197
El Mustapha Lahlali
El Mustapha Lahlali
© El Muxtaplia Lahlali, 2009
Edinburgh University Press Lid
22 George Square, Edinburgh
www.euppufcdisliiug.com
Typeset In 11/13 Times
by Servis Fiimselfing Lid, Stockport, Cheshire, and
printed and bound in Great Britain by
CPI Antony Rowe* Chippenham and Eastbourne
A ClP record tor this book is available from the British Library
ISBN 978 0 7486 3587 0 (hardback)
ISBN 978 0 7486 3588 7 (paperback)
The right of El Mustapha Lahlali
to be identified us author of this work
has been asserted in accordance with
the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1 988.
SPAS LIBRARYj
Contents
vii Acknowledgements
ix Introduction
1 Unit i: Connectors
2
3
4
6
8
8
9. .
10
12
12
14
15
16
17
18
18
19
20
21
22-
23
25 •;
34 Unit 2: Letters
34
37
40
41
46
50
53
56
*L^yi
3. fw U'll
ijj'uuli
j CllljLc-
jLdi
j^tii jim.
Jj-V*j j jjc- jjfftli
t>^jfi^ - O*
A&jy\ c^l^
lU^I u^3ajji] (^X)c^jjik< <LkLl£
JiUjit: 5^1
<X \ L-1«. 1L *1L*j
3Ju$j a!Lu*j
<lLa,j.Je. ijll
«—i.v dLrtj<dj*J ilL-j
jki^C-] 3JL*J
‘dLus_^) 'SjUS
Aiili ^ la
Contents
vii Acknowledgements
ix Introduction
1 Unit 1: Connectors
2
3
4
6
8
8
9
10
12
12
14
15
16
17
18
18
19
20
21
22
23
25
34 Unit 2: Letters
34
37
40
41
46
50
53
56
^^1 jJlIujYI Jajjll
jl'
*l^YIA \ \ lul l
S -v 'V'.U
4jjUull
Ajlgillj dlljUc.
jL-alkYI
Lg\jll (jfr Ji4*j]l
Jldi
JU^YI
tj*a djljUc-
t>^ jl' tjc. - fc.jlU - j :lajjli
jJjijUj Jajljj
pijjivtiYi diijji
tJ-aaJi ^^3 laJ^Jl dllj.ii
(J-4=dl QXi Jajjil ^ (>^Y) (Jlxs’iml
dll^aill 4j\j£
JjLwiijll ;4_ulult ftJbkjll
<Ciu£j aILuij<dLuij i^c.
<ULua_)
4jJpu <JLuijjljjc-1 aILujj
(_$jS^l Ailuij 4j13£
59
61 a]Luj_j
63 4aijjj£]yi Jjluijl!
64
65 dib^Lc-V ^iLoj
67 Unit 3: Stylistic Expressions and Vocabulary
67 5i^llJ Jjjj-aiiil dlljilt
68 (jt jAlxjll dlljllC.
69 (jc. jjitIH diljUc.
71 (juiau (jc. dlljhc.
71 £_l*5idlj A n~> II (jc. JUaij diljlic.
73 jA^lIj diSjll (jc- j-uaull dil jlic.
74 jlajj 4_pL-a3il dlljliC.j
77 4-iilidil diljUc.
78 ojiltj ^S^aduil dlljUc.
82 cjoA^Jll (^IjlcVI
82 iSS&VIJ d-Lill
84 ^l^ilj (JjaII
84 4j| y\]\J .t'llJ oS_^aJl
93 Unit 4: Writing Articles diVU-3jUS J^juljll S^l
93 d V; 4 <1*1^
94 (j-ajj-aill (j^ij%\l ^^Ic. ^C.LulS dlljlic.
100 Adildj 4 ^s.Na ^ A ii *i^ A ia
103 (^ jLdj JILo 4_jIj£
113 ^gJ^i Jtiu /eldil <jIjS ‘UijS
125
127 Unit 5: Creative Writing N ‘UC'I^jVI dbU^I d .. *14tt
127 p^)U^dl A i,«adl
128 Ajc-vb ^aX<i
134 S^jnU infill 4 i^ali ^a^Lq
143 Answers
151 Appendix 1 : Analysing Students’ Errors A \.\\ li l_ijllall f lb t (J.jW’ij 4_uil
164 Appendix 2: Expressions in Context (jduJl dil^bc.
VI
Acknowledgements
I would like to express my gratitude to all those who made this book possible. I wish to
thank first and foremost my colleagues in the department ofArabic and Middle Eastern
Studies, University of Leeds, for their support and encouragement. My special thanks
go to James Dale for his valuable comments on a draft ofthis book. I would also like to
thank Nicola Ramsey, Edinburgh University Press, for supporting this project.
I am obliged to Brigit Viney for her valuable feedback and comments on a draft of
this book.
My heartfelt appreciation also goes to all my friends for their support, help and
encouragement. Special thanks go to my friend Naemi Nakagawa for her encourage-
ment throughout the writing stages of this book.
Lastly, and most importantly, I would like to express my warm thanks to my
parents, brothers and sisters for their unfailing love, encouragement and support.
Introduction
The chief aims of this book are to help learners ofArabic at higher-intermediate and
advanced levels to:
1 develop and refine their writing skills in Arabic;
2 achieve a degree ofcompetency in writing with efficientArabic style, through
a wide range ofArabic writing exercises;
3 learn Arabic linguistic features which are necessary for fluent writing styles;
4 adopt Arabic stylistics with a view to enhancing their Arabic writing;
5 become familiar with different aspects of writing, such as letters, summaries,
articles, etc.;
6 acquire vocabulary for their writing usage.
In order for the above-mentioned aims to be achieved, this textbook provides practi-
cal sessions and exercises which are designed solely to meet the objectives set for this
textbook. Each unit contains a wide range of exercises which will enable learners to
practise the concepts introduced in each unit.
Why this textbook?
Over the last few years, many books have been published on Arabic grammar and
Arabic literature, but there is not, to my knowledge, a comprehensive academic book
on writing in Arabic. Writing is a key skill in any language, and Arabic is no exception.
However, there are not sufficient resources on writing in Arabic for learners ofArabic
as a foreign language. This textbook will enable learners to acquire the ability to write
effectively and fluently in Arabic in both their personal and professional lives. It will
not only be useful to those learners who wish to familiarise themselves with the style
and structure of writing in Arabic, but will also help them build their Arabic vocabu-
lary, with phrases and idiomatic expressions, which will help them improve their style.
There is a section of answers to some of the exercises at the back of the book and this
key will help learners check their answers and facilitate their learning.
The textbook is composed offive units, which have more or less the same structure
and layout, organised into the following topics:
Unit 1: Connectors This unit focuses on the structure ofArabic sentences and para-
graphs, and the cohesive links between them. It introduces learners to different Arabic
cohesive devices, giving examples of their usage in sentences.
IX
«
Unit 2: Letters This unit focuses on drafting, writing and responding to differ-
ent types of letters. Students are introduced to different letter formats and styles, for
instance, writing personal letters, love letters, professional letters, job application
letters and CVs, condolence letters, congratulation letters, e-mails and memos.
Unit 3: Stylistic Expressions and Vocabulary This unit provides a variety of
phrases and idiomatic expressions that can be used in writing. Key verbs and phrases
are categorised in themes and used in sentences to acquaint students with their contex-
tual usage. This is followed by a wide range of practical exercises.
Unit 4: Writing Articles This unit deals with writing different genres of texts, liter-
ary texts and media texts. Through a variety of materials, students are introduced to
writing coherent and cohesive texts/articles in Arabic, as well as formulating concise
introductions and conclusions. Students are introduced to different Arabic phraseolo-
gies which are used in writing introductions and conclusions. They are also introduced
to writing a precis in Arabic. A section on punctuation is included in this unit.
Unit 5: Creative Writing The aim of this unit is to introduce learners to writing nar-
rative texts such as short stories. The unit equips learners with tools and mechanisms
for writing literary works. Samples of short stories are introduced in this unit in order
to acquaint students with the Arabic literary style. The unit also introduces students to
some of the rhetorical features often used in creative writing.
Answers Towards the end of the book there is a key section which provides stu-
dents with answers to the main questions in each unit. The key is designed to encour-
age autonomous learning. Exercises with answers in the key are marked with this
symbol: /.
Appendix 1: Analysing Students’ Errors This appendix provides students with a
wide range of exercises based on common writing errors made by students. By iden-
tifying different types of errors and correcting them, learners ofArabic should be able
to understand, or at least identify, the reasons for making those errors - some of which
are spelling, grammatical and lexical errors, as well as errors related to expression and
style. The errors are authentic and selected from learners’ writings.
Appendix 2: Expressions in Context This appendix provides a wide range of addi-
tional expressions and vocabulary in context.
x
iji'jiTl : ConnectorssnHKBnMHHHHMMHMflNl
Arabic language is characterised by its rich vocabulary and complex sentences. Nowthat you have learnt how to write basic and simple sentences, you can express yourself
in more complex ways. To do so, you need to learn how to link different ideas and sen-
tences in order to create a coherent and cohesive text. The use of connectors in Arabic
can help you improve your style and link your ideas in a way that would help the reader
to follow your argument. Arabic language provides a wide range of connectors which
serve different functions.
Each section below will introduce you to a different type of Arabic connectors and
their functions. It is worth mentioning here that these connectors are very varied and
serve different functions.
As mentioned above, there are a variety of connectors that are used in writing.
Find the connectors in this,passage and study their usage.
jiill AjS lj!b a»j Aj lili ALjis^ jA l .AJJaC- Aj UpjJj. ^Jj J'jc- (jiiac.
iLuli J^-^J .a jda (jjLo^ Ajjiij a^j U-° A?* ‘ t A^lLc. JjIc-
Jl jill a^j SjLoll a^L lali CjIc-L-u (jj^ 0^ e) aII^,t5
ic- a^jii
^1 Ajl V) a*j Cy* <J1jill (J>jll ac.Uu.lva» «i j»j » ^ij jl tJjla-i
.juli £ta^ J!jill tSlji}
.Aluluj] ^^le. <J^)ll Jl j*J! j£-“> IjJ^i J
Try to complete the blanks with appropriate connectors.
(jii AiiJLo Ujj ail-Aj2kJjljII Aja* ^,la3r.x» tj_jj .C-Jji-all
LS^lA-l.aal.all A,Ui» .\l lj^)SLai
^-uiUaSfl JaJa^all ^ 1—1’ >*
(_5Ac jjali-i Ujj i—i Aiiax ^11 1%^.jJ
Li±^! ail 1. a u -~.il ajljll aLU ASj__)3tA3l lj_jj
_^j_yLoll jJj^Llall 1 ij^c-1
These connectors have different functions and link both words and sentences. Below is
a summary of the main connectors used in Arabic.
1
How to Write in Arabic
1 .1 Additive conjunction 1
Additive conjunctions are connectors used to link two words, clauses, sentences or
ideas. Arabic is rich with additive conjunctions. However, each has its own function.
And J'J11
Used to link words, clauses, sentences and paragraphs. It is used within and between
sentences.
uA J^J 1
UjJ 2
ClLaljA^/i tilJjj Jj ^J-yy 3
While, asJUJ* jlj
JUJI jlj starts the circumstantial Hal and is followed either by a nominal sentence or a
verbal sentence.
JLSI <^A^ AltoJl Cj 2
o-UlaJl j Jj J 3
Aliljlc- -i=J 33j Ijjjjl Jj JLui 4
^ Jfr (J wTS.) ^lj olh (_5^j^Lc* 5
In addition to linking words, clauses and sentences, j can be used to link paragraphs
and is often used to begin one. This is prevalent in media texts.
Then ^
Like j ,can be used to link two sentences.
CliUljaSH Ojj Jj-a* Jj tiljaLy 1
JaL tly&ill Igiu tiljj 2
After that(illj Jju
Used to indicate that one action precedes another.
J| L$_a.Jl tilli »iuj ejjjS aLLu! USL j » Li
1
Jj Ci^a.jj jjaiil tilljUj
!JL 2
<]L^J Ua Jlail iillj \ji-a Juall Li-i&Li 3
In addition to the above additive conjunctions, there are other additive conjunctions
that are used to link sentences and ideas. Like any other language, Arabic offers a range
of additive conjunctions that have the same meaning.
2
Connectors
4j cP- ' \
*
*}**& cjaS (in addition to) ^ UjS <ii\J 1
(besides)^ s-^W- tAs'
(in addition to)^ iA "°Ajj
(add to that)^ j
(add to that) cA *jjj
iigj
H
iioilLa!) AjaUja'yi JajijjStj Ajilall IjlaJji
Connect the following sentences with the appropriate additive conjunctions.
111 _
cUI
_^ac. jSJ _jj1 {J^lu^JI Jau ASv^aJI
t>_)jiii t 'l"i5sl l i
*
<\\t i
*
j
Aluiii S V ^Jail $
Ajj^jSju»VI SjaUM Cjjj >il oi l i au^-il l ^AjUa.1j <JS J3 SjjJaLa-dl jAJaSk
^ £*Ja ;A_jiUSil Ciljiaiil £iil t_JjS jjg > *1
^Liii ^
1
2
3
4
5
6
1 .2 Contrastive conjunction JajJ\ i .2
Adversative conjunctions are the conjunctive relations of elements of sentences or
paragraphs that express the opposition of their meanings. The following connectors are
used in Arabic to contrast one idea or action with another.
But, however 6^/0^
UjiA\ oj>>iW all C-iSUall j. 1
tgilij l$j£] AjuJull 2
Aillxll A-KiiiaII dsLjajILj ^3 LjaSj (jli^>lall 3
liUjJ l&U. _ on the contrary^ tA - on the contrary^ lA* <_A - but u' ^lsjA i>j PA& <-4-=» t>j - on the other hand lA- - on the contrary
on the other hand
iaa t^ll3 AjlaJix] ^3 (Jiiiij-u 4jl Ciliila \
^jjLo (jXjVi tajLj)jL ao 2
3
How to Write in Arabicf
^_5ic. Li«jAa
4_u\j *1^. t^y*j
Lajuij (jjsii.li 4-pUajJill CjIilaI^AI ^ <—£Uail ^>jjJI Ula-a ^ 1
glj.u (jlS La t5Jc.4-uiaja Aa-ii'i (jlc. Jt ^irfc 2
i—bjAiall diSjl) ^ 1 -iai ^Lu=wVI (jc. 'jiiili jl JJ^* Cy 3
diasi.1 (jjSijIal! (jjj cJllljJajtLal' t"
l~> 'i Ss\ 4
^i l$^jj j*iiuij Jiaxl! ^^ic. dwij 5
SuijJJi ^tiV' 1 -^ ' (_^ili 4jjj.li -1 4_Ujxll S.lALii>s j^aJ l.-la*4 6
jlVi'.j La AojJajA JJC. ^jUiSI Clul£ 7
1 .3 Temporal conjunction <>0^ 1 .3
There are numerous cohesive devices inArabic to express the time relationship between
sentences. The following are examples.
£jlui* +£ji + JjS
The use of Ji indicates that there are two actions; one is accomplished before the
beginning of the other. <Ji can either be followed by ^jl^a + J ,or by a gerund
(J-^h AjjJJXo (j* £ \
Ajj^.uS. Ajoij^a (ja ^aJlh O' Jjfl 2
AjlfllJb-al ^jiLay O' AaIjIc- 3
Aiiujll \ j*3jj O' SJils*. dj'u^ajli« ^ n; dijb 4
-j-
4_ui_jAa1I 0<« JajLjall (jLi^Ab {Jj3 J
JlLII LuUJj A m-Vu (Jjfl di\jlAajyij jU 2
Ajj^aia 0^ AJlaluiV' AjUai.1 0^ jiScA 3
4
Connectors
dllA ^ ijk
Used to indicate simultaneous time sequence.
JjLaJ Aija. (jc- L-Jjcl (J&j (jvQaV 4^-Liijj (jp Jj^} Jp- 1
^gi bjillc_5
_l] ^a! Clfijll CiljJajlaAil jljaIwjI ^gic. (JaJJjll A^l 2
dAjJajIAaII (Jjis JL=l
jii&l liili jjjMJai gij (jpUab jl Jjj ^Uajjjlt djjjll O^J S-^Ua 3
a_JjaJ) joV^ i.H.tHA.1 AjL jjVI
When Uite-Ul-Ldp.
jAil ^ AjjLaII Cjjj Uluv Ajidll lift Cjjjc. J
AjjAaII Jaj-uj^ l$J CIljSjII \ a ^ Ci£^. 2
A^jVJ £ lU>.A^ 3
(jjjjsJI L»aIc- *. i^W <J^a 4
Whenever U1S
Aj.illa LjK ^jAc.Luia (_>a3j
AJLjC-^Luj! UK (J&aJi! ^jJaAJ
CjSjll 1 Aft ^ — Alaalli &Aft — fU$Vl »AA
_^dul ^AC-Luia A_1a <" nUa fUjSn &Aft ® (Jj^ A i» aUI I C-Uiill
AjcaIsJI aU-c
AjAcLaa Cjj^)S AU-vtttft Aft (_}Aa^)All aAui (jA (jll Aj Clljja
1 ^<1<-^ i CllS^Il I Aft S^A iJjV UAftLjj
1
2
3
While ^Indicates that two simultaneous actions are taking or have taken place.
c-JjlL (j\£. IaIu (j-«ja! diK J
~a K SAjUiSH 1 UUj^j 4jAjjAli (jC. t_J^Uail <—Ac. 2
* 5
u.fllVn du£ J
Lft^iu ^X-a^U JiJji! Cjjj3 — (jUu-a'ijLjJ La^j Cjj^a 2
— *j-a JjV 3
^ i^J 1j - 1 ^ 4
sjlg_k4 j^ic. Aij^^xa. — i».li^ Aiijaj ^^ie. cJ^-****- 5
LjUajjJ ^_1J(_)».~i( iii — <£i (_Jj_^jLui ^
jji.Vli£jiuill ^iskla) Cij£ — <JxiaLJI ^kLib 7
AjKII Jxqc. ^1 4jjaJJ Jjaj t$iU — ^ u j!j 8
<U^lL jSii — Sjji.S/1 Ajj*isla_a <^1 9
1.4 Listing P-Lua&VI 1 .4
Connectors
J2k! AW-l^a ^^ic. 1
j ^^ic. 2
i>»j 3
s3a 4
How to Write in Arabic
1.5 Causality
Causality in Arabic expresses the relationship between the cause and the effect. Thefollowing Arabic connectors of cause show that one thing caused another.
o*3^' J* lmi\u "
J
ftJ^U-0 jkla1 2
lillij AJ eUl 3
^-4^ JJ3.VI jlaa^VI ^ £2Ci ^ 4
A» .Cd ill'j
jla-uj CutS
I
UlXudl )l$Jj >
(iUj fIj* t>j J
(JSLLaJ ‘UtiCjj S^>jJala-dl ^jc. ^jJIi
_
«\l Uti i \tm* J
jUsLiaVI £*.ljJ CjjJI jUwi Oi^aflaJl 2
CiJ! ^ l$Jajjj A^Sadl ^Lol L^-uJaj £3 3
. Aa=J t-ilij jx^aj ^1 d' ^jlkjaLj 4
.AiJjJ A*il«J Lulkijj jsLui al iu>) j.} AaIq ^Jc. 5
1 .6 Result 4*422111.6
A^iii (as a result of that) expresses the consequences of an action. Jj expressesthe cause which led to an action.
jl^Jall £3j jlji Aajjj Cl)jaUsuJI Ci*3
Cl)J*Uaxj CilalaCaJ £j3j ^Jj dljCal) £3j
8
A^jSj +Islrv
Connectors
+ A-a^L* X
IjUUUl jlS
+ <jV 4* A \iii 2
(Jl-»g J jail jia^l (jV ^.llia,a C.laufl
A-o-iLa + ijV l^iaj + A..-N..U) 3\ 8j» > <r> jl£ ^vt^vvll uV I (jJjall jli
A-Tulij + Aalc-j + A^t^L« 4
AibjjJi Aj.^ajtj jjlc. (Jt.^v\i J Aalc.j AiLudii
Aa-nj + AaSLo + j)V 5
jli cJu*^ /* V I i
A ajjj + A-a^La + lij ()
^jlaA)-<a! ^li 4- Ijjsk jail 4- (jt£ li!
hjjui
s/phrases and verbs cannot be considered
pie or objects.
How to Write in Arabic
(> Au&aW CiSjd 1j*.>3J BpmmFind words and phrases suggesting comparison in the following text.
I >11>> W-JJ cV»^ Uj-i isJ ^ *>«“ ***** ^4 SjUl Jj m> J>j> ^j-i& (3M JW^ dj watt oj^^ 3-L*¥K
S'.-i* c& .jLi^Vl ^ ^>1 A,Uy ‘
lift Ijui J*L^t tit.J>> ^ .<»lj fi*^1 ‘J&J v3*®
;X\S Jfi. >Ll% *J-C. S>c. >U11 ^Lj .tf->^ t>^^ U'J
a o*>-l .J>l J A#** -ulflj AStiw. * :*** 4 “f^
^ st>! aj> ^ <3^ (J tW' ^ <* <>
j J\ Ci*+J .A^LUJl o-^5H U-P-^^ j® U“Jalj v"3Mj
>c.j > >J «^ila 3>rtS\n«U *>1511 AjjXo Sj>-a
2>iJ| A>Sfi CjI> AalWI J>i >j' pjgg
.cTOSKJ
Connect the following sentences with the appropriate Stal
A *
^>i ol~U.J Oj>Vl JJU Ui-^>1 £^4 W>J
1
2
3
^Uall ^jIa. j£ A-« 4
1 .8 Introduction and conclusion phrases 1 -8
•4-4JA<*
The following phrases are often used in both written and spoken Arabic to indicate the
beginning of a text or speech.
>U>j >LuUJ > <3jJs3lj 4uAj*1\ <-i>-t J AiJ £j*-*j*H ^ 1
>ijj> ejj^j <> ^ ^ 2
a » a l
.
i$ ^c- >
:
~ VWll »u ^3 3
10
Connectors
The following phrases are used to summarise a text or speech.
4-ni>l 4jl1£ 4_ajj*JI 4*11 (JSi] ^jiLu 4_uj3tJL AjL&II {_}*»> aj \
JawjjVl ^ Aj£jjxVI Ajoillwili (j! (JjSl ct ^j' ^ 2
JJC. u'sy* \W J
JC-LwjJ jajU-o 4^1) ^^Ic. 4.1aaU^]l (ji 3
4 -x. i-dlg jj‘ ^jl SjL-aj >4
^Ull tJ-ajll ^ gl iumVlj __jj»dll (jc ajja-all -laj^jil diljji Ij^jSIm l j“ i-J~
;
l/Vftaf are the connectors of exception and emotion in the following text?
ZjJ$\ fjic. UjjI
j
SJLLJi •
dll jLuLI jjxeAidj^o Aolljll £JjAalj>iI3 ‘LsAiLs I ^jjS!
Write an introduction and conclusion to the following topics using the above
phrases.
Consolidation exercises
‘duiLigil JajjJl dlljaL 4jJIj]I (J^ail \j~J ki,'|f
Complete the following sentences with the appropriate connector.
^j3 tjlajxi tfljlui S^dal-Twail 1
AjA^Ji aLLuiVI eAjLuiVl 2
Lladj IaL SJUiaJl 41uJlj ^jIaLJI (JS dJaS^l 3
^ j tiha.1 _jj _jSj jji ; 4
L-flUa‘ii,a^ tililiuii ^jL-aj 5
(jljidl b^>a. Qii Ld a.W'iail ^«Vl dlljIjS xjjI 6
How to Write in Arabic
jfrAj q\ JLiV jj -Ala AjU^. CuLi jaall eUa. (jc- IAljxj ^c-I
j
<jijn. ^ Lila Ajlaj £jla ^La
jVl oj»dl l$iSJ Ajjjixi IgjS jjlaiui <^11 (^jVl Sj^ll ojlA jjSj ^1 .AjUa ,^3 Ajc. jjJi Sjfliill e A_ui&j
j°-»N t*vw
j
_l!iI
_
jiui ALa oljj lijAwa AjlsAi-al <J£ ^l^aLa^fl (J£ Sxlml .oaL AjA^ tgj2 jtJa-u
a
^1 , JuAall oAL (jtJaal AjjxIL LqjIa <i*a 4j\3A*^»Vj ^ln'iVl aALil Ail^a (j^l Ljjj] ^11 A^=J
>(^iiai aL ^ <_ijjC-I Ld AIAjjla (_£jIumu ^lialj sAL^ JUal (_>>iia
1 .9 Summaries jLa&vi 1 .9
The following phrases can be used both in writing and speaking to summarise ideas.
However, they are not used frequently in media articles and texts. These phrases are
more often used in literary writing.
Wq3 !vW \j a !L^q \\1 Jjjisu ^ > y*?
i ^ J
Aua^ jj Cy*J i?* Cy* ;oALa 1j bjLc- UjUai diLLi 2
A_$l^)laVl AJLlLcll (JSLuLttll <J^1 ^jLiall Lojlj)t_sA AjjaiLajijAll 3
4jjjxJI Aidll ^±aj«i ^C<A (JUj 4_Ldlxllj <ii]|l
_ynJjsu ^Jj All yli _jiajUj 4
mm
Use the following phrases in sentences.
SAjLa (J^ia^ ^^iiL a |f
/ duAaJI / JjSH )J 1
fiddtid l / CjjAaJI / <—
l
Una . l l / / £• ) ^3 (JUal 2
^.S^JaLadl / 4
5
1.10 Expressing opinions 0* ja^M .10
In debates, dialogues and discussions, the following expressions are used to indicate
the speaker’s stance. These phrases are employed to indicate one’s agreement and sup-
port to an argument, discussion or debate.
12
9
$
P
£
Z
l
rn?T °nc\rcr> tkP ir^ iferpv s
*7p mr* ?tk P ferp mrn
c^CTry jiVO yvcflp rrcpyy
f^'n i\V tjf"’ (rjV r|*"*>
n iI5F^ rwr ^ 5P 15T\3
jrpp irs^ ifp^ "P2 p hPs ** ir*P rP imsp-TT^ TP p 5CrIEV ^p^ IFF
Tn?P
?tP iisf^ ?tk P'
c^r-^> jn*o p' l.^g1^ rnii^vyy » ' >-
^
• 1 *f^ II5F^ ™r «<? jcr^'
• & prf iisp* ifp
• TF
J3JUAV JO J95[B9dS 91JJ
jo jred sqj ao ju9ui99J*fesip guoijs 9*eoipui Xgqx ’snonndo jo sjusumSje ‘sB9pitsj3ipo
jo uoipofai jo jqnop ‘uopxsoddo sssjdxa 0} pasn usyo ojb sssujqd SuiAvopoj sqx
*?
