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School of Engineering

Electrical Engineering EIR 211

Department of Electrical, Electronic andComputer Engineering

Module Website Address:http://www.ee.up.ac.za/main/en/undergrad/subjects/eir211/index

Last revision: 3 April 2012

Lecturers: Prof. F.W. LeuschnerMrs. M. Ballot

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

ORGANISATIONAL COMPONENT ............................................................... ................................................................. .. 41. GENERAL PREMISE AND EDUCATIONAL APPROACH ................................................................ ........................ 42. LECTURERS, VENUES AND CONSULTING HOURS ............................ .............................................................. ..... 43. STUDY MATERIAL AND PURCHASES .................................................................................... ................................... 54. LEARNING ACTIVITIES ................................................................................................................................................ 5

4.1.CONTACT TIME AND LEARNING HOURS ................................................................. ......................................................... 54.2.SELF STUDY AND LEARNING HOURS ............................................................ .............................................................. ..... 54.3.LECTURES ...................................................................................................................................................................... 54.4.TUTORIAL CLASSES ............................................................... ................................................................. ........................ 64.5.LABORATORY WORK ............................................................. ................................................................. ........................ 6

5. RULES OF ASSESSMENT ................................................................................................. .............................................. 66. GENERAL .......................................................................................................................................................................... 8

6.1.LATE REPORTS ............................................................................................................................................................... 86.2.CONDUCT IN CLASS ............................................................... ................................................................. ........................ 86.3.GRIEVANCE PROCEDURES ..................................................... ................................................................. ........................ 86.4.ACADEMIC DISHONESTY ....................................................... ................................................................. ........................ 86.5.ABSENCE FROM CERTAIN SCHEDULED ACTIVITIES ........................................................... .............................................. 86.6.POCKET CALCULATOR SPECIFICATIONS................................................................. ......................................................... 86.7.POSTING OF OFFICIAL NOTICES......................................................... ................................................................. ............. 86.8.PLAGIARISM WARNING.......................................................... ................................................................. ........................ 8

STUDY COMPONENT ................................................................ ................................................................ ....................... 101. MODULE OBJECTIVES, ARTICULATION AND LEARNING OUTCOMES ....................................................... 10

1.1.GENERAL OBJECTIVES ................................................................................................................................................. 101.2.PREREQUISITE LEARNING ............................................................................................................................................. 101.3.ARTICULATION WITH OTHER COURSES IN THE PROGRAMME ....................................................... ................................. 101.4.CRITICAL LEARNING OUTCOMES ................................................................ ................................................................ .. 101.5.COGNITIVE LEVEL OF ASSESSMENT ............................................................. .............................................................. ... 11

2. MODULE STRUCTURE .......................................................... ................................................................. ...................... 113. GUIDELINES FOR USING THE STUDY THEME DESCRIPTIONS ........................................................... ........... 12

3.1.LEARNING OUTCOMES OF THE STUDY THEME........................................................ ....................................................... 123.2.STUDY UNITS ............................................................................................................................................................... 123.3.SELF-STUDY ACTIVITIES............................................................................................................................................... 123.4.ASSIGNMENTS FOR ASSESSMENT................................................................ ................................................................ .. 123.5.CRITERIA OF ASSESSMENT ............................................................... ................................................................. ........... 12

4. STUDY THEME DESCRIPTIONS .......................................................................................................... ...................... 144.1.STUDYTHEME1:ELECTRICAL CIRCUIT PRINCIPLES ............................................................... ................................. 14

4.1.1 Capacitors and Inductors.............................................................. ................................................................. 144.1.2 Alternating voltage and current............................................................... ...................................................... 14

4.2.STUDYTHEME2:ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING ............................................................. ............................................ 184.2.1 Amplifiers and Filters ........................................................ ................................................................. ........... 154.2.2 Semiconductors: Diodes and Transistors. ......................................................... ............................................ 184.2.3 Digital Systems ............................................................................................................................................... 19

4.3.STUDYTHEME3:POWER ENGINEERING........................................................... ....................................................... 164.3.1 Introduction to electrical machines........................................................ ....................................................... 164.3.2 Power Systems................................................................................................................................................ 17

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1. PRACTICAL 1: DYNAMIC RESPONSES OF RL-, RC- AND RLC CIRCUITS .................................................... 201.1.SECTION A:PREPRACTICALASSIGNMENT:PSPICE.......................................................... ................................. 211.2.SECTION B:PRACTICALASSIGNMENT ................................................................................................... .............. 26

2. PRACTICAL 2: FULL WAVE RECTIFIER ............................................................................................................ ... 332.1.SECTION A:PRE-PRACTICALTASK(TO BE COMPLETED BEFORE THE START OF THE PRACTICAL) ...................... 342.2.SECTION B:PRACTICALTASK .................................................................................... ............................................ 35

3. PRACTICAL 3: TRANSFORMERS ............................................................ .............................................................. ... 383.1.SECTION A:PRE-PRACTICALTASK ...................................................... .............................................................. ... 393.2.SECTION B:PRACTICALTASK .................................................................................... ............................................ 41

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ORGANISATIONAL COMPONENT

1. GENERAL PREMISE AND EDUCATIONAL APPROACH

This course is a background study in Electrical Engineering for the various disciplines of engineering.

In the limited time available for this course it is impossible to do an in depth study of electricalengineering, but as an engineer you will use electrical energy and the processing and interpretation ofinformation in many systems. It is therefore necessary for you to have background knowledge ofElectrical Engineering and its applications.

University education is aimed getting students to:learn to learn,learn to think scientifically and independently and,particularly in the education of engineering students, to learn to solve new problems.This course provides an excellent opportunity for students to get some practise in these skills.

This modules primary focus is on the comprehension of the newly obtained knowledge. You areexpected to participate in discussions during lectures and tutor classes. As your fellow students aredependent on the inputs you make, your participation is crucial. After all, you are also dependent ontheir contributions.

