Kateri Ponce de LeonEing 4006

Prof. Shirley Torres

English learners are students whose home language is not English and are not classified as fluent English proficient.

California has the largest percentage of English learners.

The majority of these persons speak Spanish in USA.

Psychological factors are traits specific to individuals that enable them to acquire a second language.

These factors are divided into three categories: background factors, social-emotional factors, and cognitive factors.

The correct pronunciation of a student’s name

Age of the student First language proficiency Type of Bilingualism(whether is limited or

proficient) Exposure to the English language

Preproduction- The learner absorbs the sounds and rhythms. Communicates nonverbally.

Early production-Students can respond in single words or phrases.

Speech emergence- Students respond more freely and try to make sentences.

Intermediate fluency-Students begin to initiate and sustain conversations.

Self- Esteem Motivation( it can be instrumental or

integrative) Anxiety Level- stress Attitudes of the Learner- Peers play an

important role.

Learning styles of students They can be visual/verbal and holistic/analytic Learning strategies- techniques Communication strategies a) avoiding sounds, structures or topics that are

beyond current proficiency b)memorizing stock phrases c) consulting a dictionary d) using the primary language e) code switching- alternative use of two

languages on a word, phrase, sentence, etc.