterrelationshipbetweenthecomponentsofFFPiscomplexanditisinappropriatetorelyontheindividualWELsinassessingoverallexposuretoairbornecontaminantsinthefoundryatmosphere.Airborneparticulateisconsideredtobeasuitablesurrogateforoverallexposureassessmentinferrousfoundries.FFPismeasuredastotalinhalableparticulate(TIP)andrespirableparticulate(RP).WhereidentifiedcomponentsofthecontaminationhaveWELstheselimitswillapply.



Flour dust24Flourdustistakentobefinelygroundparticlesofcerealsorpulses(includingcontaminants)thatresultfromanygrindingprocessandfromanysubsequenthandlinganduseofthat‘flour’.Anyadditives(egflourimprovers)areincludedinthisdefinitiononlyaftertheyhavebeenaddedtothefinalproductmix.

Grain dust25Graindustistakentobedustarisingfromtheharvesting,drying,handling,storageorprocessingofbarley,wheat,oats,maizeandrye,includingcontaminants.

Halogeno-platinum compounds26Theseareco-ordinationcompoundsinwhichaplatinumatomorionisdirectlyco-ordinatedtooneormorehalide(iefluoride,chloride,bromideoriodide)ions.ThesecompoundsaresubjecttoaWELandhaveaSennotation.ThesesubstancesarelistedinsectionCofAsthmagen? Critical assessments of the evidence for agents implicated in occupational asthma.4

27Forsubstanceswhich,althoughtheycontainplatinumandhalideions,thehalogenisnotdirectlyco-coordinatedbyachemicalbondtotheplatinum,theWELforsolubleplatinumcompoundsisapplicable.

Machine-made mineral fibres (MMMF)28Machine-made(formerly‘man-made’)mineralfibresaredefinedasman-madevitreous(silicate)fibreswithrandomorientationwithalkalineoxideandalkaliearthoxide(Na2O+K2O+CaO+MgO+BaO)contentgreaterthan18%byweight.Neitherthegravimetriclimitnorthefibresinairlimitsshouldbeexceeded.FibreconcentrationsofMMMFsmustbemeasuredorcalculatedbyamethodapprovedbyHSC.

29AseparatelimitappliestootherMMMFswhicharenotcoveredbythisdefinition(seeparagraph31).

Pulverised fuel ash30Pulverisedfuelash(PFA),sometimesknownasprecipitationash,isafinegreyfuelashpowder,composedmainlyofalumino-silicateamorphousspheres.Itisproducedwhenpulverisedcoalisburntinacoal-firedpowerstation.Itiscollectedandseparatedintovariousgradesforuseasafillerincivilengineeringandlandreclamation,inready-mixconcrete,asagroutinblock/cementitiousproductsandinthemanufactureofotherproductsusedbytheconstructionindustry.

Refractory ceramic fibre (RCF)31RCFsareman-madevitreous(silicate)fibreswithrandomorientationwithalkalineoxideandalkaliearthoxide(Na2O+K2O+CaO+MgO+BaO)contentlessorequalto18%byweight.Theterm‘RCF’alsoincludesnon-oxideceramicfibresuchasboronandsiliconcarbidesandnitrides.FibreconcentrationsofRCFmustbemeasuredorcalculatedbyamethodapprovedbytheHSC.

Rubber fume and rubber process dust32Rubberfumeisfumeevolvedinthemixing,millingandblendingofnaturalrubberorsyntheticelastomers,orofnaturalrubberandsyntheticpolymerscombinedwithchemicals,andintheprocesseswhichconverttheresultantblendsintofinishedprocessdustproductsorpartsthereof,andincludinganyinspectionprocedureswherefumecontinuestobeevolved.

33ThelimitrelatestocyclohexanesolublematerialdeterminedbythemethoddescribedinMDHS47/2Determination of rubber process dust and rubber fume in air.14



34Rubberprocessdustisdustarisinginthestagesofrubbermanufacturewhereingredientsarehandled,weighed,addedtoormixedwithuncuredmaterialorsyntheticelastomers.Itdoesnotincludedustsarisingfromtheabrasionofcuredrubber.

35Wheretheairbornematerialcontainsamixtureofsubstances,oneormoreofwhichisassignedaWEL,thatlimitwillapplytotheindividualsubstanceandatthesametimetherubberprocessdustlimitwillapplytothemixdustasawhole.WheretheairbornematerialiseffectivelyasinglesubstancewithaWEL,thatlimitalonewillapply.

36MethodsforpersonalsamplingandmeasurementofinhalabledustsareavailableinMDHS14/3:General methods for sampling and gravimetric analysis ofrespirable and inhalable dust13andMDHS47/2:Determination of rubber processdust and rubber fume in air.14Aswiththefume,thedustisdeterminedgravimetricallybut,unlikethefume,thedustdeterminationdoesnotinvolvesolventextraction.

Note:Dustproducedbytheabrasionofcuredrubbershouldbedealtwithasdescribedinparagraphs42-45,iedustofanykindwhenpresentatasubstantialconcentrationinairiscoveredbyCOSHH.

Subtilisins37SubtilisinsareproteolyticenzymesderivedfromBacillus subtilis.Theyareusedinbiologicalwashingpowders,animalfeedstuffsetc.Theenzymepreparationcontainsactiveenzyme,inactiveenzymeandproteinresidues.TheWELforsubtilisinsis0.00004mg.m-3(8-hrTWA)-40ng.m-3-crystallineactivepureenzyme.OneofthesuitablemeasurementmethodsisthefluorescencepolarisationtechniquedevelopedbytheHealthandSafetyLaboratory(HSL).Thepreviouslimitforsubtilisinwasbasedonhigh-volumestaticsamplingtoachievesufficientsensitivity.However,improvementsintheanalyticalmethodologyhaveimprovedthesensitivityandtheWELforsubtilisinreflectsthis.Thelimitisbasedonstandardpersonalsampling(MDHS14/3).13Short-termreferenceperiod(15minute)samplingisnotappropriate.

Talc38Talcisdefinedasthemineraltalctogetherwithotherhydrousphyllosilicatesincludingchloriteandcarbonatematerialswhichoccurwithit,butexcludingamphiboleasbestosandcrystallinesilica.

Wood dust 39Wooddustisageneraltermcoveringawidevarietyofairbornewooddusts.Timbershavebeendividedintotwodifferentgroups,namelyhardwoodsandsoftwoods.Hardwoodsaretimbersfromdeciduoustrees,includingtreesfrombothtemperateandtropicalzones,suchasbeech,ash,oak,mahoganyandteak.SoftwoodsaremainlyfromconiferoustreessuchasScotspine,yewandcedar.

40Dustisgeneratedbythemachiningandworkingofwoodandwood-containingmaterialssuchaschipboardandfibreboard.Operationssuchassawing,turningandroutingproducerelativelycoarsedust,whilesandingandassemblyoperationsgeneratefinedust.

Wool process dust 41Woolprocessdustisthetermusedtodescribethedustgeneratedintheproductionofwoollenandworstedtextiles.Thisincludesallfactoryprocessesfromthereceiptoftherawwooluptothefinishedproductinthecaseofcarpetmanufacture,andupto,andincluding,weaving,knittingornon-wovenclothproduction.Itdoesnotcoveragriculturalprocesses,includinganysortingorbalingdoneonthefarm.Theterm‘wool’,inthiscase,referstosheep’swoolandwool



blendsonly.Itdoesnotincludeotherspecialityfibres-suchasgoathair(includingcashmereandmohair),camelhairoralpaca.Suchfibresdifferfromwoolinstructureanditisnotcertainthatthecompositionofthedustorthepotentialhealthriskisthesameaswithwoolprocessdust.

Dust42TheCOSHHdefinitionofasubstancehazardoustohealthincludesdustofanykindwhenpresentataconcentrationinairequaltoorgreaterthan10mg.m-3

8-hourTWAofinhalabledustor4mg.m-38-hourTWAofrespirabledust.ThismeansthatanydustwillbesubjecttoCOSHHifpeopleareexposedabovetheselevels.AdviceoncontrolisgiveninEH44Dust: General principles of protection15andinthegreatmajorityofworkplacesreasonablecontrolmeasureswillnormallykeepexposurebelowtheselevels.However,somedustshavebeenassignedspecificWELsandexposuretothesemustcomplywiththeappropriatelimit.

43Mostindustrialdustscontainparticlesofawiderangeofsizes.Thebehaviour,depositionandfateofanyparticularparticleafterentryintothehumanrespiratorysystemandthebodyresponsethatitelicits,dependonthenatureandsizeoftheparticle.HSEdistinguishestwosizefractionsforlimit-settingpurposestermed‘inhalable’and‘respirable’.

44Inhalabledustapproximatestothefractionofairbornematerialthatentersthenoseandmouthduringbreathingandisthereforeavailablefordepositionintherespiratorytract.Respirable dustapproximatestothefractionthatpenetratestothegasexchangeregionofthelung.FullerdefinitionsandexplanatorymaterialaregiveninMDHS14/3General methods for sampling and gravimetric analysis of respirable and inhalable dust.13

45Wheredustscontaincomponentsthathavetheirownassignedworkplaceexposurelimits,alltherelevantlimitsshouldbecompliedwith.

Fume46Theword‘fume’isoftenusedtoincludegasesandvapours.Thisisnotthecaseforexposurelimitswhere‘fume’shouldnormallybeappliedtosolidparticlesgeneratedbychemicalreactionsorcondensedfromthegaseousstate,usuallyaftervolatilisationfrommeltedsubstances.Thegenerationoffumeisoftenaccompaniedbyachemicalreactionsuchasoxidationorthermalbreakdown.

Substances which are special cases under COSHH or other legislation Carcinogenic and mutagenic substances 47 Regulation7(5)ofCOSHHsetsoutclearrequirementsforthecontrolofcarcinogenicandmutagenicsubstances.Appendix1oftheCOSHH(ACOP)givesadditionalpracticalguidance.TheACOPappliestoanycarcinogenicormutagendefinedassuchinCOSHH.Thiswillinclude:

(a) anysubstanceorpreparationwhichifclassifiedinaccordancewithregulation5 oftheChemicals(HazardInformationandPackagingforSupply)Regulations wouldbeinthecategoryofdanger,carcinogenic(category1)orcarcinogenic (category2),ormutagenic(category1)ormutagenic(category2)whetheror notthesubstanceorpreparationwouldberequiredtobeclassifiedunder thoseregulations;or

(b) anysubstanceorpreparationlistedinSchedule1andanysubstancesor preparationarisingfromaprocessspecifiedinSchedule1whichisasubstance hazardoustohealth.



Thisdefinitionalsocoverssubstancesandpreparationswhichwouldrequirelabellingwiththeriskphrases‘R45’,‘R46’or‘R49’iftheywerenotexceptionstoallorpartoftheChemicals(HazardInformationandPackagingforSupply)Regulations.Examplesoftheseexceptionsaremedicines,unpackagedsubstancesandsubstancesbeingmovedaroundwithinafactory.

48Thesubstances,preparationsandprocessesdefinedascarcinogensormutagensforthepurposeoftheCOSHHRegulationsandtowhichthespecialprovisionsforcarcinogensandmutagensintheCOSHHRegulationsapplyarelistedintheApproved Supply List12andtheCOSHHACOP.5

49Alistoftheothersubstancesandprocessestowhichthedefinitionof‘carcinogen’relatesisgivenbelow:

(a) aflatoxins;

(b) arsenic;

(c) auraminemanufacture;

(d) calcining,sinteringorsmeltingofnickelcoppermatteoracidleachingorelectrorefiningofroastedmatte;

(e) coalsoots,coaltar,pitchandcoaltarfumes;

(f) hardwooddusts;

(g) isopropylalcoholmanufacture(strongacidprocess);

(h) leatherdustinbootandshoemanufacture,arisingduringpreparationandfinishing;

(i) magentamanufacture;

(j) mustardgas(ß,ß’-dichlorodiethylsulphide);

(k) rubbermanufacturingandprocessinggivingrisetorubberprocessdustandrubberfume;

(l) usedengineoils;

(m) thefollowingpolychlorodibenzodioxins: (i) 2,3,7,8-TCDD, (ii) 1,2,3,7,8-PeCDD, (iii) 1,2,3,4,7,8-HxCDD, (iv) 1,2,3,6,7,8-HxCDD, (v) 1,2,3,7,8,9-HxCDD, (vi) 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDD, (vii) OCDD;

(n) thefollowingpolychlorodibenzofurans: (i) 2,3,7,8-TCDF, (ii) 2,3,4,7,8-PeCDF, (iii) 1,2,3,7,8-PeCDF, (iv) 1,2,3,4,7,8-HxCDF, (v) 1,2,3,7,8,9-HxCDF, (vi) 1,2,3,6,7,8-HxCDF, (vii) 2,3,4,6,7,8-HxCDF,



(viii)1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDF, (viiii)1,2,3,4,7,8,9-HpCDF, (x) OCDF,

whereT=tetra,Pe=penta,Hx=hexa,Hp=heptaandO=Octa.

Asbestos50Exposuretoasbestosmustbepreventedor,wherethatisnotreasonablypracticable,itmustbereducedtothelowestlevelthatisreasonablypracticable.

51TheControlofAsbestosatWorkRegulations17setcontrollimitsforasbestosbasedonboth4-hourand10minuteTWAs.Theyalsosetactionlevelsbasedoncumulativeexposurewhichdeterminewhetherornotcertainregulationsapplyinanygivencase.HSChasapprovedamethodofmeasurementwhichmustbeusedwhenfibrelevelsarebeingcheckedagainstanyoftheselimits.

52InformationabouttheexposurelimitsandmeasurementmethodsforasbestosisgiveninAsbestos: The analysts’ guide for sampling, analysis and clearance procedures18whichalsocontainsguidanceontheuseofairbornefibremeasurementincheckingtheeffectivenessofenclosuresorothercontrolmeasures,orforsiteclearancewhenworkisfinished.Moretechnicaldetailaboutmeasurementisalsogiveninthispublication.