Students are required to regularly visit the modules web page for new announcements and available

material.

Any updates or changes to this study manual will appear on the module website.

2. LECTURERS, VENUES AND CONSULTING HOURS

Name Room number

and building

Tel No.

and E-mail

Principle Lecturer Prof. F.W. Leuschner Eng. III 7-98 [email protected]

Lecturer Mrs. M. Ballot Eng. I 13-19 Tel. (012) [email protected]

Teaching Assistant Mr. F.P. van Wyk Eng. I 13-26 Tel. (012) [email protected]

Lab. Instructor TBA

Tutors TBA

Secretaries

Location of the Laboratory:T.B.A

Location of the Notice Board:

See the module website for any announcements.
mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]

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Consulting hours:Hours for consultation of lecturers, tutors and teaching assistants will be announced at the beginning ofthe semester, and will also be displayed on their office doors. Students may consult lecturers, tutorsand teaching assistants only during the consulting hours as indicated, or by appointment. This policyalso holds before tests and exams. In other words, lecturers, tutors and teaching assistants are onlyavailable during their normal consulting hours on the day before a test or examination. This policyaims to encourage students to plan their work and to work continuously.

Your worked out problems, or attempt thereof, will serve as an access ticket to see the lecturers

or the teaching assistants.

3. STUDY MATERIAL AND PURCHASES

Prescribed text book:[1] Edward Hughes, Electrical Engineering Technology, Tenth Edition, Pearson Education Limited,2008 ISBN: 978-0-13-206011-0.This book will be used extensively and it is compulsory that each student obtain a copy.The following book is prescribed for the prerequisite module EBN111 and will also be used during

this module:[2] C.K Alexander and M.N.O Sadiku, Fundamentals of Electric Circuits, McGrawHill HigherEducation. 2009, ISBN 978-0-07-128441-7

4. LEARNING ACTIVITIES

4.1.Contact time and learning hoursNumber of lectures per week: 3Number of tutor classes per week: 1

Laboratory work: Four experiments of two hours each.

4.2.Self study and learning hoursThis module carries a weight of 16 credits, indicating that on average a student should spend some 160hours to master the required skills (including time for preparation for tests and examinations). Thismeans that on average you should devote some 14.5 hours of study time per week to this module. Thescheduled contact time is approximately 4.5 hours per week, which means that another 10 hours perweek of own study time should be devoted to the module. This leaves 1.5 hours that MUST be spentbetween lectures to review the work that has been covered, do homework and Click-UP assignmentsand to prepare for the next lecture. A fifth session of 2 hours can be spent to review the work and makesummaries.

4.3.LecturesLectures are presented in a style of co-operative and student-centred learning. Brief clarification andexplanation of the subject matter and concepts are given during the lectures. Lectures will mainlyconsist of explaining and clarification of concepts and subject matter through problem examples fromthe prescribed and additional material. Students are strongly advised to attend all lectures; you are alsoexpected to come prepared to the lectures. The lecture schedule and planning will be indicated on theweb. Lectures are presented in a style of co-operative and student-centred learning. The lecture canonly serve to highlight important issues and explain difficult concepts. It is also hence important thatstudents prepare for lectures and identify and communicate which concepts they find particularlydifficult beforehand. All lecture content could be form part of test and exams, it is there for importantthat you have knowledge of the content of the textbook in order to take notes if the specific lecturecontent is not covered in the textbook.

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4.4.Tutorial classesHomework exercises and the dates these must be completed will be announced on the web. You areexpected to do these homework problems yourself. Only selected problems will be discussed duringthe tutorials. All your worked out problem must accompany you (and serves as "admission ticket") ifyou would like to see the lecturer.

The lecturer and/or the teaching assistant and tutors will be available for consultation by and

assistance to students during tutor classes to discuss problems they had difficulty with.

During all practicum sessions not being used for demonstration, compulsory tutorial classes will beheld. Your participation rather than presence will be monitored.

Four class periods per week are provided for in the timetable. Three are allocated to lectures, whilst theother period is allocated as a tutorial class. The lecturer reserves the right to, when necessary, use thisperiod for ordinary lectures.

4.5.Laboratory work

Four experiments will be completed during the semester. The schedule for the practical periods andgroup-allocations will be done at the start of the semester as soon as the timetable is made available.Practical guides will be made available through the course of the semester on the web page at least 1week prior to the start of the practical.

Rules and requirementsAn additional requirement for a pass in this module is a subminimum of 40% for the laboratory

work and attendance of all three practical sessions. The practical mark is compiled from thepractical reports plus the laboratory notebooks.

Practical preparation

Students should be well prepared for the practicals, otherwise they will be refused from attending thepractical and will receive zero for the specific practical.

Practical reportsThe format for the reports will be made available on the web. The format is such that each group mustcomplete the whole report with open spaces for measurements, graphs and conclusions prior to thestart of the practical. Each group must hand in their report before the end of the practical. Practicalreports must be submitted on Turn-It-In on Click-Up

Laboratory Note BooksLaboratory Note Books are compulsory for all modules that include practical work. Each student in thegroup must obtain an A4-size hardcover notebook with complete, dated notes, measurements andsketches of the experiments done in the laboratory. Details on keeping a laboratory note book isavailable in the EEC-guide. The guide is available at: http://www.ee.up.ac.za/main/en/undergrad/

guides. The laboratory note books will be collected at the end of the semester for evaluation.

5. RULES OF ASSESSMENT

Also see the examination regulations in the Year Books of the Faculty of Engineering, BuiltEnvironment and Information Technology (Part 1: Engineering or Part 2: Built Environment and

Information Technology).

Pass requirements

In order to pass the module a student must

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1. obtain a final mark of at least 50% AND

2. attend all scheduled laboratory sessions AND

3. obtain an average of more than 40% for practical work.

A student will not be allowed to write the exam if all the laboratory sessions have not been completed.

