8/12/2019 ekstraksi3

1/13

Ekstraksi

1

8/12/2019 ekstraksi3

2/13

STEPS OF EXTRACT

PRODUCTION

1. PREPARATION OF STARTING MATERIALS

2. EXTRACTION

3. SEPARATION OF MENSTRUM FROM RESIDUAL

MATERIAL

4. CONCENTRATION OF MENSTRUM

5. DRYING PROCESS

2

8/12/2019 ekstraksi3

3/13

PREPARATION OFSTARTING MATERIALS

DRYING PROCESS

LIVING PLANT HARVESTED ORGAN DRIED MATERIAL

PHOTOSYNTHESIS DISCONTINOUS OF < 10% WATER

BIOSYNTHESIS NUTRITIONAL SUPLY CONTENT

NATURAL > 10% WATER CONTENT DENATURATION

ENZYMATIC ENZYME STILL ACTIVE OF ENZYME

REACTION INHIBITIONOF

MICROBES

CHEMICAL AND DECOMPOSITION OF STABILITY OF

PHYSICAL ACT. CHEM. CONST. ACT.CHEM.CONST.

STABILITY AND MICROBIAL AND PHYSICAL 3

8/12/2019 ekstraksi3

4/13

SOME DISADVANTAGES OF TOO FINESS POWDER

OF PLANT MATERIAL

1. EVAPORATION OF VOLATILE OIL DUE TO BROKEN CELLSIn THE POWDER

2. INSOLUBLE BALLAST SUBSTANCES DISCHARGE THE

MENSTRUM

WATER INSOLUBLE SUBSTANCES : LIPIDS

CHLOROPHYL

RESINS

ETHANOL INSOLUBLE SUBSTANCES : CARBOHYDRATES

PROTEINS

3. VERY FINE INTERCELLULAR SPACE CAUSES CLOGGING INPERCOLATION PROCESS

4. RHIZOMES AND SEEDS CONTAINING STARCH WILL

GELATINIZE IN THE PRESENT OF WARM WATER =>THE MIXTURE BECOME STICKY AND FORMS PORRIDGE

4

8/12/2019 ekstraksi3

5/13

STEPS OF EXTRACTION

SOLVENT PENETRATION INTO CELLS

Border phase distance Powder finess

Hardness of cells Leaves, flowers, rhizomesSoft

Woods, certain fruits

HardSolvent Biger is the percentage of OH group,

stronger is the penetration capability of

solvent

2. DEVELOPMENT OF INTRA AND INTERCELLULARSPACE

3. CONTACT BETWEEN SOLVENT AND ACTIVE

CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS

5

8/12/2019 ekstraksi3

6/13

STEP OF EXTRACTION (Continued)

4. DISSOLUTION OF ACTIVE CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS

Polarity of solvent and active chemical constituents

Like andDislike

Solvent saturationPercolation (supply of new solvent) >Maceration

Heating processDecrease viscosity of solvent Increase

capability indissolving active chemical constituents

Stirring and shaking - Increase dissolution of active chemicalconstituents

5. DIFFUSION OF ACTIVE CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS TOOUTSIDE CELLS

Different concentration of solute in solvent between outside andinside cells Concentration equilibrium Percolation >Maceration

Pressure

Percolation (liquid flow of addition solvent) >Maceration Created by addition of pressure or vacum6

8/12/2019 ekstraksi3

7/13

SOLVENTS DISSOLVED CHEMICAL CONSTITUENT GROUPS

HEXANE Terpenoids (volatile oil), Triterpenes, Steroids,

Coumarins,Benzene, Toluene Polymethoxy flavones, Lipid, Resin, Chlorophylls,

Xanthophylls

CHLOROFORM All above mentioned groups, Anthraquinones, Freealkaloids,

Dichloromethane Curcuminoids, Free phenols

DIETHYL ETHER All above mentioned groups, Flavonoid aglycones,Phenolic

acids

ETHYL ACETATE All above mentioned groups, Flavonoid monoglycosides,

Acetone Quasinoids, Other glycosides

ETHANOL All above mentioned groups, Flavonoid diglycosides,Tannin,

And other alcohols

HOT WATER All above mentioned groups starting from thosedissolved in

diethyl ether, Alkaloid salts, Flavonoid polyglycosides,Mono- and Disaccharides, Amino acids and Proteins

7

8/12/2019 ekstraksi3

8/13

NECESSITY OF STANDARDIZATION

CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS :

- Active chemical constituents Dose influencingtherapeutic effect

-Ballast

substances- carbohydrate, protein, lipid,chlorophyll, resin, tannin- Saturation of extractInfluence the

solubility of active constituents

- Influence absorption of activeconstituents

- Starting materials, extracts, and products

must be standardized

8

8/12/2019 ekstraksi3

9/13

PRODUCTION OF PURIFIED EXTRACT

- DELIPIDATION and FRACTIONATION- SAPONIFICATION

- RESIN ELIMINATION

- DISTILLATION- PRECIPITATION BY :

- Different solvent polarities

- Heavy metal Poly phenol reaction

- Protein Tannin reaction

- ALKALOID SEPARATION

9

8/12/2019 ekstraksi3

10/13

DELIPIDATION AND FRACTIONATION

PLANT POWDER PLANT POWDER

PETROLEUM ETHANOLETHER

RESIDUE EXTRACT

NON POLAR RESIDUE ETHANOL

SUBSTANCES ChloroformEvaporation;

/Ether + Hot Water

SUSPENSION

RESIDUE EXTRACT CHCl3 Ether:

Ethanol /ETHER Ethylacetate:

Butanol

EXTRACT

ETHANOL DIFFERENT

FRACTIONS 10

8/12/2019 ekstraksi3

11/13

SAPONIFICATION

NON POLAR / LIPID EXTRACTKOH Solution

SOAP WATER FRACTION

Ether

WATER ETHER

FRACTION FRACTION

(TRITERPENE

STEROID

CAROTENOID)

11

8/12/2019 ekstraksi3

12/13

RESIN ELIMINATION

ETHANOLIC EXTRACT ETHANOLIC EXTRACT

Petroleum ether KOH ethanolic

/Hexane

PE/Hexanic INSOLUBLE PRECIPITATE

SOLUBLE

FRACTION FRACTION (RESIN)

FRACTION

CURCUMIN PIPERINE

12

8/12/2019 ekstraksi3

13/13

DISTILLATION

NON POLAR/ LIPID EXTRACT

+ WATER

DISTILLATION

ESSENTIAL OIL NON VOLATILE

FRACTION

13