53FormoreinformationseethecontrolofAsbestosatWorkRegulationsandsupportingACOPS.19-22

Control limits and action levels 54Thecontrollimitstobeuseddependuponthetypeofasbestoswhichispresent.Thelimitsaremorestringentwhenamphiboleasbestos(egamositeorcrocidolite)arepresent,eitheraloneorasmixturesofamphibolesoramphiboleswithchrystotile.Foreachofthetwocategories(withandwithoutamphiboleasbestos)therearetwolimits:

oneisalimitontheaveragefibreleveloveranycontinuous4-hourperiod,andtheotherisalimitontheaveragefibreleveloveranycontinuous10-minuteperiod.Eachisacontrollimitinitsownright.Ifeitherisexceeded,thensuitableRPEisrequiredunderregulation8,andrespiratorzonesmustbedesignated,underregulation14oftheControlofAsbestosatWorkRegulations.17

55ThecontrollimitsasdefinedintheRegulationsare:

(a) forchrysotile: (i) 0.3fibrespermillilitreofairaveragedoveranycontinuousperiodof4hours; (ii) 0.9fibrespermillilitreofairaveragedoveranycontinuousperiodof10minutes;

(b) foranyotherformofasbestoseitheraloneorinmixturesincludingmixturesof chrysotilewithanyotherformofasbestos: (i) 0.2fibrespermillilitreofairaveragedoveranycontinuousperiodof4hours; (ii) 0.6fibrespermillilitreofairaveragedoveranycontinuousperiodof10minutes.

Employersmaychoosetoassumethattheasbestosisnotchrysotilealoneandapplythemorestringentlimits;theydonotthenneedtoidentifythetypeofasbestos.

56Theactionlevelsapplytoexposureinthelongerterm.Theyarespecifiedascumulativeexposureswithinanycontinuous12-weekperiod.Cumulativeexposureiscalculatedbymultiplyingeachairbornefibrelevelbythetimeforwhichitlastsandaddingupalltheseproductsoverthe12-weekperiodinquestion.Iftheexposureofanyemployeeexceedsanactionlevel,thentheregulationsonnotification,



designatedareasandmedicalsurveillanceapply(regulations6,14and16respectively).

57Theactionlevelsare:

(a)wheretheexposureissolelytochrysotile,72fibre-hourspermillilitreofair;or

(b)wheretheexposureistoanyotherformofasbestoswhetheraloneorin mixturesincludingmixturesofchryostilewithanyotherformofasbestos, 48fibre-hourspermillilitreofair;or

(c)wherebothtypesofexposureoccurseparatelyduringthe12-weekperiod concerned,aproportionatenumberoffibre-hourspermillilitreofair.

58Thecompositelimitat(c)aboveappliesonlywhenthetwotypesofexposureoccuratdifferenttimeswithinthe12-weekperiod;ifbothtypesofasbestosarepresentsimultaneouslythemixturemustbetreatedasifitwerenotchrysotilealone.

Lead

The occupational exposure limits for lead59TheoccupationalexposurelimitsforleadaresetoutintheControlofLeadatWorkRegulations2002(CLAW).23

60Thelimitsare8-hourTWAconcentrationsasfollows:

(a) inrelationtoleadotherthanleadalkyls,aconcentrationofleadinthe atmospheretowhichanyemployeeisexposedof0.15mg.m-3;and

(b) inrelationtoleadalkyls,aconcentrationofleadintheatmospheretowhichany employeeisexposedof0.10mg.m-3.

Whendetermininglead-in-airconcentrationsforcomparisonwiththeoccupationalexposurelimits,themethodreferredtoinregulation9ofCLAWanddescribedinControl of lead at work. Control of Lead at Work Regulations 2002. Approved Code of Practice and guidance24shouldbeused.

61Unliketheformerlead-in-airstandardswhichcouldbeexceededincertainspecifiedcircumstances,theexposurelimitsforleadareceilinglimitswhichmustnotbeexceededwhencalculatedastime-weightedaveragesover8hours.

62Asfarasexposurebyinhalationisconcerned,controlisconsideredadequatewhenexposuredoesnotexceedtheappropriateexposurelimit.Itshouldberememberedthatotherroutesofexposuretoleadarealsoimportant,egingestion,orcontactwiththeskinwherethereisexposuretoleadalkyls.

The biological limits for lead63TheCLAWRegulationsalsocontainbiologicallimitsasadditionalmeasuresdesignedtocontrolemployees’exposuretolead.Foremployeesexposedtoinorganiclead,thelimitsarebasedontheconcentrationofleadinthebloodandexpressedasmicrogramsofleadperdecilitreofblood(µg/dl).Foremployeesexposedtoleadalkyls,thelimitsarebasedontheconcentrationofleadinurineandthevaluesexpressedinunitsofµgPb/gcreatinine.

Action levels:64Wheretheblood-leadconcentrationforanyemployeereachesorexceedstheactionlevel,theemployerhasastatutorydutytodeterminewhyand,sofarasisreasonablypracticable,totakestepstoreducetheemployee’sblood-leadtobelow



theactionlevel.Theactionlevelsare:

(a) inrespectofawomanofreproductivecapacity,25µg/dl;

(b) inrespectofayoungperson(agedunder18),40µg/dl;

(c) inrespectofanyotheremployee,50µg/dl.

Therearenoactionlevelsforworkinvolvingexposuretoleadalkyls.

65Thepurposeoftheactionlevelistogivetheemployerearlywarningthatanemployee’sblood-levelconcentrationisapproachingthesuspensionlevelsothatstepscanbetakentopreventitbeingtriggered.

Suspension levels:66Whentheblood-lead(foremployeesexposedtoinorganiclead)orurinarylead(foremployeesexposedtoleadalkyls)concentrationofanyemployeereachesorexceedsthesuspensionlevel,theemployerwillnormallyremovetheemployeefromworkinvolvingfurtherexposuretoleadinordertoprotecttheemployee’shealth.Thesuspensionlevelsare:

(a) ablood-levelconcentrationof: (i) inrespectofawomanofreproductivecapacity,30µg/dl; (ii) inrespectofayoungperson(agedunder18),50µg/dl; (iii) inrespectofanyotheremployee,60µg/dl;or

(b) urinaryleadconcentrationof: (i) inrespectofawomanofreproductivecapacity,25µgPb/gcreatinine (14µmol/molcreatinine); (ii) inrespectofanyotheremployee,110µgPb/gcreatinine(55µmol/mol creatinine).

67Theemployerwillonlyallowtheemployeetoresumeworkinvolvingexposuretoleadwhenthedoctorresponsibleforcarryingoutmedicalsurveillanceontheemployeeconcernedconfirmsthattheemployee’sbloodorurinaryleadconcentrationhasdroppedbackbelowthesuspensionlevels.

Substances that can cause occupational asthma68Substancesthatcancauseoccupationalasthma(alsoknownasasthmagensandrespiratorysensitisers)caninduceastateofspecificairwayhyper-responsivenessviaanimmunological,irritantorothermechanism.Oncetheairwayshavebecomehyper-responsive,furtherexposuretothesubstance,sometimeseventotinyquantities,maycauserespiratorysymptoms.Thesesymptomscanrangeinseverityfromarunnynosetoasthma.Notallworkerswhoareexposedtoasensitiserwillbecomehyper-responsiveanditisimpossibletoidentifyinadvancethosewhoarelikelytobecomehyper-responsive.SubstancesthatcancauseoccupationalasthmaareclassifiedundertheChemicals (Hazard Information and Packaging forSupply) Regulations (CHIP)16andassignedtheriskphrase‘R42Maycausesensitisationbyinhalation’or‘R42/43Maycausesensitisationbyinhalationandskincontact’intheApproved supply list.12

69Substancesthatcancauseoccupationalasthmashouldbedistinguishedfromsubstanceswhichmaytriggerthesymptomsofasthmainpeoplewithpre-existingairwayhyper-responsiveness,butwhichdonotincludethediseasethemselves.Thelattersubstancesarenotclassifiedasthmagensorrespiratorysensitisers.

70Whereveritisreasonablypracticable,exposuretosubstancesthatcancauseoccupationalasthmashouldbeprevented.Wherethisisnotpossible,theprimary



aimistoapplyadequatestandardsofcontroltopreventworkersfrombecominghyper-responsive.Forsubstancesthatcancauseoccupationalasthma,COSHHrequiresthatexposurebereducedaslowasisreasonablypracticable.Activitiesgivingrisetoshort-termpeakconcentrationsshouldreceiveparticularattentionwhenriskmanagementisbeingconsidered.Healthsurveillanceisappropriateforallemployeesexposedorliabletobeexposedtoasubstancewhichmaycauseoccupationalasthmaandthereshouldbeappropriateconsultationwithanoccupationalhealthprofessionaloverthedegreeofriskandlevelofsurveillance.

71 The‘Sen’notationinthelistofWELshasbeenassignedonlytothosesubstanceswhichmaycauseoccupationalasthmainthecategoriesshowninTable1(seepage12).Itshouldberememberedthatothersubstancesnotinthesetablesmaycauseoccupationalasthma.

72HSE’sasthmawebpages(http://www.hse.gov.uk/asthma)provideinformationabout:

(a) themaincausesofoccupationalasthma;(b) whatitisliketogetthedisease;(c) whatemployershavetodotoprotecttheiremployees;and(d) whatHSEandstakeholdersaredoingtotackletheproblem.

73AnumberofHSEpublicationsprovideadditionaladviceonsubstanceswhichmaycauseoccupationalasthmaandtheircontrolintheworkplace.Preventing asthma at work: How to control respiratory sensitisers25providesstep-by-stepadviceonstrategieswhichcanbeadoptedforpreventingoradequatelycontrollingexposuretotheseasthmagens.Asthmagen? Critical assessments of the evidence for agents implicated in occupational asthma4includessubstanceswhich,onthebalanceofevidence,shouldnotbeconsideredtobeasthmagensaswellasthosethatshould.FurtherinformationonhealthsurveillancecanbefoundinMS25Medical aspects of occupational asthma.26

Asphyxiants74Somegasesandvapours,whenpresentathighconcentrationsinair,actassimpleasphyxiantsbyreducingtheoxygencontentbydilutiontosuchanextentthatlifecannotbesupported.Manyasphyxiantsareodourlessandcolourlessandnotreadilydetectable.Monitoringtheoxygencontentoftheairisoftenthebestmeansofensuringsafety.Therearesubstantialrisksiftheconcentrationofoxygenintheatmospherevariesfromnormal(20.8%)undernormalatmosphericpressure.Withreferencetospecificstatutoryrequirements,anydifferenceinoxygencontentfromnormalshouldbeinvestigated,therisksassessed,andappropriatemeasurestakeninthelightoftherisk.Inparticular,theMines and Quarries Act 195427(Section55)refertothedutyuponthemanagerofeveryminetosecureventilationbelowgroundadequatefordilutinggasesandprovidingaircontainingsufficientoxygen.Section55(2)(b)specifiestheamountofoxygeninthegeneralbodyoftheairasnotlessthan19%byvolume.

75Particularcareisnecessarywhendenseasphyxiants,egargon,areusedsincelocalisedveryhighconcentrationscanariseduetotheircollectinginpits,confinedspacesandotherlow-lyingareaswhereventilationislikelytobepoor.

76Manyasphyxiantspresentafireorexplosionrisk.Theconcentrationsatwhichtheseriskscanariseareliabletobewellbelowthoseatwhichasphyxiationislikelytooccurandshouldbetakenintoaccountwhenassessingthehazards.

Pesticides77Substancesusedasactiveingredientsinpesticidesarelistedundertheirsystematicchemicalnamesand/ortheir(ISO)commonnames.Thesemay



sometimesbeusedaspartsofthenamesofproprietarypesticideformulations.Inallcasestheexposurelimitappliestothespecificactiveingredientintheworkplaceatmosphereandnottheformulationasawhole.

Exposure in mines78Thecontrolofdustbelowgroundincoalminesiscoveredbysection74oftheMines and Quarries Act 195427whichrequiresthemanagerofacoalminetominimisethe‘givingoff’ofinjuriousdustbelowgroundandtheCoal Mines (Respirable Dust) Regulations 197528whichcovertherespirablefractionoftotalinhalabledust.

79ByAutumn2005,anewsetofregulations,areexpectedtobeintroducedtogovernthecontrolofinhalabledustbelowgroundincoalmines.The Coal Mines (Control of Inhalable Dust) Regulations,willbeannouncedontheHSEwebsite.



Setting exposure limitsLegal background to exposure limits

80HSChasestablishedWELsforanumberofsubstanceshazardoustohealth.Theseareintendedtopreventexcessiveexposuretospecifiedhazardoussubstancesbycontainingexposurebelowasetlimit.AWEListhemaximumconcentrationofanairbornesubstanceaveragedoverareferenceperiod,towhichemployeesmaybeexposedbyinhalation.