T
9 ej-Ttry jf^rrS p r^> hefr 5P TP
S in °l*r^ 5p iJPl^ r-jB^f Iprnrs^P 5py of’ j^-n- -Cry
t7 |TT ^p *T p pV p jpp1 r
ipp^ i^irO |jr*p
£ jrtrO irrp gPB^£\{> jjf^
z irrp ir^ ifpP p irPr ^ "p5? irV rin<P
ii
riP i^f^ ifp i& n^srr^ if’riifs*> ^p
• n 'f^ ^ ^ 5p tf'
• jn 5P ircn^ H
• ITS f1 ^ IIF!T"> P• p"5 Ff TFP• ftP usir* ifpP• fiP Ft ifp
SJOJ33UUOJ
How to Write in Arabic
Express your opinions on the following.
(jjiLuii jlaJl (J-mlII 1
dil*..aJ2>*all L_iljiv jX~^a ujjall 2
<iuu ^-tajjl (.. Uui jSfdl jr ijjll 3
4jjuiUa11 (__)<•» _irviril I CoIjUju 4j1Vj3I liii
Try to complete the following sentences with the appropriate expression of
summary.
£-Iao11 (jl Jjii 1
£ja ^Uia (jl . 2
C. ufoJuu (__yiLuil jjt 3
AujA^kJj dAjt <ajak__)J)
1
1.11 Similarity JM 1.11
The following expressions are used to express similarity in Arabic.
tilli Ju (jyi-%1 (jJJC-vUl J£ qa ^jJull <—jlad't ^ IjlaJl e-lLlatll (jja^. 1
(Jl ^^Jc- IfrLa L-.l.Uaj Ia^I glyl ^^ic- ^-^V) I •v'U 2
ji^>Ul (jlc SjjUa ^U^->(_5
ic. Ui:l 3
;
:>- : A-m eAiia iLa=>. ijjj£j (Jiali tilljtiXJ La lj}L«r»
Connect the following phrases using the above expressions of similarity
4_ifLj_^aVl a.W'La" CjUV^JI ^ £3j La — AjjU-ajSVl 3-ajVl I JjJlI! diljLa. 1
ijLLull — <_jlLlall J)\jm 2
^j-Vi — ajjUa Luajj C.i«-L^a 3
14
3*
Connectors
1.12 Probability juuyt 1.12
The following phrases are used to express uncertainty and probability.
AjjoiILaII CjIjJj AjiUSl (JasJI I
p
MComplete the following sentences with the appropriate connector.
<LLj t_tlUfl Lulj 1
Qijuilml AiailfLayi^ajil ^S3 2
4^*J
^
<Ujla-a ^C.j *UUi La [j] 3
l>“^ -^Lajc-yi (. jlU-iti jLJI jiuiil (jl ^ ^’oy ' 4
uy&j>y\
j
4jL)S y»jjj diiJaaj. Aiaill djyLcI 3
UmLiall (JLaJ^VI djljL*j AjIIjII (JaxII !jaajI fe
Mi
Complete the following sentences with the appropriate expression of probability.
1 ujjM? ci
1^jlmil jAiyxkit lSIjLiiui l$if
(Jiuiyll ^jjli ^LeJ^I J^U fJJ...
(jMi-k aII 1
^>a1 I jJa 2
3
Consolidation exercises
How to Write in Arabic
d*?* lA (M* Ij*~» |i|lIHUse the following in full sentences.
...dc&Jivfni
2
L*-ij.a di!is 3
JJ\ U&SU >Lil V 4
...dij^aJI J (jiuai jjl 5
JUIj J-ala.VI j ^lj!l (jc- cj!jU& Sj^a IjiiSl
Write a paragraph containing expressions of opinion, probability and similarity.
Jc Cjijbfr 1 .13
1.13 Expressions for commenting on texts
The following expressions are used for commenting, narrating and reporting content of
texts to listeners or readers. They can also be used for summaries of texts.
1 ^ Utel\ 1 g1
r
- 4 jQjQ?v 4 ^ IjlA jj J
Aidj aLI u_ill 4_A£^. ^jA^alu 2
ujjjlaII e^L ^ UlJaS Ajjaj ^gjc. (j-aili (JaIuLj 3
JajaijS/l J AjjLk-ajflVlj A.j.t.ul.j.t »11 ^L-«ajVl (j-aill i-iA (JjLili 4
16
Connectors
^La j! 1$j1js /jc. cu^Ji „iU cjIjUJi 1 j-a.~i~t'iuii
Ifee the above phrases to narrate a story from a book or a film.
1.14 Expressing certainty and insistence A>-ayii.14
The following phrases and verbs are used to express insistence and often certainty.
JUlA-dl 1$j3j ^ jidl JLiC-Vl foliaU ajjjJa jlHuiVl 1
eU-dl Jib (j-ajall frlal] p (jjnjUsy^ill ajlajl (jl AjSkjlaJl jjjj 2
4-iuJI a li.ia.Ja <jl£ Usjj2 (jj (JjSi (JjaJJ 3
jxZxjia ^ <uljjVI AjjUajjJl Cibjbdl j) L_lU3jVI tjjJ JjSI 4
Squill <U*j-all ^ ^ylault aj jjJa ^^Jc- -5^jl 5
||||j
^Saic. (j* oJuLa (Ja^ ClljUnJt ljLm.~i.nl
Use the above phrases in sentences ofyour own.
How to Write in Arabic
1-15 Expressing your sentiments j#*:ill i .1
5
The following phrases are used to indicate the speaker’s feelings and sentiments.
<_bulllall Cj3jll &JJklvSk p,2C- QA llx Jjia ^ 1
jaa»Vl (jlaLLaVI AjV jA*-sdl £jlila luuu 2
AlLdl^p ^k l^jjj ^ 1 ^j-a£.ff
jaU P* 3
^k Akslxli i_jI jjl^aal (—jljjSyU jxJiil aJjI*J! (J£ 4
.<^^>^.1 Ajj-jj A-3>hi ^ W^-jj LLiaJuj^l Ig-lVf 5
,_3-o 1*_! (jJ-aSU cJl—««dl j±U ()
jgjpsi
olio cjaa.<j?ljL Ijju-s |J§
Use the following in correct sentences.
1.16 Despite <> (J^ - {> J^W - J : iajjJ) 1.16
A-ila^a ^c-j c Ai^all ^AJ <__llLLiil ^ '-— - J
AjJa^a (jx < fl t ^->U ujJUall jJaa 2
AjJa^a ^Ac. L_flj-all ^Aj C-lllAali 3
j|!|||— (j-« f&jftj — fAj AjIIjII <J«aJI IjA-aSi
Complete the following sentences with <> ^ -1>
AjLia.^ tjjfljll Aial Jaaj pla (jlsloVt Aliia 1
at Wn.1 LalS. LlicLu^a ^'LLaSuil Ha Ufr eJlsu 2
lA«S^b ^a-V LaLi^a [jSj ^ Aji aJUjVI ^^ic. 3
Ala L$S!>lIa l^jjUjl jiLui 4
18
Connectors
Consolidation exercises
AjUjII Sjaa3l (j-a (jc- jjaxISI Cjljbaj CIjIjIjc. IjajaLhI
Find expressions of insistence and emotion in the following text.
qaij^ll ja ^c.^)3 (JIaSaYI ^ Luiaij Ia$ axo ^jaj AjIaja! __)jIa
4^'jijl (jc. jjIa. jjc jrlJ-Jl 1jjjSL* 4jlS.lua! (Ja LoauS 4jAj^lt (jjljadl (j£ yi 42.iljL ^LLaaI
AjJj CuWl LoK .4jUa LjjJ .LLaYIj (J JjIa jaV) u-ujiilj 4i_j*A-all (JIajaY I IJA AjIjV
.£-jaIsj jjaIo i*
a\I la 4_j| 4'iin-a-fw. w> j ^IajII (jd_uii 4jjiill (ji 5j!uj _jx^] LolS.
.'~n<i'i><i I^a ^jjLlS ^>jIa (Jliol (ji Jj§l jaIIj
Use the following in full sentences.
i_ul£Jl JjUjj 1
(J_P jjaajj 2
sjiiii oi* ^jjaj 3
ui dj5i (3=^* 4
jAj-aJI 5
LUAyL JXxai 6
1-17 Other connectors 1.17
Ac^) j*&/ - _>) - in this respect Ik ^
lift - in this context Ija ^ - it is worth mentioning
in this respect
.jdaSi jjj^l SL*. JJ& lilijJa LJ cijc. JJAULJ2 c> 26 pjJ^
Ijjxj Ajjlc-Vl dill A-Ut-uldl tijjIjSil fijiA oJIC-Uola! dlVjla-oli <J£ (JJ»
CIiaIs 4j*iU.iijyt Cji^C-Lubd) J Jj! J>lua2i iJA-t^ik-aVl IgjJajA (jfr
jai <—flVT J (jl\ SjluiVI j-iajj_jjAjtdl c.Laji <J£ oj^aIaII AjjjaJI CjLttklfth
.c^JpaJl jj-axll £UjIj (jSj ^1 jlijiaJl(
-^-4±a
19
How to Write in Arabic
B
- jjl (jj-i <jl 0® - U0 J (J^aj — (jl
l$J -l^J <ji liljJSJ \ aT\a Al^auJl <jC ^IxjjVi iiliiij jjl \
&^>aSuia1I ©frl^SlI (jjJ^jla (jc Ajjluil _j^isu (jl <-.JlU\ (j£aj 2
SAi2k. ^utij(_5
iC' (J*-a^J (ji ^jlVutn 4-uilj«JI (JjojIaJ (jl uJJc 3
(J£Laa AjUg-all AjL^. (j-ai-uil i_$ajJJ (jl <J3 4
1.18 Negation <>tfi i .18
pi negates the present tense in Arabic, and as a consequence it takes a jussive (sukun)
form. This form is reflected in the use ofsukun in single forms, and the dropping of the
0 in both the dual form and plural masculine forms.
pjsJlj ,IajjSLja <1 £ jliJswiil (Jail! J 4p <— i
9ja» I pi —1
;Jxall <..-iluiay
< p_^a»l _P*VI (Jja-Jl ^jLja-all (JxJlj pi) Ajl^qjA AajJ-JI A^_^. l fl.Wj p3^>J
4 (j^J^J Ac- jLjaA.ll (JlxiSflj 4...pi) pi^T-U*nJ JAJJ Alai! L_fljj*.
.(jjJI Lg-oja. AavIcj pjaJ (Jj^j*^ tU-?xuJ >^
pi — IjjjjjAj pi — 1>Laxj pi — 1 \ Aj pi
.£jUiaJi ;V
—ix^ajla AjjiasJI (JlaiVi IaIj 4 AijjA^J ^ A sv’ifllL 4 p/auj jUjaAl! ^gijj pj^J ‘(jl —2
1 ijp i. 0^ i
4^jj^j l.£f« ja) AaajluVI aIa^JI ^jlc $ (jlS tllljiJ (ja jxiaj ;(JAjJ —3
^lA Jjik ^.AUl\J ^Siai UfcAUj 4\ ^
A. ill ^gJtLuljJ (JjSf!
Negation in context ^Alli Ci\jJ AcUua
.(f*-*=J)...<Jj 4 ((_ £-jLjaA (Ja5 -f-pl —
LjaJ <_£jiuJl jaJjaII ^ liljLi (Jj 4 4.lurA aIaS SjLjj piL pi
(i^lUC) ^(Jj 4^JaSSj_pjj^« ^j\_JaA (Ja3 + pi —
^jiuJl ^)AJja11 (Jj t dasa Aiftl SjLjJJ pL pi
.LJaJ,, {Jj t(JaSa) L_iutait,,^jajA ^jU^a J*a + V —
LJajl Acija CiSj cJvlA lU*j <Jj 4 -laiia V
.tJliS,. (Jj 4^Ja5ajt_Luiaj ..t—Jj*-alA ^jUiaA (J*i -f (ji —.^U\< Acl_)a Cjaj (J2>la» (Ja*jja (Jj 4 Jala (j3
20
Connectors
yUVs.. (Jj c(Jaiia) >#> ‘UauiI aIa^ + l>^ —
AjJIc. Jj (Jj t d li^ai U£j djlUall I^A
I.
£"!«a
"'I
i -.'.
dllj-iL <JIj3I Ijaaj!|
r
Complete the following sentences with the appropriate expression of negation.
(Ja*J (ja X
Cja^jll lift ^ Ujj^da jijilll 2
Ji <>5Ja. n?Vi*mj Lua 3
Jjjia QAj Jilo U*_o a1«Uj dJjLui jiu 4
AdaJ^o *Loi jjV l^c- (JjijaII jJa^j §
1.19 Exception *uSiwVi ciIjjI 1.19
yu
Idauai VI (J&l \
<$£la V] jail <J£ dyLai 2
l_jiUa V) Jjjilali dJ-ilc 3
The noun after ilia is called mustath ’na (what is included) and the one before it is
called mustath ’na minhu (what is excepted). In affirmative sentences and where the
mustath ’na minhu is present, the mustath ’na is always manssub (accusative).
(uj&V) boV V) £ 4
(±*\j)k*\j V) JiaJI J\ >\j&\ L« 5
If mustath ’na occurs in a negative sentence and mustath ’na minhu is present, the
mustath ’na can either be accusative or take the same grammatical function as the
mustath ’na minhu.
> > rtli V] jx^vi'n V 6
l*jJ\ VI C*1li U '
7
If the mustath ’na minhu is omitted from the sentences, then the mustath ’na will take
the grammatical case according to its position in the sentence as if ilia is not there.
jjSu ^iTn 11 nil
yu ^uIwiaIi f i**"
,.yi j “jjp”
21
How to Write in Arabic
a*_ui jjc. AjjAxJl (Ja) \
3-* CniLa 2
L-iC-V JJC. '.—UlL 3
“LuAa
j
1JPj ^Ia”uj ^**»*L "aU
^ l_l^j AjjAt-a/Jl “La” 3* LuL^j lAc.
j
3Lk CjA^aLj 1 a]
^AAjli (Libk. tlAe) 31a. Ajj^JI 1
;Aj Vj*ix ^-illubdl (jj^j iVLtil AjjAi^all “La” l .
$.Tft.u j.i IaIj •
>(aA Ajla
^IAC.La
)La AjjaJl ^3$-^
“La-jxu Vj ” UJ
j £9^11 Ajfl “Laom Vj” ^.Vuj oa.1I •
AajaIII L«UuiVj A-jS^Lkl ^jjc. 3LftC-bsl ©j^i
•<.., i,><-xi.1ij j ^i^JI aja 31^ © 3^ ^)j •
•Laj^alll LaouiVj Aj93L^.I jjc- 31-^^ 6_^i
, V] jljLJI J£ (j* <-_l>Ua LlL-a^ 1
(AjlJUaJI djli 2
.3Li. La (JiaJl ^3) di^A^fc 3
(_£ jjj, AJjoIJAaII^ (JS dujluil 4
LaAuiVJ I ^laAi-al 5
<JSj£JL ajjaiwalj ^..ualla ^AIxMwaj La Ijlxfv i
Complete the following with appropriate
1 .20 Conditional particles j^aJi ^ LjjI) i .20
Conditional sentences in Arabic consist oftwo main clauses: the conditional clause and
the answer clause of the conditional. There are two types of conditional, the likely and
unlikely, both ofwhich are introduced with different conditional particles.
• The unlikely condition is introduced by jb
• The likely condition is often introduced by 3) and LI
Ag.lat %j SIaL lill^-a Ujla La$l 3j^ 3^3?* 3’* aIa^JI 3j^-“
SA=Jj Afa-v-
22
Connectors
bl*S Lajj^
J
1 <aLa Lei i—lljaj (J*3 ;*La^La djlj.il — I
'lg\ <Laii£ iUS^^ji tLaili i(J^
A ‘La$-a tLa t^j-o l<j];^gAj .L*jja-4* Ic-jLjaa
j tLuJaLa ^Lt2 tg_i2 Ja^uJl L_li_jaj Jajjjjll (_|at3 (jjSuj 4-ajla JJO -la^l dll j.il — C_>
yj tji <uk tiii
•{jjUaLoii jjjLftjLAia Ja^jdll ^Xaa ^jyBfljS
;l^-Le .JLjd fib! (JJjLaall (jJjlA (_j)^aj Jajdll <\-Laa
.(fi) (ji)j (o!) j (W)
:4jlei
# 1 jjjS lA-ifrUJ-uj 1^1 AuiUa J
JjjjS Ia^c-'uuiLuis dul£ 1 j) 2
l^jJlc-Loii a.igja .a dijlfi ^jl 3
§^j CJwillell -Ljjuill iwjljaj 2_jiUll lL=*J' IjlxSI|| |||BMM
Complete the following sentences with the appropriate answering clause.
ij_>^ u) 1
^£jbl nidaj ^jJJ lj» al.nlLsla 2
cl**-4 3
UJAij Lejji 4
o» L^ 5
1 .21 Particles of necessity JaaJi £jj JbjjJI ^ (^V) jUai«i 1 .21
The use of jjV expresses necessity and obligation. It can be followed by different par-
ticles and prepositions, which do not affect its meaning.
La ^-ai (JslsI jl^XxJaVi ji Ojj^dall (Jatfl ^^Ic- ji l—la.l
^)Ja (Ja-a AjajjjVI Ala^li + AjXxut AJtaa. + V X
£aij a-i^a La cJasu uaiUali jl JU V
^- jLJslxi (Jx3 + v 2
^ajj L_llUali (J-a*J (jl V
23
How to Write in Arabic
\ -f QA V 3
Jaj-ujVI (^3 fUl j-ttluLall AjY
^J^jJaA (_J*3 -{-^j| (0^)
”1"
_J}Ai «-» "J"(J ^ V 4
(J *. ^ V»ll V
+ (j-0 + Ji^AlJa /^JOli +(J AjY 5
4^'jj Lff^ W ^ ^
Use ^ in the following cases.
<jlUll OVbJl aV l«a jj^ 3L* IjUi |I
ol*v 1
-J- qa AjV 2
jA*-^a -+- (j^ + /p*a} +J >aV 3
,„ t-J^x-aiia ^jLja^ (J*3 + oi (0^) “H /^u>] -Hj A V 4
Consolidation exercises
^Itail (J^oaII ^3 0Jj3.ja!I iaJjII Oljj! J 1
Find the connectors used in this text.
^jVl a ^ oJUt, ,4-uilj.JI Jfc^a (jc. jilj AlS Ait-m JJC- Ai^Ull (Ji-iS AjjjjAaSI
^llj <LuijAaJ! ^j-la lc..i ,4 laloiJajl flc. (jc. bAjOc. Cjl_)-a (Jj tliSj (jc. ,1j» m 1$j2 jaAj
_$Aj 4_*jjjA<J! jjij . ‘H* > n.
.
''J*m ^A8J (jlc. 4c-^UaV 4_ujjAa1I ^ji! II .V.t m
(jlJ <b! JaUjJajl ^jAu JJAall 4AL! .1^. _>«Vl (ji (jia .jJAall 5JjlLaI S^o (JjVj 4jtc.Ai*i)] CJiui V
itaJil (ja AjY 4-ii ^lj ,4-ijlj Aj-ojS <jjl ^Aa jjAaII O'® Lr^aJ ^Vl <—LjI ^4-L^afl jljS Cj3iiJ AjjjjAall
4-al AJ2 JiW-ui SJoIum SjjjjJa ^^Ic- ISfljlj i_)Vi (jaLajll jjAaII (Jj3 ,jlAicYi O^*^ .\}» »« i_fijjla
.0*^ ) w i> <n «A
j
Connectors
1.22 Writing paragraphs *\jiaJ! kUS 1 .22
What is a paragraph?
A paragraph in Arabic consists of a set of ideas linked in a coherent and cohesive wayin the form of sentences. In literary Arabic texts, a paragraph can serve to support the
main idea ofthe report or essay in a weii-crafted manner. Its sentences and ideas should
be well presented and linked.
What to include in a paragraph
The content of your paragraph should not be separated from the main idea of your
essay or piece ofwriting. Once you have selected your main idea, you then need to start
thinking of supporting ideas which you can elaborate in paragraphs in order to support
your main idea and argument.
Consider the following example.
Main idea
To support the main idea, you need sub-ideas to elaborate the main idea ftirther. These
supporting ideas will constitute paragraphs.
Paragraph 1 : >
Paragraph ^Ji jl,
Paragraph 3i (j .4 fill ->j ajj!
^
You will need to elaborate every supporting idea by giving examples or stating cases.
Then, you will need to think of linking the paragraphs together by using some of the
connectors we have introduced in earlier sections.
Write a paragraph on the advantages of travelling outside your country.
\
Use a separate piece of paper for your work.\
How to Write in Arabic
Unit review exercises
Connect the following sentences using <j! j
tji j *bJbil (Ja>H I_^Iajjl
jbvb^n (jlS — jU~bVi^3 -laa! J
^bbVl 4_ujjIa i-j&j ^Jai — 4j.uj.1aj dsaajll 2
Xila J±u>\ — 4aljib cjVI (Jaaj {1 3
^bis £b jaUll — I'jjjS VU jaljil L_bjiS 4
AjjjIa g-jtiw jiuJI <*jaj3 ojji cliac-i — AjjjIa 4.1b».ll »bja3 jllal 5
4j*jjL1a11 Jajljjil lab jjjLaaJi Ijlajjl ||
Link the following sentences with appropriate conjunctions.
l$i-a^ AjjjaI!tJJc. ClL^a — jlalaVI ^ 4-aiala J
4 »jji->ib jXOaIuuj ojLajaj <_jjxj (JaLvJ — jjaJI pbc-Vi ,^1jil iaL 2
aIaaaJI Alla2 jllis — .iVviuii l -.
>»» ’1 lijil l_ibjai 3
<Jbl! (JaaJI IjL-oj ‘UuiUaII Jajljjii IjaIaIuiI
Form a cohesive paragraph using the appropriate connectors.
/4jjjj1a3I ^3 4j£ ^jjll ^-JaS / *Ljij.lait ^ji. / Ajji^La (jlJjl / ja ijSLb jaLluil J
*Laa!I Ctuil lift
/bjai! jC. llJJU (-jbieVl <—JJa.^ ja]I jAAuiil £jib <JJ UiaL I ^Uc-Vl ^JJ < b&lj lAai jl£ 2
. <—Sjxj lAaf jaI! ^ .ojbajaj 4a1£ 4-ja.Lmaj ^Ixbll ja ^jjajjl! *lij 4jla ia.L .laai jl£
yi lj*J .tag ma IJJJaha 4j#Uc.| £a 4jojj Iaa.1 ^ . >iih .tgJja (_£jaj (-llSilj jj ^tic-Vl LaIu ojIajaj
,4^aj jajlj 4-aLuUjVij 4j»jla3 LaIsIa ^LuiaJ)
Connectors
§|ijte qa 4-imLLo Jail Ajitill CjU-IjiJl[4|^i
itil
Fill in the blanks with the appropriate connectors.
«LijJ Aiilc- (j* Alii, jA^-b jjUS.nU 4jjjjAaII (Jjlij Alla. JjujAj
AASuiaj ASS »Ul Ujja. 4-hijAaJI (jli *ta. ^jJ djIa .iAa, SjjSa 3iSUi qa Sa^a ....
4'i^vl , ,i~i || i J i£. jj£. A \ ! , ,i9 •'.a-v ^^ IJA JJ*J Aiti. ,l$_}3 (J-MU ,^11 4Sjd]l Jjavtej
^jjJba cliS ‘.
ULa Jlild AavS.^. Aiialxj oAd ^ja J -_£a1I j^ualdalS 4 5 . 1A i-»' AldaS A .a'S .a
Ua AaJkX t_li (Jjidj JJAaII .AuAC-L** jjAaII Aul^-q 4jLjAj-o 4j^a3 *U *UisjAaJl
.•CaLaJftJ Aila 4jjA»-a jSd jjA^II jl^jL -\a~*a C-^1 44lk»j Aau (^^aa 4«uijAaII
7 AouiUU! Calc- l^&ll S^>fl3 l_jjJS -
Form a paragraph by completing the blanks below.
<4U J\ AildaVbj UIU
.I^UA ^ylc. Aj t^ib C_ula ^1 ..,
UU Vji
,,..<ilb ^jifr Sj^lc.j
;A-lu:U-a]l Cj) AjHjII
(7se expressions of insistence to complete to the following sentences.
LiijSl jail! AjjUk-o j^Sc. 1
twjeV (JuiaJ Sjilaj 4JC.V jjk (JJjall ^JjAa 2
diLAajlLall oAjLa £-_ya^llj du*Jl t—iSj ^^Jc. pLuiJ^Ji 3
(-J^Uall ^Al Qa i.
-
iHJa.ll lAA(_jj 4
||| j
lilljAwiVl dlljLc. JxaAalui* UW\ jj*a]i1jlajji 7
Link the following sentences using adversative conjunctions.
qa «*ljLa JJJ*J - t—l^-Jail j^aI qa j^. A*J J
AjSjjayi SjUll <—ilaiJl ALm — bjjji ojl J>*_1 jUaoVl dlU-aA 2
27
How to Write in Arabic
iil]j ^ o-Wi^ l l CjLjV jll Luujj Ca*$jI 3
fcSlll ^k ^1 — ^1*11 (jc. Liaj lA-iL 4
A^»._)=kj .ixj a^&Luii — AijiijJl^ ojji oJc-Lui 5
^k Ajui (jaluV — alLluii 4jl t_iillail &\ 6
a^La (Jaa 1yuJa
. £
(Jse the following in correct sentences.
(j*> — *W-?- (j« — jlJfr {^ic.J — jl Au — JlJ±A\ 11a Jc. — ji.1 -Im-vo Cfficij — tylfmll ll$J
‘"U^ l (jl — £>wll Jjiai (jl — t!lll c-l.» ij*j — (jl
;«Llllj]| ^)l£aVl tja A.^mt .ol-a ft^ia l_yjjSj JajljjJl (ja (_pa*J IjA'Va .iuu l
Form a coherent paragraph using the appropriate connectors.
^-ijUSVl (jj-iliwa 1
(jjji.Ullj ^-IjjaVl j£l_yi 2
•Loll 4j^ui ^3 Clll^j-oVL cV^yi ^»JJ 3
CjI
^
x-aVl jj3 4
jjlill j-J 1 (jjlfi) 5
• j ( i
^ ^ M j_‘AAi La 1 jLa^i
Complete the following sentences with the appropriate
,V] S^uS* yJiL*-a UjjU \
1 .3c. taj 2
,jli». La ^)Uoa11 (lll^jllall 3
Vj Ul^UaM
.tSj-i difiS La 5
jjc. CjUIja^JI di=u 6
28
Connectors
VJd&U 7
LaamjVJ <—J^Uail t—iaj 8
... L« jjall cjjla 9
..Joe. SojUVi >^10
tljjlull UJjLij <jL} Lac. Ijjoc.
||
Use one of the following uu. _ u _ V) and change these sentences.