The final course mark will be compiled from a semester mark (compiled from the tests and practical

marks) and an examination mark.

Admission to examinationA student must obtain a minimum semester mark of 40% and attend all the scheduled practicalsessions in order to qualify for admission to examination.

Calculation of the semester mark:

The semester mark will be compiled as follows:Semester Test 1 35% (90 minutes)Semester Test 2 35% (90 minutes)Practical work 12%

Class tests 5%Homework 13%

Total 100%

Calculation of the final mark:

The final course mark will be compiled as follows:Semester mark 50%Examination mark 50%_ (180 minutes)Total 100%

Semester tests:Two tests of 90 minutes each will be written during the scheduled test weeks of the School ofEngineering:

First test week: 10-17 March 2012Second test week: 14 & 21-26 April 2012

Dates, times and venues will be announced as soon as the timetables become available.

Always verify the date and times of all tests and exams with at least one of your friends, one or twodays before any scheduled test or exam and verify with the official timetables.

Assembly of tests and examination:The semester tests will evaluate the students theoretical knowledge and insight into the principles. Upto 20% of the marks in the semester tests and examination, may cover the preparation and execution ofthe practical experiments and assignments.

Any absence from semester tests must be supported by an official and valid statement (e.g. a medicalcertificate) to be submitted to Ms. C Freislich (Eng. I 13 20) within seven days of the date of the test.A special semester test for all legitimate absentees will be taken on the date as set by the departmentafter the second test week. This test will be based on all the work done in the module by the date ofsick-test.

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6. GENERAL

6.1.Late reportsPractical reports handed in late will not be accepted. A zero mark will be awarded.

6.2.Conduct in classNo talking during lectures will be tolerated. It is very disruptive for those students who want to

concentrate and impolite towards the person presenting the lecture.

6.3.Grievance proceduresAny problems with regard to any aspect of the module and/or lecturer and/or teaching assistant mustplease first be discussed with the individual her/himself as soon as possible. If the problem cannot beresolved between the two of you, you should involve the coordinating lecturer. If the problem is stillnot addressed, the class representative can consult with the guardian lecturer, who will discuss thematter with the individual and coordinating lecturer.

6.4.Academic dishonestyAny copying of homework assignments and/or practical reports is completely unacceptable and illegal.

Both parties will receive zero for the assignment/report if copies are found and disciplinary steps maybe taken. The mark of the party whose work has been copied (A) will remain zero unless the party whocopied (B) admits in the presence of the lecturer and party A that he/she copied the work without theknowledge and consent of party A.

In case of academic dishonesty during tests or examination the following procedure will be followed:- The guilty persons answering sheet will be taken immediately as evidence without warning. - The guilty person will then receive a new blank answering sheet for the remainder of the time.- At the end of the test/exam the persons paper from whom was copied will also be kept as evidence

and the matter will be dealt with according to University Policy.

6.5.Absence from certain scheduled activitiesAttendance of all practical sessions is compulsory and a pre-requisite for passing the module. If youwere not able to attend a practical, the same procedure applicable to tests or examination must befollowed.

6.6.Pocket calculator specificationsAny calculators that operate noiselessly may be used in the tests and examination. A calculator capableof using complex numbers will definitely be useful. It is however not a requirement as sufficient timewill be allowed during test and exams to allow you to solve the problem with a normal scientificcalculator. Some test will be written without a calculator.

6.7.Posting of official noticesAll official announcements and notices will appear on the module webpage. Students are required tolook at the modules webpage at least once a day for new announcements and available material.

6.8.Plagiarism warningStudents are encouraged to discuss work with each other. However, each student should hand inhis/her own work for assignments. Plagiarism, which also includes copying the work of anotherstudent during tests and exams and copying from the Internet, can lead to expulsion from theUniversity.

Even if another student gives you permission to use his/her assignments or other research to hand in asyou own, you are not allowed to do it. It is a form of plagiarism. You are also not allowed to letanybody copy your work with the intention of passing it off as his/her own work.

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Speak to your lecturer if you are uncertain about what is required. For more information, seehttp://www.ee.up.ac.za/main/en/undergrad/guides or consult the brochure available at the AcademicInformation Service.

A statement regarding the originality of your work must be appended to ALL written work

submitted for evaluation in this module. The statement can be found at http://www.ee.up.ac.za/

main/en/undergrad/guides.

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STUDY COMPONENT

1. MODULE OBJECTIVES, ARTICULATION AND LEARNING OUTCOMES

1.1.General ObjectivesThis course is a background study in Electrical Engineering for various other disciplines ofengineering. In the limited time available for this course it is impossible to do an in-depth study ofelectrical engineering, but as an engineer you will use electrical energy in your processes andequipment. It is therefore necessary for you to have some background knowledge of ElectricalEngineering and its applications.

Electrical Engineering has three main tasks. The first task (Electrical Engineering) is the generation,distribution, application and control of energy in the form of heat or movement (e.g. generators,electrical cables, motors and industrial electronics). The second task (Electronic Engineering) is thetransfer of information from one location to another (e.g. telephones and radios) and the final task

(Computer Engineering) is to manipulate the information into some useable form (e.g. computers).

All of these tasks use the physical properties of electricity as a tool. In this course we are focusing onacquiring these tools to enable you as future engineer to communicate with other engineers.

In the practical sessions other aspects such as measurement and measuring techniques will beaddressed.

1.2.Prerequisite learningFor this course you need a thorough understanding of the following mathematics:

Matrix algebra:You must be able to invert matrices at least up to a 3x3 matrix.Differential equations:You must be able to solve linear separable differential equations.Complex Number Algebra: - You must be able to do calculations with complex numbers.

1.3.Articulation with other courses in the programmeThis subject introduces various terminology and technology of electrical engineering. This modulefollows on the first year module dealing with electrical circuit theory and components. For some, thismodule will be the introduction to many other modules that will go much deeper in the different topics,and for other this will be the last module introducing the field of electrical engineering.