Approach to deriving the workplace exposure limit

81ThefirststageinthederivationoftheWELinvolvesanassessmentofthetoxicologyofthesubstanceconcerned.Thepurposeofthisassessmentistoidentifythepotentialforasubstancetoproduceadversehumanhealtheffectsandtounderstandtheexposure-responserelationshipsfortheseeffects.InthecontextofOEL-setting,therearecertainkeyreferencepointsontheexposure-responsecurve.Thesearethe‘No-ObservedAdverseEffectLevel’(NOAEL)andthe‘Lowest-ObservedAdverseEffectLevel’(LOAEL).TheconceptofNOAELs/LOAELsisgenerallyagreedtohavepracticalrelevanceintheOEL-settingcontextonlyforthosesubstancesortoxicologicalmechanismsthathavea‘threshold’ofeffect.Forexample,eyeirritationcausedbyanacidvapourwillonlyoccuraboveacertainthresholdexposureconcentration,andthustheconceptofaNOAELwillapply.Incontrast,forsubstancessuchasDNA-reactivechemicalsthatcausecancerbyagenotoxicmechanism,althoughintheoryathresholdmayexist,(becauseofbiochemicaldefenceandrepairmechanisms)currentlyavailabletechniquesdonotallowthereliableidentificationofaclearthresholdorNOAEL.(TheNOAEListhehighestpointontheexposure-responsecurveatwhichnoadversehealtheffectsareobserved;theLOAEListhelowestpointontheexposure-responsecurveatwhichadversehealtheffectsareobserved).82IfaNOAEL(orLOAEL)canbeidentified,thenthisvalueistakenasastartingpointforestimatingthehighestlevelofoccupationalexposureatwhichnoadversehealtheffectswouldbeexpectedtooccurinworkersortheirprogenyfollowingexposureoveraworkinglifetime.Giventhatinmanycases,NOAELs/LOAELsareobtainedfromstudiesinanimals,numerical‘uncertaintyfactors’(sometimesreferredtoas‘safetyfactors’)areusuallyappliedinordertoarriveatthisestimateddesiredlevelofexposure.Thesefactorsareappliedtotakeaccountoftoxicologicaluncertaintiessuchaspossiblespeciesdifferencesinresponse,andalsototakeaccountofhumanvariabilityinresponsiveness.

83Anacross-governmentinitiativehasexaminedthewaysinwhichdifferentgovernmentdepartmentsandagenciesdealwithtoxicologicaluncertaintyinriskassessmentandstandard-settingprocedures.29Theresultsofthisworkcanbeaccessedathttp://www.le.ac.uk/ieh/pdf/cr9.pdf.InthelightofthisinformationACTSanditsscientificsubcommitteemaydevelopamoreformalisedapproachontheuseofuncertaintyfactorsforsettingWELs.

84Havingdeterminedthehighestlevelofoccupationalexposureatwhichnoadversehealtheffectswouldbepredictedtooccur,thenextstageistodeterminewhetherthislevelofexposureiscurrentlybeingachievedintheworkplace.Ifnot,thenconsiderationwouldbegiventothepotentialforimprovingexistingstandardsofcontrolsuchthatthislevelofexposurecouldbereasonablyachieved.IfACTSconsiderthislevelofexposureisreasonablypracticable,thentheWELwillbeproposedatthislevel.



85ThisroutetoderivingtheWELwillresultinalimitsetatalevelatwhichnoadversehealtheffectswouldbeexpectedtooccurinworkersortheirprogeny,basedontheknownand/orpredictedeffectsofthesubstance,andwouldalsobereasonablypracticableforindustrytoachieve.

86 TherearesomecategoriesofsubstanceforwhichthisroutetoderivingaWEL,basedontheconceptofaNOAEL/LOAELwillnotbepossible:

(a)Genotoxiccarcinogens:Forsuchsubstances,therearenocurrentlyavailable techniquesbywhichitisgenerallyacceptedthataNOAELcanbereliably identified;henceanapproachbasedonaNOAELcannotbeapplied.(b)Asthmagens:althoughtheconceptofaNOAELmaybevalid,thequalityofthe availabledatameansthatitisgenerallynotpossibletoidentifyathresholdlevel ofoccupationalexposurebelowwhichtherewouldbenoriskofdevelopingthe disease;(c)Mixturesofvariablecompositionsuchasmetalworkingfluids(MWFs):The variablecompositionmeansthatMWFsposeavariablehazard.Adefined positiononthelikelyhumanhealtheffectsandtheidentificationofsingle NOAELvalueisnotpossible;(d)Anyothersubstanceforwhichthebalanceofdoubtanduncertaintyabout likelyhumanhealtheffectsissuchthataNOAELorthresholdforeffect cannotbeconfidentlyidentifiedorpredicted.Thisismorelikelytoapplyto substanceswithinadequatetoxicitydata-sets.Whatismeantbyan‘adequate data-set’,particularlyinthecontextofOEL-setting,isdifficulttodefine,asit variesaccordingtothenatureofthesubstance,andotherfactorssuchasthe abilityto‘read-across’todata-setsonsimilarsubstances.Expertjudgementon acase-by-casebasiswillbeneededtodeterminewhetheraparticulardata-set isadequatetopredicthealtheffectsconfidently;(e)Forsomesubstances,aNOAEL/LOAELmaybeidentifiablefromwhichitis possibletoestimatealevelofexposureatwhichnoadversehumanhealth effectswouldbepredictedtooccur.However,afterdueconsiderationofthe costsandefficacyofavailablecontrolsolutions,ACTSmayconsiderthat itwouldnotbereasonablypracticaltocontrolbelowthisdesiredlevelof exposureacrossallindustrysectors.87Forsubstancesbelonginginoneoftheabovecategories(a)-(e),theWELwouldbederivedbyidentifyingalevelofexposurewhichwouldrepresentastandardofcontrolcommensuratewithgoodoccupationalhygienepractice.Indeterminingthislevel,theseverityofthelikelyhealtheffects,andthecostandefficacyofcontrolsolutionswouldhavetobetakenintoaccount.AgreementonwhatrepresentsagoodstandardofcontrolwillbeforACTSanditsscientificsubcommittee,informedby:

(a)knowledgeofthestandardsofcontrolcurrentlybeingachievedindifferent industrysectorsusingthesubstance;

(b)thepotentialforimprovingstandards;and

(c) thepotentialhealthimpactofthesubstance.

88Forexample,agoodstandardofcontrolforanon-reactivedustsuchastitaniumdioxidewouldnotbeconsideredadequateforacytotoxicdustsuchascyclophosphamide.Forsubstancesthathavehadlittleornosafetytesting,forwhichthepotentialhealthhazardsarehighlyuncertain,goodpracticewoulddictatetheneedforanincreasedstringencyofcontrolasaprecautionarymeasure.



TheprocessofderivingthevalueoftheWELwouldbeaniterativeone,involvingcomparisonsofthecostsofachievingsuccessivelylowerproposedWELvaluesagainsttheestimatedhealthbenefitsuntilagreementonanappropriatevalueisreached.TheargumentsandrationaleforeachsubstancewouldbesetoutinRegulatoryImpactAssessmentdocuments.InrelationtothisproposedroutetoOEL-setting,asfaraspossible,theWELwouldnotbesetatalevelatwhichthereispositiveevidenceofadverseeffectsonhumanhealth.

89 AdiagrammaticsummaryoftheproposedOEL-settingprocessispresentedasFigure1(below).

Criteria for setting workplace exposure limits

90WELsarederivedbythefollowingcriteria:

(a) theWELvaluewouldbesetatalevelatwhichnoadverseeffectsonhuman healthwouldbeexpectedtooccurbasedontheknownand/orpredicted effectsofthesubstance.However,ifsuchalevelcannotbeidentifiedwith reasonableconfidence(categories(a)-(d)inparagraph86),orifthislevelisnot reasonablyachievable(category(e)inparagraph86);then,

(b)theWELvaluewouldbebasedatalevelcorrespondingtowhatisconsidered torepresentgoodcontrol,takingintoaccounttheseverityofthelikelyhealth hazardsandthecostsandefficacyofcontrolsolutions.Whereverpossible,the WELwouldnotbesetatalevelatwhichthereisevidenceofadverseeffects onhumanhealth.

Figure 1 SummaryofWEL-settingprocess



Applying occupational exposure limitsScope of the limits

91 ThelistofWELs,unlessotherwisestated,relatestopersonalexposuretosubstanceshazardoustohealthintheairoftheworkplace.Thelimitscannotbeadaptedreadilytoevaluateorcontrolnon-occupationalexposure,eglevelsofcontaminationintheneighbourhoodclosetoanindustrialplant.WELsareapprovedonlyforapplicationtopeopleatwork.EmployersshouldalsotakeintoaccounttheirdutiesundertheEnvironmentalProtectionAct(seehttp://www.environment-agency.gov.uk).30WELsareapprovedonlyforusewheretheatmosphericpressureisbetween900and1100millibars.ThiscoversthenormalrangeofmeterologicalvariationsinGreatBritainandslightlypressurisedworkplacessuchascleanrooms,butnotthehyperbaricconditionswhichmaybeencounteredin,forexample,tunnelingordiving.ToenableWELstobeappliedinhyperbaricconditionsthelimitsshouldbeexpressedasapartialpressureormass/volumeconcentrationathigherpressures.ThisapproachhasbeenendorsedbytheAdvisoryCommitteeonToxicSubstances(ACTS)andisdiscussedindetailinEH75/2Occupational exposure limits for hyperbaric conditions.31

92 Workplaceexposurelimitsassetoutinregulation7ofCOSHH,areintendedtobeusedfornormalworkingconditionsinfactoriesorotherworkplaces.OverandabovetheirresponsibilitiestoensurethattherequirementsofCOSHHaremet,employersalsohaveaclearresponsibilitytoensurethattheplantisdesigned,operatedandmaintainedinawaythatavoidsaccidentsandemergencies.Whereappropriate,detection,alarmandresponsemeasuresshouldbeusedinordertominimisetheeffectofanysuchunplannedevents.

Long-term and short-term exposure limits

93 Effectsofexposuretosubstanceshazardoustohealthvaryconsiderablydependingonthenatureofthesubstanceandthepatternofexposure.Someeffectsrequireprolongedoraccumulatedexposure.Thelong-term (8-hour TWA) exposure limitisintendedtocontrolsucheffectsbyrestrictingthetotalintakebyinhalationoveroneormoreworkshifts,dependingonthelengthoftheshift.Othereffectsmaybeseenafterbriefexposures.Short-term exposure limits (usually 15 minutes)maybeappliedtocontroltheseeffects.Forthosesubstancesforwhichnoshort-termlimitisspecifieditisrecommendedthatafigureofthreetimesthelong-termlimitbeusedasaguidelineforcontrollingshort-termpeaksinexposure.Someworkplaceactivitiesgiverisetofrequentshort(lessthan15minutes)periodsofhighexposurewhich,ifaveragedovertime,donotexceedeitheran8-hourTWAora15-minuteTWA.Suchexposureshavethepotentialtocauseharmandshouldbesubjecttoreasonablypracticablemeansofcontrolunlessa‘suitableandsufficient’riskassessmentshowsnorisktohealthfromsuchexposures.

94Insomesituationssuchasinsubmarinesandsaturationdivingtheoccupationalexposureisessentiallycontinuous.Inthesecasesacontinuousexposurelimitshouldbederivedbydividingthe8-hourTWAexposurelimitbyafactorof5.ThisapproachhasbeenendorsedbyACTSandisdiscussedindetailinEH75/2Occupational exposure limits for hyperbaric conditions.31



95Boththelong-termandshort-termexposurelimitsareexpressedasairborneconcentrationsaveragedoveraspecifiedperiodoftime.Theperiodforthelong-termlimitisnormallyeighthours,whenadifferentperiodisusedthisisstated.Theaveragingperiodfortheshort-termexposurelimitisnormally15minutes,suchalimitapplyingtoany15-minuteperiodthroughouttheworkingshift.Exposuretosubstanceshazardoustohealthshouldbecalculatedaccordingtotheapprovedmethod,whichisreproducedonpages49-52.

Help in applying limits COSHH essentials

96 HSE’sguidanceCOSHH essentials2providesadvicetoemployersonfulfillingalegaldutyunderCOSHHtocontrolexposurestochemicalshazardoustohealth.Itusesastep-by-stepprocessforidentifyingtherightcontrolstoreduceexposureformanyhazardoussubstances,andcontrolguidancesheetswhichapplytocommonsituations,egmixing,weighing,surfacecoating.Inordertochoosethecorrectcontrolapproach(generalventilation,engineeringcontrol,containmentorspecial)thefollowingfactorsareconsidered:

(a) thepossiblehealtheffectsfromexposuretoachemical.Thesearedetermined bytheRiskPhraseforasubstance(Table1includesalistofR-phrases). COSHH essentials2divideschemicalsintofivehazardbands.Theserange fromA(leasthazardous)throughtoE(mosthazardous)withanadditional band,S,whichisusedforsubstancesthatcausedamageiftheycomeinto contactwiththeskinoreyes;

(b) theamountofachemicalinuse;and

(c) itsdustinessorvolatility.

97 Oncethegeneralcontrolapproachisdetermined,moredetailedadvicecanbefoundindedicatedcontrolguidancesheetswhichcoverawiderangeoftasks.

98TheCOSHH essentials2website(http://www.coshh-essentials.org.uk)nowalsoprovidesdirectadviceforanumberoftasksandprocessesintheproductionandserviceindustries.Thisallowsuserstoobtainadvicewithouthavingtogothroughtheassessmentroute.HSEplanstoaddfurtherdirectadvicesheetstoCOSHH essentials.

99Forpeoplewhowantmoretechnicalinformationtohelpthemapplytheschemetohazardsorsituations,asummaryofthetechnicalbasisforCOSHH essentials2isavailableathttp://www.coshh-essentials.org.uk/assets/live/CETB.pdf.

Units of measurement100 Inworkplaceexposurelimits,concentrationsofairborneparticles(fume,dustetc)areusuallyexpressedinmg.m-3.Inthecaseofdusts,thelimitsinthetablerefertothe‘inhalable’fractionunlessspecificallyindicatedasreferringtothe‘respirable’fraction(seeparagraphs42-45onpage35).Exceptionally,thelimitsforMMMFsandforRCFscanbeexpressedeitherasmg.m-3orasfibrespermillilitreofair(fibres.ml-1)(seeparagraphs50-58onpages37-38forasbestos).Workplaceexposurelimitsforvolatilesubstancesareusuallyexpressedinbothpartspermillionbyvolume(ppm)andmilligramspercubicmetre(mg.m-3).Forthesesubstances,limitsaresetinppm,andaconversiontomg.m-3iscalculated.Thevalueinmg.m-3foragivenconcentrationinppmdependsonthetemperatureandpressureoftheambientair,whichinrealityvaryovertime.Thereforeconversioncalculationsarebasedonastandardsetoftypicalconditions.