4-Lk.Ji (Ji^IjLulj
fj J
,(J^x-a9 l^ia Jbj *Lk-aaH tri-agfl 2
dilc-Lui (*Ulj JaxII ^jJI ^ 3
^ ' ' j f.'ft •!. Jyi <•!_=>. 4
Sfgpg; 72 LjIa. — bfr U — JJ6 — j*» — V] V ^innaall SJjju-o ajS2
!jJjSi
isWr/te a short paragraph containing the following: vu ^vru^'i
LmjIa. — IJc La — jjc. — {_5^ui
Use a separate piece ofpaper for your work.
29
How to Write in Arabic
mmmUse the following in correct sentences.
0-Xll* (J/1A ^ 1jLutAusi
jl^2
f.\jjj — JUJI jij + ^3 — ;jl ^c.j - i_i LoL— I^J — qa
Use juji jij to connect the following sentences.
(JlaJI jlj aJIjJ) I jjjf'ks
A-a^ail — aJaLjt5
iill 1
diUl^laVI 4a/i .> <— V _ ^1 £A.j 2
dij!J) 3
Replace the J1^ in the following sentences by aW
JIa Lu9 jJIaJI
(jj-aj^La CjJxiall \
tjjAjS AjlAaJI CJvUaSl 2
I^jUc. CJJui tjc. jJ! ^iaC- 3
jjjUxlLa 4
(jJC- J--a-a diuil #.UjVl J»>it 5
1 xuiij-a uxnJili ()
Connectors
Jju — (jl — (Jj3 — jjl (Jj5 ;i_j ditcljilt Ijilal
rf
,
UtiSli
;
Complete the blanks with one of the following.
.AfclUH J^lij £jJI Aj^JaL^a ^ n J
.eL^ajjl! jUIj ^jr. ol'v ll .. .a-va jllax 4-J ^SjIlus 2
*CLuljJ I jliajl (jJj 6jiu) aljjj 3
AA\ liftc_?
lc. 4j£jj*Vt c_)j=JI (jl J*JI elij SJ^-j p 4
Aluil ^g^ji a.lL .ilfr S
1$j jrljjll <U^. (jc- IgJ jjc. 6
e^llj (jZajxj Ac-Lftxa aIaIj (Jn-iil 7
(jjfr 8
PaEgggHSiaM
Translate the following into Arabic.
1
He wrote to her before leaving Morocco for Spain.
2
He visited his friends before he joined the army.
3
She accepted his marriage proposal before consulting her family.
4
The committee postponed its annual meeting after receiving the news that the chairman was
gravely ill.
5
He arrived back home after his mother had left.
How to Write in Arabic
tiIimI l/> <JL)lc4jijl i^jjLal
Complete the blanks with appropriate relative pronouns.
dujilil.
L-;
-ll*&U 1
.**
\m H 1 J
LftJ*-* Jj-aI (j* LaA t>jlA lie. jljllwi^l 2
AjLaaJI ij^^l s-LlS/l 3
i3^>^ 1-r1.
b"u. 1^)1j>* O^*4 AjjAx^a SijLjj ^>l§ 4
j L-'Va^'l Aji\xj* <j*aai 5j^W- ts^ C^k-\ j»Vl 5
/Ga.jj Aia l^JjJia (_>ialjc-Vl jlil 6
.Ujla, lilj IaA Cull £jll jLxh (jl.iljli 7
^-^XwjSfl Admail ^
k
l_yij (jlliall dwij,i 3
.UjjjS jjLuU liijlj ojjJuil 9
SAlio AltSh (j-ljSjl AjxulLiJl Idjjll ljx.VVu.it
Link the following sentences using the appropriate connectors.
JjlVl (jlaJLaVi Alia — Aiuilj^J A-«LaIiAt ^..le J
jl^j JjI cI«mu — Jlill sjjS 2
^jladl Ijjalm — alL*Jl A > oi l ^)xjjx 3
(jx_)xlt AjJa^a — (_yuj^ll UjU (jie 4
iwlmm
Afuilixll Ja^»iM Sbi fl.l-yunb <JxaJI ljlaS!
Complete the following blanks with the appropriate conditional particle.
laAjx aj t_yj£ J-wj 1
jijjJ>alVI jj£j (Jay 2
^ 3
jjAUH~h.aH >i2hJ JilulJ 4
jjjjUll ^jUJa^ la^Ult Jaj i_sA jj 5
32
Connectors
figrr 2 : Lf/itkksJB JjLwjj]i 3^,jit
The development of technology and modem means of communication in the Arab
world are not available to everyone. The vast majority ofpeople still rely on traditional
means of communication such as letters. Writing and receiving letters is highly valued
in Arabic culture. Arabic society is very cohesive by its nature, and maintaining contact,
or what is called ‘silat arahim is a duty of every individual. Writing letters in Arabic
can be different from, say, the way we write English letters, especially in personal let-
ters. Here is how to write letters in Arabic.
2.1 Personal letters 2.1
Personal letters are written to friends, family and relatives. They are often considered
informal. One ofthe characteristics of personal letters is information about the welfare
of the addressee. In Arabic culture it is appropriate to ask about one’s health, family
and friends in great detail. In some personal letters greetings are extended to every
member of the family. Although some people use colloquial language in their personal
letters, modem standard Arabic remains the language used in personal letters.
nil! <ULui^)Jl ^Lfr X
AJLwiJ CU& 3
4lLui! AllmSlt 1jjjaIj Jjaxa 4&iAua fjl\ ±ollu (jA 4Jtui IjljS)
The following letter is written by Said to his friend Mahmood; read it and answer the
questions below.
filial
2UL-J\
2008 23 >I>1)
^ jjjnli
i An_ij Anla
\
j
till dll JaJaikl q\
JiL LijUaJ^J .Ulxll 4 aimmV 1 LxsUsy^jJ (_ylj dlL_<aj ^Ltj LaS
djLaijUiAlIj .iill&illj ObUJl (^i dlliA,jj! liiL (jc- LjK i—allkj
Igjljlfit 41 4 q V' -s. a Cjlakl J;_^VJ -tC.. j ia 1
'w ^yjUaJ^jli 4 -in *jill 4-jlc-l
(^jl^lnlj ^yl ^jIaUua! (jj^)jj£ Luiljl diLli .A, lAidliij
j 1^j^jl AjjJU (_y±U2fc£.1 jIuuajLo
j
(j.iil IgJu SJUJifr UAa Cjj
j
.1$j3 o^aIuiaII j dAMill
Letters
<_ul£ jA qa J
. mKU 6j|j iLlI jALo 2
?(Jli Ijl*9 t LjUaJ^j jjljaJl l
,n!M l ^jjlS 3
?Al,}aJl jLll U-Uvl Ja 4
Answer the following questions.
ijc. Ij 1.1^1
Find the following in the letter.
(^LLa jfr jjjjil AjIjLaJI (j-ajll (j-« i_ja._)Aiij|
V AjSJJjJI (JjLlaijJ tj^Aa AjULbll i Ajlxil «i. UjUaJ^J^(jjjfLaua a!^, LjjUoJ^)J SLl^ll ^gjlui^o La!
#cliLjljJ! ^
L
.ha. Jlc. AAjja-ali
j Aij^aJ! ^ AjIa ojn,-V>\l ^ylSLuaj (jl<_sjbcjL
^al^ai! ^£kj1
^_LLc aJLu»^SI^2l^8
Read the above letter carefully and find the following.
ajLojjl! J&a 1
A^jLuwi ^_5^)2k! (JjLwj 4jIj£ Ig
)<ft oJililuaVI
^Ij *ULuijll 4_a^Vii»ialt AlljLaJ! 2
aJLwjII ^Uia) Ajaj J
SJLjj^I ^UuAl AiljUc. 2
How to Write in Arabic
The structure of a letter
A letter consists of the following main headings.
Date ofwriting
jJ!
j&\ ^J
Alluljll £SJj\j •
^jdl •
2008 10
Greeting the addressee •
1 — gHJ2lW USji\jp
Opening greeting ^tusVI^u •
^LJI.— 4 4-lda A-iaJ -t CIjLiajII t_nloi — 4 j A.uJa <LtfkJ
tilj fta! ».J) Aj» lii - 4 <3Lwijll e^A <^11 4.. n5> l (jl 4 dill 4-a^.
U^jll ojlA <^11 L-ti^l (jl (j'd -^)J)^'*"dl o^A lill Jala^l
Main body of the letter
End greeting 'Ulg-jll Ajaj •
^£1 UjUlala 4t
.nlf»l £-a
{_$jaJ (Jjtuij^ c-ujall f.liSil
j£l a 1jLflJ Lotiiwj
4_lUa.Vlj <JaV1 <^1)
A.IaA^kj dill ^3
dill
A «al^ all / -jinlft. <a\l
4 . la-all
Ajjiadl u2tj.lSl
j
£jlcudl ^A'lll
jbll
Signature
The following is a summary of the structure of a personal letter:
4^JW>/ C$J«>
dll a^-vU^Jiauj
<dtu>jll £J3jj •
:fejUi
;*Ldl *Uau
;^tii2yi Aj^j
36
_‘LaJj^ll ^£jjjjiVj ^3 ^lalaj L^.nJ-ai
l^-lSjlll
A_u^xxwJl (jc- l^aS ^Aj2^j j\ ^Sjljlfr ^Jj A^u^i-s. *u aALuij!ja&I
j[
Write a personal letter to your friends, describing your personal circumstances.
^ Jild (jC. Lg-ifi CJLL-all ^3 ^£j^La_)l 4JLuij IjjjjSI 2
^IrauijVl
Describe a visit you made to the Middle East in a letter to your friends.
2.2 Congratulation letters 2.2
Congratulation letters are written in Arabic to celebrate personal achievements, reli-
gious occasions, such as Eid El-fitr and Eid Al-Adha, and national days, such as
days of independence. The letter should be designed to express your happiness and
congratulations to the recipient. Arabic congratulation letters usually contain some
religious phrases, for example thanking the Lord for the occasion in question.
37
How to Write in Arabic
Tips on wntirz effective conpramlanon letters
^•a‘
;.?
' F -— •- J• f
',».,,,. ,
•;
: .They:are :\vays'of^.ele
rbrating qappy-_eyents wit]i friehds
?’family members.\6‘r relatives,
WBIk^ $
’
a ,
'- flF | p• ilie\ should express > our delight as well as praise the recipient
^B|i
:
.
-F. MlllfefF f; ;p Hjlill|p| • $f] FFFFF'Fp PFFp'FFF Ifelp
VA 'ug .l lI (JjLuij (jjiaJi J
?AAj^jjl (JjLuij 1$j3 di&j ^jII ellLj-uliall ^Lo 2
2008/09/10
j L_iaJU a nk <j2kJ
'Lk-alliJI ^JLuj^II o^A ^Sl Clisul (jl ujjjaj
.j^Vl ^JcolaJt (jIaTuVI ^ ^)AlJ!
j
a^'N '
>': AjjjiUaj SjIxj-oII ^
Jfrluj ^^Jc. &#SjLuill ^AAult ajlA iiLu (jS»J
^Lb-uLua 4ijJaj ^ic- ^ Iduuai UVs ^£3 ^gdiul ,^£lujl CjIjIuj eJ^-2*.^
(JjaiuwJl
/LlSUtilj A %1
^Sjlaauj fSXc-^ij ^slriitau ^jl <Uil <jLu)i Latliij
dlljLc Igls lja.jaiuilj oF^&i 22Ljij3I IjIjSI fiS.
Find the expressions of congratulation used in the above letter.
38
Answer these questions from the above letter.
(jc. IjJJa.ij >'Xs.\ *JUJ\ ijijal
fAalUIl Ailuijll ^ i
<—UjS 2
?*ULuj
_
jA L« 3
faJLajil C-Ui2i~J IjLaJ 4
The following are some of the expressions used in congratulation letters.
4 -N.
^ 'J ^ ' t^j 1“
J
Aaili j 'j* -
'j jljj v“iylVi ^jC-ULaj 2
39
How to Write in Arabic
ti>> b ejl^ll ^1$! (J~ JA^V ^JUJj 4_i-cajail fllfc 3
A.ulill ^1 CLuul ^ <..nivi 4
AjjuiUaJ A^liJI f^l ChxJi <jl ^12kJ9J 5
SjUJl jjSl Lallkj 1
11a ^jfiJ IJ ja jfr jlc-1 (jl ^ Ija^Awl fljiJl <^ij 2
j-a^liiVlj ^ I'nIIj A-sutiall IjLajj 3
oJiUj-allj £jalli 4^.jja^II Aj-alLkll j d*d Ijlj&ij 4
j diUlalcll (j-al^.1 JjjIj Ijloajj 5
diljui^llj ^IjsVl-j ®j«l& ^~il j-^ dillji 6
irgSSggj. tSSEaBB
Jpjj o^Ac.| ClIjUjJI A^uiUaj ^SlSi*-ai 4*1 dl 4j%2 SJIu.j i_yJj£i
1111 W®Lfee the above expressions to write a letter of congratulation to your friends on
the occasion of their marriage.
2.3 Responding to a congratulations letter hi^l\ 4lu»j j* jjli 2.3
2008 do^
(Jdalall ^.ti.Wi
4-JLl^ A i-v*'
OlAfr gjJjSjJ 4_bullLlJ IglLuijU jd<4j£i ^1 {SSL*J J^dll JJja. jl Ijl
a *'\
!
i.a\ i ^£jjikl jjd-a j& 4 a i Kill ^ ill > >1j (ja^
..ijjj ^al /U&1I
jAlall ^3*11 A$ll <> ja.jU .dadaJl t,..u^ .ul l ^ ^ ^ <ji
_A_uii«ujj>ill £>1^ £^9 iW (J
.X^h-v J JjAJillJ S3jUJlll ^a£l ^gjllLolj J^d Ijl^A iS *_>*
40
-v j< .'A { 1
ALaC. ^>j\-> (JjjjLo Ja 3
f
-.,;l% ^Ti-vi IiLu
Letters
eljjj£.lll j^Jc- cJ—3^. (jjAj-ai .1
<j3^J 4-imlLaj AljUtll jI js! ,<-TJ
JaJ ^-ilaj <lwill<»Jw£T
4jiak-ail (^ljAi_)a. ^3 6_<>*jajl ^ISAi-aVl «iad C'jj
A_iuil ' J
ciai aJLwij 2,42.4 Love letter
AJLjJJ 4jUS. £L <j^ll 1
c_La. ^JLuij 1I1V& 2
We write love letters to beloved friends, relatives and parents. In these letters weexpress our feeling of love to the recipient. Love letters are written to express howmuch we miss our beloved ones.
Before you commence writing your letter, make sure you select vocabulary which
will enable you to express your emotions and feelings of love.
Answer the following questions from the above letter.
?5JLui^li(_s
Ae. 5jll (jijJaj
!
3L« \
Presentation. A well-presented letter can add to its substance. Make sure your
letter is clearly written.
1
4-iitiii AiuuVi cf- e>y^.\ j^)3i Ij!j3]
BaSSI
SJLujj [Lx':
Write a letter of congratulation
How to Write in Arabic
2 Greeting. Choose your greetings carefully. The Arabic language offers a wide
range of these:
/ <#*j*>
3 Beginning. Indicate the reason for writing him/her such a letter. Be caring and
choose good reasons that will make your partner feel more appreciated.
isSLtaJ 11 C. la Labe.
^c.
4 Body. Express your feelings of love towards your beloved wife, parents, friends,
etc. Indicate how important they are in your life. Use romantic and attractive lan-
guage. Incorporate some poetry in your letter if you can.
5 Closing. End your love letter with a carefully drafted statement in which you
express your everlasting love.
Juull fC-J LjAj! ^11 (jl
The following letter expresses the writer’s sentiments and love towards his wife, Nadia.
Sample 1 1
2007 16
SjJaww OLaj^sadl jj VJ isItTij ^LaVl (Jj^p
Jj S_jS12ill dole. L«l£ (iLla (_}« -%1 & Ah^ LaLjI
oIIj LjjjjI Lal£» LoLjS
^LiVlJ Ayaj^zi 'Ullc-U (JSj AJaaJ iiLs <^j]| AjIIslII
iilic- 1-llxJ
AjjLaj cilLudi (jl ^ V] ^aVUtdojl ^C-j
Aja(i?
SSlj Lojj ^Luu
q.
a
AjIIxJI UjljjSj (jc-
..hull Udl Ida. <^£1
^UJI <ikjj
Letters
Find the expressions of love in the above letter.
CjAsSi (jj! jj-fi 1
f-ULkjjIl t_ul£ jA 2
_j (jc. lJu*J eL^ll L_ul5.ll <-_su£ 3
?l_uL5JI OLilalLa ^A Lo 4
.U1 t£)l^a>
(jj 1 M
t^JLuij q1 ^jjxiU t5lljj j»l 1 -Jill 131j dAjjSill ' it 131 2 ®
^jlna.1<_£j^S tj£$ o\h l£jltui) ijlia jij liLaJ JiaLu 3 ji
Cam ^ji ^ic-U ^a.1 tiLa-l ^1 13)J Ul j$i j u£lfa.i 131j Uii ijjjLa ~fc j 13) 4 1
j^Jlo Ls (—liill y (JjSj ^ila-oll <" llnt jl jUajj^l (JUa Laij 5 i®
j ^.^-I,lj QA l_Jjji J C jjll jiljJ L) J^jII (j£ ,jA l) lil.1.^1 6 -t
liu2 (jj£I! (JSj liljjSLiJ jijuiJA J-lJI jjjJ tilijJC- 0_>iuj (Jjill (JLaa. 7 ||
tpjl 1j^ till )i Uij UjJaS U=a Uja3 ' in (Jjjjjj (jaAjill 3 ;|:
(_$_J*C- (J£ i_£jLuu liiia ojlal ^j£l i^lj^a p Ulujj lilia ^JLuij maaa 9 Jr
http://www.3oyoon.com/love/love1.htm
-? $'&Srh?%JrS£e'-.1 ^*£.f sMp 1
i
jilg|jg| Mitiiii
g-iii dixxj Jja-w uli c-liij SJjLuij tZ-fij O^iJ <~W O* fJUl CiLhsLla (J£ ^Ii|j (Ja^! (^J 18)
,«*Uul I
l-g.llh.~j ojL-ull 4j^ (jijVl ^llc- (^a gyjiVu liliJk liU AjS Ui L>* -^1
.__>&Uall Al*. c-Iami
-Ue. 4ja. Aia.Ull t-ljt-^-^ill lilt litma-i La^jc. (jSlj AhlS f.\ ;l£ {^JS o44^* V gj} j
.liiijJa IaIc-jjj <^La> #
l Aj.uL.ujkj ^ i*iKll yjli; 3
V^JikL ^ <_jjI£Jl 1 1 gla^J ^jil i/ll i Vi-all Lo X
VaIlusu claSlVl ij^a a41c. <_u\£ll <. iuaj t aj's 2
IjLo 4 Ali-J t-\
Letters
(jx S^lxkuilj Jj»Vl tljljLc. Ij^.^pJLul 4
45
How to Write in Arabic
t-4
!
j
->)m* ».n LjU c-’iLij o^Ulujj q £jij (_>uLjj (J-»l (j-o fJUJI CiUJaSl Tu ^_Lkb (J-4^.1 2
bL=J * ^^tai {J^j i_Li£t >ji ju jl 4 dijj-ta JjjI j^AUA 3
Ia/^Gc. o/l.ijnjgijij Gla ^jc. ^
t^~*-‘~' liSjjjjA/iiL-uA,J l ^ 4JLui__)
^£3 iilajaIj liialja <jc. l^a Gllillj ji lilbljl <_±a. *ULu;j ^/t_±j£i_j
2.5 Condolence letters Aj>2 3JL-j 2.5
Kcv tips Jar writing letters ofcondolence \
3|$a' I!
jp|@p| I:
i | . 'J|||i
•. .Use your religious conviction to help eor
SaB^saiafehiSa * *!& *> If
x j -g
• ‘"Fxpress your sympathy and sorrow to r
his/her family
Y-Lj*j <1L-Uj tgja i. jjSj ^^1 cbliujtiall La 1
?3jj*jll (JjLlo
j
jl^a > U 2
Vigil! aJUu_jj 4j^slj AiUuj gjXJ La 3
Structure of a condolence letter L>j j ji*
Addressee (>•». <_b^!ill
Greeting -i*jj 4 4_nla Uaj 4 j «&! U^.jj
Content
In this type of letter you express your sorrow and sympathy to a friend or a relative
who has suffered a loss.
Arabic condolence letters tend to contain religious phrases. Start your letter with
genuine expressions of sorrow and deep sadness. The following expressions are often
used in condolence letters:
i_jJaL5ii ( filij Gluflli ( e_pfij s-liJaaj *G«aj^« L_l_jlajj} j jGLj \
SjlaJl ‘Giifill lbjlxb J (JlaJl C-jL^axJl jaJj ^Lall
^jSLall Slij lb GuaVi J l
2
46
Letters
3
Ajj _jlja. ^1 ^ In* a\) ^£.il)j Jlilij) jii. l^i ^lj«all 4
Then, assure the recipient that this is part of the human cycle, or if the recipients have
strong religious convictions, remind them that this is part of the faith and that the
deceased is laid to rest in happiness and peace.
; (Jjiha A Aau-aj Ajc. qa La Ail ^i.) UljSjil
^txj M njsj\ Vj ” l$-Lo)jai. ^ i—flLvlj ^^jjjU^La <^9 4 jjsi^Jj Aa)} Ujj all UjM
c‘l$ia
)jia> AJ 4 iklj Ajmx-sxa
End your letter with a line or two asking the mourners to be strong and patient.
A \f\ »
.
il lj (j)jLallj jj^al) (JaAak A-«jj£H Uij^uil Ail£j Uliftlj h (j\ j J
.*1j*}} (JJOl2kJ
(jj*jJj Aalj Ujj all Ujj 4ja*«iaJl ^.agl?
Cj\all) {jLyJ 2
AjU^. Juaall (jSLou yl jc- <*li) j Sjt^JI Ujjlxa jj£l diijJI ^ij 3
AIa^jj ,V.q4\l .‘lairij (j) all)C_S
J] ^jtJ-iTi 4 Lallkj 4
Sign your letter
Sample 1 1
2008/06/15 iMiJ
AjI^jjj all) A-aawjj ^Salc. ^^Lall
Jiaaj i A nT> Aa^j
^jJaLuj) 4 olij jak t,1 ml") 4 ej.i9j all) <d > laflj A_laj^ L_1jlUj (jjaJlj ^jjiV) ^llaj
joULaJj 4 SjLaJ) AaUii]) Liajl*aj ^Sall ^J&ij 4Alaa».jj JlaJl C-iL-a^ll )^J ^»5U)jaJj ^£Ld1
Alio.-wj £joiI jj jjj*J) Aiaal) JuJUu ji ^JUu alll ^UUa tAj-«sik-all Ajj^.V)' t—.klabtaHj SUalj^J)
Ujjj*^.lj Aalj Ujj all Uj’\ Aj)jjJajj ojiaa Aaic. 4AjU^. ^cauiS Aj^xuJj
* Jjaaa Aiyu Aau-aa j-io (jai La Aji ^jki iilj£ji
all) ejaJ Vj “t^-La )jaa. ^ 4 4\-v)j ^il) 4 j AjI] Ujj all Uj”
>l^_La I jaik. AJ i ii*ki j
A*nji ^JlxJ
AilSajiilj (jljluJ)j j.u^ill cJa-aak A-ajjSJl Utijjjjj Jl)j3l A^l£j UIIaIj ULa^Jj
,<il j*J) j
Uljiki
fuLi
47
dlaHil liLu 6
llJS
mmAjjjlaJVi Ailll lA 3-1^.jjj aJUH CjIjUjJI
Explain the following expressions and provide their equivalent in English.
Comment on the language in the above letter.
= fSjW >*1 1
= I—'
SljLuudl 2
= (jUaJ! 2^ui3 3
= 4
jaij Ji .fill Jj £• j| 5
= j 4j1I U)j ,& U! 6
aJLuijit AA.lgtjm .ati Ailil ijiic.
msi
48
Letters
Aiill U AjlLill 4JUai_>l! I jl jal
Translate the following letter into English.
2008/06/06 J2U
^jll <*il
.Ijxak,cUlili
AjIS^jj alii A-oa*. ^Sulc. ^ivLalll
<(jjx2klj aj!) Ujj ai Uli t jfiJi U«ij (
^SLxl Siij Lu UaSI Sal
sAic. ^-Ja&l U Aij iil lx ai t ail ^Jafrj ail (^pxaj 4
^Uii9 1^-jSu.nJ (jjj t 1^-xajj Jj t 1*1 ^aix (jl ai! t L-bxlaJiij ^Awaila t ,^-xjxx (JaJj
.j!jlxllj ^Jx-cal! iiSj_jak]j t^lx^Jij Ajlia.
Oal^Att j&|
How to Write in Arabic
2.6 Letter of apology j&&! 2.6
Vjliic-j aJLuj 144 1
aJLui^) ^kl <**mS 2
l/Wiy a letter of apology is so important in Arabic
As in any language, writing an apology in Arabic shortly after the offence can rebuild
the existing relationships between people. Arab people tend to accept an apology and
forgive the offender. This is based on their belief that forgiveness should be granted to
people who commit an offence or did wrong.
In your letter ofapology try to express sincere regret for what has happened. Makesure that your usage ofthe Arabic language reflects your genuine apology. Your choice
of Arabic vocabulary is vital here. Avoid using generic terms that can be taken as
unapologetic.
Show that you are entirely to blame and that you made a mistake which should not
have happened.
How to write a letter of apology in Arabic
Do not forget Arabic greetings in the beginning.
4ll ‘Loa.jj {SAc. — 4 AfSjUa 4_ula Aasd -4 <.nlii — < Jjuj 4_uJa
Express your apology at the beginning of the letter: ^
j
44}
Ajijjij 6 tlui La (jLdaV! A aj£i^ 4—a.iL-oi ^ tLuil
j
Describe clearly the reasons for your apology (what you did wrong).
.(jialijli lit dliC-j « (Jjjljll jlc
.j 4 ^ glal 4 iardi ^42
44) .Adill oift tliLLdal ^ 44) o4 AjLiSi (JjS 1 ddjj Jl&lI
45!) (Jj £^.JJ V 4.i>» (jL til jdc-l V) 4 (Jd ^1*11 lift JjSjl ^1 ^gjlo
.Aiuill o4 iJjjja j^jll A.i».k^ill LJj^lall
Affirm clearly in your letter that you will not repeat the same action and, if possible,
give proof ofhow you will do this.
(Jji-aaii jl^JA.1j -la. JSj 4j!j ai* ci*Vl Ajji. i—iiadV ^ La lihAlcJ
.A-ojUili Adull
Promise improvement in the future.
^Lu <Ull ^Li 4jj 4^^ La (JjixJI ^»lxll ^ guLull
Ask forgiveness one more time.