1.4.Critical learning outcomesThe following ECSA exit-level outcomes are addressed in the module, i.e. at the conclusion of thismodule the student will be capable of:

ECSA 2.1: Engineering problem solvingAt the end of this module the student will be able to analyze various problems in the field of ElectricalEngineering as applicable to the students field of specialization. The student will also acquireadditional thinking skills that will enable the student to approach problem solving with limitedknowledge and skills.

ECSA 2.2: Application of fundamental and scientific knowledge

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The student will be able to use fundamental principles and concepts of electronic circuits, physics andmathematics to analyze, interpret and solve basic as well as more specialized electrical and electronicproblems.

ECSA 2.4: Investigations, experiments and data analysisThe student will be able to conduct electronic circuit experiments using the correct equipment; tocalculate and predict the characteristics of circuits and components from the experimental data

obtained; to critically analyze, interpret and present the results and to compile a scientific-technicalreport on the findings.

1.5.Cognitive level of assessment%* * Estimate of the % of the total

assessment, including all forms ofassessment applied in this module, devotedto the various levels of cognitive thinkingskills and of other skills.

1. Knowledge 20

2. Comprehension 20

3. Application 20

4. Analysis 15 ** Assessment of other skills:

Presentation skills Report writing and language skills Practical skills Team working skills

5. Synthesis 5

6. Evaluation 5

7. Other skills** 10

2. MODULE STRUCTURE

Study theme and

Study units

Mode of instruction Notional

hours

Contact

sessions

1. Electrical and electronic circuit principles1.1.Capacitors and Inductors1.2.Alternating voltage and current1.3.Filters and the frequency domain

LecturesClass discussionsTutorial classesClick-UP exercisesClass test

63 19

2. Power Engineering2.1.Introduction to electrical machines2.2.Power Systems

LecturesClass discussionsTutorial classesClick-UP exercises

Class test

43 13

3. Electronic Engineering3.1.Semi-conductors: diodes and transistors3.2.Lighting3.3.Digital Systems

LecturesClass discussionsTutorial classesClick-UP exercisesClass test

54 16

Prakticals 4x3

Total 160 60

Note: The notional hours include the contact time, as well as the estimated time to be allocated for

self-study, preparation of assignments and preparation for tests and the examination.

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3. GUIDELINES FOR USING THE STUDY THEME DESCRIPTIONS

The information given in the next sections of this study manual under the various study themeheadings is intended to assist students in their learning, in order to acquire the required skills andachieve the learning outcomes effectively. The following specific informational items are includedunder each of the study theme headings:

3.1.Learning outcomes of the study themeThe given learning outcomes for each study theme are essential to achieve the critical learningoutcomes as set out in Section 1.4.

3.2.Study unitsThe title of the study unit and references to appropriate study material are given here. The study of thereferenced study material is regarded as the minimum required to achieve the learning outcomessatisfactorily.

3.3.Self-study activitiesHere information is given about exercises and problems related to the study material, which should be

attempted, and which are in accordance with the criteria of assessment of the study theme.

3.4.Assignments for assessmentHere information is given about assignments to be submitted for marking and assessment.

3.5.Criteria of assessmentThe criteria of assessment are a list of specific skills to be mastered by the student in order to achievethe learning outcomes of the syllabus theme. During assessment (tests and the examination), studentswill be evaluated in terms of these criteria.

The statements used to define the criteria of assessment are classified in terms of a series of lower- to

higher-order thinking skills (cognitive domains), in accordance with Bloom's Taxonomy ofEducational Objectives (Bloom BS and Krathwohl DR, Taxonomy of educational objectives.Handbook 1. Cognitive domain, Addison-Wesley, 1984):

Level of

complexity4. ANALYSIS

1. KNOWLEDGE

3. APPLICATION

2. COMPREHENSION

5. SYNTHESIS

6. EVALUATION

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The characterisation of the cognitive domains is given in the table below.

Cognitive Domain Definition Typical Action Verbs

1. Knowledge Remembering previously learnedinformation.

Arrange, define, describe, identify,label, list, match, name, outline

2. Comprehension Understanding the meaning ofinformation.

Classify, discuss, estimate, explain,give example(s), identify, predict,report, review, select, summaries,interpret, "in your own words"

3. Application Using the information appropriatelyin different situations

Apply, calculate, demonstrate,illustrate, interpret, modify, predict,prepare, produce, solve, use,manipulate, put into practice

4. Analysis Breaking down the information into

the component parts and seeing therelationships.

Analyse, appraise, calculate, compare,

criticise, derive, differentiate, choose,distinguish, examine, subdivide,organise, deduce

5. Synthesis Putting the component partstogether to form new products andideas.

Assemble, compose, construct, create,design, determine, develop, devise,formulate, propose, synthesise, plan,discuss, support

6. Evaluation Making judgments of an idea,theory, opinion, etc., based on

criteria.

Appraise, assess, compare, conclude,defend, determine, evaluate, judge,

justify, optimise, predict, criticise

The list of criteria of assessment for a study theme and its accompanying envisaged learning outcomesshould contain statements applicable to all six levels of thinking. Accordingly, students will beevaluated in terms of a mix of all six levels of thinking skills. On the first-year level, a largerproportion of questions will be based on the lower levels (levels 1 to 3), whilst final-year examinationswill contain a larger proportion of questions based on the higher-level thinking skills (levels 4 to 6).