Conversion and rounding of WELS expressed in ppm to mg.m-3

101 ThelimitsinTable1havebeencalculatedfromfirstprinciples,usingthefollowingmethod.

WELinmg.m-3=WELinppmxMWt24.05526

whereMWtisthemolecularweight(molarmassing.mol-1)ofthesubstance.

Notethat24.05526l.mol-1isthemolarvolumeofanidealgasat20ºCand1atmospherepressure(760mmmercury,101325Pa,1.01325bar).

102 Theresultshavebeenroundedusingthefollowingprocedure:

Range containing the newly Round to: calculated WEL (in mg.m-3) Lessthan0.1 1significantfigure

0.1tolessthan100 2significantfigures

100orover 3significantfigures

Calculation of exposure

103 Exposuretosubstanceshazardoustohealthshouldbecalculatedaccordingtotheapprovedmethod.ThecalculatedexposureshouldthenbecomparedwiththeworkplaceexposurelimitsforthatsubstanceforthepurposesofdeterminingcompliancewithCOSHH,regulation7.WhereaWELislistedbothforalong-termreferenceperiodandashort-termreferenceperioditwillbenecessarytocomparethecalculatedexposuresappropriatelywithbothworkplaceexposurelimits.

Limitations to the application of exposure limits

104 Theexposurelimitsrelatetopersonalmonitoring.

Other factors

105 Workingconditionswhichimposeadditionalstressonthebody,suchasexposuretoultra-violetradiation,hightemperatures,pressuresandhumidity,mayincreasethetoxicresponsetoasubstance.Insuchcasesspecialistadvicemaybenecessarytoevaluatetheeffectsofthesefactors.

Absorption through the skin

106 Formostsubstances,themainrouteofentryintothebodyisbyinhalationandtheexposurelimitsgiveninthisbookletrelatesolelytoexposurebythisroute.However,somesubstanceshavetheabilitytopenetrateintactskinandbecomeabsorbedintothebody,thuscontributingtosystemictoxicity;thesesubstancesaremarkedinthetablewithan‘Sk’notation.ACTShasagreedthefollowingcriteriaforassigningthisnotation:

(a) The‘Sk’notationisassignedincaseswheretheavailabledataorexperience



(orpredictionsmadeintheabsenceofactualdata)suggestthatexposurevia thedermalroutemay:

(i) makeasubstantialcontributiontobodyburden(whencomparedtothe contributionattributabletoinhalationexposureattheWEL);and

(ii) causesystemiceffects,sothatconclusionsaboutexposureandhealth effectsbasedsolelyonairborneconcentrationlimitsmaybeincomplete.

107 Absorptionthroughtheskincanresultfromlocalisedcontamination,forexamplefromasplashontheskinorclothing,orincertaincasesfromexposuretohighatmosphericconcentrationsofvapour.Thismayresultinasubstantialbodyburden,sothatseriouseffectsmayresultwithlittleornowarning.Itisnecessarytotakespecialprecautionstopreventskincontactwhenhandlingthesesubstances.Wherethe‘Sk’notationhasbeenassignedandthemethodsofuseprovideapotentialexposurerouteviaskinabsorptionthesefactorsshouldbetakenintoaccountindeterminingtheadequacyofthecontrolmeasures.FurtherguidanceisgivenontheadequatecontrolofexposurebyroutesotherthaninhalationintheCOSHH ACOP,5inThe safe use of pesticides for non-agricultural purposes32andCode of practice for the safe use of pesticides on farms and holdings.33



Calculation methodsCalculation of exposure with regard to the specified reference periods

108 Thissectionreproducestheapprovedmethodsforthecalculationofexposureinrelationtothe8-hour,short-termandone-yearreferenceperiods.These methods are legally binding because they have been approved by the Health and Safety Commission.

Notice of approval

TheHealthandSafetyCommissionhason9November2004approvedthemethodsofcalculationsetoutintheScheduletothisNoticeforthepurposeofdeterminingexposureinrelationtothereferenceperiodsforworkplaceexposurelimitsasspecifiedinregulation2(1)oftheControlofSubstancesHazardoustoHealthRegulations2002(asamended)andoccupationalexposurelimitforleadasspecifiedinRegulation2(1)oftheControlofLeadatWorkRegulations2002.

SignedSUSANMAWERSecretary to the Health and Safety Commission9November2004

Schedule Part 1 The 8-hour reference period 1 Theterm‘8-hourreferenceperiod’relatestotheprocedurewherebytheoccupationalexposuresinany24-hourperiodaretreatedasequivalenttoasingleuniformexposurefor8hours(the8-hourtime-weightedaverage(TWA)exposure).

2 The8-hourTWAmayberepresentedmathematicallyby:

C1T1+C2T2+…CnTn

8

whereC1istheoccupationalexposureandT1istheassociatedexposuretimeinhoursinany24-hourperiod.

Example 13 Theoperatorworksfor7hours20minutesonaprocessinwhichheisexposedtoasubstancehazardoustohealth.Theaverageexposureduringthatperiodismeasuredas0.12mg.m-3.

The8-hourTWA= 7h20min(7.33h)at0.12mg.m-3 40min(0.67h)at0mg.m-3

Thatis (0.12x7.33)+(0x0.67) 8

=0.11mg.m-3



Example 24 Theoperatorworksforeighthoursonaprocessinwhichheisexposedtoasubstancehazardoustohealth.Theaverageexposureduringthatperiodismeasuredas0.15mg.m-3.

The8-hourTWA=

(0.15x8) 8

=0.15mg.m-3

Example 3 5 Workingperiodsmaybesplitintoseveralsessionsforthepurposeofsamplingtotakeaccountofrestandmealbreaksetc.Thisisillustratedbythefollowingexample:

Working Exposure Duration ofperiod (mg.m-3) sampling (h)

0800-1030 0.32 2.51045-1245 0.07 21330-1530 0.2 21545-1715 0.1 1.5

Exposureisassumedtobezeroduringtheperiods1030to1045,1245to1330and1530to1545.

The8-hourTWA=

(0.32x2.5)+(0.07x2)+(0.20x2)+(0.10x1.5)+(0x1.25) 8

0.80+0.14+0.40+0.15+0 8

=0.19mg.m-3

Example 46 Anoperatorworksforeighthoursduringthenightshiftonaprocessinwhichheisintermittentlyexposedtoasubstancehazardoustohealth.Theoperator’sworkpatternduringtheworkingperiodshouldbeknownandthebestavailabledatarelatingtoeachperiodofexposureshouldbeappliedincalculatingthe8-hourTWA.Theseshouldbebasedondirectmeasurement,estimatesbasedondataalreadyavailableorreasonableassumptions.

Working period Task Exposure (mg.m-3)

2200to2400 Helpingin 0.1(knowntobeexposure workshop offull-timegroupinworkshop) 2400to0100 Cleaningelsewhere 0(assumed) infactory

0100to0400 Workingincanteen 0(assumed)

0400to0600 Cleaning-upafter 0.21measured breakdownin workshop



The8-hourTWA=

(0.10x2)+(0.21x2)+(0x4) 8

=0.078mg.m-3

Example 57 Theoperatorworksa12-hourshifteachdayforfivedays,andthenhassevendays’rest.Theexposurelimitsarebasedonan8-hourreferenceperiodineach24hoursinwhichanexposureoccurs;thesevendays’restmakesnodifference.Whileatwork,theoperatorisexposedto4mg.m-3.

The8-hourTWA=

(4x12) 8

=6mg.m-3

The short-term reference period

8 Exposureshouldberecordedastheaverageoverthespecifiedshort-termreferenceperiod,normally15minutes,andshouldbedeterminedbysamplingoverthatperiod.Forshortemissionsoflessthanthereferenceperiod,whichstillmayhavethepotentialtocauseharm,appropriateactionshouldbetakentoensurethata‘suitableandsufficient’riskassessmentiscarriedouttoensurethatthereisnorisktohealthfromsuchexposures.

Methods of measurement and calculation for determining the fibre concentrations of MMMF

109 TheseparagraphsreproducetheNoticeofApprovalwhichisbasedonthemethodsdetailedinMDHS59Man-made mineral fibre.34The methods are legallybinding because they have been approved by the Health and Safety Commission.

Notice of approval

TheHealthandSafetyCommissionhason9November2004approvedthemethodsofmeasurementandcalculationsetoutintheScheduletothisnoticeforthepurposeofdeterminingthefibreconcentrationofMMMF(alsoknownasman-mademineralfibres,machine-mademineralfibresandman-madevitreousfibres)inairforcomparisonwiththeworkplaceexposurelimitspecifiedintheHealthandSafetyCommission’sapprovedlistofworkplaceexposurelimits.

Signed:SUSANMAWERSecretary to the Health and Safety Commission9November2004



Schedule

1 Themethodshallmeasuretheexposureofemployeesbysamplinginthebreathingzoneoftheemployeeexposed.

2 ‘Fibre’meansaparticlewithalength>5µm,averagediameter<3µm,andaratiooflengthtodiameter>3to1,whichcanbeseenusingthesystemspecifiedinparagraph3.

3 FibresshallbecountedwithaphasecontrastmicroscopeofsuchaqualityandmaintainedinsuchconditionatalltimesduringtheusethatBlock5ontheHSE/NPLTestSlideMarkIIwouldbevisiblewhenusedinaccordancewiththemanufacturer’sinstructions.ThemicroscopeshallbetestedwiththeSlidefrequentlyenoughtoestablishthis.Themicroscopemagnificationshallbebetween400xand600x.Duringcounting,thedifferenceinrefractiveindexbetweenthefibresandthemediuminwhichtheyareimmersedshallbebetween0.05and0.30.Themicroscopistshallbeproperlytrainedinrelevanttechniques.

4 TheresultsshallberegularlytestedbyqualityassuranceprocedurestoensurethattheresultsareinsatisfactoryagreementwiththeaverageofresultsobtainedbyBritishlaboratoriesparticipatinginanationalqualityassuranceschemeusingthemethodsspecifiedinparagraphs1-3.



Monitoring exposure110 Regulation10ofCOSHHimposesadutytomonitortheexposureofemployeestosubstanceshazardoustohealthincertainspecifiedsituations.FurtheradviceontheserequirementsmaybefoundintheguidanceonmonitoringofexposureintheCOSHHACOP.5

Personal/workplace air monitoring

111 Samplingstrategiesmayinvolvemeasurementofthehazardoussubstanceinthebreathingzoneoftheworker(personalsampling)orintheworkplaceair.Detailsofroutinesamplingstrategiesforindividualsubstancesareoutsidethescopeofthisdocument.However,adviceisavailableinMonitoring strategies for toxic substances6whichprovidespracticalguidanceonmonitoringsubstanceshazardoustohealthinair.

112 MethodsforthesamplingandanalysisofmanysubstanceswhichhavebeenassignedWELsaredescribedintheHSEseries‘MethodsfortheDeterminationofHazardousSubstances’(MDHS).Theseriesalsoincorporatespublicationsofamoregeneralnaturesuchasmethodvalidationprotocolsandguidanceonanalyticalqualityassessmentandcontrol.

113 HSEalsooperatesanexternalqualityassessmentorproficiencytestingschemefortheanalysisofarangeofcommonsubstancesinworkplaceair.DetailsoftheWASPscheme(WorkplaceAnalysisSchemeforProficiency),whichisadministeredbyHSE’sHealthandSafetyLaboratory,areavailablethroughtheHSEInformationCentre(seeparagraph16).

Biological monitoring (see also Table 2, page 27)

114 Biologicalmonitoringcanbeaveryusefulcomplementarytechniquetoairmonitoringwhenairsamplingtechniquesalonemaynotgiveareliableindicationofexposure.Biologicalmonitoringisthemeasurementandassessmentofhazardoussubstancesortheirmetabolitesintissues,secretions,excretaorexpiredair,oranycombinationofthese,inexposedworkers.Measurementsreflectabsorptionofasubstancebyallroutes.Biologicalmonitoringmaybeparticularlyusefulincircumstanceswherethereislikelytobesignificantskinabsorptionand/orgastrointestinaltractuptakefollowingingestion;wherecontrolofexposuredependsonrespiratoryprotectiveequipment;wherethereisareasonablywell-definedrelationshipbetweenbiologicalmonitoringandeffect;orwhereitgivesinformationonaccumulateddoseandtargetorganbodyburdenwhichisrelatedtotoxicity.

115 BiologicalMonitoringGuidanceValues(BMGVs)aresetwheretheyarelikelytobeofpracticalvalue,suitablemonitoringmethodsexistandtherearesufficientdataavailable.ThetypeofdatathatareavailablewillvarybetweensubstancesandthereforetheroutetakentoderivingtheBMGVwillvarybetweensubstances.BMGVsareeitherbasedonarelationshipbetweenbiologicalconcentrationsandhealtheffects,betweenbiologicalconcentrationsandexposureattheleveloftheWELorarebasedondatacollectedfromarepresentativesampleofworkplacescorrectlyapplyingtheprinciplesofgoodoccupationalhygienepractice.ThetechnicalbasisforeachBMGVwillbeclearlydescribedinsupportingdocumentationsuchasanEH64summaryorotherguidance.