Jisl a,Li (jl jjiil 4--ujS clil (4)j ‘ CF" 4^'*>4 (jl I j
50
Letters
Sample 1 jljjc-l ji £j^aj
2008/07/13
otlij «Ull (JUal * Ja.Vt iS~^LA
JbU
j
4 M A-a^jj ^^LaJl
A-ym ^i c_flJllj-ai ^jL i LW jliin ^Jallj cdJ) CJjSl
t^l\ -\> «-ii jlfi.j 4 jJ ^ ^Ial fJj 4 Jaak.ll ^..l-ltsk
4Aj*jJj o CliiS La ^jtg-Ji
^La. 1-jl ^ i^c-j ( “»J
CjUlaJLal ^ j t^Llj jjiajoJl aife AjUS (Jj3 Ijjj£ di-lijlS ^a3;^JlllJ
^jutj L—IIajj jL till j^j&l Vj 4 (Jau ^UJI life c3® 4^4 .AiuJl oife
_AiwJl fiife l$J Cjjjx A i* > <->ll t_fijjJall ^1 (Jj ^lm£>j ^1 £a.jj V
Sa. (JfLj cUl jjlj dife (J^Vl Ajai, 4_-UajV ^ La 4_]£ 4j-ft&iui 4^^ 4^-illJ ‘^fetcJ
^A-a^liil Ajj.iJl 0 Aak_n3 ^Jc. (J.‘A.glWlj)
(j\ j^-jl .^LtJ «&! *LJu(jj
tilxJajj La (JjLoll ^l*Jl ^uLlil! <j-a i^$JA L_i_^ujj
pLi^jJ
j^all <_jj_j3 ^laj ^Jjj 4^_jjiL-aaj (jc. ^W aLou
/
jii (JjL«j 4jUS ^3 '441a ©JilwYl ^jJlj Alluijll jbfe)*l CjIjLc. 1jajiUj »Mc.i AJLuijll 1jljSI >,
‘44-JULa
Read the above letter and find the expressions of apology which might be useful
for writing such letters.
How to Write in Arabic
4-Jlall AllujVl (jC IjAiiJJ o^ic-i AiLoIjll IjljSI
Read the above letter again and answer the following questions.
?SJLujjll l_uI£ jJjc.1 (jc- 1
ujjIS (^jII u-ilowVi ^^La 2
?4jjV aJIuijII UJjIS 4-aJ3 ill Jc-jlljA La 3
J La jjjsu LgS vlilaia jJjlj <_Ja 4
mmtfH|
Ajltil! dll jLjxil I_J=W_^J|| _£ ^
Give synonyms for the following.
... =Ja»Jl (^La. J
= o-ljl! ^_ja>a 2
= o-atiijil A-lti. 3
= (J^sV^ 4
...= 00“^° ^AJjj 5
= 6
IP/p^ .‘
.
1-*’
1' Jjiil OJ^pliU AILuiJ I Aj p&j J*4U l.'ligA. ^TllSujI ^£jl l ^il^J
M/r/te a letter of apology to a friend of yours, apologising for offending him/her.
Responding to a letter of apology jl^! Z&mj ±J\
Acknowledge receipt of the letter and its contents.
ojI^-lu ^jJc- ^Jc.j
Ai-Jil eJA titilLuij JS3 ojjxll (_£j]
j
Express your feeling towards the contents of the letter.
4-avLall o<a < fltt'frA J A jfliar-k jJjj IglLaJS jljC-Vl (j£i‘^luiA o^- IjSl ^J fdVtj C.liomttkli
^Ic-ta .<&! p.Lit o) ‘LajLail Ai-ill jjSJ jLaJI pu^il)(_5Jc. <AU > *-lj
.<^hll Aja^oII
La siiloJiujy dia^l) ^11j o“*li j.)* » «~i dilj La dljU
52
Letters
2.7 Writing a letter of complaint 2.7
(JjLuiJ (-;^j 1
aILuj^) J tdl cJa 2
>all (JjLui_j 4jlj£i ~ ^> m2 ^j]| jjjIxjI! La 3
Provide advice on how to improve the situation.
£jj (j-°J l>“3 4 j J 4 i^LiiVn litiaj Jaij Vl ja.ji
Sign the letter.
Aj Ua^. {_jC. ^paxiJl i\ <lSLl4J '^.u5>i
Write a letter of apology to a friend whom you upset
How to Write in Arabic
Sample 1
1
<—
a
2008/08/07
Tj *s^A \ <_£j£jaII C&J1JJ^-6 ftjU**
• Jljuj < AjlSjJj A&I 4-*^JJ f<\? ' C'
<_iijJa AiStft Jjiil UaU-Ul ^Uiji f 4> ‘-^ ^5^1 »i*i^1^j-51 o^J f^J J ^ ^
yblj^jn £ji li!jU. j53 .(Jiii* ^jfri J*-3 cW5^ *^-> ^2Je-U“
V i_iL»a, jui J I-3*?- jjcl ylii j>cj Jr13- ^ f^*-**
JS ^ ji uU. jusiijjJi |> «Slli u5 ®J >* (/Jfr*11' ^
.jUI (is, Qi\ limi y-itej f
UiAl (Ji *tA&j
1^1 ysj iU)^ J^i (> MWYb ^Ui!l ^J5 '^ ^ SjUi“
^ J WiJt 1.Wj=^I iil.J lS=J JiJ3« fSj?-J 'V AAM <As^jjjlsLLall JAxll ^£iiajx
fIjiuV! <3jU £*
£?M'
?<] iLaAidl 5-o^kll £jii UkUj* jll U^ 3* 3
*2uoU A-o^kii lJSKII CUiji (Oft jl cU5jl J* ^1 ^UKttj c^ljUll ^>3*4 4
54
Letters
< -f “fj^';"\^; ''4L-'V^^^^%
t’f" '>' j--i-u*. •A-f-'
yl^a]l S-a^Lall A_«AAjl ^SLja_j (jc. 1^-19 (jj^jixj ^.Li jj.la i^jLSa <1Lldj f_jfiSl
Express your discontent with the quality of service in a letter to your bank manager.
, (j »ll «^>31 <JSj*_5 4-oJkiiLaLcll <*1311jjjVs ^jjiajV! <*ilb AjjjS^ {_5jS^ji •ULajj LajjjUij <JU»j I^jj£i
Write a letter of complaint in Arabic and compare it to one written in English.
Discuss the structure and language used in both letters.
How to Write in Arabic
2.8 Application letter Q&j 2.8
1 '1L 4_iV'l^ .Vic. 1 ^ “»j^ Lff* ^ 1
2_lL_u j 1 ^IajJjJJ ^j]I Jalaill ^a! ^_A La 2
4JLui^)llj) Aiaiaj L_iUa aJLoi^ La 3
•• Sample 1
2008 .lO.lOr^jttl
^sJaioiL ^Lull jj.1* ojL*_ui
jxolsuilj 4_u^£S) jj
< <&f 4_a2».jj f<Ac. ^!>Luiil
;-Ixj Lai
.4_ixajjall 4*111 ^k (ji-aj-aa^La S^jLuji Ay\ -v. ^k ^£LjL ajjAIaII L-to-i.aH ^
k
tilljjk Jiii
AjLilt ^
k
(Ji..^>l r>.j i ^Lil l^A *LjI Jjsl
Sjtgul(_gic. l^La i"iL^ ^^ail A* al-^il
i^AJ JaL^jiL (jo-aLkll leui Sjtala. £ya j
(jaii ^3
l^Aj _c.LjaJ_i]l ^)|jii! A n ' a 1 4_L-aL^jl lILsLj ^jLll 1 .wL Iac-L-oa liLual dililLil .W
.jjaJjOj]! A.iSx> LjljjJ jj 1 A-j-ta^jali ^ ^Lil
Ijjj-a L-iUa.ll IjiA AifijJ (jAlj-Hll AjjA IjjJaC- (jj^i J^J
4<LiSli S^Iujj AJjoiI j^vIa^ Cja
.i jiiij i f£Uj C5
iaa (j' <&1 Lic-b
(jljjail
L-lliall ^uLa L_J _/j^a
Uaa. jl ^iSbi-aJ \ji&\
J
o!^£.i 3iLmjJI 1jljSl .1 |l 1
Are the following statements true (T) or false (F)?
Ajallxl) dlLajlt-ail AjLlxil AiUajll (jfi. [j^Ac-VII
'
1 \
Afuiloa Aioiaj (J-ofc L_lliail (_
t-»..l <a\ (Jjiui I 1 2
(_juJ '.It lin-s n 4jt_ala» qa el__}_jaS^il ^^ic. ^ <—llLla [ 1 3
Letters
AjjjjJj
The structure of an application letter
Provide your full contact details.
jJl L_iiia should contain the following elements.
-
^l^yiakVl (3^^ IjAJ“‘a3-i_9
iSpm
AjjS .J
Jaliujjall A^^)jjj _JJ^<G
<Uiji_uudl Ajl5La.ilj w^jil
How to Write in Arabic
Sample 2 2
(jAaj j-x.al l .Ljulajjll i,,,.u5> .a /(a! Ajw
(
jlSLoil) /{JjJaliVl
<AjI£jj j <uil A_a^jj ^ilc. ^Lull.
AiJaj tulla jjJajaII
AauiIac l—AjUajll £ya ^Ijl Aiiiajl I^A g-i.Ua.> yi
AiLiJaVU i AjIS, qa AjIc- Alx-alaJI ^jj.lViVl ^ ^l5j=*-VI ^^a^a
AimjjAll AilSl ^ 1
C. UAjJa") AS_^joU A_ujj,ij SjJ3 3
.Aj^jjW \V1 j Ajj^stli Ac-tUall tJLaC-l *
.!($ to j a£__)ja1] JjImijU A-<i^^)13I (jLo&t *
AjjjSlaII (jLaC-Vl *
A la*Xi .oil A_Ujiill j Aiuil jjl <jc. £l**u lift g-i.Ua £-0 (jjiijj j^ajL £-«
:<^k L“^.Ajjlill SjJjjJI 1
2
AjISII (jA l\j-cll dil^^p c a>»^ 3
.(^Ijluill jJjaj <3Jai=v i A-aUil Aj^jUill ojlg_ui 4
.AjjjilajVl AJtDl SjjJs SJllfjA 5
,J*Ludl SjjJ jjjSj 6
.Aj-oj£^ jl A >^>1 A A^^ {g\ Aic. dujJj tjij (3f<-« 1 jj (j<o Sdil 7
^)Ajaul j! A A >11*1 §
.A ,>>.«a,A. >m.U AijUsull A-vtai 9
(j-o lillol Lo (j£ (Jijj il^Ag. Jil V~> ^S^aSlI^oj ^JarJ ^jl j (jjjSjjll A&l Aj^1_)
Llilaj A_xsJli»J ^Li j «&) UsA j (jiaJt Aio (jj£.V AsUa j ‘'fl ^
4 ja}Sj]i j ji^vi ^ij l3^4 IjU-^hj
58
Letters
m§VS|bS
ngi as
Ajxljxll AjiUJl aJLujjII ljA4ji|§§||§J|
Complete the following letter with the appropriate words and expressions.
.AxjjaxII j_)3 4 ijfcj (Ji-kll IjA jllai ^ji
<^1 AiLuaVL 4 ‘UH (jx<_si (Jjj
jjjjIISj<_J
ic.
<imj^a3l 4iill ^9 *
ejlia *
_4jjjlskiVl j *Luj*Jl (jjjiilb ‘Ic.Uiail (jLxci *
.l^jx S_jJ)L^a3l j eJjljll 4x».jjJ! jLafri *
Jtxc-Vl *
lx *Gxxiajx]| 4jj j ^aljji {jc. lift ^ ^ £x
.Ajjlill J
^,_$lj,} sjI^jS 2
'4j&S\ qj» ‘Ux^xailiil jxll dlLa.jJ 3
j ejlj-uij ( ‘Lijjull ojlgxo 4
j'O* '4-=‘-“ij 5
.**..’*''*'** ‘‘'^ O* A ~**~ “ , ' 6
<5Ua j (jx (iilxl lx JS Jijj ^SOclj lljft (j-lc- ^Sjail_jXJ (j\ (jx A-Wwlj
Ui]aj Ax^aJ ^SIjJ j *&l Lia3 j (jiail (jixa. .ijfr (jj^V
(Jjjiij l^L-jatUj
2.9 Writing a curriculum vitae V5* 2.9
Your CV should be attached to your letter seeking employment. Below is some infor-
mation on what to include in your CV.
?3_ulj SjJjx AjUSI ^Ijajt_?lx f
?4jjIill SjjjjJI ^C. 2
>Vu^, (jx jl AijJaj L-ilfa ‘ULi. lallc. 4jj 1bll SjjUxll ^ba!l
How to Write in Arabic
CIjLojIxaII Ajjli!! SjlxuSt
^yrkutfl <jC- CiLajJaua \
Ja\£ll ^yi •
c-ialll •
^jjIj •
<4j •
jl jjAj-a •
Ajc-Laj^M AilsJI •
A-Lxo-a]! <ULaJI •
(CilA+Alt) ^4kll *1jbjyt 2
4jx«}jJ Sjlgjj (jAcJ (j-o IjUijj Igjk (Jj-fijCk. lllhl^'llf&\
2jxm •
tgj ^LiiiJI ^gjil L_ijUa^ilj iJLac-Vl $j4aJ| 3
Ig-'An cjUUU cV^l :Cjlil!l 4
jAili JjJjia Cj CjVHaIIj tfjjaall — < - n^ll ^UjVI 5
tjp- AJlull ujLajIxaII <iUaC.| i- v>j. £> Ajaxuj 6
;(j-al^aiVl
AiJajJl ^uiV!
SjijJl L-i.svU^a (jljjc- 7
(jl^ixll <Lal§yi jjljic. •
jjji*J) :(jl_*ic. •
UJ^J' •
iii -ijjjii •
Aialaj^ <1)^1
4-lJjxil Axli! (Ja <Uo»jj3I 4iJajl c_ilj ^jS <jc. ojljj (jl*j
60
mso!Ac.i AjjliejAuiJ 5jia^>-a •LiJaj i_jlia SJLujj IjjjSi
•—y. ••.,BH
Apply for the above post and include an application letter and CV.
2.1 0 Resignation letter 4JUj 2.1
0
?aJUluJ (JjLuij AjIj5s(_5jx 1
' (jjL-o j 1 g i «n > ^Ti ^1 La 2
What your resignation letter should include
Express your thanks to your employer for the opportunities you have been given during
your employment.
^ ^Ixc. CiSj <JIjJa ^^Jc. jj-iaSlIj (ji iji
jjj
o2A ^3 ^ioc ojh j^siAc.'
.
^\e. ^jLiixlj(_£
(jl I At
j^ioC- t>-la ^ SjaLx*1 I ^j^c.Lujx ^ ^jC. jJJaCill Ax^a^all{2k\ Jji Vji
Include the reason for your resignation. Make sure that you do not mention anything
negative about the company and your employer. Arab people are sensitive and any
negative criticism may affect your future career, as the letter ofresignation will be kept
in your employment file.
(jx aIISLuiV) JiaS 4-U-aijji AjIjIc. (., ll.Ui Aj| Ixlc. ^SJajJk.1 •
^IxC. <_jx IgJ (j^XjV 4.x*a\ jy C-jlimV 1 aAj •
jjxi! ^^Vxla. ^ <jx L-jUaJ Aadx Ajljtc.J ^aijJil •
Say when you are leaving
(jx IjUjc-I1 jfrl.Au Jl
6
How to Write in Arabic
Sample 1 iLuijl jr iyij
r 2007/1 1/25 :&J&\
J I^all / ftjl will
—ja> .all / ilj wiVl
^ioljuo (Jw*alj!Lo ^cO AjjalLo ^ic. jjJiallij ^SJull ^i^tuul ^^sjI Vjl
ejulail jjVI Al <jl£ La* Aiijjaill aOA ^ ^^LoC Sj^9 J!Aik, (JdaliVl ijr^j i l^i rs ni
A \-\ a j a3^! jc-LuLd 3* (JJiiill ^iLa (J^J A^wasw& L_fl j^lal I jL»< 4jtj j
a^A ^jllaiiw;) ^»Su.
a
j^jlj?
AfAj-ui (J*a11 ^jc. ^jll o~-Ij ^j^Liwil
2007/12/30 c>-j 2007/1 1/30 o- » ^
j
JLaC-Vl filialj (^j5L* CP JJC-V Aw-ajall ejlA jgjjl <jij! i)j
cuaaj £j£l <j^ ci^j jp ^j-all Utb A^jwill (Jikta l^-^IJa ®_>ia <J1jla ^ aKjaII
^l^jllj (_3;i9jjll ^Slj LJ < - jj£j (jU Aj_j^S d il-^. aJLuiI i. -*(^Sl&2lJ ^
1^<^
.^ AjL^..^j ^jIaII ^£1 l^fiL* t a£^wiQ ^2^)11j ^^iillj ^j-sJI ^_gi] ^£&2jj j
jj^SjIIj ^IjiswVI Jjjli
,jIa Jj^lj ^J&l! <3* ^1 n*la
*•. i Hall ^_a*
;£—jSjjJI
YAjILus
j
t.nKI l tjjjl IjLaj J
?4JLu!_^11 i_jjI£ 2Jliluil ^sljji (^aLo 2
Va]Iu>j1 I L.uKI <JaC ^jj ^p.1 jALa 3
Letters
s'
?4j1LujJ AiLuijll l_ul£ j»JJ2k.l I j'-aJ 4
= j&u^-o 3
= ^AaIxaM 4
... = oJ'j 5
_
= 4j-ajail 6
£ ^^J JJ fy»4>i yrf^5' ^ (> yuv L C
Write a letter to the head of your school, resigning from your role as a student
representative.
2.11 Writing e-mailsJLujjm\ jiu-jJi 2.1
1
Writing e-mails in any language or culture follows almost the same guidelines.
Subjects
Give the message a subject/title. The subject is the starting point or main topic that
gives the recipient an idea about the content of the e-mail. The subject should leflect
the substance of the e-mail, and where possible be very specific.
[b [.« H- lar* i«* t**»W l**i
! b x i > *? 9 I w . ~t *‘ A.. y,- . .i,
_j5j.
bm; IWwi .. — —»i«
I
‘
i ZZZ. ~ —
~
1 —
—
fr*m A-* ^ — —
How to Write in Arabic
Greetings 4^1
Greetings are crucial in Arabic culture and it is considered rude to start an e-mail with
the name of the recipient. In formal correspondence, make sure you address the recipi-
ent with his/her title. It can be regarded as impolite or offensive if titles are dropped or
if senior or older people are addressed by their first name.
Purpose
Make sure the recipient knows the purpose ofyour e-mail.
Action
As mentioned above, make sure you use phrases and sentences that are deemed polite.
Thank the recipient for taking the time to read your message.
Attachments Cjtildt
Make sure the recipient is aware of any attachment. It is highly recommended that
you refer to the attachment in the body of your e-mail. Provide information if needed
about the attachment. It is recommended that you attach the attachment as soon as you
write about it in the body ofyour e-mail. Too frequently e-mails are sent without their
promised attachments.
Endings
End your message with a polite note. There are many greetings in Arabic which serve
this purpose (see section 2. 1 for more greetings).
Names
Make sure you sign your e-mail using your name and, where possible and if appropri-
ate, your role.
f|||<
.\\ AjJcLuia mmi
Write an e-mail to your teacher asking for academic help.
2.12 Writing a memorandum 2.12
What is a memo SjSa*?
It is a message written on a hard-copy document. It is used as a means of communi-
cation within companies and organisations. The memo should be dated and both the
sender and recipient should be clearly marked. It also contains a subject heading and
a message space.
Memos consist of the following sections:
64
Letters
‘To’ uA' section includes the name of the receiver. Most of the memos in Arabic are
formal; therefore, it is crucial to pay attention to the titles and names of receivers.
Make sure you address the receiver by his/her Ml name and title:
‘From’ section contains the name of the sender. Make sure the full name and title
of the sender are included. Avoid using first names only. It is considered a matter of
respect to include the sender’s title and Ml name,
‘Date’ section . Use the Arabic date system, write the month in Arabic.
Subject heading £ Make sure you provide a title for your memo.
Signature This is not compulsory.
.AJuaSI qa I.lift (jl JjI
.fit u,ql ^ i u AaaJwISV) S^C-LulaI) f^SsLi
2.13 Examples of advertisements £3us 2.13
Obituaries Stfj CjU^J
AajjLftl) ->• a \) AjIIj
£>ll <> <j*Z
Jjlui
jjU-aJI AIaI >$Jij 41a&
j
<6ii o±o3u
How to Write in Arabic
OlxabJl fluajj
djU-flilaJt uiljjj fLujjj
6j*-u
L$jUjfcll 4>W1A,
£)i Jaj Jft O^Lwjj
^U2 is) 4-4*J J£j|
^ uuaJ
^LiaVl 'W ».w .a £}a (JaaI AjI 4*
1 £j*£ .JSj t Laic 4t65,? jAtjj 0^4oa&.j JjHII aM ,1«u
Good wishes Ai^ili cjU^IUj
J j3 ^u&xwall AjI&j jIajI j^Jjj
Jii AU$111 ^j^lik jjjsuii
Ci^jJlj jjjaJIj jjaJL £ji*iJl A^wUaI) a-lA iau £jf AJMa. Jc- ,&! UaI
j
Aiudl j JjiP Jjl* AauIIaj A 1I$j .1
pv.:
-1 |] |||
r
11;
|
,r 1
f /" _ “ \ -
^ \S&. la 1 Uiiu o ft 'Wfrlpfc 1
3.1 Care and attention to detail 4Aii!J jAUMdlt liltjLp 3.1
Here are some expressions used to express detail.
in detail, at great length J*<Lolj*Jl CjLuLi
j
diLutajj Aaj <-_a5jj AjuIj jjIjtt
in great detail tiS# J*.SjaUsJI ila. UauJaj] jLlI jLk (_yij CjJ £SljJlj l.UfrB _ji
great deal of 0*
j ^laJI £yi j^u£ ^jJc. jlluiVl I AA
to the best of the ability J*sVi J*da£H\ ^jic- aLuu liillujl ^la
a great deal of 0* JO* ^4-uxfcVl q-« jju£ ujjtx (jlS
as well as one could possibly wish; in excellent order jdjjU
^IjjLa (JajcI ^jlc. Alwu Lub t—ilUall
to study a problem from all sides; in all its aspects LuiScj Uja *dL«dl diau
lui£&j IJijla eljSLi aJs> uSJl Cua.j
1
JJ La ^ 2
1 1 Xf*.^ 1 **1 \ i—
»
^ \1 l'* ^l i i *'k i ^
Aiall As>.j (jic- 4
67
How to Write in Arabic
i> ^ 5
J^VIa^I^ 6
3.2 Expressing hard work and efforts o* 3.2
These expressions are often used to express hard work and effort.
exert every conceivable effort tsJ-«
£
.Ajx-oLa. Jjj-aaii,_gjL^aj i_ilUail Jij
to buckle down to a job^ CP
A]_jjL>1 Ajlxu) A] 'j ifrLui £]£• L-JUaH j A vi
devotion and dedication <j^2j o^j(J^aII ^ £l£ij JSLj aIaaj ^vUil
to work day and night cM 4L1 jjjJj *Ujj Sjj* i&i
cUaSI AlA *Uai Jjajj <Ujj ^alaj j$i I jjii£ J*aj JxUli
embarked upon JP (r1^(jL^l«yi (JjS AIaC- L_JUall
essence of responsibility and discipline £jj
ji-ucall ^ ilo JaUJajVtj £jj oiVji e-iVl
hard work
jjI!U (J£ (Ji-ai JlaJij) J&ll
by heart CP
i_ila j^Ja (jfr ^j£l! ^j!jail (jJaAj Jaiaj
to reap the fruits of one’s efforts 4jUj1 jLu ^4.
, jlaA^J I frULill (Jx<a2 4jbui jLaj ^^Ull yjA
all his efforts
JikVl ^jluail Ail ~.uj
(Jjk*_a ^gic. (J 11 l5l^. L_liUa31 (JxaJ
68
aLic. b& jajj 1
obJA\ 'lm jliLuVt iU*> 2
Sjjaall ^aiVl oJic-Lut/J LS^} iJjj 3
J £J>J _>H3 4
^jV t Ajj^oII L«-iic- AjIsuI i_jiUall 5
OLjajli*Jl aJjUatjjSjial! ^-LisV lW^ Jjb (j
3.3 Expressing emotion o*u*V^& 3.3
to share someone’s joy ajiabi
jrU) £ jjl'
in good and bad times
fijjaitj f-\j>udi «uit Juskj I i*
wavering/vacillating jlj^N
jljlaVi (-ilSla UjUajjj^
I harbour no grudge/I feel no resentment 6*^ V
£?LJa<[jja4jV AjjO <j4 Aj clwaU ^c.j
with the greatest regret <> Alw
ejjjj (J^a_>a (jC- lAuiVl £>4 (jiUJjll C-ljC-l
with extreme satisfaction cm>yi <>
i/jjjlt cK jja-dl <Je. CU2jVi O’* ^0^ eOOJl f-obU ^Ldl jjc.
on pins and needles, on tenterhooks; in greatest suspense O4 3^ tP6,
Aj^IjJI aflAjfcij J •‘•^ ^ ^4 4-I^Uall jfciTlj
to cause/incite enmity da ^jc-i
Ajjj SjlJxl! i£J&\ -l3*® Lg-l^ jSil l^>laj
experienced good and bad days
j&> .ill uK .133 _^axll (j-jxj-bl) j^ti}
69
How to Write in Arabic
to break into tears jW>l
Jja ^^ic. j l$*-a lAUiaa ^Isll ^LjVl j^Sl LoAic. 1^ .m\ jiaijj
to touch on a sensitive topic jjjI* JS&
t—l^Uali LgjSj 4^AlaIl pi i-i-vSil jjjj jLujl LaAle. ^uLui^il jjjll C-l^caS jtiujVl jAjj
most willingly, with pleasure AjJa cfi>
Sjjixoll AjjAall oLa ^ (^ukUa^l Sac-LoaI ^La ajlalA Ajjla Qc- £ jjj
be emotionless^ JK3
tihla Vj^1>I _>c.Liua (jaLill liljLi
feeling of unease jc-Ula
(jlALJI AJUaJl 4 try, jPtwia (jfi. ^jaJI pistil JJ&
the sad thing is (J*U«
»A^.jl ojljjj1JJAj jAJ Lut
J
cried with agony ^AiKj ^3 4jLuo
1 ^»lVl SAii (^a Ai
(JiJall
eyes were bathed with tears a***5'
l$J \ g Aja j'_)9 jjs*. Cjxajm LaAjc. ^^aAlL lALLfr Cj2jjjP1
^LU 1yu^A
Use the following in complete sentences.
ejJaJul jAAII l. lit 1
p\£JLj jJoiil 2
(_>al • 1-k 11 C-J^J-ia 3
Jai-uJl jc\J*A 4
t> J=*-i C5^- 5
6
^•^aAllj Cj3jjjc.1 7
70
3.4 Expressing progress
Stylistic expressions and vocabulary
ijf’ CjIjLc- 3.4
progress or advance step by step Sjtai Sjki
AloiljJ ajla ajiai. pJAj
take pains in; make every effort to d jlw^ eiaj
Aidlxll AjflUliH aj&Uajil ajA r-lail -jjLui t s!jjaVl JSi i_02j
pay Off i^a&l
(Jjj ^jLaJill (JJjSlb ^31x1} Lojs Sjau ^uUi
phenomenal growth ^jjU«a jaJ
toijjLua I^aj iwj^2k ^js-i_si c_s__)C-
—- Up
^jjil ni-.yi d)ljbc- AjiljJl Ojsill;
.L j
Find expressions of emotion in the following paragraph.