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4. STUDY THEME DESCRIPTIONS

4.1.STUDY THEME 1: Electrical circuit principles

4.1.1 Capacitors and InductorsStudy Outcomes:After completion of you should

be familiar with capacitor and its ability to store electric charge - self studyhave an understanding of the relation between voltage and charge (and e.m.f.)

be able to analyse series and parallel capacitors - self study

have an understanding of the charging and discharging processes that occur in circuits containinga capacitor.

be able to analyse such growth and decay

be able to perform transient response analyses of a RC circuit

be able to determine the energy stored in an capacitor

have an understanding of inductance

be familiar with the factors affecting the inductance of a coil

be able to analyse the growth and decay of the current in a inductive circuitbe able to perform transient response analyses of a RL circuit

be able to determine the energy stored in an inductor.

be familiar with mutual inductance

be able to calculate the inductance of coils connected in series.

be able to recognise different types of inductors and their symbols.

be able to determine the (time-domain) differential equation of a second order circuit.

be able to determine the initial conditions of the differential equation

be able to determine the solution of such a second order differential equation either through theapplication of calculus or through a "recipe" method.

be able to distinguish between under-dumping, optimal damping, critical damping and over-damping in second order circuits.

Reference:

Topic[2] Alexander &

Sadika[1] Hughes

Revision of Capacitor structure and Capacitance definition -self study

$ 6.1 - $6.3 $5.1 - $5.8

Analysis of growth and decay in a capacitor Chapter 7$1, 2, 4, 5, 8 & 9

$5.14 - $5.19

Revision of Inductors - self study $6.4 - $6.5 $8.1 - $8. 4

Analysis of growth and decay in Inductors Chapter 7

$1, 3, 4, 6, 8 & 9

$8.6 - $8.10

Mutual Inductance and different types of inductors $ 13.1 - $13.3 $8.11 - $8.14

Second order circuits Chapter 8

Time: 7 LecturesStudent must do on their own problems in both textbook on the reverenced material. Only selected

problems will be discussed in the tutorial class.

Click-UP exercises will be available and must be completed in time.

4.1.2 Alternating voltage and currentStudy Outcomes:After completion of you should

have an understanding alternating waveforms - self studyunderstanding the generation of a alternating e.m.f.

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know and understand all the waveform terms such as shape, frequency, period, phase, amplitudeand offset - self study

be able to calculate the average and r.m.s. values of alternating current and voltages.

be able to represent an sinusoidal signal as a sum of exponential signals.

know Eulers' identity.

be able to represent sinusoidal signals as phasors.

be able to perform addition and subtraction using phasors.

be familiar with the reactance and impedance of resistors, capacitors and inductors.be able to perform sinusoidal steady state circuit analysis and apply network theorems to AC

networks.

be able to do power analysis in a single phase AC circuit for sinusoidal steady-state analysis.Reference:


Sadika[1] Hughes

Introduction and basic of alternating current -self study $9.1- $9.3

Phasors and Eulers' identity $ 9.1- 9.3 $9.8 - $9.10

Average and r.m.s. values of AC currents and voltages. $11.1 - $11.5 $$9.5 - $9.7

Revision of Complex Notation - self study $13.1 - 13.6Revision ofthe application of Network Theory on AC -circuits - self study

Chapters 9 & 10 $15.1 - 15.9$10.1-$10.11$11.1-$11.6

Power in AC circuits $11.1-11.5 $12.1 - 12.8

Complex power and powerfactor improvement $11.6-11.9 $ 13.7 - 13.12

Time: 7LecturesStudent must do on their own problems in both textbook on the reverenced material. Only selected



4.1.3 Amplifiers and FiltersStudy Outcomes:After completion of you should

understand the concept of systems and sub-system

understand what an attenuator and amplifier is and know the definition of current, voltage andpower amplification and know their relations

understand the concept of a frequency response of a circuit.

know the main types of filters and potential applications

understand and be able to work with the logarithmic scale

understand the concept of a deciBell and be able to work with it and convert to dB's from the

linear scale and vice versa.be able to draw the frequency response of a first order filter

be able to analyse the response of an RLC series circuit to frequency variation.

understand how the oscillation of energy between the capacitor and the inductor results inresonance of the circuit.

be able to analyse a simple RLC circuit to determine the resonant frequency, bandwidth and theQ-factor.

Reference:


Sadika[1] Hughes

Amplifier and Attenuator definitions Chapter 16

Die oordragsrespons $14.1 & 14.2

Filter Types $ 17.1 - $17.3

Logarithmic scale and deci-Bell $14.3 & Class notes $17.4 - $17.6

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Passive first order filters $ 14.7 $17.7 - $17.101

Bode-plots $14.4 & Class notes $17.11

Resonance in RLC circuits $14.5 & $14.6 $14.1 - $14.15

The study theme will be presented mostly using class notes in an order that will assist best in bringingthe concepts across. Class attendance is strongly advised.Time: 5 LecturesStudent must do on their own problems in both textbook on the reverenced material. Only selected

problems will be discussed in the tutorial class.Click-UP exercises will be available and must be completed in time

4.2.STUDY THEME 2: Power Engineering

4.2.1 Introduction to electrical machinesStudy Outcomes:After the completion the section you should:

know how three phase e.m.f.s are generated.

be familiar with delta, mesh, star and wye connection of three phases

be able calculate the voltages and currents in delta and star connections

understand the relationship between line and phase values

be able to construct phasor diagrams for delta and star connections

be able to calculate the power in a three-phase system

be familiar with the measurement of power.

be familiar with the principle of transformer action

understand the transformer equivalent circuit

be familiar with the transformer phasor diagram

be able to calculate to the voltage regulation

understand the role of electromagnetism in an electrical machine

understand electrical / mechanical energy conversions in a machinehave an understanding of the development of rotational torque

understand armature reaction in a synchronous generator

be familiar with the term voltage regulation

be familiar with the synchronous impedance

understand parallel operations of generators

be aware of synchronous motor principles

be familiar with induction motor action

understand the principle of slip

understand the induction motor equivalent circuit

understand the variation of torque with sliphave an understanding of starting torque

be familiar with methods of starting three-phase motorsReference:Multiphase Systems [1] Chap 33Transformers [1] $34.1-34.14Introduction to Machine Theory [1] Chap. 35Characteristics of AC Synchronous Machines [1] Chap 37.Induction Motors [1] $38.1 - $38.8Time: 8 Lectures

Problems: TBA

1 Please note that the application of paragraphs 17.9 and 17.10 is only valid under certain circumstances: when thefrequencies are far apart or where the sub-filters is decoupled.