116 BMGVsarenon-statutoryandanybiologicalmonitoringundertakeninassociationwithaguidancevalueneedstobeconductedonavoluntarybasis



(iewiththefullyinformedconsentofallconcerned).BMGVsareintendedtobeusedastoolsinmeetingtheemployer’sprimarydutytoensureadequatecontrolunderCOSHH.WhereaBMGVisexceededitdoesnotnecessarilymeanthatanycorrespondingairbornestandardhasbeenexceedednorthatillhealthwilloccur.Itisintendedthatwheretheyareexceededthiswillgiveanindicationthatinvestigationintocurrentcontrolmeasuresandworkpracticesisnecessary.Ofcourse,thatisnotnecessarilytosaythatbecausebiologicalmonitoringresultsarebelowaparticularguidancevalueanemployerneedtakenofurtheractiontoreduceexposure.ButitshouldbenotedthatBMGVsarenotanalternativeorreplacementforairborneoccupationalexposurelimits.FurtherguidancecanbefoundinBiological monitoring in the workplace.35



Mixed exposuresWELs for mixtures

117 ThemajorityofWELslistedinEH40areforsinglecompoundsorforsubstancescontainingacommonelementorradical,forexample,‘tungstenandcompounds’,and‘isocyanates’.AfewoftheWELsrelatetosubstancescommonlyencounteredascomplexmixturesorcompounds,forexample‘rubberfume’.TheWELsforcomplexmixturessuchasrubberfumeandhydrocarbonsolvents(seeparagraph118)arewithoutprejudicetoanyWELsforindividualcomponents.IftheSafetyDataSheetlistsasubstancewithaWEL,theemployershouldensurethattheWELisnotexceeded.Ifthesubstanceisonetowhicha‘Carc’or‘Sen’notationhasbeenappliedorwhichisassignedoneoftheriskphrasesR42,R42/43,R45,R46,R49,orislistedinSchedule1oftheCOSHHRegulations,orinsectionCofAsthmagen? Critical assessments of the evidence for agents implicated in occupational asthma,orisasubstancewhichtheriskassessmenthasshowntobeapotentialcauseofoccupationalasthmathereisarequirementtoreduceexposureaslowasisreasonablypracticable.ThisrequirementappliesregardlessofwhetherornotthesubstancehasaWEL.

Hydrocarbon solvents

118 Hydrocarbonsolventsarenormallysuppliedascomplexmixtures.Toassistproducersandsuppliersofmixedhydrocarbonblendstodeterminesuitable‘inhouse’OELs,ACTSrecommendtheproceduredetailedinparagraphs119-121.Thesuppliermaypassthisinformationontoacustomer,andshouldinthatcaserefertothisguidance.TheprocedurecoversaliphaticsintherangeC5toC15,cycloalkanesintherangeC5toC16andaromatics.Thisdefinitiondoesnotincludehalogenatedoroxygenatedhydrocarbons.Theprocedureonlyappliestovapours;mistsareexcluded.

Reciprocal calculation procedure for mixtures of hydrocarbon solvents

119 ‘In-house’OELsarederivedusingthereciprocalcalculationprocedure(RCP).ThustheOELforamixtureiscalculatedasfollows:

1 FRa FRb FRn

OELsol = OELa + OELb + OELn Where:

OELsol=occupationalexposurelimitofthehydrocarbonsolventmixture(inmg.m-3)

OELa= occupationalexposurelimitorguidancevalueofthecomponent‘a’(inmg.m-3)

FRa=fraction(w/w)ofcomponent‘a’inthesolventmixture

TheOELsolobtainedshouldberoundedtothenearestnumberasfollows:

OELsol <100mg.m-3 nearest25 100-600mg.m-3 nearest50 >600mg.m-3 nearest200



120 TheRCPrequiresanOELforeachcomponentinamixtureofhydrocarbons.SinceformanyindividualhydrocarbonsthedataonwhichanOELcouldbebasedislimited,ACTSagreedto:

(a) dividehydrocarbonsintodiscretegroupsbasedonstructuralsimilarityand criticalhealtheffects;

(b) excludefromthesegroupshydrocarbonswithspecifictoxicityconcerns (egn-hexane).ForthesehydrocarbonsWELsarelistedinTable1.TheseWELs shouldbeusedintheRCP;

(c)assignguidancevaluestothesegroupswhichcanthenbeusedintheRCP. Itshouldbenotedthatguidancevalueshavenolegalstatusandthereisno obligationonindustrytocomplywiththesevaluesiftheypossessdata indicatinganotherlimitismoreappropriate.

Thefollowingvalues(8-hourTWAs)havebeenapprovedbyACTS:

Normal and branched chain alkanes

C5–C6 1800mg.m-3

>C7 1200mg.m-3

Thisgroupexcludesn-hexaneandn-heptane.

Cycloalkanes

C5–C6= 1800mg.m-3

>C7= 800mg.m-3

Thisgroupexcludescyclohexane.

Aromatics

500mg.m-3

Thisgroupexcludesbenzene,toluene,xylene,(o-,m-,p-ormixedisomers),ethylbenzene,trimethylbenzene(allisomers)andcumene.

Example121 ThefollowingisanexampleofhowtheRCPisapplied.Whitespirittypicallycontainsthefollowingpercentageofhydrocarbons:

52% alkanes>C7 guidancevalue=1200mg.m-3

27% cycloalkanes>C7

guidancevalue=800mg.m-3

10% aromatics guidancevalue=500mg.m-3

1% C8aromatics(o-,m-,p-xylene ormixedisomers)WEL=220mg.m-3

10% trimethylbenzenesWEL=125mg.m-3



UsingthethreeguidancevaluesandtheWELvaluesforxyleneandtrimethybenzenes,anOELforwhitespiritcanbeobtainedasshown:

1 = 52/100 + 27/100 + 10/10OELsol 1200 800 500

1/100 + 10/100 220 125

1 = 1.816x10-3

OELsol

OELsol = 551mg.m-3

roundedtothenearest50givesanOELforthisparticularbrandofwhitespiritof550mg.m-3.

Effects of mixed exposures

122 Intheworkplaceworkersarefrequentlysubjecttoavarietyofmixedexposuresinvolvingsolidorliquidaerosolsorgases.Thesecanariseasaresultofworkwithmaterialscontainingamixtureofsubstances,orfromworkwithseveralindividualsubstances,simultaneouslyorsuccessively,inaworkshift.Mixedexposuresrequirecarefulassessmentoftheirhealtheffectsandtheappropriatenessofcontrolstandards.ThefollowingparagraphsprovideabriefsummaryoftheadviceontheapplicationofWELsinthesecircumstances.Inallcasesofdoubt,specialistadviceshouldbesought.

123 Thewaysinwhichtheconstituentsubstancesofamixedexposureinteractvaryconsiderably.Somemixedexposuresinvolvesubstancesthatactondifferentbodytissuesororgans,orbydifferenttoxicologicalmechanisms,thesevariouseffectsbeingindependentofeachother.Othermixtureswillincludesubstancesthatactonthesameorgans,orbysimilarmechanisms,sothattheeffectsreinforceeachotherandthesubstancesareadditiveintheireffect.Insomecasestheoveralleffectisconsiderablygreaterthanthesumoftheindividualeffects,andissynergistic.Thismayarisefrommutualenhancementsoftheeffectsoftheconstituentsorbecauseonesubstancepotentiatesanother,causingittoactinawaywhichitwouldnotdoalone.

Risk assessment and control

124 Withalltypesofmixedexposuresitisessentialthatassessmentsshouldbebasedontheconcentrationsofeachoftheconstituentsinairtowhichworkersareexposed.Dependingonthenatureoftheconstituentsandthecircumstancesofuse,therelativeconcentrationsoftheconstituentsinairmaydifferconsiderablyfromthoseintheliquidorsolidsourcematerial.Thecompositionofthebulkmaterialshouldnotbereliedonforassessmentunlessthereisgoodevidencefordoingso.

125 Wheremixedexposuresoccur,thefirststepistoensureadequatecontrolofexposureforeachindividualsubstance,asexplainedinschedule2AoftheCOSHHACOP.WELsfordefinedmixturesshouldbeusedonlywheretheyareapplicableandinadditiontoanyrelevantindividualWELs.Theyshouldnotbeextendedtoinappropriatesituations.Itisthennecessarytoassesswhetherfurthercontrolisneededtocounteractanyincreasedriskfromthesubstancesactinginconjunction.



Expertassessmentsforsomeparticularmixedexposuresmaybeavailableandcanbeusedasguidelinesinsimilarcases.Inothercases,closeexaminationofthetoxicologicaldatawillbenecessarytodeterminewhichofthemaintypesofinteraction(ifany)arelikelyfortheparticularcombinationofsubstancesconcerned;thevarioustypesshouldbeconsideredinthefollowingorder:

(a) Synergistic substances:Knowncasesofsynergismandpotentiationare considerablylesscommonthantheothertypesofbehaviourinmixedexposures. However,theyarethemostseriousintheireffectsandrequirethemoststrict control.Theyarealsothemostdifficulttoassessandwhereverthereisreason tosuspectsuchintervention,specialistadviceshouldbeobtained;

(b) Additive substances:Wherethereisreasontobelievethattheeffectsofthe constituentsareadditive,andwheretheWELsarebasedonthesame healtheffectsthemixedexposureshouldbeassessedbymeansofthe formula:

C1/L1+C2/L2+C3/L3…<1

whereC1,C2etcarethetime-weightedaverage(TWA)concentrationsof constituentsinairandL1,L2arethecorrespondingWELs.Wherethesumof theC/Lfractionsdoesnotexceed1,theexposureisconsiderednottoexceed thenotionalexposurelimit.Theuseofthisformulaisonlyapplicablewhere L1,L2etcrelatetothesamereferenceperiodinthelistofapprovedWELs. Thisformulaisnotapplicablewheretheleadhealtheffectiscancerorasthma, iesubstancestowhicha‘Carc’or‘Sen’notationhasbeenappliedortowhich oneoftheriskphrasesR42,R42/43,R45,R46,R49hasbeenassigned,orto substanceslistedinSchedule1ofCOSHH,orsubstancesthatarelistedin sectionCofAsthmagen? Critical assessments of the evidence for agents implicated in occupational asthma,4orsubstancesforwhichtherisk assessmenthasshowntobeapotentialcauseofoccupationalasthma.For mixturescontainingthesesubstancestheoverridingdutyistoreduceexposure sofarasisreasonablypracticable(seeparagraph117).

(c) Independent substances:wherenosynergisticoradditiveeffectsareknown orconsideredlikely,theconstituentscanberegardedasactingindependently andthemeasuresneededtoachieveadequatecontrolassessedforeach separately.Thecontrolsneededforthemixturewillbethoseforthecomponent requiringthetightestcontrol.

126 Theabovestepsprovideabasicprotocolforassessmentofmixedexposures.Itisopentopeopleresponsibleforcontrolofexposuretotreatallnon-synergisticsystemsasthoughtheywereadditive.Thisavoidstheneedtodistinguishadditiveandindependentsystemsandcanberegardedasthemoreprudentcourse,particularlywherethetoxicitydataarescarceordifficulttoassess.

Monitoring mixed exposure

127 InformationonmonitoringairbornecontaminantsisgiveninMonitoring strategies for toxic substances.6Thenumberofcomponentsofamixedexposureforwhichroutineairmonitoringisrequiredcanbereducediftheirrelativeconcentrationscanbeshowntobeconstant.Thisinvolvestheselectionofakeyormarker,whichmaybeoneoftheconstituents,asameasureofthetotalcontamination.Exposuretothemarkeriscontrolledatalevelselectedsothatexposurestoallcomponentswillbecontrolledinaccordancewiththecriteriainparagraph125(a)and(b).However,ifoneofthecomponentshasbeenassigneda‘Carc’or‘Sen’notationoroneoftheriskphrasesR42,R42/43,R45,R46,



R49,orislistedinSchedule1oftheCOSHHregulations,orislistedinsectionCofAsthmagen? Critical assessments of the evidence for agents implicated in occupational asthma,4orisasubstanceforwhichtheriskassessmenthasshowntobeapotentialcauseofoccupationalasthma,thentheleveloftheexposuretothatsubstanceshouldalwaysbereducedsofarasisreasonablypracticable.Monitoringshouldbeundertheguidanceofsuitablespecialistadvice.

Complicating factors

128 Severalfactorsthatcomplicatetheassessmentandcontrolofexposuretoindividualsubstanceswillalsoaffectcasesofmixedexposuresandwillrequiresimilarspecialconsideration.Suchfactorsinclude:(a) exposuretoasubstanceforwhichthereisnoWEL(seeSchedule2Aofthe COSHHACOP);5

(b) therelevanceofsuchfactorsasalcohol,medication,smokingandadditional stresses;

(c) exposureoftheskintooneormoresubstancesthatcanbeabsorbedbythis routeaswellasbyinhalation(seeSchedule2AoftheCOSHHACOP);and

(d) substancesinmixturesmaymutuallyaffecttheextentoftheirabsorption,as wellastheirhealthaffects,atagivenlevelofexposure.

Ineachofthesecircumstancesspecialistadviceshouldbeobtained.