,4aii j La <J£ (jjaau ^laluy pi Aj\i pLaVl ^11 Cl)jiai <-aJlSj p&jj o-Ma. £«Lu •Ajtjj^a^a (JS pc.j
.jl
3''‘>y
' j siaJI JjLuj ^Ic- liilj (JiaJ “LUjs. (J»aii 4j^a^LLl_o *Ga.
3.5 Failure and disappointment
CjF tWb 3.5
to return with empty hands
pjall ajil 4_LaHjdl c-jUlVi qj^
deadlock Jjjia
JjAjjki ^c-alj^jll ClLja^jliall ClL^aj
failed in £& ^l^objj (jp. (jijj) gUS)^ jlijldl g\h pi
failed in^ d«2
jp>Sj\ ‘Ula.'Lo] cjJUall (J*i2
failed in^J^lj^il jsall ^ ^-ailxll pS^l p^Jard ejai-V I djla-a^ <—ila.
failed in CP J**’
l$j ^Ij3^ CP ^ ^3 4jjl ^LiSI (jc- c_iV) _>X.
failed in c/
tjjj^a LjjlUJl ^jbCal ^ L_llUail L_Lui_j
71
How to Write in Arabic
illuiVl fxjiJ 1
AoJaflll t-,cu 2
<Jj> '***' N tjs dJij 3
^ 4
CjUjVi JaflaJ jliuiVl U_)^i 5
A fl-llaj ^^Ic..
(ji ^Ualuit Ijjiaij ()
Stylistic expressions and vocabulary
3.6 Time and age 3.6
since his childhood ajaUai aL»
#jSUaj <LajaJ Ala Ajt-ili IAA (jlSj A2LJU ^jlA i—.i-io
from time to time o eWO^ 6^ 0V6a*j cw
jiV Ojia. <> l*J Sjbjj^jii
to break with the past ^iua
^uaLail ^Ja l J <LiuiLajLa jjLlljJl i
A
j
to end with; arrive eventually at <-iUial} J(jAi] ^k A nV> l i^k l^J Jl 1 fllllrtll (jl Cm-<Lu [ U-O^ 41jl ^
in the full bloom of youth ‘“4“^' ^*44“ Jjj^ jAjWjjj
in the prime ofyouth sh4“^
44“ jAj (jioaJlj(_32)Ji]l
at a time when^ ^AjliAi^al £a <-Jsdj Vjxjgui 4® Cjj£ ^All &&3II
over a night ?3i Cm
ojjjS CjIa^V ,»5»lJJ jA (Jj ^4flj j»JJ <^AJ lAA CjAaj ^1
for a long time 4*^ ^ &*
Auu Xa'i Ala »1jl J
his hair turned grey *!“
j l_ux*ljI iaik Aiil O^j eljl ^
to belong to the past d* j4^ Ja.A
dsjp. (j* AjIJskia
in the immediate future cM*J! ^JaA*ll (_ujill ^k
sooner or later ji
}IaI j’t ^4^ A'\aS\~i£, y’n...
73
How to Write in Arabic
forever 44 distil dibjaJI ,jc- Ac-la^j JlC-lj
deep-rooted Jjjc
^3 ^SjjC> 4 j->jjb 4jj,w<a,dl C!jL«1^aV|
with the passing of time jjj*
jjj«4 g-a ^Klnm (j_3=b V
Complete the following sentences.
2-jbn tUaji ijAAii m
Ijjjji O' b^c-lj 1
.AAlaJ £ya 4jJ.li-a 4j ^13 La ^ m*n»u £a 2
•llxJ JUa ftlji 3
aJj jij jjlj ^tc. 4
0^ Ayb*«dl i£jiuui (jjmVtl ^A.iC-1j 5
(jt£ Loa {_)§' o >.*-> 4£_}Jj ^ 3jS1j i _ ,u^ b o^iaj Jm ^
Auju B*k .all A ji sift ^2 aJo^jJ ^ ifwU blbj ^ • ia\
jbl.il! iLaJl (JaxILj <Jj fb VjAbl! ^labll 7
3.7 Economy and tradetrade AjjUojSi juii 3.7
to sign Jb> £3j
(jj^Ul (jil Sjadl ejlaull AjflLfljl ^lc- (jluiujll £3j
to focus on yJc- jSj
ibl)^ d)ljii-ail 2-ijbkA bjjjJa (jiujjll JSj
decreased
^^5-JoLdl j»l*ll 10% J=bj ^ijlaV! ob*!! ^jic <_llLll JjlxA ^jiaiajj
held agreement '&= pjj'
dil^jUa AuUaJjj 4£jbi £_o lAflC- 4_u^x_all Ja^laiJl ClsjjI
surge of prices j^VI
aL^J dlliUa ibkjj j»0C. C-Uxaj Jjjbll jbtu«i l*tl ttljl
combating illegal immigration *b>dl Sj^JH Aailia
JlLil SjA^Jl Alia.^jjL> AuUsujJl As
Stylistic expressions and vocabulary
the value of the dollar went down iu*
tJA JjJiC- jVjill Jfcui luA
reduce taxation o^-“Lalxll CjbtaaiVU ojjS (Jbv (-lit ^UsujjII ^j-daaUw*ail uja. ^olj
pay off debts CxM3^ Ji*-
jjj Ajijjiyi jj^is
to invest
^Uaiil (^3 plpcVl JoYnnl
boost of economy JU-ajSVl u^l^Lli c-uuju
Atl|
^Ju^ajSyi Jlj£ jll 4->/n Altai!
allocation ofmoney 0*%^syA\ ^>V aLUp Jija\ q**A^Tu ‘Luj&a.II fi^U
a-Xiix (Jas. ^l)La I j» » >ijj|
the following in correct sentences.
75
How to Write in Arabic
j-« jl t ,ViVyi dsljUc!jojoluil
Find expressions relating to the economy in the following text.
http://news.bbc.co.uk/hj/arabic/business/newsid_7774000/7774622.stm
(jjjJa ojjLuJIj l^ia A_L«Li]l ^L*il jjtjlL jjfc ^jLwajSyi jaill Uajola jjj
Aiui (JilA.
2009
0,9 ts^] tj.34"1 ^j**^*J1 (_£jiL^aiayi ALiLall SjuJl liliJl jL jjjSj *4v.j
.•LiLall (^s 2,5 .j&b AiuJI a.igJ ^-a]L*JI (jlj LJc.
8 AauiJI oi& lI:jAUj tAjbb! ^3 4,5 tt.lr.jj <nti (^LuajSy1jajII 4auij jftUj (j^ (^-*^*11 ALl'H ^Sjjjj
.2007 ^ aaUI ^
^ USLui ^oU-ajSyI
j^ill (jjSj jt cLudlc. UoU^ajal bj£j «LJj^ll aJLJI <yiuyll a»j . *\
; .(_£jjill jaIIL [jjua U bl
ya JUe (jJilAai 3*4 C'.li> 33 ^AoLil! Jj^lS Ajj
A
ljxojllj juiVl jjLma” jjjiill j£ij
4<,Aj9jutfudlj Aj]La]l t,
**
l l > r i i j^all
g_3j^-oaH bl ” aJLoI! *L«jVl bl]
djlul l Qu^*t3k}l 1 J-uS j2 Qf' ^ (J15j
“.Ji4Jl f-LUlj c^UJI ^jLaiuuyb A.ll-t al l t_ijl ,-wil l tiliJI ^loil ^-albil jL-ajSVI
t_ylc. AjlLail 4_aj^l jluV A \
j
l a ^ij
A_uaj]| Aoiill *j jLul4 -f
jLuo.il
jAJ La LpUaJjJ ^3 ^JlLwalV 1 jiLa^jV! Aiuii 4jC-La!ia.y Ij Aj^Lwiffiyl cLlj-> ill ^ajail J^juall jAS LjjLLjjj
.AjUuI 1 _J ^JLJI bliJ'AJ / j (JjLl /j.iAU t .1
_^a jjS| AiuJl aA4>»JA^Vl Aj^I j^Vl J^bv LuliaJjj^ (^jLuajSVI jibaSiyi AJuij -^*•^11 jbj
.^Ull ^ 1
jil J=b Aojj ^Lkjj^l jbuaSyi b)i l$j£ i^l J bilkjjj lojjLi CiUIjjJ! joi CiIjj^Sj 3*jj
Stylistic expressions and vocabulary
CLulij AauiLojLall idUDUll Lmlj a.Wlali ClluVjil dajlc- 1
ai« ^ijld(_s1e- dyjjj ^ 2
(jj-iyi (jjj Aiiuii jsLjLttii 3
aj.iuij (jlaUI ^Ijall lc.a 4
aLlt aLuaiial ^ ^aLuj 5
CjljAa-all j£aJI duU ()
L_u!jdall <L»Uil AjjjJaJl Sac.UjLo 5-ajSaJ! duAdi 7
3.8 Elections 2aA±x\ dijbc. 3.8
hold a referendum f
l^-aLuJaji f-Uiluil AjjUaajali <LojS>sJt dj^l
delay/postpone elections djdlauaVI J^l
1 - ilc-l ‘-**^^- ^ali l S^jAlla L.'y <**il \\ *v ‘‘‘d-vi
• •• *
abstain from voting (jP ^a\
dlULjUI ^jjJu jij3^ ,Jjll £)P S.1->ull CjUVjI^ dlAyv l
adlxil
contending parties ^.uiAUruIl cj!J^Vi
<Lui2LlLdl l£ dlUlavIijV^ di£jtd
current government AaJhJt SjUV)
..llall IjlA ^gk 5_daljLaj^ll ^tluijJ jai 0jlxi. A-lfiljxll aJLaJI ^Ullxlj SjUVI d-1J-UC.)
announce - give statements dUaj--aIu ^1^dVl <J>L^ Cy*
1
.
>JV dii jail J.**4511 3LLS11
ruling out *iU±Lnl
jlja) ^ic- (JLuaJ Aa^jLiJ) jajj Aulm i
77
How to Write in Arabic
opinion polls /surveys
,JLjJI cjj*. Lslc. ujjp. lijUajjj^ gyQalyul jLil
heavy turnout cM!(jjjj}j£jSM j;Sfa.UlS i—fljL (>1 ^jjlt ULu& VUSl ^ijjSVi dlijc.
secret ballot dtJ*-* j2Sl
A-dbuill bjj£<-gP
tliijx-aVU eV«£U Ail
*
>0 4_uila. O^V' (j«I-><fl .lie.
free and fair elections 4$J>J oj*. CiU^ut
A+ypj ijx ciii£ ^uusiyt J Auiikudaii ^buiiyi ijiij* o^i
\> by-elections CjUajjI
4-jfrja Obliklj] f Ij^j Jj ^UaJjdl (jLd
^
A-lliluji CjJjI
international monitors o^'>»
jjj S Clul£ 4-}i}Ja**iUll ObLkijyi O' cjlc-'
complete bias Jlk4 jUaJt
dl^j Ulla .4 1j}\j't it A-i^jL^lt A-ujLiudi O' Jal 11j)Sf'
p'^9 '
cJjj'o^0)
make progress jj^t
Aj.Wl»a\l tHjljClLa-dl Ql
|||| CiUijjyi ^glc. Jj3 OljIjjJI ^Lill t>aSll L> IJA.jaa»al|j
-
4 --;
Find election expressions in the following text.
^ C-jjaJl Aalo jSjaxji La jAj if^JaLlail (_)-aa_l ^5 (JLaxll £=dJJ ^-^Ualuil j$laJ(
i—lldi” qa ^fL-kl l (jJItjjlaaLa-a]| cJj-ajJj-u (jjjialj3j-aj^l| jlJ£lVS Cy_^a2l! (ji !JJwLa
Jljj V cAjli-Ul ^a-alJJ QP*^i
J
aI
I
(jOJ 4_j3 jj^J (JLsSjll ^
j
O'j’d' ^ I ^U-jj Cljt£j .CjLjUjjV) ^ j!&y) £jjJa
J
aII (Jljail
S->J^' fj2" Oy-^ Jjh cPLkijJ! C.Ijjjll£_>JUJj cs
Jc. 4-ai!lUL Cl^jl
.LuLkiaS ^-1a Aijla-o t<Laj^aJ!l AILuij|ji3
3.9 Expressions of force and violenceSj&lij i. .ia.lt Ci\ijUfr 3.9
'
'M t^LllI ^ ejsJ'j <—ai*Jlljr
lc- (_Lu ClljUaJl I ja-jaduil ^ -1 .
isy§
Make a list of the expressions of violence in the following texts.
78
8Sf§ ISifil iff II ®H I I gillvlli- 111® ! /.
Je. ^wyL S>u~H aaUI^V 1 *-J^31^!J d ^ uM ^ ^'>-V' Ul^l UkjS B0) *\£»3il
fJJiAulj^' U£^Jl J*
jjU jjjj Jlij >1 V>^W' ^J^-*31 cjUUJ^^Lkj||
4ilA*l 0^ ^ j=^> u3! cAs*3'
|
-
cijil o! ciJ” t^U-V* ite^ jpijJ isM jOjj ^A31 -*->jjM u* ^ |
'
_i,l v> J* Ujd ^jSII l** J^3 d *J gr331 l-i^^ yA^J -AIU^ ^ v*ff^' I-
^ U,JSUU
9^Li! u^l Oljail 0* 3L«j£4>- °J'^ c> Ul J fM ^ 6J^* I,
^1 J4i^ o3^' ^>-V‘ L^> 0] yA*b-73 0-*u*U Mffl *» *Uj |,j<.d jA^x ^ij }£>Sj «-«uai tye. ^aL Vja ^^i33 cS-^ ^ ^> •> ;#
Mi. 0-20 <^2 431jS o' <>' * c^b-V*uM o^J .“^-” ^ 1a^,j*5 ill v> L^J .V^ 3 ^u U**O^J gA^3'
jili J3U.M «j
^ SjjaS jiUa. l$V j
i 4,| ^ cA£UUl I jfcia oy^'jA J>?^5 o) iM ^ UJiJ& <J* ei_>1^ <>
:
t, _^ »,U l»r- 4jj3 Ox (_JJ^W ^ 'j^ d f*Ji O'AA
|
duli A^I^VI ^Uxll o!i jjyjj^ ^JJ .^' J.^ 1 ^ ^^ 1
i Hu 48 sax o^3 vju J*^ otjUJI U3^ 0M u&J^ |
_0UJ OJ^ ^ ^ UjUi AxlxiiO-V' Ci^Uxll 0) UJ^ UJ5-^ ^^ -UU^ S^'
^'f'
1
I
3u JyjlJ JlA oo*i Oy ^ ^'j^ 1 J UJ^^' OjJj^' ^-^'j|
AjA^Ji sajS o^ 6^ ci^jo^io^^ ^ WL>-V» ^'j^i^ui-5 us 1
OixjLS is axjj^Ij cjxj^i saL Sjx o- jSS' Wj-V* u!W1 ' ^ •^->>i '
I
j. jia uijUJi o) -iy'j-7' ^ -M ^>^ ^^ ^J>uJ ' Jj^'.^
_4ll i_ijpa “^aluii <Jaj jix” (_jJ} ‘-iijj 1
ajaUi j* UuM 2uj5 ujI^I iii cjjU £ajL>~=> yaa oj ^'j^V' lA^' A^J ' u!|
d&j ^bi! jj-3 ' uW'^ j1^ ^j^! lwj1' cd^ v* -^\^ |“
4 ;US 1 CAIjAU” Sji jx (J^i O* I
(."iUlx3i.ll "%
.oUi^ ^iJ*»V‘ lAs^ A}jJ' <y-A t> t>’j ^ v^H^V 3 jJ11 o-1^ U^JJ
ja^ Co^ Uu& &u^VWj>— s
a^j-V» u-M^^ ^ J^‘ u|
(VUJJ olij .Uil^l A^'^l ^ V"®- c> ^^W 1 ^J^3' f
|
; -!.^r :
^
j
l
:il'fij:'|p'|?l4
SSfflHf,p''»
',!'r Vi - 1
j**!;' ,i*i
'u
j
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How to Write in Arabic
(JlSj (LgiAA li4 0^ Lp^-ky iulujl AS lAli^aljS Aj$j] eljjjll
“/LoAUII ^L)Vl <-i“5j <^11a* ijjSu jjlj «jUSl (JpUaV i_fl3J v 4(Jtji3l ^aluam” ;i_ml Jj all]I i_lUaa.
LoAjC-
j
t^aSLk- AjUJJ LoAic. .11 i_ljraJl <^1] aAjsdl ljjj3”; [j:
ylul^uiy I UialA^a Cj^oljl i_il_Jal
jjSLsiJ ^£l_^5j j»Sc. ^jUL tj ta i in (ji ^SjlS-aLj jAnCLUd LaAic.j IjAjX*. QC- ^T^)3j
^jl 4aIaj]| (jx £3jS 4jj t«Ull (—1^. J^lia Aj ^jic- (jiOrJ I dijL-ai jiLuiiJ] ojUiij ^5 CjjaIjI (J15
<ULu5i3 l UbAjA^. Qc. !Aj*j <Ull £3A t.llsvJi.'] (jl 4_i£]j tUllc. (jljJ (j_$£j
bAIAxJ oaLc.1 jl 4jIjS a-Uj SaIcU Ai (jij i_jjpl] 4 <! .-ill dlLjjJa t"i(j-> j (JjjI^ujI (j! IaSj^j 4 bA <] ^.auiI
BBC online 1/08/0
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AillLl A .'t ill. \ .n\ l diijlaaiLi jjJJ La
‘#11:
Give the Arabic equivalent of the English phrases in brackets.
Stylistic expressions and vocabulary
. (the war flared up) 1
(pre-emptive strike) f^=*j <bj s^uJl CibVjl' *j*J t> jA^ ujIjlJ dol 2
cj'j’dl (full-scale attack) eiiljail 3
heavy) 4j& clujjjj ^jj^Ail ^ (Jaiiilj (Jail! y .^e.yi (Jajc. 4
Ajj^dl ciiLui (losses
(violent storms) b1^ 5
.(_)jlL&ilj qZa»-' jLi^Jl (_£ji Lag
3-lJI
j
jjj (reduce tension) ^jSIj*il ciil jail 6
(eruption ofwar) b^jj eibjaaj 7
oli-uliii d sdetail (training camp) 8
aj.i=JI jad (tear gas) AJajiJI 9
|p|jd"*^
(jeaill d ejillj ( Vi»i! (jo jj*j ClI jU*Jl1j>jVui>i
j
',"£7\
Find phrases describing violence in the following text.
jUlUajlS.J^. (J^aa j Aj jfLuil l Ci'jjJaii <1AJ £ jja. (_>OJjil iji^J,_„
pill||113mil
j- Sfi ''’ :y~ :% ';!?. 'aV A:’ A':> r # r?; '-?
SSim
81
mmmm
How to Write in Arabic
J (JlaJ ^Lj (jl (Jja <jlj Jc- jUll (j^-iaV <—43j In n»»l AS ji A_j$jj JjjI jjai'jf! «.ljjjll
“.A^Alall ^LjS/1 J!>Ia i—sSj liLii (JjSj (j3j c jUll (jilLy i—iSj V nJL&Jl ^^LUaiLii” ;c_uj1 (JjJ sliii i_jLLa.
LaAle.j jlaiJI AaiLu La .lie. tlfrig-jj Jj aAj*]| Ujja” ;(jjjiij|_^VI l)L»'A a ljJj! i-ilLkAal
(jSLolJ p£lJj Jc. jljjjj JljLlaJ jjLoU IjJaaj (ji JALaL jA-ab-i Lo-lic._$ (QialajA-all LiAjiA qC. £T jSJ
“ -<U,
J JlJl J 4*uil <-r*3:v Jl'-*-0 JJ _yj?l(j«j>l l duL-al Jll JLj*aI1 SjLij J JJa
j
(jlj JlLaxuii lAAjAa (_JC- IjUJU /ill (--jja. £9AJ C-iatAA {Jjjiju] (jl UJlLwa! AjSjj l Lille- (jljJ <_J_ja1I (jaj (jjSj
eAiA«j ollcjji 4jI
j
3 e-lli oAle-L <3 (jlj i_JjaII A^u^ali ClljjaJa CligAj Jjil^uaj (j! IaSjja ioAjjlUj a!
>C%J
BBC online 1/08/0
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$jaJ)j uilxli djjjUc-
Stylistic expressions and vocabulary
^ (the war flared up) 1
(pre-emptive strike) fLk* s^idt cLVjJi j> _>ic. CJisJ dot 2
fjc. (full-scale attack) 1 ejljall diU 3
heavy) aj& dij1jij ^ (Jijjllj Jaill jl cJsjc- 4
.W^tj diLui (losses
(violent storms) sjj> IJU\ jL^&VI^L-a 5
,Jjlial!j jLgjlcj^j CS^-
AiJij ^ (reduce tension) <jSIj*1 ) diljail di«Ui 6
(eruption of war) si* U-'jj j 7
^ s^cliU (training camp) g
iidaliJl A4A,!j* (tear gas) 3Jaj*ili 9
ISjj-aili sjillj (jfr dl!jL*11 Ijakjadul p|rjfc|i
Find phrases describing violence in the following text.
i i-. “*.tVyU
l§ 1 &£; ' i_v^ ji' jicJj .
m jgiU^ ^ a^i ^ » jafgg
81
How to Write in Arabic
3.10 Gratitude 3.10
diWa La tiB j£LU ui i
.(Sj^
^
cJ*S LaJ ^jJ-Ia Ul 2
^ Laj ^ 3
t<rLji^al (jla j*l\ Cy* jj&j 4
•cs^J cs^ uJ*-} /ci^a^j j*> U J£ 5
.till (J QC. >pi g) ,*jWnnl V 6
Ajuljll til70C.LjiAJ UK IfltjJC-l C-fljJC-l 7
L/se the following in complete sentences.
oCuLa (J-a> j^LLo IjxjJa
U yjJU 1
2
(jlij*JIj j*Jb 3
liijjc-l <_ijjc.i 4
.... -i i ja 5
.... -S Uja* g
3.11 Doubt and uncertainty Jili&ytj dill 3.11
AjcaLsJI ^5 <Uij:a liLS ^gjj& X
^Jill 2|aU ciUs i^C. (JjjjaaII (JA ^gic- l"n»\ 2
U»t/i £->Jaj 3UuiVl 3
AjUj^xa (J£ (Ja& Uj ^cajj <jl (j^AJ (jj Jiajc^i 4
J! J 6* u£Ua 4t / uj^j e^c- U! 5
jo*A uui t_jl .kIia ul (j
MjIUJII Aj^U-CUaVi ^.AjVl Cjjjjll _jUuuJ ^SJJJ O'l (JaI^aB ^JA 7
Ia£-u] SjUjJ ^jj31 LuUaJjJ jjlj I^Lluj (jl ^ca.jS/1 8
82
Stylistic expressions and vocabulary
Use the following in complete sentences.
Consolidation exercises
oJuia AjJIjII CiljUaJI
C) t> 2
0* 3
(> 4
Use the following in meaningful sentences.
(Jaa. ^3 ^LLa \jx^>m
.. O* 1
liljjc.! l.sjjc.1 2
(jjajtffic. 3
.T. ». V<r-_ ^
d jjc- t> 5
ojiillj t a in 11 dlijLfe
List expressions of violence in the following text.
How to Write in Arabic
3.12 Admiration
-LJaikJ fSkl jl Lslc. q*aL l^wjia^gj] JjJ \
(^AL-ajsV! (JUulSI t_ p-* i 2
(j-iLill £-a aIaIju cjjiuil ^ !}->*.} 3
l-iuall tgJ^Laj £a fiAiaJl ,* 4
Aill 1^-ujJjSl AibjJa cgj| A^.1 5
Axlja ^A, ^
3.13 Bravery and cowardice
L<u IfrfrjJj LaAic- AJ dul£ \
l^jfliAx-a C_ llloj 1 g jlr» I jJkJ 2
ajlluii {iUaaJ rju^a LaAic. Aclr^uJl Ai dul^ 3
IaJ ULkj / /o^-j fl 4
a£
(
j-a ^gJl) 4jaaJI AjtAA 5
A -^v I jj j 4 . xian A ft. 1 *v i‘.~'\ l t**
i <1
A-cx-aik. A^.1jj « 4<il n. .~.',M A 1U -s. ^
8 -
Stylistic expressions and vocabulary
^ ^.LLa IJfcxia
Use the following in complete sentences.
... LS^^ 1
AjU-ai 2
4c-l> >«1) 4 Til ~v 3
Unit review exercises
.SAlia Oaz.^ gJjU)jJuJa
Use the following in meaningful sentences.
;Jj.Ws Jjjjk 1
4a.j 2
.. (J Jij 3
,t q^j. ^
jl jjS jjs 5
l&j0 6
:ewj *& V 7
;u j J£ (j* 8
4,;JlLa]l ±uu 9
:fcUS 10
<3^ 11
12
:ls^ Sjkj <.5^ 13
:<. 14
:UUjUS 15
uj^ 17
... : 18
; (Jft 19
How to Write in Arabic
20
# ^4 JIT n',\l 21
;^pL-dk ^jSj 22
23
;Cujfr
i.*r\ll l (jc. 24
diljj-aVl j_j9 — djlc^Liaiuil — 4-jjlA^ijjAia^ — \ ’
1_jli — — CllU Vl
I
j
_ iuiSliLail — ^ii Jjwill ^E-aU^J) — ^IL-al duj>Xi'l
ol&cVlj tiLill 2
Stylistic expressions and vocabulary
daja-v'l y 4iV [ja-uiiU 2
I
ic- <L«lj t_JUall ^»13 3
Aiulil JyalaII AjjLuj AjilaliVl ^l»rti>» 4
_p2kJlj AJaaaJlj AiialoJi ^jliLui (j& (3-“Vl •—^
5
A-o^UIl AlsjjAiulJ djblikijV'u (^jluaS (Jic. 6
Alyty^ii 4j^LlaS .*0*3 4_J^li-0 jliuiS/! l^A y
J_^la L_ia_jl}V tjIjjjKj «Ujc-Ai 8
ilc iia AjjaIVI ujUiVl ^k jjiib ^J 9
A . vl l t**il iiKH * 1^4-OJf
Fill in the blanks with the appropriate words.
