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eIFL Open Access Workshop, Poznan, 21 September 2006 1
Study on the economic and technical evolution of the scientific publication markets in Europe
Françoise Vandooren
Université libre de Bruxelles
eIFL Open Access Workshop, Poznan, 21 September 2006 2
• Background• Market analysis • Alternative access models• VAT• Preservation• Recommendations
eIFL Open Access Workshop, Poznan, 21 September 2006 3
Launched by EC DG Research, June 2004
Why?Dissemination and access to research results is a pillar in the
development of the ERAIt also consumes significant public fundsCurrent public debate reveals worries about the current conditions of
access and dissemination of scientific publications
Aim of the studyAssess evolutionsSeek to identify measures at European level which could help
improve the conditions governing access to and the exchange, dissemination and archiving of scientific publications.
eIFL Open Access Workshop, Poznan, 21 September 2006 4
Contractor
Université Libre de Bruxelles (B)In collaboration with
Université de Toulouse 1 (F)
Multifaceted team :
Economists from ECARES* and IDEI***European Centre for Advanced Research in Economics and Statistics (ULB)**Institut d’Economie Industrielle (UT1)
Information scientists from ULB and UT1 libraries
eIFL Open Access Workshop, Poznan, 21 September 2006 5
Methodology
Literature survey
Data collection for economic analysis
Consultation of stakeholders
eIFL Open Access Workshop, Poznan, 21 September 2006 6
Market trends
• Many publishers in the market. Two big groups: For-profits (FP) and Not-for-profits (NFP), which include learned societies and university presses.
• Some big publishers have grown very fast, through: (i) new journal introduction; (ii) running journals from learned societies; (iii) mergers.
• No monopoly, rather oligopoly but :– Concentration in certain domains
eIFL Open Access Workshop, Poznan, 21 September 2006 7
eIFL Open Access Workshop, Poznan, 21 September 2006 8
Prices and business models
1975-1995 : print journals• Steep price increase 300% beyond inflation• Library-pay subscription model
1995 -> transition to electronic journals• Slower increase of prices but additional e-fees• Still dominant library-pay model + library consortia +
bundling strategies “Big Deal”• New models: open access, author-pay
eIFL Open Access Workshop, Poznan, 21 September 2006 9
Price study of FP and NFP journals
Economic analysis based on 2700 journals from ISI-JCR in 22 domains
• FP journals are 2.7 to 3 times more expensive than NFP journals for given domain, age and citation count
• NFP journals are more cited• Highly cited journals are more expensive, and FP
journals overcharge NFP wrt citations• Large differences of prices across domains
eIFL Open Access Workshop, Poznan, 21 September 2006 10
Prices of FP and NFP journals:interpretation
• Large price differences are evidence of market power: Researchers really need access to whole stock of knowledge.
• Large differences in prices and positive link between prices and citations is evidence of value-based pricing rather than cost-based pricing
eIFL Open Access Workshop, Poznan, 21 September 2006 11
Business models in electronic era
• Bundling strategies
• Open access journals
eIFL Open Access Workshop, Poznan, 21 September 2006 12
Bundling strategies
Selling licences to bundles of journals to library consortia
+ increased access for researchers and increase in usage- lack of price sensitivity of reader- lack of flexibility of contracts
- Long term
- Based on historical amount of print journals
- Cancellation unattractive
- Limits residual budget for other journals
eIFL Open Access Workshop, Poznan, 21 September 2006 13
Open Access journals
+2300 full-text, quality controlled scientific and scholarly journals
Sources of income: public funding, selling print subscriptions, author-pay
• Support by public authorities to develop portals providing free access to scholarly journals– Current issues; e.g. Japan J-STAGE 180 journals; Indian
Academy of Sciences; Latin America SciELO >200 journals– Back issues; e.g. Persée in France-> question of visibility and accessibility of European research?
eIFL Open Access Workshop, Poznan, 21 September 2006 14
Open Access journals (2)
Author-pay• Pros: price sensitivity of the author, more price
competition, better dissemination• Cons: financing - ability to pay of the author
Hybrid journals (Springer Open Choice, Blackwell Online Open, OUP Oxford Open, Elsevier physics journals)
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Other open access alternatives: e-print archives or repositories
Advantages: no barriers to access, enhanced visibility and accessibility may lead to higher citations
Questions raised: disciplinary differences, quality of archived documents, copyright, costs, quantity
Concerns expressed by publishers: open access might lead to journal cancellations and threaten the scholarly publishing system
eIFL Open Access Workshop, Poznan, 21 September 2006 16
Research funding bodies new access policies
Articles arising from the funded research are to be openly and widely available, 6 to 12 months after publication, through deposit in open access e-print archives (or by being published in open access journals)
– National Institutes of Health in US – Research Councils and Wellcome Trust in the UK – CERN in Switzerland, CNRS in France, DFG and MPG in
Germany …
Publishers’ reactions: respect embargo of up to a year
eIFL Open Access Workshop, Poznan, 21 September 2006 17
Alternatives: conclusionsICTs offer opportunities to develop new scholarly communication
systems
There is a role for funding bodies and universities in shaping models for publishing and communicating research results, e.g.:
• Require accessibility of research results in open access archives, adapted to research practices in different disciplines
• Promote new journal business models, i.e. provide funding for author publication costs
• Design rankings of “social responsibility” of scientific journals, next to citation counts, in terms of their contribution to good practices of efficient dissemination and preservation
eIFL Open Access Workshop, Poznan, 21 September 2006 18
VAT on electronic publications
• Situation in EU member states re VATReduced rates applicable to goods and services listed in Annex H
-> OK for printed books, newspapers and periodicals-> not for electronically supplied services, incl. electronic publications
-> differences across countries
-> additional burden on library budget
• Tax refund: the Swedish caseVAT is repaid by the state to universities and other organisations which do not themselves charge VAT
eIFL Open Access Workshop, Poznan, 21 September 2006 19
Perpetual access and preservation of electronic publications
Permanent access to archivesAccess to previously licensed material: heterogeneity of contract provisions and
additional costDigitising print journals and providing online access to electronic archives: publishers’
platforms and third parties’ initiatives like JSTOR, PubMed Central, Persée…
Preservation for the future Roles and responsibilities of the different actors on the market not yet clearly defined
• Legal deposit of electronic resources: legislations to be adapted• Agreements with national libraries for publishers’ voluntary deposit • Responsibility of public institutions requiring public-sector commitment and funding
eIFL Open Access Workshop, Poznan, 21 September 2006 20
RecommendationsA. Access issues
1. Guarantee public access to publicly-funded research results shortly after publication
2. Aim at a “level-playing field” in terms of business models in publishing
3. Develop “extended quality” rankings of scientific journals4. Guarantee perennial access to scholarly journal digital
archives5. Foster interoperable tools to improve knowledge visibility,
accessibility and dissemination
eIFL Open Access Workshop, Poznan, 21 September 2006 21
RecommendationsB. Market
1. Promote pro-competitive pricing strategies2. Scrutinize future significant mergers3. Promote the development of electronic publications
– VAT– European SSH journals
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RecommendationsC. Follow up
1. Setting-up an advisory committee
2. Further investigations• Copyright provisions
• Economic analysis of alternative forms of dissemination
• Technological developments
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Thank you!
The full report is
available onhttp://ec.europa.eu/research/science-
society/pdf/
scientific-publication-study_en.pdf