List of synonymsSubstance Name it is listed by in Table 1

α-chloropropyleneoxide 1-Chloro-2,3-epoxypropane(Epichlorohydrin)(Diethylamine)ethane Triethylamine(S)-3-(1-Methyl-2-pyrrolidinyl)pyridine Nicotine1-(1-methylethyl)amino-3-(1-naphthalenoxy)propan-2-ol Propranolol1,1,1-trifluoro-2,2-chlorobromoethane Halothane1,1’-Azobiscarbamide Azodicarbonamide1,1’-Azobisformamide Azodicarbonamide1,1-Dichloroethylene Vinylidenechloride1,1’-Dimethyl-4,4’-Bipyridiniumdichloride Paraquatdichloride(ISO),1,1-oxybisethane Diethylether1,2,3,4,7,7-Hexachloro-1,5,5a,6,9,9a-hexahydro-6, Endosulfan(ISO)9-methano-2,4,3-benzodioxathiepin-3-oxide1,2,3-Trimethylbenzene 1,2,3-TrimethylbenzeneHemimellitene Hemimellitene1,2,4-Benzenetricarboxylicanhydride Trimelliticanhydride1,2,4-TCB 1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene 1,2,4-TrimethylbenzenePseudocumene Pseudocumene1,2-Benzenedicarboxylicaciddinonylester Dinonylphthalate1,2-Benzenedicarboxylicacid,di-2-propenylester Diallylphthalate1,2-Benzenedicarboxylicanhydride Phthalicanhydride1,2-Benzenediol Pyrocatechol1,2-Bis(ethoxycarbonyl)ethylO,O-dimethylphosphorodithioate Malathion(ISO)1,2-Dichloroethene 1,2-Dichloroethylene,cistransisomers60:401,2-Dichlorotetrafluoroethane Cryofluorane(INN)1,2-Dihydroxybenzene Pyrocatechol1,2-Dihydroxyethane Ethane-1,2-diol1,2-Dihydroxypropane Propane-1,2-diol1,2-Epoxypropane Propyleneoxide1,2-Ethanediol Ethane-1,2-diol1,3,5-Triglycidylisocyanurate Triglycidylisocyanurate(TGIC)1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene 1,3,5-TrimethylbenzeneMesitylene Mesitylene1,3-Benzenediol Resorcinol1,3-Butadiene Buta-1,3-diene1,3-Dichloro-5,5-dimethyl-2,4-imidazolidinedione 1,3-Dichloro-5,5-dimethyl-hydantoin1,3-Diformylpropane Glutaraldehyde1,3-Dioxo-5-phthalancarboxylicacid Trimelliticanhydride1,3-Dioxophthalan Phthalicanhydride1,3-Isobenzofurandione Phthalicanhydride1,3-Phthalandione Phthalicanhydride1,4,7-Tri-(aza)-heptane 2,2’-Iminodi(ethylamine)1,4-Benzenediamine p-Phenylenediamine1,4-Diaminobenzene p-Phenylenediamine1,4-Diazacyclohexane Piperazine1,4-Dihydroxybenzene Hydroquinone1,4-Epoxybutane Tetrahydrofuran1,7,7-Trimethylnorcamphor Bornan-2-one1-Amino-2-methylbenzene o-Toluidine1-Aminoethane Ethylamine1-Chloro-2,2,2-trifluoroethyldifluoromethylether Isoflurane1-Isopropylamino-3-(1-naphthyloxy)propan-2-ol Propranolol1-Methoxy-2-propanolacetate 1-Methoxypropylacetate



Substance Name it is listed by in Table 1

1-Methoxypropylacetate-2-aceticacid 1-Methoxypropylacetate1-Methyl-2-aminobenzene o-Toluidine1-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone 1-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone1-Methylethylbenzene Cumene1-pentylacetate Pentylacetates(allisomers)1-Propylacetate n-Propylacetate2,2-Bis(hydroxymethyl)-1,3-Propanediol Pentaerythritol2,4,6-Trinitrophenol Picricacid2,4-DES Sodium2-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)ethylsulphate2,4-Dichlorophenoxyaceticacid 2,4-D(ISO)2,5-Furandione Maleicanhydride2-Acetoxybenzoicacid o-Acetylsalicylicacid2-Acetoxypropane Isopropylacetate2-Aminopyridine 2-Pyridylamine2-Aminotoluene o-Toluidine2-Bromo-2-chloro-1,1,1-trifluroethane Halothane2-Butanone Butan-2-one (methylethylketone)2-Chloro-1,1,2-trifluoroethyldifluoromethylether Enflurane2-Chloro-1-ethanal Chloroacetaldehyde2-Ethylhexylchlorocarbonate 2-Ethylhexylchloroformate2-Furacarboxyaldehde 2-furaldehyde(furfural)2-Furanaldehyde 2-furaldehyde(furfural)2-Furancarbonal 2-furaldehyde(furfural)2-Hexanone Hexan-2-one2-Hydroxypropylacrylate 2-Hydroxypropylacrylate2-Isopropoxyphenylmethylcarbamate Propoxur(ISO)2-Methoxy-1-methylethylacetate 1-Methoxypropylacetate2-Methoxy-2-methylpropane Methyl-tert-butylether2-Methyl-1-propylacetate Isobutylacetate2-Methyl-2-propenenitrile Methacrylonitrile2-Methyl-2-propenoicacid Methylmethacrylate2-Methylaniline o-Toluidine2-NP 2-Nitropropane2-Oxohexamethylenimine 1,6-Hexanolactam (e-caprolactam)2-Pentylacetate Pentylacetates(allisomers)2-Phenylpropane Cumene2-Propanol Propan-2-ol2-Propen-1-ol Allylalcohol2-Propenamide Acrylamide2-Propenenitrile Acrylonitrile2-Propenoicacid2-cyanoethylester Ethylcyanoacrylate2-Propenoicacid2-cyanomethylester Methylcyanoacrylate2-Propenoicacid,n-butylester n-Butylacrylate2-Propenoicethylester Ethylacrylate2-Toluidine o-Toluidine3-(3,4-Dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea Diuron(ISO)3,3’-Dichloro-4,4’-diaminodiphenylmethane 2,2’-Dichloro-4,4’-methylenedianiline(MbOCA)3a,4,7,7a-Tetrahydro-4,7-methanoindene Dicyclopentadiene3-Heptanone Heptan-3-one3-Hydroxypropene Allylalcohol3-pentylacetate Pentylacetates(allisomers)4,4’-Diaminodiphenylmethane 4,4’-Methylenedianiline4,4’-Diamino-3,3’-dichlorodiphenylmethane 2,2’-Dichloro-4,4’-methylenedianiline(MbOCA)4,4-Methylenebis(2-chloroaniline) 2,2’-Dichloro-4,4’-methylenedianiline(MbOCA)




4,4’-Thiobis(6-tert-butyl-m-cresol) 6,6’-Di-tert-butyl-4,4’-thiodi-m-cresol4-Acetamidophenol Paracetamol4-Amino-3,5,6-trichloropyridine-2-carboxylicacid Picloram(ISO)4-Hydroxyacetanilide Paracetamol5-Bromo-3-sec-butyl-6-methyluracil Bromacil(ISO)Acetaminophen ParacetamolAcetanhydride AceticanhydrideAceticacidamylester Pentylacetates(allisomers)Aceticacidanhydride AceticanhydrideAceticaciddimethylamide NN-DimethylacetamideAceticacid,1,1-dimethylethylester tert-ButylacetateAceticaldehyde AcetaldehydeAceticoxide AceticanhydrideAcetylether AceticanhydrideAcetyloxide AceticanhydrideAcetylenedichloride 1,2-Dichloroethylene,cistransisomers60:40Acetylenetetrabromide 1,1,2,2-TetrabromoethaneAcrolein Acrylaldehyde(Acrolein)Acrylicacid2-cyanoethylester EthylcyanoacrylateAcrylicacid2-cyanomethylester MethylcyanoacrylateAcrylicacid,n-butylester n-ButylacrylateACT Benzylchloridealpha-Chlorotoluene Benzylchloridealpha-Methylstyrene 2-PhenylpropeneAlumina AluminiumoxidesAluminiumalkylcompounds AluminiumalkylcompoundsAluminiummetal AluminiummetalAluminiumsalts,soluble Aluminiumsalts,solubleAlumite AluminiumoxidesAminobenzene AnilineAminocaprolactam 1,6-Hexanolactam (e-caprolactam)Aminocyclohexane CyclohexylamineAminoethane EthylamineAmmonia,anhydrous Ammonia,anhydrousAmmoniumchloride,fume Ammoniumchloride,fumeAmmoniumhexachloroplantinate Halogeno-platinumcompounds(asPt)Ammoniumsulphamate AmmoniumsulphamidateAmmoniumtetrachloroplantinate Halogeno-platinumcompounds(asPt)Amylacetates(allisomers) Pentylacetates(allisomers)Amylethylketone 5-Methylheptan-3-oneAmylmethylketone Heptan-2-oneAntimonyandcompoundsexceptstibine(asSb) Antimonyandcompoundsexceptstibine(asSb)AralditePT-810 Triglycidylisocyanurate(TGIC)Arcton22 ChlorodifluoromethaneAroclor Polychlorinatedbiphenyls(PCB)Arsenicandarseniccompoundsexceptarsine(asAs) Arsenicandarseniccompoundsexceptarsine (asAs)Arsenictrihydride ArsineArylamine AnilineAsphalt,petroleumfumes Asphalt,petroleumfumesAspirin o-AcetylsalicylicacidAzabenzene PyridineAzacyclohexane PiperidineBarite BariumsulphateBariumCompounds BariumCompounds




Barytes BariumsulphateBCME Bis(chloromethylether)Benzenamine AnilineBenzenechloride ChlorobenzeneBenzol BenzeneBenzoylperoxide DibenzoylperoxideBerylliumandberylliumcompounds(asBe) Berylliumandberylliumcompounds(asBe)Beta-propanolol PropranololBicyclo(2,2,1)heptan-2-one Bornan-2-oneBismuthtelluride DibismuthtritellurideBladafum Sulfotep(ISO)Blancfixe BariumsulphateBorates,(tetra)sodiumsalts Disodiumtetraborate,anhydrousBorates,(tetra)sodiumsalts Disodiumtetraborate,decahydrateBorates,(tetra)sodiumsalts Disodiumtetraborate,pentahydrateBoronoxide DiborontrioxideBorontribromide BorontribromideBromine BromineButane ButaneButanone Butan-2-one (methylethylketone)Butylacrylate n-ButylacrylateButylbenzylphthalate BenzylbutylphthalateButylcellosolve 2-ButoxyethanolButylcellosolveacetate 2-ButoxyethylacetateButylethylketone Heptan-3-oneButylglycol 2-ButoxyethanolButylglycolacetate 2-ButoxyethylacetateButylmethylketone Hexan-2-oneButyloxitol 2-ButoxyethanolButylphosphate Tributylphosphate,allisomersButylatedhydroxytoluene 2,6-Di-tert-butyl-p-cresolButyleneoxide TetrahydrofuranButylglycolacetate 2-ButoxyethylacetateC,C’-azodi(formamide) AzodicarbonamideCadmium&cadmiumcompoundsexceptcadmiumoxide Cadmium&cadmiumcompoundsexceptfume,cadmiumsulphide&cadmiumsulphidepigments cadmiumoxidefume,cadmiumsulphide& cadmiumsulphidepigmentsCadmiumoxidefume(asCd) Cadmiumoxidefume(asCd)Cadmiumsulphideandcadmiumsulphidepigments Cadmiumsulphideandcadmiumsulphidepigments(respirabledust(asCd)) (respirabledust(asCd))Caesiumhydroxide CaesiumhydroxideCalcite MarbleCalciumcarbonate CalciumcarbonateCalciumcyanamide CalciumcyanamideCalciumhydroxide CalciumhydroxideCalciumoxide CalciumoxideCalciumsilicate CalciumsilicateCalciumsulphate GypsumCalciumsulphate PlasterofParisCamphor,synthetic Bornan-2-oneCaprolactam 1,6-Hexanolactam (e-caprolactam)Carbamaldehyde FormamideCarbimides IsocyanatesCarbodiimide Cyanamide




Carbonbisulphide CarbondisulphideCarbonblack CarbonblackCarbonoxychloride PhosgeneCarbonicanhydride CarbonDioxideCarbonicoxide CarbonmonoxideCarbonimides IsocyanatesCarbonylchloride PhosgeneCarbylamines IsocyanatesCatechol PyrocatecholCellosolve 2-EthoxyethanolCellosolveacetate 2-EthoxyethylacetateCellulose Cellulose(pure)Cementdust PortlandcementCFC-114 Cryofluorane(INN)Chlorinatedbiphenyls Polychlorinatedbiphenyls(PCB)Chlorine ChlorineChlorine(IV)oxide ChlorinedioxideChlorineoxide ChlorinedioxideChlorineperoxide ChlorinedioxideChloroaceticacid MonochloroaceticacidChlorobenzol ChlorobenzeneChlorocyanogen CyanogenchlorideChloroethylene VinylchlorideChloromethylether Bis(chloromethylether)Chloromethyloxirane 1-Chloro-2,3-epoxypropane(Epichlorohydrin)Chlorophenylmethane BenzylchlorideChlorosulphonicacid ChlorosulphonicacidChromium ChromiumChromium(II)compounds Chromium(II)compoundsChromium(III)compounds Chromium(III)compoundsChromium(VI)compounds(asCr) Chromium(VI)compounds(asCr)Cinerin Pyrethrins(ISO)cis-Butenedioicanhydride MaleicanhydrideCobaltandcobaltcompounds(asCo) Cobaltandcobaltcompounds(asCo)Colophony Rosin-basedsolderfluxfumeCopper CopperCottondust CottondustCristobalite,respirabledust Silica,respirablecrystallineCrystallinesilica,respirabledust Silica,respirablecrystallineCyanides,exceptHCN,cyanogen&cyanogenchloride Cyanides,exceptHCN,cyanogen&cyanogenchlorideCyanoethylene AcrylonitrileCyanolit MethylcyanoacrylateCyanomethane AcetonitrileCyclohexane CyclohexaneCyclohexanoneisooxime 1,6-Hexanolactam (e-caprolactam)Dactin 1,3-Dichloro-5,5-dimethyl-hydantoinDADPM 4,4’-MethylenedianilineDDM 4,4’-MethylenedianilineDEHP Bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalateDerris,commercial Rotenone(ISO)Diacetonealcohol 4-Hydroxy-4-methylpentan-2-oneDialkyl79phthalate Dialkyl79phthalateDiamine HydrazineDiatomaceousearth,natural,respirabledust Diatomaceousearth,natural,respirabledust