^SjLuLail j l-l-liv (JS SiSUVUU 1
<Jc. l$-«j^a 2
4lillj Slij LoOic. J jjaiil 3
(jjisk. lliic- (JikAa CLiJi^lj U£ 4
-i 1— tJxC. ^LJ frlja-k^ail 5
How to Write in Arabic
jjc. -laisk ALavUill i—iiia ()
4-mad jjl l^jJaSj fjc. ......... j lilS lLijjc- 7
<Jal cj*ij 8
^ u 9
.1—1jaJI t
.i>>il <" > i 10
East or West, home is best o^ji> t> 1 ^ o1^ j' ^3^ W-3
every dog has his day ‘K** c£l
history repeats itself Aw
like father, like son^ <y=-
iuiVl 4^1!j (Jiiill 11a (jj
1 lUiJJ 4_i2kll
love me, love my dog i>
make hay while the sun shines o^ 1 <ji&\ £i-=>!
manners make the man ij^Vl
money breeds/begets money lM' -Jjj lWI
many hands make light work lU*^ e- 1-^ i> c£A&'
<C.LasJl ^4 <Ull ^
never too old to learn “-w {>
mWM(MiiSfiiiii
Give synonyms for the underlined words.
^ -Laa. Ajaj La I
- J,'
Stylistic expressions and vocabulary
Ajjl>Vl *LobU Jj—aj 4j) Jjii! 3ji L^j\ 1
jl ini'll i—fiVVI lUjI^ujC. Aiioa^l 2
yLLo dllijl^-a IIjl^jiil
|Q
'
&i$!flS
From the text find synonyms for the following.
i i^*C- Cjjj LaAk> liiij JSj <jjA-all c-LjajjJa (jc- Ijluu ^ILc ^kiafli (ji L«jJ <j£i ^al
(jj-ua.1 JlXJ j^ac- jjji tilj(_£jjjxuj dljl£ .SjjLa-ail <_£jall (_$Jl2k)^
Lula tdli (_)£ .LojjS, UjUaC-j I _jSlj (^}l£ mil Silaloll Arji-ia
JjJj (jauuiil ^_jlla IfeUSfcj>(^L-aVl 4i_^io
1 “ Cllil£ .<L*Jaai<JI jjxJIj (£•*&
89
How to Write in Arabic
.(JahJIJ J£ij J£j dllij (jujiil lift ^3im ^lac. Jp. c_i£jl 33j Mj3^j \^->.n& (jimmil i." )%"rt LalS> CulS
^jjj ujjc- 333 .4^1jll (ja Jam3 J jj3 Jl Jia j! *_ m'i jj3 <*JaLuJI jaAmll Sjlja. di^J Li^ia Jlaj jl^S
AJiaJI jisLij j-a ^J“*aJJ iSjfi (jll (Jjm JtUJ' *Uim JLj ,jjii^llj jjLxalli AjUaiall
^ll *A AXcC- ^3 4jjiJ 1 *\\^QJQ*»
a\\ J.
dial* (Jj Ij3^jI j£Li jJj ,^-ajjll AmiLa/vj ^JaUij ASsjlmil jmll j » ^ j^jj Ajua l ^aj Ajlci «Uli j jl£
Ujlji J <_£j3J <^1 jll jLmjaj l-J»-j3 je- SJIM JUl *lj$ll J ojtlj limjjj jjS SjU (jjjj jjilall
a3A LiilaSj 4m£jjail (Jl^ll oldj3 ^1jj 111jjv (JLal! I.iAaJ |ji laS .LiSjii ^3 Juj <m£jjail ^jjjll 4j>jIjj
(J j-ailiJlj AjjaJLj dijatm 3iil.JirnJ ^1j Liiada (Jia (_£3ll ^*C’ O®’ (J^Lal jIa-*«V ' liftlmli ji dlljj ojAjll
<Lc.Lmm4 IjjjS di^jSj ,IJa! ^Ijmaj 4jj3all aljA dijla jt ‘ijajtjij 4^.1jJLa dimm'vlj /LLaall 4jj3all j' ilaS
J l$Jjj6 Jj (jaamll ^jila Ja j*jlll <J£ l$u3 lia3 La JjVl Uljia dljlic.1 Jllj AjUma 4^lm3 j
.^V i.aaMj L-UtUl
lJljx»-aj jlimall Ijilj SUaJl (JLa^ (J3a Ljjialj.jmlljty (Jjj JaLlmaiVIj Ailjjmall r-jj \ ilLalc- ^.Lil
(^jill jjimai! (Ja,j5i lilli <JIa. jA J*-mall 3lo JAjJ J&i 3JA.jil j£l.jbSU jliim
j
Ja .AalaLall J £jlja (JSJ (Ja Ui JaS3 jjiul SjJflj JcS ^Lla Jj i JLl* Waa Jj ^]g .4juixi i_Jam3lj
djja.m <»-t Cjjja LaK dlj^S ^Jj^jll 4-*i^j Jc-Lmll *Uim ^A AitijJa jV ^Li ” 4j*il J^ll
4j j-ajjj 4j (JJjSj JiJlj AjajJajJI j-aj (J^J <js^c'.J^*-Sl 4ml5luilj Jj JaJa^jjl A3Jj JLaaj dll
<j| c^*j ^Jj jAj Oa.j 3a. j-a ;4iA j Aa-uIjII <ljLall (_Sjj-« “^Lj Ja-uoJ j»i ^ojjimail 4jjl!l Jilj
.Ja*JI (j Jlinllj aJIj jSkl) j\jLm
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.SLsaJ! (jjli ^jLmu Jaiil La jlc-jm I^A Jl .'JaIj Jll^ dimJ 333 ^^1J! Jj^ija
dljjSj .JaIj 4*jJall ^-a J^ll t—ilaLdli dlllj o3^. (ja J1S ^^-aC. jl3fl3 jl V) JLa.>j 4jJ11 ^ ^c-Jjjj jjiajll Aj3 1
j3lS ji fl (jaj .^ydaa (jaj Ola Ja& J dlkmJ jll 3Sllj 3lJa.V' 0JJ^«a <dJ_Jj
(JitJ JJOMU .J
:^ILl^ .S3a.lj aJail SUaJI Jj 4_i3 Jiii diiS ,jaj i(
cjdaaJIj t«jJl'j Jillj J^aall
(j-a CllLlajjV l 4 \ / j A^jLuajVI 4-i-ajL«-a^. ^JS £a*i> a11~
djlilsj 4 CibliJuVI (jie- (ja^n-1: lilJj (J£ (Jj Ajikjjllllj Aj&LaJ^VI l^L-aLLaj Axbtll Jla.(_si&
(jjjlill fljial 4jl_yaJI4 jAnail t^aL-ujJl 4 AsUj l^la (J».AjU CllUliJuVI (jaS«
j*> eJjJc djUu-aljaj
1 i iijLa-aJ jljlLolj) «Lo*j) £yi 4_L> .aatlMj
(JllLlAjjVl (JJijLaj ^ji (jS^J V 4 lgj,a J-t i .ijj (Jj
V .. .J ^A “CuiLuJl (_£__y J 4j_jaj V J
4J2J (JA ‘LuLuuVI Cj\jjluLall j t"'! ~-l -v^ jj^i ‘ a^K'i jA 4_2j-airfdl jjij
l>ll (^ialaja4j^a*JI“j SjiJl (Jjlaj«al ^v*t i (jajj djlji.aJi'lV
I^jl (J^aj 'J 1^-oJ_jSj
S -tLrf-ia ^ ^A \_y aUSI 5^kau> <_sbc. CjUaa. ^jifc L-iaj l3^*J
j flc- c^j {^j ^liv3 djUliajVI 41 tJj -^42 4wJ^tjaiII l g >l">r»,'i tljblaajVl t>yla
JUjaVI j Lia jjlaj ^jlc. k*j j$JI ji V_y J «Ij|i \^_y
,CjLjJj'}/Ij (_)4jLulxJI 4 4j^3jIjla1Ij ^JaLall (jjj cJ^UxaSI
<_£.}j$JI kjrt.ol l 4iiala^ V J (j* V J ^5^! jS Jljijll I^A (jl£j
(J)
'
j_gj| diji 4^daLail ^Util (j*8 _)JAuOj (J_jV I ^aLjjjdjt _ _V y ltl _ , _ .Cy* dilljLo
® ,,,{y* jjj£JI (Jlj L*j ijAil uili 300 cJja*
lijs* (Jjla. Ajfr j-jUJI ^2 (jjAij
is* S^*-aJ a>^ I^J
, ,AaIa dlLiA 4 diikJ jj V rjjill y »»>,oH SiC-UiiA
ClI^Ij^J oiLLIIj ^UaJlj alxalij
jjoVi ju*iy j\ u^-ii j j\ ALasit jusyi .^2 (Jl\ aaj
.(liaUiyi iliaJj Aja.U]l (jc 4*»it)
Stylistic expressions and vocabulary
How to Write in Arabic
M\^ 1
jlluJIJ 4 -. I nw^l •(jj.\!i,Vi,><i 2
Unit-4:' WrittnC: Articles 4JSS :***'jij- *iae>JI
4.1 How to write a precis V3* 4.1
What is a precis?
A precis is a concise summary of a text and should contain the main ideas of the
text, but phrased in your own words. The precis should not include ideas of secondary
importance. Your summary should not contain your personal opinions or views. Your
task is to provide in your own words a brief summary of the main substance of the text
to the reader without any criticism or interference in its meaning.
Comprehension of the text is of paramount importance to any precis. Misunder-
standing the content of the text might lead to inaccurate summarising.
Your selection ofvocabulary is as significant as the comprehension of the original
text. Because of the richness of the Arabic language, words can have different mean-
ings in different contexts. Pay close attention to the use ofwords and their meaning in
the contexts in which you employ them.
As already stated, even ifyou do not agree with the author, you should not include
your opinion in the precis. Your precis should reflect your communication skills, and
your ability to transfer knowledge without alteration to the core meaning or content of
the text. The purpose of the task is to demonstrate your ability in paraphrasing Arabic.
Avoid long quotations from the text. Small quotations can be used to support the precis.
Make sure your sentences are well structured and grammatically correct and your
punctuation is accurate. Avoid long sentences; short sentences can help you reflect the
meaning of the source text more accurately.
Remember: Arab writers tend to use semantic pairs and, in some cases, repeti-
tion to emphasise a point. It is part of the Arabic writing culture that writers use manydifferent stylistic aspects to express a meaning. These variations in style should be
avoided when writing a precis. Apply a simplistic approach in your summary.
mi . . 'i i ^ ,-'U -Vi l-'tai a -.W'U t-j .Jill Je,.. ". '11 S', .-I ....I - iA i
i-'. .,.1
mt. ? Us<
. 0-° £LA=>- i ,/-Tuj p) '-Ua
1\1. C yfe
’
I:
AL-al_jpj j
- tAjjiajll CjLui^yJl j. (_5 / . ^3 tAjjlaujyi <l
'\.a-vU.6^A
’
f: .
. I • jWSSi
. - Luiijj ^'laivvt ^al-aj tiXjJ -juiaait -\jjxu £)U«*I j-CiUUsSiV 1 JUu j ,» till
- -^-a -yl.jaJl: jju .s o—
*
3 '
.f^-~ '_v! ;.J jSV -o jub^ .ijo i i ik^ i
i
. ^— L.-5>,
1 nl » ii > '.yp'j V-» jluj.AjXtata j .tlijJaj ^-3 ^Jc-lalj..^' jjyjll _j
^/yp.-Aijfc J -GLia. ^ W.i ^ La <,-• J^x. (jl£. ^^1 -(jl» > >^LkU ' ,»LLlJj JajaVl
;.
. \.'j;'- -
''-ia.
93
Spii
111 yrh^ J^*JI jl&S/l Ijilunj L>aii) IjljSj
p
<—i
:
Read the text again and cross out the inaccurate statements in the following.
AJaiAjjII CjbUSiVI
(jC- (ja'jfi ^ J
(jjjiji Jj-uV! £a ^ AlaitjC- [jAiUc jlc- 2
t^-iVjli jljs*Jl O'® o^i-0^ frl&wil 3
^L3 I (^9 c-la.jll <Ja»! qm (Ja*Hj ^nln.aUll ^bc. JAlc. 4
dilije. 4jjjbi« ^.ic. (_>ubc. £la! 5
w alb. i ^jic. *Uj Ajibll (Ja^S)
iwaa fiPSyl
Read the above text and complete the following sentences using your own words.
_J ^A^aIc.j cluja-olll^ IjSjLui (jjill L-l»-tlil clbi (jabc. \
Aik-ob_)j (jJjlxil
£*"ij -J gjbbjYI (_>bc- £<«bJJ C5^t! 2
jiJ^i J Aailajll o^jll ,j«bc l&J 3
,‘IDj. f£bC- (jA ‘LLuiba ObjLaJ Igjlr- jli.nall OLaKII IjjJajC. jg%]
Give synonyms for the underlined words in the text.
4.2 Expressions used to form a precis
AVi (Jp JC-luu CjIjbc. 4.2
jVi (—ul£ll ^aKaa oajll ^ \
Aj^L-ajaVI A-ajVl<^1) dill ^1 L-jluiVl ^jc- c_jjl£li 2
94
Writing Articles
Cili jJj\ j^ic. *L«j$\ J\ LgJ)t-.riKM jj^'j 3
CjI£ AjftlSk
j
p j^_g>a t-
(J_g^V*j 4
4_i\_A*Jl;\tX J.1 Jj| 4j
A
Use the following expressions in sentences.
SiiLa Jaa <L1L1I llltjUxl! iLi--,
—i (j-saill L_nl£.i) 1
t_ul£JI cjAJJJ 2
J j*i <jl 4-^^ urn 3
(jc <Lalc 6^]aj cjjISJI ^Jaurj 4
a i
^
/ Lx^afljj ^
^jJ] Ij’iKlt £T-aL ()
^L13 (_>«ajll lift !_ riKlI (Jgluij 7
Jja. (j-aill Jj'vaM 8
t_ul£lt ^jVl ojaajl ^ 9
^jic. jUll uojlfLli tlsaj 10
-J <_>eull u_ul£]l ^JaJ 11
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Introduce the following topics using some of the above phrases.
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Sample of an introduction gj
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Writing a conclusion Lull AjU£
Tips on writing a conclusion
The conclusion serves as your last contact with your reader. Therefore, it should beconcise and reflect the main content of the essay/article. It should include a summaryof the ideas discussed, or your final perspective on the topic. The conclusion can alsoprovide the reader with something to think about.
Function of the conclusion
• To signal the end of the essay
• To wrap up the various points ofyour essay
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Read the following text and find the phrases which express conclusion.
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Use the above phrases to write a conclusion for the following topics.
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How to write a news report #J^\^ WStep 1
Before starting to write anything in Arabic, first be clear about the topic on which you
wish to write. Assemble facts and ideas surrounding the topic.
Make sure that the following are covered: who, what, when, where and why.
Step 2
Choose an eye-catching title. Make your opening paragraph strong and very interest-
ing. This will engage your reader and make them eager to finish reading your article.
Arabic readers are more attracted to stories relevant to their lives and experiences.
Make sure that your stories relate to your reader. Compare the news report to a previ-
ous report that you think had an impact on your reader. Make your news report shorter
103
How to Write in Arabic
and to the point. Some Arab readers tend to lose interest quickly. Short news reports]
would encourage them to finish reading the whole article.J
Step 3 |
Adopt a simple style. Make sure that your selection of lexis is accurate and within your Ireaders’ reach. Avoid using jargon and employ terms that can have an impact on yourreader. Remember that Arab readers are emotional readers and the selection of emo- 1
tional lexis might make the reader sympathise with the story..)
Step 4j
Give relevant detail to the story. Make sure that your details complement your mainheading or sub-heading. 1
Step 5 I
Make sure that your sentences are well structured. Arabic grammar is pivotal to producingj
a coherent and cohesive report. Avoid long sentences; employ short concise sentences.j
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Consider yourself the reader and check the following:
• What is the news report about?
• Have you provided enough information to answer your readers’ questions?
• Is your Arabic language clear and your style effective?
• Is your selection oflexis accurate and does it serve the meaning you want to convey?
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How to Write in Arabic
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Answer the following questions from the above text.
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Writing Articles
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Find the equivalent of the following in the above text.
BBC Arabic online. 09/05/06
Text 3 dilUll (ja2\
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competing in the forthcoming elections
3
clashes between American and Iraqi forces
4
medical and security sources are reported to have said that clashes left 22 dead.
will not participate in the political process
How to Write in Arabic
oilcJ (j<ail3 A-uuLwVI jlSaVl Ij ^wHSpecify the main topics in the above text
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How to Write in Arabic
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Tick (/) the correct statements and put a cross (X) next to the incorrect ones.
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Briefly summarise the main topics from the above text.
Writing Articles
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Paraphrase the following in Arabic.
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4.5 Writing an essay in Arabic g^i JtL* /fLwuj 4^U£ AJuS 4.5
Before addressing how to write essays and articles, you should consider
punctuation in writing Arabic essays and articles. Inaccurate use of
punctuation can affect the flow of your argument. *.
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How to Write in Arabic
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Writing an essay or article ^Writing an essay in Arabic can be at times a difficult task for both native speakers and
learners ofArabic as a foreign language. Below are a few guidelines on how to write
an essay in Arabic.
Getting started on your essay
The first thing you need to think about before embarking on your writing is to decide
on a topic. What do you want to write about, how are you going to write it and who is
your reader? Answering these questions will help you put the basic foundation of your
essay in place. Following this, you need to put together a plan/outline for your essay.
Planning your essay
Start brainstorming and think about:
• The main topic for your essay
• Secondary ideas that would support your main idea
• Your line of argument
Building a framework for your essay
Building a framework for your essay means establishing an outline for your essay
by writing down the main topic and the way it would be elaborated. Here you should
introduce the sub-topics/sub-ideas that would support your main topic.
115
Writing a draft of your essay
Try to follow the outline of your essay in your draft. This will help you organise your
thoughts and arguments. Bear in mind:
• Introductory paragraph ofyour essay: this should be designed to attract your read-
er’s attention.
• Essay body: your sub-topics contribute to the expansion of the argument of your
essay. Make sure that each paragraph in the essay body is linked to the main idea
in your introductory paragraph. While putting forward your ideas, do not forget to
cement your argument with examples, facts and statistics.
• Remember that your arguments should convince your reader.
• Make sure that your essay is cohesive, with paragraphs and sentences that are con-
nected to each other. Non-cohesive sentences and paragraphs might affect the effec-
tiveness ofyour style.
• Conclusion: this should serve as a reminder of the main ideas you have discussed in
the bulk of your essay. Do not forget to leave your reader with something to think
about.
Reviewing and revising your writing
Leave your draft for a while and then go back to it. Check the structure ofyour essay;
the way ideas are structured and linked to each other. Are there any things you wish to
add or omit from the body ofyour essay?
Do not hesitate to make new changes to your draft.
Proofreading your essay
It is recommended that an expert in the subject or a native speaker of the language read
your essay. Different pairs ofeyes can spot things that are invisible to you. Proofreading
would include looking at details ofpunctuation and grammar in your writing.
Small errors ofpunctuation and grammar can at times spoil the reader’s enjoyment.
You might find it useful to consult this website:
http://howtowriteanessay.com/index.html
l
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What are the main ideas of the above text? What do you notice about where they
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Find the main expressions for the introduction and conclusion in the above text.
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5.1 What Is a short story in Arabic? 5.1
A short story is a form of prose writing which tells a fictional, or sometimes real,
story. Writing a short story is an arduous task which requires meticulous planning and
familiarity with Arabic short story writing techniques. Whether you are a beginner or
professional writer, having a good knowledge ofthe techniques ofwriting a short story
will make your task easier and encourage you to be more creative.
Before starting your writing, it is advisable to follow these steps:
1 Familiarise yourselfwith Arabic short stories. Read as many Arabic short stories as
you can. Choose renowned authors and read them widely.
2 Think of a story that will constitute the bulk of your writing. Collect any ideas
related to the story.
3 Establish your framework Your story should be structured in a way that grabs the reader’s
attention. Your story should have a climax (a turning point in a story brought about by con-
flict between characters or within a character) and a resolution.
4 Decide who will narrate the story, i.e. whether you are going to use the first or third
person.
5 Choose your characters carefully. Make sure you know enough details about your
characters.
6 Before you start writing, acquaint yourselfwith Arabic rhetorical features.
7 Start writing your short story. Be prepared to change your plans if you feel that
would help in creating a good story.
8 When revising and editing your first draft, you should consider the following:
• Carefully examine your language and style
• Be aware of the Arabic narrative register
• Be creative in your use of language, as Arabic short stories are rich in rhetorical
features
9 Seek a second opinion about your short story. Having your short story reviewed
gives you the opportunity to hear others’ opinions. Accommodate any suggestions
from your reviewers.
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How to Write in Arabic
5.2 Rhetorical features of the Arabic short story 5.2
Before we look at the structure of the short story, it would be useful to consider someof the common rhetorical features that can be used in short stories.
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5.3 Arabic short story features s 5.3
Now let us consider some of the techniques used in writing Arabic short stories. As in
English,Arabic short stories are rich and colourful and written with a variety oftechniques.
134
Creative Writing
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u a > r^ij ^axuj i^A^j Lo A.u.^n'v i'll (jC- pLilajl
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How to Write in Arabic
4 iUtnII^vjJrullI ^Ic. Yjjam ^Ja^J ^jLuiil Ua (ju " ’’ 4oj_Uj
11
. . .(_>aaiA*i ” JjLmil (JaC- .MAC.] Jajj ^l!41a?iY' '
(..^^=*•5 l5j*-°) IS J (j n ;£.Yj/ j
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a
Sample 1 1 ^^>4J
Aiiruii ‘LIIwjVI (jC-1 j 4_i]Llli 4-ualli IjljSl J
.: ^ .$>r£j'‘ ij-ull (_jjl jiojl j>j${'ej>4 4)t^.»..).Li (Jtlaij >4 ,]iji i Ijiilri:] JjSi 4; !jUl.Ui
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Creative Writing
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jy f—yvj jyii y .-^u. yQ ^
j’— u=. jliii oj- l>°
o^ji c*jj b!jj..y_>y diLc. ol^'j ^y-aVbi^jj c'yy' ‘bj^y.y 1
aIjaaj ji-A-aj y^jU aJ>2». Aiaij i f i-»»j jc. jiji bj& jj. .bijiij ji yy.yyyV ...-^ i<i 'O Ja^'.it.' » CiS
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_jxij Lo tji>by j! tiyy ,_>*y y>jjy < ajLl ^jibw a
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139
Howto Write in Arabic
91, iT^-:Himm
Paraphrase the following.
L^oUaJl ^£j_jLuL ^ jLq «Ulj£1jJjcl |
'
,-j _-
^ *4^ uj^j=4j a*® ‘(j4“ u'-^ t$ja ®b=JI .*'jtfjSSi u-^1 cfJ) t>j&\ cjj*-a i
.(jjliaJlj j di!)La^lj Cila.LuJlj £• j|jjill
jjlka Ji<» ^jSIj J^lc. ,J^SU . . .SApC jl£alj jjA-a <^1j^ . -L?jJl*. CjIjU. 2
^ Jjialia *ILSj
gt^' <dK]l <^6, oiA Ja jui^ cJaa <AjjSLj3 LLii ij^ji J tc.Ua j| jjJI (jjj (jaJ 3
_a*j Lajj ;diajJaij ?t^-J
Sample 2 2
Creative Writing
fLuia jiiJl ylAc. j .. .'y»,
. ..
j—
'
‘Mim
W>«»——MiiiBhttp:, popekirillos.net/ar/stories '23.php
>^£.i 2 .^.all(jj0 SjJj-caall *Cwalll ^o^La l
List some of the short story techniques used in the above story.