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4.2.2 Power SystemsStudy Outcomes:After the completion the section you should:

understand energy units and their manipulation be familiar with the topic of energy conversion appreciate load-forecasting and load-matching issues understand electricity generation from fossil-fuels, nuclear fission, wind, wave, water, solar energy and

biomass

be familiar with the single-phase representation of power systems be able to carry out voltage-drop calculations

understand the per-unit method of calculation be familiar with the term per-unit impedance be familiar with the term base power be able to perform simple fault calculations be familiar with the term fault level be able to calculate fault levels in simple power systems

a) Power Generation and Energy

The student must understand the following fundamentalsElectrical Power Generation: Conventional, Alternative, RenewablePower / Energy demand curvePower Factor (leading & lagging) and Power Factor correction (reduce reactive power)Instantaneous Voltage, Current and Power (phase shift)Total EnergySingle and three phase circuits

The student must be able to interpret the following graphs and diagramsGraphs of voltage, current, power, energy, phase shift (single & three phase)Phasor diagrams: Voltage, current, impedancePower triangles: Apparent, Active, Reactive power

b) Power Transmission

The student must understand the following fundamentalsTransmission line principles: Objective, construction, wires, towers, earthingEquivalent circuit: R, L and CTypes of lines: AC/DC, Long, Short, Medium, LV, MV, HV, EHVMaximum power transferVoltage/CurrentHigh Voltage transmission linesMaximum power transferSurge & lightning protectionSwitchgear / SubstationsTransformers (Purpose)

c) Power Distribution and Utilisation

The student must understand the following fundamentalsLow Voltage reticulation:

Isolators, Circuit Breakers, Earth Leakage, Daylight switches, Load switches, Timeswitches

Electricity consumption, tariffsThe student must be able to know the following equations and do the associated calculations

Circuit breaker discrimination calculationsCircuit analysis in Earth Leakage protected circuits (Ohms Law, Kirchoffs Laws)Calculate electricity billsSpecific rates for Fixed charge, Demand charge, Energy consumption charge will be provided

Reference:Electrical Energy Systems [1] Chap 39Power Systems [1] Chap 40

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Class NotesTime: 8 Lectures

Problems: TBA

4.3.STUDY THEME 3: Electronic Engineering

4.3.1 Semiconductors: Diodes and Transistors.Study Outcomes:At the end of this section, the student is required to

understand the idea of equivalent circuits (specifically for amplifiers)

be aware of the structure of atoms

be able to describe what is happening with electrons in an electric current

understand what a semiconductor is

understand what n-type and p-type materials are and the idea of doping

understand a junctions and a junction diode.

be aware of what a rectifier circuit does

be able to analyse the current flow through both a half-wave and full-wave rectifier including adiode bridge.

Be able to calculate the value of a smoothing capacitor

have a knowledge of what a Zener diode is and how it can be used for voltage regulation.

know the construction of a Bipolar Junction Transistor

be able to do bias and small scale signal analysis of a transistor in a common emitterconfiguration. Be able to perform load-line analysis of a circuit.

know the limitation of a BJT.

Field effect transistors

FET's used as a switch.Reference:

Topic [2] Alexander &Sadika

[1] Hughes

Amplifier Equivalent circuits Class Notes $18.1 - $18.4

Semiconductor Materials Chapter 19

Rectifiers Class Notes Chapter 20

Construction of a Bipolar Junction Transistors $21.1 - $12.3

Common Emitter Circuit Analysis $21.6 - $21.7,$21.9-$21.13

Field Effect Transistors Class Notes (Chapter 22)

Time: 8 Lectures

Student must do on their own problems in both textbook on the reverenced material. Only selectedproblems will be discussed in the tutorial class.


4.3.2 LightingStudy outcomes:After the completion of this study module the student should be familiar with basic Radiometry and Photometry (quantities, units and basic equations). familiar with basic colorimetry. able to do spatial photometric calculations. familiar with the basic sources of light and particularly semiconductor light sources (LED & OLED). familiar with electrical and electronic control of light sources.

able to do simple lighting calculations. familiar with measuring the most important characteristics of semiconductor light sources (LED and

OLED): luminous flux, luminous intensity, luminous efficacy, colour appearance and colour rendering. able to calculate total cost of ownership (TCO) of different light sources.

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Source:Lecture notes.Time: 4 Lectures

4.3.3 Digital SystemsStudy Outcomes and Assessment Criteria:At the end of this section, the student is required to

be able to understand why there is to convert signals from analogue to digital and digital toanalogue

understands how a digital to analogue converter circuit operates

understands the operations of a analogue to digital converter.

understands the binary number system and be able to convert from decimal to binary numbersand back

be able to convert to and from the octal and hexi-decimal numbering systems.

perform Boolean algebra

implement Boolean expressions in logic circuits

simplify Boolean expressions.

understand the truth table.

know and understand basic storage elements.Reference:


Sadika[1] Hughes

Digital to analogue and analogue to digital convertors Chapter 24

Digital numbers $25.1 - $25.3,$25.13-$25.14

Digital Systems Chapter26

This study theme will not be discussed in great detail in class. We will rely on the students own effortshere.

Time: 4 LecturesStudent must do on their own problems in both textbook on the reverenced material. Only selected


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DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONIC AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING EIR 211/221

1. PRACTICAL 1: DYNAMIC RESPONSES OF RL-, RC- AND RLC CIRCUITS

Name: ____________________ Student no. _________________

Name: ____________________ Student no. _________________

Name: ____________________ Student no. _________________

AIM OF THE PRACTICALThe aim of this practical is to experimentally investigate the dynamic responses of passive RC-, RL-and RLC-circuits and the familiarization with the following:- PSPICE simulation of electric circuits- Construction and testing of electric circuits

REQUIREMENTS

Each and every student is required to individually complete the pre-practical assignment before

the start of the practical session. Any student that fails to comply with this requirement will

receive an incomplete mark for this practical.