Diazenedicarboxamide AzodicarbonamideDibutylphthalate DibutylphthalateDichloroacetylene DichloroacetyleneDicyclohexylphthalate DicyclohexylphthalateDiethylketone Pentan-3-oneDiethyloxide DiethyletherDiethylphthalate DiethylphthalateDiethyleneglycol 2,2’-OxydiethanolDiethyleneimidoximine MorpholineDiethyleneoxide TetrahydrofuranDiethyleneoximine MorpholineDiethylenetriamine 2,2’-Iminodi(ethylamine)Diethylenediamine PiperazineDiethylenediaminedihydrochloride PiperazinedihydrochlorideDiethyleneimine PiperazineDifluorochloromethane ChlorodifluoromethaneDiisobutylketone 2,6-Dimethylheptan-4-oneDiisobutylphthalate DiisobutylphthalateDiisodecylphthalate DiisodecylphthalateDiisononylphthalate DiisononylphthalateDiisooctylphthalate DiisooctylphthalateDiisopropylamine DiisopropylamineDimethylketone AcetoneDimethylphthalate DimethylphthalateDimethylsulphate DimethylsulphateDimethylbenzene Xylene,o-,m-,-p-ormixedisomersDimethylethanolamine DimethylaminoethanolDimethylethylamine N,N-DimethylethylamineDimethylnitromethane 2-NitropropaneDi-n-butylphosphate DibutylhydrogenphosphateDinitrobenzene,allisomers Dinitrobenzene,allisomersDinitrogenmonoxide NitrousoxideDioxan 1,4-DioxaneDiphenylamine DiphenylamineDipropyleneglycolmethylether (2-methoxymethylethoxy)propanolDipropyleneglycolmonomethylether (2-methoxymethylethoxy)propanolDipropylmethane n-HeptaneDipyrido[1,2-a:2’,1’-c]pyrazinediium,6,7-dihydro-,dibromide Diquatdibromide(ISO)Di-sec-octylphthalate Bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalateDithiocarbonicanhydride CarbondisulphideDithiofos Sulfotep(ISO)Dithiophosphoricacid,tetraethylester Sulfotep(ISO)Dithiotep Sulfotep(ISO)Divanadiumpentoxide VanadiumpentoxideDMA NN-DimethylacetamideDMAc NN-DimethylacetamideDMAE DimethylaminoethanolDME DimethyletherDMEA DimethylaminoethanolDMF DimethylformamideDMS DimethylsulphateDPGME (2-methoxymethylethoxy)propanolDursban Chlorpyrifos(ISO)EAK 5-Methylheptan-3-oneEBK Heptan-3-oneECA Ethylcyanoacrylate




e-Caprolactam 1,6-Hexanolactam (e-caprolactam)ECH 1-Chloro-2,3-epoxypropane(Epichlorohydrin)EDB 1,2-Dibromoethane(Ethylenedibromide)Emery EmeryEnthrane EnfluraneEpichlorohydrin 1-Chloro-2,3-epoxypropane(Epichlorohydrin)Epoxyethane EthyleneoxideEthanal AcetaldehydeEthanamine EthylamineEthanedioicacid OxalicacidEthanediol Ethane-1,2-diolEthanoicanhydride AceticanhydrideEthanolamine 2-AminoethanolEther DiethyletherEtherhydrochloric ChlorethaneEthrane EnfluraneEthyl2-propenoate EthylacrylateEthylacetate EthylacetateEthylacetateester EthylacetateEthylalcohol EthanolEthylaldehyde AcetaldehydeEthylamylketone 5-Methylheptan-3-oneEthylbutylketone Heptan-3-oneEthylchloride ChloroethaneEthylchlorocarbonate EthylchloroformateEthylethanoate EthylacetateEthylether DiethyletherEthylmercaptan EthanethiolEthylmethanoate EthylformateEthyloxide DiethyletherEthylthiopyrophosphate Sulfotep(ISO)Ethyl-2-cyano-2-propenoate EthylcyanoacrylateEthyl-2-cyanoacrylate EthylcyanoacrylateEthylenechlorohydrin 2-ChloroethanolEthylenedibromide 1,2-Dibromoethane(Ethylenedibromide)Ethylenedichloride 1,2-Dichloroethane(Ethylenedichloride)Ethyleneglycol Ethane-1,2-diolEthyleneglycoldimethylether DimethoxymethaneEthyleneglycolmonobutylether 2-ButoxyethanolEthyleneglycolmonobutyletheracetate 2-ButoxyethylacetateEthyleneglycolmonoethylether 2-EthoxyethanolEthyleneglycolmonoethyletheracetate 2-EthoxyethylacetateEthyleneglycolmonomethylether 2-MethoxyethanolEthyleneglycolmonomethyletheracetate 2-MethoxyethylacetateEthylenetetrachloride TetrachloroethyleneEthylidenechloride 1,1-DichloroethaneEthylidenedichloride 1,1-DichloroethaneFerricoxide RougeFerrousfoundryparticulate FerrousfoundryparticulateFlourdust FlourDustFluegas CarbonmonoxideFluoride(inorganicasF) Fluoride(inorganicasF)Fluorine FluorineFluothane HalothaneForane Isoflurane




Formicaldehyde FormaldehydeFreon123B1 HalothaneFreon134a 1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane (HFC134a)Freon22 ChlorodifluoromethaneFural 2-furaldehyde(furfural)Furfural 2-furaldehyde(furfural)Furfuraldehyde 2-furaldehyde(furfural)Germaniumtetrahydride GermaneGlutaral GlutaraldehydeGlutardialdehyde GlutaraldehydeGlutaricdialdehyde GlutaraldehydeGlycerin,mist Glycerol,mistGlycol Ethane-1,2-diolGraindust GraindustGraphite GraphiteHalane 1,3-Dichloro-5,5-dimethyl-hydantoinHalogeno-platinumcompounds(complexco-ordination Halogeno-platinumcompounds(complexcompoundsinwhichtheplatinumatomisdirectly co-ordinationcompoundsinwhichtheplatinumco-ordinatedtohalidegroups)(asPt) atomisdirectlyco-ordinatedtohalidegroups) (asPt)Hardwooddust HardwooddustHCFC22 ChlorodifluoromethaneHCFC-21 DichlorofluoromethaneHeavyspar BariumsulphateHexahydro-1,4-diazine PiperazineHexahydro-2H-azepin-2-one 1,6-Hexanolactam (e-caprolactam)Hexahydrobenzene CyclohexaneHexahydropyrazine PiperazineHexalin CyclohexanolHexamethylene CyclohexaneHexane n-HexaneHexanon CyclohexanoneHexyleneglycol 2-Methylpentane-2,4-diolHFC134a 1,1,1,2-TetrafluoroethaneHydrobromicacid HydrogenbromideHydrobromicgas HydrogenbromideHydrochloricacid Hydrogenchloride(gasandaerosolmists)Hydrocyanicacid HydrogencyanideHydrofluoricacid Hydrogenfluoride(asF)Hydrofuran TetrahydrofuranHydrogenperoxide HydrogenperoxideHydrogenphosphide PhosphineHydrogenselenide Dihydrogenselenide(asSe)Hydrosulphuricacid HydrogensulphideHydrousmagnesiumsilicate TalcHydroxybenzene PhenolIndiumandcompounds(asIn) Indiumandcompounds(asIn)Indonaphthene IndeneIodine IodineIronoxide,fume(asFe) Ironoxide,fume(asFe)Ironpentacarbonyl(asFe) Pentacarbonyliron(asFe)Ironsalts(asFe) Ironsalts(asFe)Isoamylalcohol 3-Methylbutan-1-olIsoamylmethylketone 5-Methylhexan-2-oneSubstance Name it is listed by in Table 1




Isobutylalcohol 2-Methylpropan-1-olIsocyanates,all(as–NCO) Isocyanates,all(as–NCO)Isocyanicacidesters IsocyanatesIsonitropropane 2-NitropropaneIsooctanol Isooctylalcohol(mixedisomers)Isopentylacetate Pentylacetates(allisomers)Isopentylmethylketone 5-Methylhexan-2-oneIsophorone 3,5,5-trimethylcyclohex-2-enoneIsopropanol Propan-2-olIsopropylacetone 4-Methylpentan-2-oneIsopropylalcohol Propan-2-olIsopropylchlorocarbonate IsopropylchloroformateIsopropylether DiisopropyletherIsopropylbenzene CumeneJasmolin Pyrethrins(ISO)Kaolin,respirabledust Kaolin,respirabledustKetohexamethylene CyclohexanoneLaughinggas NitrousoxideLimestone LimestoneLithiumhydride LithiumhydrideLithiumhydroxide LithiumhydroxideLPG LiquefiedpetroleumgasMagnesia Magnesiumoxide(asMg)Magnesiumcarbonate MagnesiteMaleicacidanhydride MaleicanhydrideManganeseanditsinorganiccompounds ManganeseanditsinorganiccompoundsMbOCA 2,2’-Dichloro-4,4’-methylenedianiline(MbOCA)MCA MethylcyanoacrylateMDA 4,4’-Methylenedianilinem-Dihydroxybenzene ResorcinolMecrylate MethylcyanoacrylateMEK Butan-2-one (methylethylketone)MEKP Methylethylketoneperoxides(MEKP)Methacide TolueneMethacrylicacidmethylester MethylmethacrylateMethanal FormaldehydeMethanamide FormamideMethanetrichloride ChloroformMethanoicacid FormicAcidMethyl2-methyl-2-propenoate MethylmethacrylateMethylacetate MethylacetateMethylalcohol MethanolMethylaldehyde FormaldehydeMethylbromide BromomethaneMethylbutylketone Hexan-2-oneMethylcellosolve 2-MethoxyethanolMethylcellosolveacetate 2-MethoxyethylacetateMethylchloride ChloromethaneMethylchloroform 1,1,1-TrichloroethaneMethylester MethylmethacrylateMethylether DimethyletherMethylethylketone Butan-2-one (methylethylketone)Methylethyleneoxide PropyleneoxideMethyliodide Iodomethane




Methylisoamylketone 5-Methylhexan-2-oneMethylisobutylcarbinol 4-Methylpentan-2-olMethylisobutylketone 4-Methylpentan-2-oneMethylketone AcetoneMethylmercaptan MethanethiolMethyln-butylketone Hexan-2-oneMethylphosphite TrimethylphosphiteMethylpropylketone Pentan-2-oneMethyl-1,1-dimethyethylether Methyl-tert-butyletherMethyl-2-cyano-2-propenoate MethylcyanoacrylateMethyl-2-cyanoacrylate MethylcyanoacrylateMethylaceticacid PropionicacidMethylacetone Butan-2-one (methylethylketone)Methylal DimethoxymethaneMethylamylketone Heptan-2-oneMethylaniline N-MethylanilineMethylbenzene TolueneMethylbutylacetate Pentylacetates(allisomers)Methyldichloromethane 1,1-DichloroethaneMethylenechloride DichloromethaneMethyleneoxide FormaldehydeMethylene-bis-orthochloroanilineMbOCA 2,2’-Dichloro-4,4’-methylenedianiline(MbOCA)Methylhexalin MethylcyclohexanolMethyloxirane PropyleneoxideMIAK 5-Methylhexan-2-oneMIBK 4-Methylpentan-2-oneMMMFs MMMF(Machine-mademineralfibre) (exceptforRefractoryCeramicFibresand SpecialPurposeFibres)Molybdenumcompounds(asMo) Molybdenumcompounds(asMo)Monochlorobenzene ChlorobenzeneMonochlorodifluoromethane ChlorodifluoromethaneMonoethylamine EthylamineM-Pyrol 1-Methyl-2-pyrrolidoneMTBE Methyl-tert-butyletherMuriaticacid Hydrogenchloride(gasandaerosolmists)N-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)acetamide ParacetamolN,N-diethylethanamine TriethylamineN,N-Diethylethanolamine 2-DimethylaminoethanolN,N-Dimethylethanolamnie DimethylaminoethanolN,N-Dimethylformamide DimethylformamideNadone Cyclohexanonen-Butanol Butan-1-oln-Butylacetate Butylacetaten-Butylalcohol Butan-1-oln-Butylchlorocarbonate n-Butylchloroformaten-Butyllactate ButyllactateN-Diethylaminoethanol 2-DimethylaminoethanolN-Ethylethanamine DiethylamineN-Ethylmorpholine 4-EthylmorpholineNickelanditsinorganiccompounds(exceptnickelcarbonyl) Nickelanditsinorganiccompounds(except nickelcarbonyl)Nickelanditsinorganiccompounds(exceptnickel Nickelanditsinorganiccompounds(excepttetracarbonyl):water-solublenickelcompounds(asNi) nickeltetracarbonyl):water-solublenickel compounds(asNi)



Substance Name it is listed by in Table 1nickelandwater-insolublenickelcompounds(asNi) nickelandwater-insolublenickelcompounds (asNi)Nickelcarbonyl TetracarbonylnickelNitricAcid NitricAcidNitrobenzol NitrobenzeneNitroisopropane 2-NitropropaneNitromethane NitromethaneN-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone 1-Methyl-2-pyrrolidoneN-Methylmethanamine DimethylamineN-methylpyrrolidone 1-Methyl-2-pyrrolidonen-Propanol Propan-1-olN-Trichloromethylmercapto-4-cyclohexene-1,2-dicarboximide Captan(ISO)O,O,O’,O’-Tetraethyldithio-pyrophosphate Sulfotep(ISO)O,O-DiethylO-3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridylphosphorothioate Chlorpyrifos(ISO)O,O-DiethylS-ethylthiomethylphosphorodithioate Phorate(ISO)o-Dichlorobenzene 1,2-Dichlorobenzene (ortho-dichlorobenzene)omega-Chlorotoluene Benzylchlorideo-Methylcyclohexanone 2-MethylcyclohexanoneOrsin p-Phenylenediamineortho-Dichlorobenzene 1,2-Dichlorobenzeneo-sec-Butylphenol 2-sec-ButylphenolOsmiumtetraoxide(asOs) Osmiumtetraoxide(asOs)Oxirane EthyleneoxideOxomethane FormaldehydeOxybis(chloromethane) Bis(chloromethylether)Oxybismethane DimethyletherOxymethylene Formaldehydep-Aminoaniline p-Phenylenediaminepara-Dichlorobenzene 1,4-DichlorobenzeneParaffinwax,fume Paraffinwax,fumePCBs Polychlorinatedbiphenyls(PCB)p-Chloronitrobenzene 1-Chloro-4-nitrobenzenep-Dichlorobenzene 1,4-Dichlorobenzene (para-dichlorobenzene)Pentan-1,5-dial GlutaraldehydePerc TetrachloroethylenePerchloroethylene TetrachloroethylenePericlase Magnesiumoxide(asMg)PGME 1-Methoxypropan-2-olPGMEA 1-MethoxypropylacetatePhenacylchloride 2-ChloroacetophenonePhenylchloride ChlorobenzenePhenylether Diphenylether(vapour)Phenylamine AnilinePhenylethane EthylbenzenePhenylethylene StyrenePhenylmethane ToluenePhosphoricacid OrthophosphoricacidPhosphoricchloride PhosphoruspentachloridePhosphorouschloride PhosphorustrichloridePhosphorus(V)oxide DiphosporuspentoxidePhosphoruspentasulphide DiphosphoruspentasulphidePhosphoruspentoxide DiphosphoruspentoxidePhosphorusperchloride PhosphoruspentachloridePhosphorustrihydride Phosphine