How to Write in Arabic
JjLuJl iJuUaj
Answers
Page 1
3 S-J 1
— fi— J 2
Page 3
^i - <£ - j 6 «!} 5j4j3^2j1Page 4
\ 5 tj-a - 4 fa 3 o^- d0 2 1
ci!>U. 7 45^ / 45^ 6
Page 6
Uiu 7 t^n-k 6 5 Uafe 4 U^c- 3 *U$Vl ® 2 1
(illi «i*Jj 9 AUSI aift
Page 7
(Jja _ ^2 5 ajuj “ 4 3 ^*-2 2 cJjs X
Page 8
Vj 5 4 3 2 1
Page 10
<uL1j 4^3 2 ^ 1
Page 11
jl 6 j! 5 v=^ 4 3 Vj/jje. 2 1
Page 14
JUa^u 4 OA^i 3^2 1
143
How to Write in Arabic
Page 14
jljla Jo 3 JIjLj Jo. 2 j'j=- 1
Page 15
(ji £ta.jVl j* 4 4-1J*Vl 3 £>jVi L>* 2 (>> 1
Page 15
^gliaia JJC- 5 (^1jli (jalji 4 V 3 jU-3A=J-J 2 I^A 1 J
Page 18
j*&j 4 f*j 3 e^-j 2 i> jl1-? 1
Page 19
JaJlj — laLaY I — <a.Lujl — IjjjL. — l^g*n<a J
Page 21
fl 5 fl-4 Y — Y — Y - Y 3 u-J 2 f3 1
Page 22
Lojj£ 5 ^\3Vl 4 l-'ug-m 3 AjiLla 2 ^ 1
Page 23
5 ^ jJ^aJiJI «3aJ 4 3 2 > '“i 1
Page 26
1
<j-aj2 eUaC-i obi (jl ^C-J 5 ^ fC-J 4 <!=>.!jluji ^Lj 3 ^J 2 (ji ft-J 1
2
3 2 j 1
144
"fir Yiiril i'lfr'i
Answers
9 — J 1
J- i— c-uui
j — (jV — — j — j 4
Jjaf (3^i 4 j*-«i 3^12^1
6 J Aw 5 4-^ 4 i>°j 3 2 1
JjXxu 7 S-WjVl 6 5 4®-^ 4 *jiUa 3 Lj-iia. 2 1
juA^ii li^Vl 10 4oa 9 8
^j 3 j*j 2^1
f*j 5 uji*^ 4 j*j 3 tjj^j* f*j 2 q^Os^* j 1
(j_yJ*JLa 7 f ‘AiJ> J&J 6
u^8 J"7Jd6L«-i*j5 i»j4Jj23'i»j2 1
8 u'^' 7 uAJ' 6 5 gr^i 4 3 j'^1' 2 g;^' 1
<^1 9
Aiullj^j 4-oLojAI l_UjoiJ jJa.Vl ^jl-SLiaVl ^3 ciAli 1
145
How to Write in Arabic
(Jjuill Sji£l 1jlai jlgj (JjI 2
Ajt.wall t ^jliil ^1 IjjaLui 3
^jaj^dt Jla»Vt jjiaj-a Axl (jiUJjU Lull ^juc. 4
20
W 5 jl 4 d 3 > 2 il 1
Page 35
4 A-lC'Uuik.y I CjLjJjLa-ollj AllUllIj tllbUil (illiA 3 LliUaJJl 2 JJA.VC \
Page 39
(jlaj-aVl ^ Aa-Iai AaujILqj ^ulaJ Aui$j aILojj 3 -J* 2 ^1 ~*> X
^1-y<_s
_i] ^Ic-aILj 4
Page 41
1
1
i j^uu aiILuij 4 3 <Lil'-u)j ^^Ic- 2 jjaSSIIj X
Page 43
Luj§ Al^.jji ^ilL yl jjlolj 4 Aa*a-3 l^iti SUaJl i -ft».*-ii 3 jij^ 2 tijjji <ja tl.iii£
Page 45
^jSlj »1 AiIS jl£ 3 (jlj^Vi AjL AiL-sai 2 frtLjjj eJL*-ujj — [j — L)"^J <3°1 1
f tj~> --> 5 SaIk-uJI 2-W — SaUl*ji ^ jS — Aia-ali jiae 4 .AujUiai ^^ylc- A3j*j A*j Aj=w ^xual AjuiLui^I
>e.likjj — — (jlj^-Vl j»ltc- — aI^is
Page 48
tliljliaj Iai 3 aJ Ajj*J *ULuij oAAjt
^ibu oAiv olij ujm 2 15.06.2008 1
^uilJl Alii oAaslL (ji 5 U.tlal*lllj SljluiJl JE.LL« — jj^JIj 4 <—AmS?lj (jj=bl
Ajijic. AljaVJ (juiaJ c-IC-aIIi 6 Ailia. Ai^joiij Alni^j
Page 52
A t> n.'i jjlc- (Jj—aa-11 oA$a ^ La (J£ cUxuxa 3 1$J J* <^1 A^u-oll (jjjlall 2 A^.laj^Ac jc X
.fAlill pistil e&uJaji La ^uliill (jo loj t 4 A-aAlflll Auwill Sjlui
146
Answers
Page 54
— i 4 V 3 L A-a-iidl 4^5^11 4aLuj! jA 2 \
Page 56
T 5 T 4 F 3 T 2 T1
Page 62
jiall ^C- JlU j£LuJL AjJLuij Iaj \
Aa*uoLm> t_ijjial JU&mI 2
2007.30.12 3
_4-Loe- Uli]3^ oJjC-Lk.1^11 4aUl*)j oj£^i ^jc ^jj=J 4
Pages 68-9
Oliilj <la& i—JUaJI lift _pjj 1
_L_lla ^)jJa Qc. lato. Llo iliuiVl 2
SjjSill ^jaiVl q^c-Luia! a,^ t> lsJ1 * «**^ 3
^ .’’ '** 'V AJjjp^aSI ^.Vptl 4
j^jVl AjjjaJI ^jic. UjOjc. Ajl*j1 jLoj L—lilUl 5
.diLuajlLdl Ajjlla J] ^ ^LjiV AjILL (Jxl£ J\j (j
Page 72
jpVl Ajlakla! ljIILII i_iui,jr J
AlLiC-i ^ [J2ia 2
4~:
jw (_uuij J^all 4jLk-<ai 3
JjAukJI dlLjajlsuJl ClL-aj 4
_<Lo1 c_uUall t_ili, ()
147
Answers
‘iiutoJi Aaj (j> uilb 4 jV- 2
4la*J jjlilall uaSUall ^»ls 3
4_*sjlall ^_Luill (JIjxiall 4jjLu: Aft\ a~iVl u <->") i,d 4
j^aJlJ 4, kj-ktlj ckutii Aiklali (jl£*ji jj-o ^oS?l CjIjS CjjlUa 5
4-a.itiill CjLiliajjVlj a.^-> jL-a3 (Jjb ^
Aj^Uafl o(_sifc
t_jjii«a illLuiVl l^A jiixJ 7
jl$ill <Jjla cJuSu .; V 4jL}jS jljJiiU 4jjC.Ai 8
(jjia- -^c. 4jxolVl CJUSVI ^3 jjalta l^i«l 9
8 7 LrJ^a 6 5 ajc- 4 3 _>^ll 2 UJjj-o J
AL-alji*}! 10 l-ikua 9
Ak-ll] ^jL4j ‘ ^ 1 * *•*-j
4_i£LuJl AjtJ-L^a ‘":^ "— AjUrfll JOl — 0 J} J
i f 1 i ji ^
•— o a
-
k .* /
— Lik!l — J — 1 ^>7! ^ n*v t l ^
\
V> 9 1 — l.i'j mi ) |
— <CwLa — (jialajVl — <J1jl_) — iJLaJ^.1 — UlawjJall — jaj — jUl — £• jill — *UL^ ^i—j
4jjI-1i1!
Page 94
Statements 3 and 5 are inaccurate .v- ji 3 <^*^* 2 X .£
Page 112
8x7/6x5x4x3x2xl.vPage 113
•LajVl (J^ (jJ) (J**=>'< *-*i till (jklj (JaJi ^LiujLujL.ill .1 ^
J 8 4-11^*1^11 jaxaa (jc- ^1 #2
4_«jSfl (^-kt*jll (Jja. lK iJ^-ajll yi f-\jjjlt (J2=*\ .3
0^1' t5^J yr^U^Vl <_>^ LS^'J^V* L>"^
^
^ .4
149
How to Write in Arabic
Page 123
jlSilVlj CjAJ+JI t—iU/uJ(>5
ic. ^AJlc-tuu 4jV «—l^Uall c-iaJjII e-LT^I .isJ t1n»-v J
(J Jj3 4Jac. jlaJl (Jilall ^laluU jkl I
ijAtrfalA JiUl [jla jA*-a^ (_ta.l_jJI ^jjSu 2
.(J*Jaia3l ^jjjitill <a-x»UjJ
Cj9_jJI jaJlC- ^ic- i^IjC-LwU 1^9 dLaJj jLaji (jJc- 1^5^11J S^C-Lum t-iila] 3
jal-n (j jjaAi ^iz*. A^ljllj t_u«Jll tJa.1 <-liSj frUaC I 4
JliiaVt '-r^i jll 5
Page 125
Page 129
.i_i
A)j«.Uu*a eLoli iJx« jjtiJI
^/La^ ^aL^sj Aj^U
jLkall£ jjl_i_<ajJl
(
** ~<Q.a*' ,i i ^ i
Page 131
J
a lj^> (Ju^Xa cA£ jil ,^-U^all 11a dufloll
A qV^-x. A \ L^_ijIjlaJ i A \ Ait^m
4.at .^-.11 oLl&il ^1_yi\ jL-taJ _^A yAjl ^ila JlLo
Jjlji — i.** M*s — SjIxjjJI jjjj di (^jjLiliuil
150
Appendix 1 : Analysing Students’ Errors
Writing errors
The following appendix introduces the reader to some of the common mistakes/errors
made by learners ofArabic as a foreign language. Errors are categorised, and explana-
tion given of the reasons that might have led to the errors. Check your errors against
the following.
Grammatical errors
Verb/subject agreement: verb precedes the subject
L-iuldl ^1 \
o.VitmVl 3
The above sentences violate the verb/subject agreement. The rule states clearly that
whenever a verb precedes its subject, and that subject is in a plural form, the verb must
always be singular. It should agree with the subject in gender. The correct form for the
above sentence would be:
uaxLdl cufci 4
J! jUji! £ 5
Verb follows a plural subject
These two sentences contravene the subject verb/agreement rule. When the verb follows
its subjects, that verb should agree with its subject in number and gender. Therefore,
the correct form would be:>
i—ixIaII 3
Non-human plurals
U^Laj \
jjjSj <^16 Jj.} lilUfc 2
151
How to Write in Arabic
The above sentences violate the Arabic non-human grammar rules. In Arabic, non-
human plural nouns behave like feminine singular nouns in all respects. Therefore,
the adjectives which follow non-human plurals should be singular feminine. The sameapplies for verbs which precede non-human plurals. The correct form for the above
sentences would be:
<— (Jjlalldl Lj^aUj 3
o j 4-ue. J (illiA Ciil£ 4
and its sisters
JJla ^ no! 2
The errors in the two above sentences consist of violating the grammatical function of
u'-^ and When and its sisters are introduced to a nominal sentence, the subject
of that sentence is always in the nominative case, while the predicate is in the accusa-
tive case. The correct form for the above sentences would be:
ta-jjaj I <jl£ 3
\ Jjiio 4
llllll
Use and its sisters in the following nominal sentences.
jOx-al jUl J
L_iJaj dmll 2
laAutj 3
4
152
Appendix 1
Numbers and nouns
^c-llxo UKl 1
Loujk {j-o CjUj Ajui-aij llifliSlj 2
The above sentences violate the number/noun agreement. The numbers in the above
examples should be used in opposition to the nouns they precede. Arabic grammar
rules state clearly that numbers from 3 to 10 are used in opposition to the counted
items; if the counted noun is masculine then the number should be feminine and if the
counted noun is feminine then the number should be masculine. It should be mentioned
here that the nouns should be in the plural. The correct form for the above sentences
would be:
\ Luijjs ij
*
diUj llml)j 4
>—initial I (J^iiltj Quia AalUll (JaaJI l_$aaj|
Use the material in brackets to complete sentences.
0^7)- _p- ^ 1
(r> 3)
.
lAiic- 2
(oj.walrv.fl 2 ) . 3
(Ail 4). 4
(aa^u. 6)
.
5
(AaJaia 3 ) . 6
iiLil !3a Ujj (jl till 2
In formal Arabic o' is used with and it takes a form called In
unvocalised texts, you will not notice anything different about except
when it is preceded by the following pronouns: ^ - Uiil -Ua ~ cd. 0* should not be
followed by a gerund as in the above sentence. In the second sentence <jl cannot be fol-
lowed by a past tense. is followed by a present tense to negate the future. Therefore,
the correct forms for the above sentences would be:
ilJI lift jjja tjl \-ii1 joe 4
153
How to Write in Arabic
Jw/ifrill Jxfii
flLtll ^ (J^j Cl& 2
When fJ is followed by a plural noun that noun should be definite. When the
Jojaiill full precedes the noun, it should take the form ofd**l or The correct form for
the above sentences would be:
(jjjaluwdl j&\ 3
fk*J! ^ a*J CxS. 4
AiaaJi (JjjJaij ^uu>l jjll ^jiuijS (jjj
Complete the following sentences with the appropriate ^ by rewriting the
material in brackets.
.LiiUaJ^j^ (AjjAa i j)
.UllL ^3 (lIuj i A b^>)
-IL>au3 gyi ^L-ilUa i j&Lsj
t LjUaJ^J ^2^ \s\ ‘ AjuaLa.^
J ‘ ^-3 * U^*) _
cb.)
(jjo Aj^±ui J
u^l 2
Cy 3
W« 4
Cy 5
(ja Aj.lMa.SI 6
jJui AjuLa 7
8
..*1 /ji iJJu (_}& l)
(^£V uallL) !L> JO
Prepositional errors
4jualA.lL LoLic. (jHj.a-11 ^3 {^aIILj 1
eljjjfLJ) (Jjx^TTklS AjjI 2
The above sentences contain prepositional errors. As in English, someArabic verbs are
followed by prepositions. There are no specific rules as to which preposition should
follow which verb. Learners become familiar with the verbs and their prepositions
through constant practices. The correct forms for the above sentences would be:
4jt»laJI (j* LiAifr (juj^lL > m 3
el(
Ac. (JjjA^aafcJl AjjI 4
Appendix 1
;uwLU// lJjaJ! 4jJL2!I Sj&alf IjlaSl
Fill in the blanks with the appropriate preposition.
CjLjVjII ejl.il <^511 e ajj ‘t^ (jajjjli
X«j*j Aiuj Aa^lc. *Uj jaj Sjlai, liili jfie.!j .aJ^Li 4_iuiL«»jL.il! dilS^UJl l Mm ml
.4jjbuLajL.il Ij jljaJ! 3j dilivLiJ) 4 aAi*a *U3 ^ l.ig£- lilli -i*Jj .jj.iLJ| (jjLtjll
.Alui 20 CliaJalil AjJLjjjVI/ 3-mlll 4j*uLajLjl]) (ji j£juj
0) and its sisters
o^6*>> « 6)
This sentence contains a grammatical error. The subject of o! should be in the accu-
sative not nominative case, u) comes at the beginning of a clause or sentence. Thesubject of u) is always in the accusative case while its predicate is in the nominative
case, u) cannot be followed by a verb. The student in the above example seems to have
violated the rule of u) and its sisters. The correct form should be:
is the subject of 6); is its predicate and it is the nominative dual case.
AjILill L$j1 j
Use b\ and its sisters to complete the following sentences.
jaJI 1
^jjll jjjilfr jjaLuall 2
6jt^ilA.oIl (jfsdjjjl qfr jjJC dlLJUall 3
jjLUlc 4
155
How to Write in Arabic
»—llUall (jj 1
.U*-a J » '-ri\ ^ ^.jll jJjAi-aJI <AuJ 2
.Ally* (jiuij jjjjll qU 3
,wi jjij tjl (jasUioJI jIS 4
.-i_ja.jp> l-.UiJa.ll (JxJ 5
.AlLj ^yll J1j*j j_paJ__pi]l j9LuloJ 1 Cul 6
.SijLaaJ! Au AlSjJ! tjljla i-JC>UI (jl 7
.J-aV cW 8
£jLuXa]|
AjI^jJaVl lAfmj 4_ui^)Aa11 ^Jj (jyi&Al \
Ql-% 7» n IAla. yjLuu^jj 2
The above two sentences contain two main grammatical errors. The verbs in the above
sentences are in the jussive mood because they are preceded by u) and When the
present tense is in the jussive mood, the sign at the end of the verb will be Sukun
ending (° ).
If the present tense verb is in the form of one of the five verb groups, the jussive
mood sign will be the omission of the (0 ). Therefore, the correct form will be:
L_llyjJaVl l. i;i k >1,1 *Luiy-Aoli lyjAAi \
<*i<j] 2
156
Appendix 1
L.-1.UH.I j i"ijjJaC- 2
^bjJa IjSj ^A ^tnm 3
,4*oUJl ^a jjjiS *UL*-J 4
i. eJlL Jjlc. jAlui 5
,Sjjj£ jjjUa o^a ^A 6
.Ue Ion mil ^J) uiAjLu 7
.("mil JaLuy 8
J2 JLmlLmi)
The use of can at times be confusing for students. This is because it has different
meanings in different contexts.
did, has done ^ jj j' c3^=^ ^
j
2*-
<,. nU.llj»
•
2
may/might/perhaps ^ £j£j JUi^) jo*i2 ^
a ij ^a 1
tjjjall Jjij ja 2
157
How to Write in Arabic
jjjj & 3
V j ^a 4
had done ^aUll + ja +£ts
ulijjc. ^a CuS t Cmll Aja UL-aj uja^Si ^ 1
>tjjjc.Luj s^ja^Loi! >ia (j-oVl cJl^j ^^LaMalt (JAa L*1 2
having done + jS +j
^J«ai Aa!>Uil f^lc. plLVI O' 1
....0'“^' a j'j ts^l dw' 2
:«Ua £j£3 Ijkcd
^^jJaLo + ^a \
y t~i a -f">^a 2
^->JaLdl +A9 +0^ 3
-+- & +j 4
Errors of expression
Errors of expression arise from students’ inability to express themselves using the
appropriate language structure and vocabulary. It is often remarked that one of the
causes of errors of expression is native language interference.
6^)>ucJ ^U^-walt 1 (JiAi [
The above example clearly shows native language interference. The learner in this
example provides a word-for-word translation of the English sentence, ‘Join the right
class for his age’, which has affected the Arabic sentence structure and meaning. The
correct form would be:
4J i- u nl \q-1 *i 1 '
.
158
Appendix 1
Errors of vocabulary
Because of interference of their native language, students often confuse words or use
the wrong word.
J] (Jj-aj\ 2
The student here has chosen the wrong word to express his/her meaning:
A A » \U A m J
^S-a J) (jjik. 2
Because Arabic is semantically rich, learners ofArabic often confuse different lexical
items. Students are advised to consult their dictionaries to ensure they are using the
right and accurate usage of lexical items.
Correct the errors in the following sentences.
Grammatical errors
Uil Uaiil
&j*j lA5
(jl U»j^a
CjsijII lil aILjijJ tdjUa.i J
eJaa.
J JjJJJJ J4 \ 1
j (jjj
(J UA Jill
159
How to Write in Arabic
jl£ai ^ jja!
£sx*at_j
Clnk.u.<a
(_J;ixi2i. oIj ^3 oUa. (_jt OJUfcl
...•%Jt jjj' ui AU^J
AjxxlaJI
Lgjac- Qa (JjVl _>ui*3i QjiJI
Ai3l£ll (JLiIl t-ylLU^luia
LJT^J^ 'J±& f
UAMJJJ^ U 1^'
O^iLa dllc.jdaj^i 1jjjS i_lS jJL-J
<>'jaVI ^>0 J^iVt fJ$ll IIa jjjsu
CLloja I ^1 (jSlj
(jj-Wix.L4!jil£
IjjjSI! dljl*-dl dlliA (j
jUIj!l J ^*1jVIj CilJ*II J^U
(jxUll ^IjLa
°J
Ailt5
a«j-saa
Ail 3-lalj qa
ji > ^.?.yi jaij
&Aa,lj A-alS jai£j_’ V (Jlilai Li-lic.
A-LoLlIIj ^J£Lj (jjill
^ij yl JfrUuJ dililll ^Lu
^Luiilb j-iJ Aj-ol>ll ^> flu«->ll djj£>
jlift-o (dul£ iil~il l»r. ^1 ^Lqj
Ala.j Cul£ Ak.^11 |^i AiuiilUj
t-iuj^all e^J dalalmlj1jjj£ liX Cjij3
^3j ^ loLi __)iVb_$
^iSlI j^-lu jaLaLi
^b«».j idi^. ij~ih 'll
Ajaiuuj ojjg ui<i ^jSUaVl
(jjlill (JS 1jit£
t m1->
IJJjS LoLjlu) ^uiLl
A-iliuit^a fjiaitM liaS
(j£lJ (jit Jji-Jij i_ia,l diK
(Jj3 (j* dKi La 4 nil 4-aaJaVl
Lkjjjl (jl
__)AuJl(_£
(ja Ajl ^Joij
• .» 1 *
OiJ^1 J 1 Jb** 1^**
AjjlSljjj>K * n\ tUrv
^_jAlu! ^jJafl
i^U-all AjXJ (j_jlajAJ. La$iV ...
ur*- OiJJ^dUj-iil jyJl ^3 y
(Jx-uill £a IaLI ^&Luii
4<?JJaUl! cj\j±a ^k fbV' <\*>^ULi <j5u*j (jl£
il)l
aJ l^-Ly. Cj-iUjl
UK AojjjLff
ic. di.3c.Lui
(jjjaU^s jfrdlj
(j-Laluuili (jjjUll (_j*i_jJ
JjVl AiiiaJI Jl$c.
(j^ulj.lft]| (J»aC- (jl
(jC- (_><ai d&l
UK A-SJJJ ^^ic- d.3c.Lui
(jj___}SLuta _^>Ki
(j-LaluuJI (jjjliil
jV' AijKJI ^c-
(J-aC- (jl
(jC- (J-^ dKi
4 \* -a' ~>ll ^.iia-ill
Aiui jyZiC. ^]|j^. ^ju
AjSIj*JI Jaiill jU! ojkiurill (jl (JJj
^alLtll ^k ^‘iVL.i.a JjSj jKi jA JjjUl!
A-pluaiaVt AxluJl ^»a 1 (j-a -kail! (jl
£
dljill Ai,3^J (^3
How to Write in Arabic—^ aja^. ululSa
SjLu-ill
(jLastli
Prepositional errors
*Lu^)*ll cliLxljaII ^glc. ^laji
' (jAil AiiA* CjjSImi
^UaVI y."* Ajc.Loli.yi j* eLiil
AUaxli »JluAA yjl
Acjjj cslc dllofr
IojjxJI Aiiil AjjiIjAj ulijjS
bjAUJI ^ UL-*»j
la-Lli-a Aj-iALjjJ) AC-luJl (JA .Irvin* a)
(g^yac. _)i > «->1 CuS L«Aic<
jJ LoAic
i—ijiuoit oAj*JI (-JC ji tillA^j
(Jjjla (^0j a^iAala. CiiljV IKJloll lift
^JLiAj-o HjLu j^JssSLuj dijll AjL
AjfilSlI (JLoil i_ii «<La
ujAaLoi li-Ji (julJ AJ*i
pistil <_ lliaj j-oluil
Uljlui ^ AjI^J
JjSJ IaJ
S^aLij-allj A_jAi-ll Laj2
cJUl^ j£jL*
Ij^ii cAlLlA J
Errors of spelling
la^3_$yi
4j!&aJI Ajik-aiJi Ajii_>i'
cMo^' o^*
C£L-al_j*ll ^»AikJj-at
^jAlili £• jauiV) ^
162
Errors of expression
Appendix 1
4-LMl'nj
(JApiA Lj
C
5^) '"^A ^
(jjJli! Qii ^Ljak-aVI CP-
^Uka.1 Cj* %2
, J» \1 Jaiiil ojLiu .all (ji <J-«4
Lcii (_£jaJ *L$2kU cpj
I _ '1 Jxil jjc- S-llAC-
jJ_a>s ^1} dijiui LaAic. <JSLiuJl tj±x*-i
A&luU CAla-aaJi ^ <AjW liiUul
...jjAJj c> 0-^W
<- it ^a^Aa ig\
U3Lp. ^ La^ IJjA jj-gl yxlj pi jfc
(jaijhftl ^ Ua UjaL>j
AjJIc. AiJaj Jl ^jU»Si ^
UaaJI Jj££iii <Sj^i> IaA
JSLia ^-ic. Clila.A
CjbAaall <-_ilc-l tji Ajt
JljJa CP JJ
Ajc. CiAajf <—ayji La jii j
pLouIIj jAjJ 2^aUJl ^(J
_
yuuLa i .jn > <->l l tluS
^iLtil ^ A**J (Ja.jll du£
A^a «JI 0° <-Kj...
Appendix 2: Expressions in Context
2 jftly ,^aUaj S-ladll
pre-emptive
dLY _jll t <*!) jumuastrike AjSIjUjM CibjJa]!
gpUll dUj dJ
heavy blow 4jjda
<LLuald 4jjda Ajalj Jla-i ^Jjlajll -j-o L-ia-tujl
full-scale attack <>Ld
L?ic. 5L#L«i LajaA Ajfuj^Vl diljSll did
heavy losses jjU-a.
.Igi&lj 4jjAa3I 1"
'1 "
d
4^jti jjLwta. Ajc. ddiJjj j 4-jj.ldl ^k (Jajjllj cjaill a£j^. jdac.yi (JaJC.
violent storms^£-
.JjLiallj ^gjdlil jdfjl <^1 (_$^ d« 4_ulfr IaLjJ Sjjjc-
1jUsuji jdaC.y 1 LJ^La
lessen/reduce tension >j2l! -A**!
S j Ajt.idll jjjj Sa* JiLaiU AjSIj*J1 dl __jS31 dula
waves of raids dljliSl <>(jdm.il.Til
tsJc- dlljUJV £>A Aa^a dlddll dljfl (did
training camp sau<£
(jldijl«il ^k S^c-lill ujjjJj jLuju* i-dafl
inflict losses with -i
lUll S - >1. ^Syi Aaiillj o jAiSi IjjLuli aLJI ^ 1c. ^jdajaVi ^1 » n*> 11
the war vhj*M
jjUlUa a£js*.j o.Wi^U dLVjil jyj djh
execution by firing squad f'^!Aiid jpa y^j (j<aLuajkj Laj AaI^! Ajilskm C-iUa
sentence to death f'-^VL AJc^laid ^Ijtfv’VL (jlUlA. ^ 1iua ^yic-
eruption ofwar vj* £V*iii
cJj^zk, ^VAiI Aadi. oj>)-vvll ai& Lui_jj diaSj
use of force Sjiil flAiiwl
4jmL<»jljall dlW >dl Jda Jla. ^ SjUl^LVmh I jl jiill li* Jjd
164
Appendix 2
covered ^Afuiilt jLm i jIa>u AjjJu <. (JL»eI di^Lwj
conflict (*4^V jlSaVl) ujjLIaj — uijUijJ —ljjLusj
.JUSeV' AjIaC- _)jAa jLflJC-l ftjjVl dujUiaJ
/ not confined to . . . but ... J* i#k ^(jJU (JauljI CjAL« 1 Jj Jaia A>u-al*JI ^Ic- <
.
kwl l jLft&l
destroy -j**
j^-^U djLjUJi ja*J1
>A\aIl jIjiLuilj Cy^-i <-AAjdl V
subject to (t^d3 jj^=»-d / Aj^I ja. Ajlac. / A^Ia.^11 / AjfrUibdlj J £m3Ai
AJa ji-% 4 ^ aJ^LjloI] ^frLall
USe Of diUlVI / ^ j-oA11 A hui.nH “I
A-bJalitil ‘Qu.i <Ul AJa^uill <**ii8i^ lull
^A-jjjLba; As*jl / A_uia A >>-5h/ ftjjlvv £•j^>a» / <>> O'3_>°) -$
jOxil *Uj1 SjjJaA. (—uwai
be cautious (^jiM / ^ JVJjV! / ji=Jl) ^**3
(jjj&UaUI (JJjul) ^3 J«iaJl Cff^l'^3 ^
debate raged iW'i , >» .* tij CjIja,! <_a2j a ja -‘s Jja. jjuuuu (JiiaJI Iaj
consumed by fire OU“ll
djvlilaJlj CjijLudl £)1jAjJl
impose a curfew dj*3ll u-3^Ajj-idl JjAjii jla^ A-LjJill Um3j3
cause death &J>(jAU-loll I_sjL-a yAja-j ^113 diLa^JI dtflSji
calm returned pj^I Jte
•,
_il h-». A*j AjjAaJI \ n»ii Jlc.
open fire J* jUSl £a$
jJj^AUalall ^Ifr jUll Ai^uJI ^**aljc. (,r>Vfo
on the open road JajWI^jli J&Jjjlall A£rjl£ jjifr AjIe Uait-o t_iLill Aa.j
165
How to Write in Arabic
oust a regime ^UaVi
j»UaL A^UaVI iaiill c—liAjI jjjll^
I jj-ajj <9 j <.
i(j il l Jl^c-S jI^xj CiSjc-
bridge the gap Sj$JI ViJ53
uU»J (jjj S-lujUuJI a^$Jl
cause casualties
(Jjadl Qinlrfill qa Lj' >SI CjLo^JI Clll^Ua
by land and sea Lwj 'jf
Jjauj Ijj (j'j’d' 4ddj-«Vl ejljfill i"u-> Ia
life-threatening injuries £JJ*4-uiij^ ajJa£k
minor injuries C.jj*
j Wii CjjU. J5U. AjLala £jjau ^Udl t-i*-ai
severe cnticism/sharp criticism
Aj2ljUJI 4j«Uu. jjJc. [jijd Ujv I& JjV'^jtidl JJjj
thwart an assassination attempt ^i*S^ v^!^ tAll u»5IAjI 4JjIa«4J t-i-alSa AxSa t'lb .lm l
fuel the cycle of violence “-^l SjjJ 4j$j
i-ijkillj uikll ajjJ Jjij frVjA
storm
(j-ldlJ ISJill £t*AjSi
to sustain losses 4s3
JsUxJIJ £-1jjVl g-9 4=o\i JjjLuA (j£jaJ| -iJ^3
release/set free £l>“ tJ^3!