The practical must be performed in groups of two students. All students must be present during,

and participate actively in all of the measurements.

ONE HARDCOPY OF THE RESULTS MUST BE HANDED IN PER GROUP AT THE END OFTHE SESSION. ONE PERSON MUST ALSO SUBMIT THE REPORT UNDER TURN-IT-IN

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1.1.Section A: PREPRACTICAL ASSIGNMENT: PSPICE(To be completed BEFORE the start of the practical)

TASK 1: RC-circuit

Simulate the following circuit (use R = 1000 Ohm, C = 0.1 F and Rs = 6 Ohm);

Figure 1: RCcircuit

The signal generator (shown inside the red line acts as a switched Thevenin-equivalent voltage sourcewith an internal resistance, Rs) delivers a square wave to the load. Choose a suitable frequency for thesignal generator so that the transient response of the circuit is clearly visible (try frequencies between200 Hz and 2 kHz).

1.1 Write down the theoretical expression of the time constant . Determine the theoretical timeconstant , for the values of R and C used in your circuit?

1.2 Attach a plot of the transient response voltage waveform across the capacitor and clearly indicateon this graph the maximum values, minimum values and time scale.

1.3 Complete the table below, using the transient voltage response simulated across the capacitor.

Read the value of V0 from the graph, calculate 0.368 V0 and read the value ofthe time constant fromthe graph.Table 1: Time constant for RC circuit

V0

0.368 V0

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TASK 2: RL-circuitSimulate the following circuit (use R = 1000 Ohm, L = 47 mH and R s = 6 Ohm);

Figure 2: RLcircuit

Again choose a suitable frequency for the signal generator, so that the transient response of the circuitis clearly visible.

2.1 Write down the theoretical expression of the time constant . Determine the theoretical timeconstant , for the values of R and L used in your circu it?

2.2 Attach a plot of the transient response current waveform simulated in the circuit and clearlyindicate on this graph the maximum values, minimum values and time scale.

2.3 Complete the table below, using the simulated transient current response in the circuit. Read the

value of I0 from the graph, calculate 0.368 I0and read the value of the time constant from the graph. Table 2: Time constant for RL circuit

I0

0.368 I0

TASK 3: RLC-circuits

Simulate the following circuit (R = 100 Ohm, C = 0.1 F, L = 47 mH and Rs = 6 Ohm);

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Figure 3: RLCcircuit

In the case of an under damped circuit, a decaying oscillatory current will be observed as shown in

Figure 4.

Figure 4: Current waveform of under damped circuit.

The peak values of the oscillation can be connected by a line with equation

y = Aet


3.1 Write down the theoretical expression of the damping constant . Determine the theoreticaldamping constant , for the values of R, L and C used in your circuit? 3.2 Attach a plot of the transient response current waveform in the circuit.

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3.3 Complete the table below, using the simulated transient current response in the circuit. Read thevalue of T from the graph, calculate fd. Read the value of the first peak and the second peak from thegraph and solve for the value of .

Table 3: Under damped RLC circuit

Damping period T

Oscillation frequency (fd= 1/T)

The value of the first peak

(= Ae t)

The value of the second peak

(= Ae (t+T) )

Solve the two equations for

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TASK 4: RLC-circuitsSimulate the following circuit (R = 1000 Ohm, C = 0.1 F, L = 47 mH, Rs = 6 Ohm);



4.1 Determine the theoretical damping constant , for the values of R, L and C used in the circuit?

4.2 Attach a plot of the transient response current waveform in the circuit.

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1.2.Section B: PRACTICAL ASSIGNMENT

TASK 1: RC-circuit

Build the following circuit (use R = 1000 Ohm and C = 0.1 F);

Figure 1: RCcircuit

The signal generator (shown inside the red line acts as a switched Thevenin-equivalent voltage sourcewith an internal resistance, Rs) delivers a square wave to the load. Choose a suitable frequency for thesignal generator so that the transient response of the circuit is clearly visible on the oscilloscope (tryfrequencies between 200 Hz and 2 kHz). Use the oscilloscope to successively observe the voltageacross the resistor and the capacitor.

1.1 Write down the theoretical expression of the time constant . Determine the theoretical timeconstant , for the values of R and C used in your circuit?

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1.2 Draw the transient response voltage waveform measured across the capacitor and clearlyindicates on this graph the maximum values, minimum values and time scale.

1.3 Determine the time constant for the circuit, using the transient voltage response measuredacross the capacitor. Use the cursors on the oscilloscope to read the values and complete the tablebelow.

Table 1: Time constant for RC circuit

V0

0.368 V0

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TASK 2: RL-circuitBuilt the following circuit (use R = 1000 Ohm and L = 47 mH);

Figure 2: RLcircuit

Again choose a suitable frequency for the signal generator, so that the transient response of the circuitis clearly visible on the oscilloscope. Use the oscilloscope to successively observe the voltage acrossthe resistor and the inductor.

2.1 Write down the theoretical expression of the time constant . Determine the theoretical timeconstant , for the values of R and L used in your circuit?

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2.2 Draw the transient response current waveform (voltage across resistor is proportional to currentin circuit) measured in the circuit and clearly indicate on this graph the maximum values, minimumvalues and time scale.

2.3 Determine the time constant , using the transient voltage response measured across the resistor(voltage across resistor is proportional to current in circuit). Use the cursors on the oscilloscope to readthe values and complete the table below.

Table 2: Time constant for RL circuit

I0

0.368 I0

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TASK 3: RLC-circuits

Build the following circuit (use R = 100 Ohm, C = 0.1 F and L = 47 mH);


In the case of an under damped circuit, a decaying oscillatory current will be observed as shown inFigure 4.