Phosphorus,yellow Phosphorus,yellowPhosphoryltrichloride PhosphoryltrichloridePhosporuspentoxide DiphosporuspentoxidePhthalicacidanhydride PhthalicanhydridePimelicketone CyclohexanonePiperazidine PiperazinePiperazinehydrochloride PiperazinedihydrochloridePlatinumcompds,soluble(exceptcertainhalogeno-Pt Platinumcompds,solublecompounds)(asPt) (exceptcertainhalogeno-Ptcompounds)(asPt)Platinummetal Platinummetalp-Nitrochlorobenzene 1-Chloro-4-nitrobenzenePolychlorobiphenyls Polychlorinatedbiphenyls(PCB)Polymericaromaticamidederivative p-AramidrespirablefibresPotassiumhydroxide Potassiumhydroxidep-Phenyleneterephthalamide p-AramidrespirablefibresPrecipitatorash PulverisedfuelashPropan-2-one AcetonePropanoicacid PropionicacidPropanone AcetonePropeneoxide PropyleneoxidePropenol AllylalcoholPropenolalcohol AllylalcoholPropionicacid PropionicacidPropyleneglycol Propane-1,2-diolPropyleneglycolmethylether 1-Methoxypropan-2-olPropyleneglycolmethyletheracetate 1-MethoxypropylacetatePropyleneglycol-1-monomethylether 1-Methoxypropan-2-olPropyleneglycol-1-monomethylether-2-acetate 1-MethoxypropylacetatePrussicacid HydrogencyanidePVC PolyvinylchloridePyrazinehexahydride PiperazinePyrethrin Pyrethrins(ISO)Pyrethrins(Pyrethrum) Pyrethrins(Pyrethrum)Pyridinecarboxylicacid Picloram(ISO)Pyromucicaldehyde 2-furaldehyde(furfural)Quartz,crystyalline Silica,respirablecrystallineQuinol HydroquinoneRCF RefractoryCeramicFibresandSpecialPurposeFibresResorcin ResorcinolRespirableCrystallineSilica(RCS) RespirableCrystallineSilica(RCS)Rhodium(asRh) Rhodium(asRh)Rubberfume RubberfumeRubberprocessdust Rubberprocessdustsec-Butanol Butan-2-olsec-Butylacetate sec-Butylacetatesec-Butylalcohol Butan-2-olSelane Dihydrogenselenide(asSe)Seleniumandcompounds,excepthydrogenselenide(asSe) Seleniumandcompounds,excepthydrogenselenide (asSe)Seleniumdihydride Dihydrogenselenide(asSe)Seleniumhydride Dihydrogenselenide(asSe)Sextone CyclohexanoneSilane SilaneSilica,amorphous Silica,amorphousSilica,fusedrespirabledust Silica,fusedrespirabledust




Silicon SiliconSiliconcarbide(notwhiskers) Siliconcarbide(notwhiskers)Silver(solublecompoundsasAg) Silver(solublecompoundsasAg)Silvercompounds SilvercompoundsSilver,metallic Silver,metallicSoapstone MicaSodiumazide(asNaN3) Sodiumazide(asNaN3)Sodiumbisulphite SodiumhydrogensulphiteSodiumhydroxide SodiumhydroxideSodiummetabisuphite DisodiumdisulphiteSodiumpyrophosphate TetrasodiumpyrophosphateSoftwooddust SoftwooddustStarch StarchStyrol StyreneSubtilisins SubtilisinsSulphurhexafluoride SulphurhexafluorideSulphurmonochloride DisulphurdichlorideSulphuroxychloride ThionylchlorideSulphurettedhydrogen HydrogensulphideSulphuricaciddiethylester DiethylsulphateSulphuricacid,dimethylester DimethylsulphateSulphurylfluoride SulphuryldifluorideSuphuricoxyfluoride Sulphuryldifluoridesym-Dichlorodimethylether Bis(chloromethylether)sym-Dichloroethane 1,2-Dichloroethane(Ethylenedichloride)sym-Dichoroethylene 1,2-Dichloroethylene,cistransisomers60:40Talc,respirabledust Talc,respirabledustTalcum TalcTantalum TantalumTEDP Sulfotep(ISO)Tellurium&compounds,excepthydrogentelluride,(asTe) Tellurium&compounds,excepthydrogen telluride,(asTe)Terphenyls,allisomers Terphenyls,allisomerstert-amylacetate) Pentylacetates(allisomers)tert-Butylalcohol 2-Methylpropan-2-oltert-Butylmethylether Methyl-tert-butyletherTetrachloroethene TetrachloroethyleneTetrachloromethane CarbontetrachlorideTetrahydro-1,4-oxazine MorpholineTGIC Triglycidylisocyanurate(TGIC)Thallium,solublecompounds(asTl) Thallium,solublecompounds(asTl)Thioglycolicacid MercaptoaceticacidThiosulfan Endosulfan(ISO)Tincompounds,inorganic,exceptSnH4,(asSn) Tincompounds,inorganic,exceptSnH4,(asSn)Tincompounds,organic,exceptCyhexatin(ISO),(asSn) Tincompounds,organic,exceptCyhexatin (ISO),(asSn)Titaniumdioxide TitaniumdioxideTMA TrimelliticanhydrideTNT 2,4,6-TrinitrotolueneToluol TolueneTolylchloride BenzylchlorideTosylchloride p-ToluenesulphonylchlorideToxilicanhydride MaleicanhydrideTriatomicoxygen OzoneTrichloroethene TrichloroethyleneTrichloromethane Chloroform




Triiodomethane IodoformTrike TrichloroethyleneTrilene TrichloroethyleneTrimethylbenzenes,allisomersormixtures Trimethylbenzenes,allisomersormixturesTri-o-cresylphosphate Tri-o-tolylphosphateTriphenylphosphate TriphenylphosphateTripoli,respirabledust Silica,respirablecrystallineTrydimite,respirabledust Silica,respirablecrystallineTungsten&compounds(asW) Tungsten&compounds(asW)Turpentine TurpentineVCM VinylchlorideVinylcarbinol AllylalcoholVinylchloridemonomer VinylchlorideVinylcyanide AcrylonitrileVinylbenzene Styrenewater-solublenickelcompounds water-solublenickelcompoundsnickelandwater-insolublenickelcompounds nickelandwater-insolublenickelcompoundsWoolprocessdust WoolprocessdustXylol Xylene,o-,m-,-p-ormixedisomersYttrium YttriumZincchloride,fume Zincchloride,fumeZincdistearate ZincdistearateZirconiumcompounds(asZr) Zirconiumcompounds(asZr)α-Chlorotoluene Benzylchloride



References1 The Control of Substances Hazardous to Health (Amendment) Regulations 2004SI2004/3386TheStationeryOffice2004ISBN0110514076

2 COSHH essentials: Easy steps to control chemicals. Control of Substances Hazardous to Health RegulationsHSG193(Secondedition)HSEBooks2003ISBN0717627373(awebversionisavailableatwww.coshh-essentials.org.uk)

3 Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations 2002SI2002/2677TheStationeryOffice2002ISBN0110429192

4 Asthmagen? Critical assessments of the evidence for agents implicated in occupational asthmaHSEBooks1997ISBN0717614654

5 Control of substances hazardous to health. The Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations 2002 (as amended). Approved Code of Practice and guidanceL5(Fifthedition)HSEBooks2005ISBN0717629813

6 Monitoring strategies for toxic substancesHSG173HSEBooks1997ISBN0717614115

7 The Data Protection Act 1998 Ch 29TheStationeryOffice1998ISBN0105429988

8 List of MAK and BAT values: Maximum concentrations and biological tolerance values at the workplaceDeutscheForschungsgemeinschaftWeinheimVCHVerlagsgesellschaft2001ISBN3527275096

9 TLSs and BEIs: Threshold limit values for chemical substances and physical agents and biological exposure indicesAmericanConferenceofGovernmentalIndustrialHygienists,Cincinnati,Ohio2001ISBN1882417402

10Documentation of the threshold limit values and biological exposure indices(Seventhedition)AmericanConferenceofGovernmentalIndustrialHygienists,Cincinnati,Ohio2001ISBN8882417437

11Summary criteria for occupational exposure limitsEnvironmentalHygieneGuidanceNote(Looseleafbinder)EH64HSEBooks2002ISBN0717625699

12Approved supply list. Information approved for the classification and labelling of substances and preparations dangerous for supply. Chemicals (Hazard Information and Packaging for Supply) Regulations 2002. Approved listL129(Seventhedition)HSEBooks2002ISBN0717623688

13General methods for sampling and gravimetric analysis of respirable and inhalable dustMDHS14/3(Thirdedition)HSEBooks2000ISBN0717617491

14Determination of rubber process dust and rubber fume (measured as cyclohexane-soluble material) in air: Laboratory method using filters, gravimetric determination and soxhlet extractionMDHS47/2(Secondedition)HSEBooks1999ISBN0717624196

15Dust: General principles of protectionEnvironmentalHygieneGuidanceNoteEH44(Thirdedition)HSEBooks1997ISBN0717614352



16Approved classification and labelling guide. Chemicals (Hazard Information and Packaging for Supply) Regulations 2002. Guidance on RegulationsL131(Fifthedition)HSEBooks2002ISBN0717623696

17 Control of Asbestos at Work Regulations 2002SI2002/2675TheStationeryOffice2002ISBN0110429184

18Asbestos: The analysts’ guide for sampling, analysis and clearance proceduresHSG248HSEBooks2005ISBN0717628752

19A guide to the Asbestos (Licensing) Regulations 1983 as amended. The Asbestos (Licensing) Regulations 1983. Guidance on RegulationsL11(Secondedition)HSEBooks1999ISBN0717624358

20Work with asbestos which does not normally require a licence. Control of Asbestos at Work Regulations 2002. Approved Code of Practice and guidanceL27(Fourthedition)HSEBooks2002ISBN0717625621

21Work with asbestos insulation, asbestos coating and asbestos insulating board. Control of Asbestos at Work Regulations 2002. Approved Code of Practice and guidanceL28(Fourthedition)HSEBooks2002ISBN071762563X

22The management of asbestos in non-domestic premises. Regulation 4 of the Control of Asbestos at Work Regulations 2002. Approved Code of Practice and guidanceL127HSEBooks2002ISBN0717623823

23Control of Lead at Work Regulations 2002SI2002/2676TheStationeryOffice2002ISBN0110429176

24Control of lead at work. Control of Lead at Work Regulations 2002. Approved Code of Practice and guidanceL132(Thirdedition)HSEBooks2002ISBN0717625656

25Preventing asthma at work. How to control respiratory sensitisersL55HSEBooks1994ISBN0717606619

26Medical aspects of occupational asthmaMedicalGuidanceNoteMS25(Secondedition)HSEBooks1998ISBN0717615472

27Mines and Quarries Act 1954 Ch70TheStationeryOffice1954

28Coal Mines (Respirable Dust) Regulations 1975SI1975/1433TheStationeryOffice1975

29The Interdepartmental Group on Health Risks from Chemicals: First report and forward plan to 2002InstituteforEnvironmentandHealth,UniversityofLeicesterISBN1899110348

30Environmental Protection Act 1990 Ch43TheStationeryOffice1990ISBN0105443905

31 Occupational exposure limits for hyperbaric conditions: Hazard assessment documentEnvironmentalHygieneGuidanceNoteEH75/2HSEBooks2000ISBN0717618994

32The safe use of pesticides for non-agricultural purposes. Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations 1994. Approved Code of PracticeL9(Secondedition)HSEBooks1995ISBN0717605426



33Code of Practice for the safe use of pesticides on farms and holdingsUnderreview(availablefreefromInformationServicesBranch,PesticidesSafetyDirectorate,MallardHouse,King’sPool,3PeasholmeGreen,YorkYO17PXTel:01904455733,orcanbedownloadedfrom:www.pesticides.gov.uk)

34Man-made mineral fibre: Airborne number concentration by phase-contrast light microscopyMDHS59HSEBooks1988ISBN0717603199

35Biological monitoring in the workplace: A guide to its practical application to chemical exposureHSG167HSEBooks1997ISBN0717612791

Further information

ForinformationabouthealthandsafetyringHSE’sInfolineTel:08453450055Fax:08454089566Textphone:08454089577e-mail:[email protected],CaerphillyBusinessPark,CaerphillyCF833GG.

HSEpricedandfreepublicationscanbeviewedonlineororderedfromwww.hse.gov.ukorcontactHSEBooks,POBox1999,Sudbury,SuffolkCO102WATel:01787881165Fax:01787313995.HSEpricedpublicationsarealsoavailablefrombookshops.

TheStationeryOfficepublicationsareavailablefromTheStationeryOffice,POBox29,NorwichNR31GNTel:08706005522Fax:08706005533e-mail:[email protected]:www.tso.co.uk(Theyarealsoavailablefrombookshops.)StatutoryInstrumentscanbeviewedfreeofchargeatwww.opsi.gov.uk.

PublishedbyHSE04/10 Page82of82


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