Figure 4: Voltage waveform of under damped circuit.

The peak values of the oscillation can be connected by a line with equation

y = Aet

Again choose a suitable frequency for the signal generator, so that the transient response of the circuitis clearly visible on the oscilloscope. Use the oscilloscope to successively observe the voltage acrossthe resistor, capacitor and the inductor.

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3.1 Write down the theoretical expression of the damping constant . Determine the theoreticaldamping constant , for the values of R, L and C used in your circuit?

3.2 Draw the transient response voltage waveform measured across the resistor.

3.3 Use the cursors on the oscilloscope to read the values from the measured graph and complete thetable below.

Table 3: Under damped RLC circuit

Damping period T

Oscillation frequency (fd= 1/T)

The value of the first peak

(= Ae t)

The value of the second peak

(= Ae (t+T) )

Solve the two equations for

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TASK 4: RLC-circuitsBuild the following circuit (use R = 1000 Ohm, C = 0.1 F and L = 47 mH);


Again choose a suitable frequency for the signal generator, so that the transient response of the circuitis clearly visible on the oscilloscope.

4.1 Determine the theoretical damping constant , for the values of R, L and C used in the circuit?

4.2 Draw the transient response voltage waveform measured across the resistor.

4.3 Explain the difference between the current waveform measured in TASK 3 and TASK 4.

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2. PRACTICAL 2: FULL WAVE RECTIFIER

Name: ____________________ Student no. _________________

Name: ____________________ Student no. _________________

Name:_____________________ Student no. _________________

AIM OF THE PRACTICAL

The aim of this practical is to

investigate the following concepts: peak value, effective value (rms); average value of a sinuswave.

investigate the operation of a full wave rectifier and amplifier, as well as the saturation of anamplifier

REQUIREMENTS







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2.1.Section A: PRE-PRACTICAL TASK (To be completed BEFORE the start of the practical)

TASK: FULL WAVE RECTIFIER

Figure 1: Schematic for the full wave rectifier

Refer to the given circuit. Assume an input voltage of VBC = 0.5 cos(100t) V. Do the followingcalculations and draw the following waveforms for 3 periods with the axis clearly marked. Use a scaleof 20 ms = 4cm.

3.1Calculate the theoretical gain of the operational amplifier. (The 82kOhm may be ignored)

3.2Plot the input voltage VBCand the amplifiers output voltage VGH.

D

F H

G

J

I

E

C

B

10 k1 M

82 k

100 k

+10V

-10V

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3.3Calculate the rms voltage of VBC and VGH.

3.4Plot the expected full wave rectifier waveform VIJ.

2.2. Section B: PRACTICAL TASK

1) Connect the ground connectors of the two oscilloscopes to nodes C and H, and the liveconnectors to nodes B and G. Connect the signal generator to nodes C and B (with the groundconnector to C). Set the signal generators voltage to 0.5V (measure with the multimeter) and

the frequency at 50Hz and keep it so for the tasks up to 6).1) Measure with the oscilloscope the peak values of the voltages at nodes B and G (relative to

ground C and H) and calculate the effective values (rms)NODE B: Peak:

RMS:

NODE G: Peak:

RMS:

2) Use the electronic multimeter (set on AC) to measure the values of the same voltages as in 2).How does the values compare? What does the multimeter therefore measure?

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3) Calculate the gain of the amplifier for both 2) and 3) and compare it to the theoretical gain.

4) Also measure the output voltage of the rectifier (I-J) with the multimeter (that is the DC voltage)and note the value. (Note: J is not at ground potential)

5) Disconnect the oscilloscope entirely from the circuit and connect one of the connectors over I-J.

Draw the waveform and compare it to the expected theoretical waveform. Disconnect theconnector again.

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6) Connect one of the connectors to G and its ground H again. Increase the input voltage untilsaturation is observed and take note of the input voltage. What do you note with regard to theoutput voltage at point G?

7) Readjust the input voltage to 0.5V and set the frequency as high as possible. Write down thefrequency. Decrease the frequency in n couple of steps and for each step, write down the outputvoltage and draw a graph of voltage versus frequency on a logarithmic frequency axis. (10Hz,100Hz, 1kHz, 10kHz, 100kHz)

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3. PRACTICAL 3: TRANSFORMERS

Name: ____________________ Student no. _________________

Name:_____________________ Student no. _________________

Name: ____________________ Student no. _________________

AIM OF THE PRACTICAL

The aim of this practical is to experimentally investigate the characteristics of a circuit containing atransformer.

REQUIREMENTS







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3.1.Section A: PRE-PRACTICAL TASK(To be completed BEFORE the start of the practical)

TASK 1: TRANSFORMER CIRCUIT

Figure 1: Schematic and equivalent for an ideal transformer circuit

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Figure 2: Schematic for the transformer circuit

For the circuit shown in Figure 2, calculate the values for the various voltages (V R, V1, V2, VL),currents (I

1, I

2), powers in primary (P

1) and secondary windings (P

2) and equivalent load impedance

and enter the values in the blocks provided.

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3.2. Section B: PRACTICAL TASK

TASK 1: TRANSFORMER CIRCUIT

Build the transformer circuit in Figure 3, assume that the resistor values are exactly as indicated.

Figure 3: Wiring setup for the transformer circuit

a) Set the function generator to generate a 10kHz sinusoidal waveform.

b) Adjust the amplitude of the function generator until you measure (with an oscilloscope) a peakvoltage of Vm = 2 V (Figure 3).

c) Use the oscilloscope to measure the peak voltages (V1, V2, VR and VL) and enter the voltagevalues in the blocks provided in Figure 3.

d) Using the measured voltage values to calculate the currents (I1, I2) and the equivalent impedanceand enter the values in the blocks provided in Figure 3.

e) Calculate the power in the primary and secondary windings (P1, P2) and complete Figure 3.

f) Explain the difference, if any between the power (P1 and P2) measured in the two windings.

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