J (jjifllixxll J& £)j“* ti^3! (^1) t L>“V* Ic.^
mass graves jA4
JllJlij (^1 AjfrLia JjtfLa
disarm AaL«V1 £>dll CJja. AaIwI (^Ic- (j-aU 1j!jS c>Sfl
human shield £jjj
AjjaSu £jj.JS Jjjiij^ll (J oi^-
166
Appendix 2
to threaten^
clashes have erupted cjlSULi! CaJjj)
jiic. Qii >lil£l nJi)
subdue fire u'j^'
jU jLiiV L_S*ia]l <->« . Wil l 2_jjU^a CjIjS CusjSI
conflicting news vj1^32
(J&o jiL Jj=». fU3Vi i-yjUJaj
inflict harm bj^jM4jl-> jil
(_sjJ lu tjl Lxwil UjJa jjliIjJall
to target
jrl i_L-ai3l
wage a war on &*JfaJfua [j*a jj!u£ CIiLcaA Cjlfloi (jlluuliii ^Ifr UjA AjSjj-aVl o-^loll CllUVjll Cumi
to unleash a war Ifllie <> jfiai
(3^ V^^-11 (jlC’jllLall (jJ2jiall Ja.i ^Ua! CjL-sajlLdl (_}2& AaJ
to wish/to hope ^ <S^i
^ jJI ‘Cu-ail ^.aloi (Ja. ^ ^<v>I I J^Lj
to enjoy -*
*LalxSl CjljLiajyi 4jot*jj ^£> Aj {jjuijll
the prospect of ^(^Ic- (jij*ll ^ylc. I_JjaJl £f*i pj£k
driving force kalJ Sji
Jru*jVl 4*31J 5^j2 S^IaII CliLiV -1*J
protective measures Cit#Jj*}.
^L-ac.yi aJiui £yi oJoUh^I 4jil2j Citf'lj&U A-uIjUII CliUsLdl Ci/slii
official verdict
lalwj (j^uta. ^»l«lk-cs ^l^c-UC£
-kJaa_> <jc- Lywij jiua
express <> j2*
,4j CjbV jil doLSI LtuS »Ia. ^_Je. ^IJcVW AjJaSj (j£> ^-1jjjV I .iLaJiyi Jjp
How to Write in Arabic
oil revenues
CjJjIIj g-uujall Jailll CjUIjjij jj
provided aid dljeluLdl
^ ijljy.. .'i A 150 j-uiJ L-iadll £yt CiIJ&UmaI)
combating poverty
LiSjjal jAill A.'j
1 ^jL-ojSVI tjjlaCillj Aj-aiHi! A-daio l" r~lg »"i
staggering profits
jjlj«j| Aiilla IaLjI dil£jdJl CLiiLk
breaches/violation ofhuman rights O^Y* Jjj**-
^LdajVi (jjj-iZkd dlllUaj jjSjb ^ dlSl^Ijl ^jL-ajVI ^dadi Cjjlc.1
encounter/fight (J\
i_j\ajVI (JILii JSLI ^1 Uitkjjj^ {jjALi^l jJj *1jjjll i_yLLij tco
plunge into darkness f^al'
Ajjid! !^k £-Ua3jl <__iac. ft^Uall JiLui
fall of victims
Jjadl (j-o U ^ >si iaj&u diU^il do!
subject to -3 o^J*3
(_ijjc. jj! <ja_uj^ ,n v"i\1 <jjjSIj*Jl c.Ua-uiil (_>aJJU
reliable sources jjUa*
klAJM JA aXa. ^k fjulJ jil (ji Cri.
wide support 4*^
ejaaill djlidsJl qaa Uudj IJLUU ^UajjJI JLa*ll UJjo. 0$A;
a decline in popularity ^ £a.ljj
(jljxll t5lc. Uja. 4Juj J1XJ jjL Aaaxm dJL^Ijj
vote-rigging £»U*j?tfl jjjjj
1**|| il 4*i*yI JJJJJ ^ 'r- bklsda.! Lujfi ^2 a OJ dlljAUaa dud^jl
strengthen policies t^SL*W j>jL^luAjAd jjjJUJ LuUajjj dLal5
improving the image Sj>-all £^d2
^XuiVIj tjJAlUil ^ I^JJJ^ ^J-dj Sdddl CjljVjli djbb
168
Appendix 2
series of suggestions daU.)jjiiVi <>La$ in {Jal Ac*j\ jjiolt <—fil jkbU
1 (JA Aimlm (j^Vl Q"^ "f
exerted efforts
Jll-Sfr Qjll
J
jV 30 gd'j^ cJ1 X' Oi* itSiV fC-j
the last option jj^VI jUaJl
jbill Jjhj Oijjj .Ua (Ja*1I (ji AjSj^aV 1 B^akicJI CjLjV _j]I <-_)_)C.i
win a landslide victory Oj*Jaila-dl £>^)jlaj
t5lc. t fl'vt * a Ij^2 (JUudi jli
diplomatic channels V-WV*l g-> aUji (jfr Ifejlaj Lml ±x-i ^lUIj UajI jii Aj^LajLil! daj^^l&ll c-Lli! oJilc.]
the near future
JaxujV) (Jjjuil! Sjljj Alia ^jc. o.WiaII ^-abU ^htll ^jiaVl Jp.
filling gaps ^UU-»
(jjJiLJI (Jaj A-ojlail aj i.uU.,tfll da)jxjII AaJLt-iu jiLJl jAojiLajL^ ^\1
breach the charter
^aUb-aJl ddfrTi.il (jl^)*l! ^Ic. i—i^aJ! Jaluj2\ j^-ir i bjjjj&l
' soaring prices »j&
»jjjS Sjila .kid! jUxul CiSjc.
only source j^*A4
-\p.j kail! djbljj}(_s
Ic. Abiu
monopolise^ jjad«l
jadl Jakll £}jL£a ,J& ^Jj£ll dal£jJill <i|
growth j-diJ »jjjj
SjoiVi ciijiuJi ^ i&iijji ^'lu.-iii ^jL-ajiyi >*iii sjjjj <—aj*j
trembling voice
da! U>>-.^-a jAj AjlaJu-aV Aka-all Alu-afS
abject poverty J&bajjsl ^ ^JHa jSs^ (jjiUll <-_aVI (jk*j
middle of the road Jjjkl! 4*jt*
AfrjLftJ SjLall SjLudi diA.lki-aj
169
How to Write in Arabic
to ravage the earth ^k £j*j
blui ^ CLOLi ^Ull
the first phase of the preliminary talk cjIjjUaJ) ^k jJt
CaIUjUaI! <> ^jVl ^J^JaII i_Jjail ujsj^ jbjUl Jiii
populous cA£**1U
ut^Vl <*JaI Ajjiil e^A
satisfy the need for
Vji-dl i_ilc.| Ailljjii AuiJ
exceed^^jsi
jxaJI yk t-iLill Jajai
hold responsible Jas.
<^k JUcJ AJjj-JW Ajjjjjill tliUlaVl 4al=J:dl JJjj Jaa
under the auspices of>-a*j
v JaCUJ £Aui LAJ (jlJ*j| CjLVjll Ojc.
turn a blind eye to <j& tijlall <_£c
4i>-a ^ jaj yult CjlajjaJI (jc- <_ijkll iliujVl (jiaP
stop violations oljjUjli <jilj2cl
<ihlt J) fi Cll!jJSa_dl j,0 0JJj£ 5_w£ 5Ja^il| duijjfcl
compensate for^b-oJl lk3^^hll dujjJa diULjaJill 4aiij 4_ic.|jj]| *< l'o-v! ^j]| jjLutaJl ^^Ic. J'Oiall a nj<-^ 1
1 jp
supervise the implementation of the resolution jljah 2^ uSjAj
Alkldl Ctijljilt (j£1jlC‘ ja»Vl (jala-o l_£JMU
investigate ^ tsj»i
Ajjjjj -jjbj i—ujuij a_ijJa2 (jSi UL5a3 4-ojfxsJ! Cjja,i
give an opinion c/Lw^4_aJfl]| Sj^ala-ail bkb ^3 <^>1J4
examine a situation lJ&ja <j<aaij
A,lull a IAqI ~v ^11 4-.nl ’^,1 jja I^jjaI L_&£ja
the lesson from <>Wk»c- CP fl l$ji jA *US 1 jfl> SJJ»1IJ
170
Appendix 2
the question which occupies us d'JM'
aLII jLk £y* l.Jt.iiij
milestone o^Ji\ Ahlli
(JjjIujVI Aiilll 4>.oUll (_)La.S/i 4JJJJ
have no interest in J** Vj l^a .... -1^ V
.ci^Vj <1 A5UV j Qj3_^all (jjU eLAj^Uvoti j » *•>-*
distort the truth *>*
^Loi 4 aj'q~. \1 <^s.j ^Xal l S
part and parcel of 6* OfrW *j±
4-UjiJl (JA i
J
aIjV * Auisi jiLyoll
ofutmost importance or urgency> W l l i . 4 V .-‘^1 4
JA^lf’
lj£ £•jjJai^all lift
unconditionally ^jA ji &s*
Lj2u j’l ±jk CSS^i "M^Y' jUlttll iwiljhVl (>»Vl (jda-a leO
shed light on J* ftiij
JsmiijVl c3_>*jill 4.jUr.^jlc- c-jj-iali
the same degree/level of<> u-*^
4AjSL-Ji (j-4 jJill
of first-class quality d$Y' jljhll 0*
^jjJ! ^Ldt ^3 JjVl jljWl (> jaJ'
in outward appearance, externally jftUall
Ift-i^.jl I^Sjjj 4ji jAliall
the remarkable thing is that O' j-4^' 'Ah* i>
l^jlajA*-a 9- JJj CjjaLii l$j| JA^\ <-uIaC-
reject something/undervalue hj^J' ^ yj*8
JailaJl (j<ajfr JLjsUjVIj jjjjll
for some unknown reason ^i_jjSju ^5 4alaJ j^JI cU*J' li$j ,»ta
head over heels ^’JLwiij jj-oVl 4-JSj l^k jjjjlli ^3
171
chronic disease c»I jiaj <jx ejjjj
to make up one’s mind to do something fj^l JSe
all over the world *UjI <j£ <>jjxxaJI fLaui JS jjx 4-ojLdl a£x ^1 ^-LksJI jL
give free rein to -1 <i&i
<L-a Qj* Ij>stjn4i £jU*Ji JjUaj
helpless ®j*i Je- vjl*-*
cs" j$i #>d J& uijl*-* !3a
to be valid/effective Jj»aa!I jjU-i_i1_>iaVl clS tjA Igilc
.£j3jj!I .lu JjxLaII AjjIuj AjalsjVI Claa*-al
to eavesdrop/to monitor £**-11 Jji«l
£a-uJt Jjljlui) jA .iljl! 31a A-o^-a
to join forces with someone <jU«4
<j'J*l' <jdc. l$Jja. LuLLjjj '$-Wx^ Q-^-oll diLjVjll diiwaj
relations between ... are broken off ox sM'jjjjJjaJtjd\ Jjt_' jjjhJI jjj uUuiVI '"'*ka*.
more than necessary AaUJI £& ajIJ
‘LaUaJl litj Aj CulS La J£
before breakfast JjjjH J&cJrfjll jjJfr Ij£L aIoc. Joj
untiring (in speaking)/he talks incessantly &j *0 uL*jV
<JiJ j$2 jiJajx ^1 ^ LliAaJy Ja.jll I3a
the status quo 4JLaJ)
(jljxll ^k 4jA|j11 Ajlali AjUIujI <jc. Jic.
at someone’s beck and call SjUiV! <>
j
Sjlufifl £>Aj Lila Lmi Lliaj^i 131
pending investigation 0*jAijiaJI ^la. JjAakill £AJ f
Appendix 2
against his will &* jh
i_ill (^4 ft*jil yip £-Lua»*^l jla-v.1 ^jl ^-'l i-i>ml
\
take a decisive step ‘U«iU. Sjlai. iia!
Ijjj£ J^Uail A-iuila. Sjiaii aA-wld! ^oVl CjAsmI
occurred to him I JaL
l^2kjj JvUs Joe. jA ^Jjll jl IgJL jiaikJ
to make special mention of someone/something 0-“*‘OjjlaiYl Ailll ojjLuii j£,ilU AjjjLml diljSjg -\a ^ J-a
to lower one’s eyes
to draw a line at something vlai *“.
4_j*Jakll Cliad Uai». ,_jlijJdl lv*> a5Luj diLjajlio Juu
he was suspected »Ada
Ajjlilj JJjj >lu3 CuIa JLuC. 1 A,U>l3 __)Aj£ _)2kJ JlXJ
turning point clp^
Ajj-ai-illl AjLi^ Jjaj jJ
to be completely powerless/be able to do nothing^ Vj aJ aJjaV
a b^y^5aj aj^av (j^i ^ic. jJt^n o^c-Ljl* (jjia.
take precautions/to be on guard ill
«.lj2w*all jje. oj&ui Jvii. (3__>iaii £-Ua3 qa 4jj|ij^s L-jVl
deserving attention
Jjai.ii.dl jlaj Jaa ,Jk}
J
to make your mouth water ^oljaVS Aj ^UJall lift
influential people JaJl J*i
^diakdl JJUtllj Ja1| J&i £ya o_jj!
•tf
to replace lU-« J*c.ljjjil <J*UJ Jaa jajjll Ja
to revert to its original state 43jSU
receive someone with open arms jUiaaVU A^S
Jjjla Aa_i eJj ^1 LoAiC- (jl Ajljlc. ATlUA
173
How to Write in Arabic
to take someone in arms*1
fjii tjZ&j jUa^ll IjW VUaiwl ^HLaH . .'i
halt/make a stop JUjJ) Ja&.
SjjU-J! 4jjai! JIajil iAalill
from everywhere J* <>LJ^aj JS ^»!
jaJI CLmll jjjj
pay no attention to ^^ Jh<LiII ->J ^1 VU yjL
hardly attainable d1-^'
JLlaII JjJU ^lis. $.1jiill
to go up in smoke Ijj&*^jlj^Vl J\ (JaIjII yJ Aijja Jjia Ijj5i« fbfc AjIjjg>^ bi&lua
on the point or verge of (doing something) o' 4Lij (J&jjlaljiiyi diliijjail *^d'j ejUljy-JI jjjsj Hii
welcome! ^*1'j ^
Aj Ijja.j O^j^ f>Ajjj
unexpected 3> o^3jfr j-^1
incomparable (J^» ^ j^' jhiL»
jdail! ^laiL» y£unkil jt^Jt life
he goes to the point of^ o^l o4-“'
jUbjyi yi jjiijll a^.jj ^1} Aj j-»VI ^$111
extremely ^ alii#
aJIo^j£l!^ &Ilia !>U.j dulj (ji ^ (Jjjoxj
to strengthen one’s side j>-
A^n.l-k OjI^ixaj 11j Abba i_y'^ " ojC
in broad daylight
Aa^ialj y-i a.u^-o IjSjau
well-known/famous
yHJ*!' flbJI CumoS! £j|j jgi (JS1I 4iJ3U lift
ms.
174
Appendix 2
conclusive evidence JJj
Ajc- 4 ^‘C-. p-’JaV ^JalS JjI
J
desired/wanted^OJjS-l l^oS L_SjCJA A-ujadl
to ascend the throne/accession to the throne la3
oillj sliJ Jixj (J*jsdi JJ»oVl fjjj
to imitate someone j**^cs-“ <-£ AjjI CaW lAa,
disappear from sight jUajV) Cjf-
4aa.jj fja4J 4^l^j| .ixj jUajVl4jc.
to make things worse/complicate ^ 43AjIjldl 41j»ljj Ig-ii AL jjjlall Jlj i "“'j. >»•*
under the veil/seal of secrecy ^<jU U*jl 4jj)<a>rfaj9 (JljV
with bowed head o-*l4 ’U=dx«
jo^Vl jiuJl (jLaJLoVt ^ 4I0I 4_ui. ^xj (j-1jll UaUa* o-iij ^a.j
to dismantle/dismember <3**^ <jj>
^j;j' jaL^ll (_]£] 4_pl*-a]| ojl^V I C-
1
\M d^ui
to release someone/set someone free z)j**
iijlLxll 4*1^1 -> a A*_J Jjlhi
reflected in ^ d^*33
4j£-lluall 4jUi\ >«ij 4» j\ ojjfl ^3 11 !aa jji^
J UJJ
(jj1 4^tjj (ji AjII L« (jLuijVi d®
a model to follow ^UluA-a ^ Aj jJ&A-l ^J-a lift ^)iuu
gradually >4jjj 'A*jj
lljjj llJJj Ajx] j^]a
most likely
175
How to Write in Arabic
decided on^ JSS«l
(jj^lja A-bAx ^ip AjIj jSlyij AjliaC. eLjaS (JjjJa JJ^SJ Aau
bear in mind AuLp
_•?' g-'-A'l 4jc,|a1| 0ilivai Aaa**»j AaLp UiUl ^Jaj
in order to ^.Aa.
1jll (j>a Iwi Aki ^yiuib (jjjjlall gJ (jjjSLuwJI u_i3j
no return to £j*J\ (J] J^V.Ajisljajjjjil A$£. Jp;J4«Vj jLikJI (,5* AjJaljLuoli AiAaJl (JaujI! (jlcl
the best example <J*» J*1
(jdjVl J-illt-S
ic. jA t^ic. Jla J*£a2| J*J
to end one’s dream «U^jSja Qjji <uijAaII ^ c_)^)ijulU AajaL j i» >«->]! Jjfl
to plead/beg
^-o^lai! AUnrll AiuAi-a ajUjj <1 ^-<uuJ (ji AajI ^11 jjjVl jH
to disclose/unveil CP jtiuiil
UjSj^o ^uj] ^)P jULuJ) £Sj ^ late- A*j
to be in vain <s^^jjkVl ijlaJLoyi ^ Aiiia Au Uifc J Ajxi (JS
to render someone a service 3-*-^ .... 45^AdjAj^al A^Ak •> all Aui!
to pay someone back twofold OP^i tpUa AJ Jt£ / ^Ua gUoll AJ j
j
(^jPL^ £Uai! AJ Jj jjkVl £^)kj LaAift (j£l AluiljJ JMk Ajj) L_iVi Ac.Lui
secluded, segregated CP ^Alii
4^}P Aij^
4^ *4jM £Ai-a1 aIaI A-o johaa^L -^ak Aju
wide-ranging 4jUail! j^ilj
j^a'JaiJl AjuujIj{
x_uJalya y 13a
unconditionally ji &jjiajJi ji Alfi 4^)jJ CjLjajli*ll ^ (JjkAll <—fl1_>iaV J oASklall CuDa
false excuses AiiU <_»lu-i
A t&'i. ni l ^Lai AluJaS AflSla UUwii ^Lall
176
Appendix 2
to stare at
diJj uim jjc. (J«.Luui j, 'lU IttW") JjJxfl AjuI^j d:
fraught with danger
jLIxaIL t_flIjiXA AiV (jLSLall t jlA A-oUiyi didaij
make good progress
4_u_)aJl Axil) AaIxj Uj£fr Uaj^i u-iUall ^i»2
joint interest A£ji«wdl aaIuxJI
Lo^Juj ASjIma!) AjoU-suSV) AxL<xd) -jjAhl) (jjj Ajiliiyi dj^Li.
to arrest ufcoi^lluili
yift Aia__jdJl dlfiii
in the long run -^1 J*Jyjull ^A*l) C5lc. tjAb Ijlxil lift (jia-bJi
tradition and modernity S^IxaIIj AL-aVI
Sj^IxaDj AlU^Vi (jjj (_>ali aLju Cjx-ax
attract attention aULW) 1&
^ jdi Aji-ijdll ^llx-dl ^ALjjjI di-iti
in principle <>A_djxil ijjx*. Ajlj In a 11 Jlux Ax-o < ifraj V
sufficient j-^Wjilxiall (j-« ^alSll ^AJUjjixs Ajal_^<dl Ijcdj £• jaJLj A^VI (jLaC-
take a glance at Sj&
.£>) (. it urt JU-laJI i_Aj£1Iijs> ojjtc. 0jiaj jlluiV) (J$
two sides of the coin »^U ^*1 £M*JS Axlj Alaxl 3 1-°^ i{
j^axJl ) ,U,m\ jpj La^jli^-aj^ (jUfcsuV jjlJJ
witness for^(jjjS (JjS LuLmiI ^ ^g-OLuVl I-A&Lui (j^idiV)
heavy burden J* fs*CJvUall
(_JiP ^jAj Uu£ A p^ .a! ) a^A jajxj
presides over ujj^ i^jh
(_Jji,Sr
) £-4 djls^Lxil jdi A^jLkil jjjj
177
How to Write in Arabic
to kill two birds with one stone
(Jajjij <_£jiuil! jxuydl ^Jasw Aa3 LuLLj jj jlj LoAic-
.eijjjSoll
below the poverty line •>*
jiilj A^ duxj AjjM** JaI l&uu
a point of interest jt&i^^\.>-vl l jUaji Mjjfl 4-0jSLdl 4£La (Jlaj
to cany the torch for J J-»aJ
oAdL-aJl (JLt^Vl (_5-i) ^IxTiSlj ^»WJ) 4.1xd ^3 L^jA(j)
deviate from 0*^(_3J_)la {jc. Ala, — aI$J2wVI (JJJla ^jfr AgJa»_dl Ala,
train of thought jtffcn J-Auu
4a*-at^. ojaiVt^ji-olxi (Jiti (JjoiIuU ^Jal5
tumble over J* Ui31
Liajl 4^s>-j fJta- toi tluJi (jljAa. ^jic. jauu _jAj 4ijtjj Aai
escape from the bonds of AjrfS <>Qula-uJl AjjS »' iaJuJl CiIAjI
engraved on my mind/entrenched in my mind o*&Aiill (Jc. luijA ^JAJ^ ^SJAk-a
occupy one’s mind JWt^u-ljA ts-“ t^iU J» «aj ^xS
his sole obsession d&t*S*M
Lldl AjSjj 4jLi^. (3_>i» J&U2JI 4lLw jA Aloe. (JJa
to take over (the reins of) government f^aJI -V^la fiuu
4-ul olij Axj jtfLaJl »UlCL> jjL«Vl j>luu
to bet on the wrong horse AfjaJl Je> >»l5
Al^aJ! ^Ifc 4il jAjj3 4-«j_}A ^ij^a
by word and deed d*AHj ds^i4 u -<l ^1 1 4 \ . .iti 4_iic. l.'Oa'i t La d 'Q ili Val
to move heaven and earth/to make a stir LjaJI plSl
lAa. 4 j-ij . ai (JjLlm(_s
Jc- lA AJtJiij LuAlt ^Lsi
178
Appendix 2
they rose to a man d*j Vj*AiAaJl ^aj£sJI jjjjlall ja Asdj (3>J ®jjdix] | (J* 1 flS
to become fully effective J*^j-ill u^- (jLuij 4-dalall <Us>ill Cilia
alive J&SLail Aja yjp dillji l$ii
C5i«lj1 Jjjla (j*j kiA IaIjl ^1
to show one’s teeth 4Al«i cf-
*UiLaj CjUjjSaJI j LaAic- AlLLuii £fi- AuiVl j2&
with heart and soul W^Jjji,Vl _>la ^ (3^'
he held numerous offices tiilisj uilii
C-U-aial! lift AjMjc.1 Jj5 SJjJG uiiUaj uU&4 AaS 4jjj 6jii AjAsJI JJA,all
didn’t pay attention to d VL>^ <d
Ada^a ^»C.j Qji.Jjll j2 ^aA.u<ail *5?L <jjii
to risk one’s life 4*-iL
*A=».jl frl j-> «->\l C- ^itui LaAic. AmAL Ufljla.
to take its course »lj** &1
AjA^. ^*"^1 L&j aUaJI Clii.i As9 (jalii IftJjJhda JaiLu 4jaI»J! j
in the twinkling of an eye £•!.<> JSi
j^adl £t*J £}a Jai l$lu Ijajx>i
compelling evidence 4**~g"'dl Ada AjuiU gyy 2Jaj*ill CjIa]
weak argument SjjIj
5Jjb cJld AaXHk jli >La£a-all ^Lai 4j ^a! La ^C.j
it occurred to me j^W2
ejjtkVl Ciljpmll (JiLk, 4j ^Uj {^ill(_£
jJsdl AjjIj LaAifi.
an indisputable matter Uj Vj liii JjSjV Lr^
J&V Cjd' U^V' L 1^ *1 t>»Vl (jda-o A$1
until further notice yi*" j# cM^yAuLft jjC d&i Sj » Ia\ -> all a11ujS/1
179
How to Write in Arabic
wreak havoc/destroy everything J*\Uuujjiji qmuLllj (J& 2005 (»tc. Lull iJjjm (_}Jxia ^il! Ji\
violation of public security fkdi <>Vl jjlijAlixa ^laJl /jjSjluuJI (Jja.
with full knowledge of<>eJlikldl ^*Vl £)* (^Ic- LfcJJsk o.Wbll diLjVjil dnii
to wait for an opportunity o^j3
Aiilaj (jic. “Lajii) dJIjV I g i<l AauaLaJl jj* i" i-n. jA".
to keep one’s self-control/remain calm ‘UiU Jajj
CiS Aula. Jajj ^aa t. a.Vallj ^Lilb a_Jc. l^aj*.a ^»c.j
to retrace one’s steps^ (J* £*jA* .J .aJl ebb aSLua jaaxj jjS ^aa aii*!* CjIja Ajifr AC^j Oxj
to recall/remember J) SjSliii
Ifk-all .!$£. ^31 SjSiilt Aj Cm^j3 4-oj^all AioL j\j
to upgrade something <> fcjb
.A .aSa> .<ft\l >b»l Allaya Ajlia
to unveil 0® jMt z)$Ljijl !Jb^jLo Jlloj £fi. ^jJl jlluilj
wandering glances &ilj
AiJJj Cdla AjIjJxSj (JjaJI ^ jlS
to speed along like the wind VsjgJjll i_Uj i-iSIj Ail£
j
to be in charge jVtfl Aij <iL^.
3 * -nl > 11 J^ai A2J JyAaJ! AloxII tilwM
to shower with a hail of<> JjJjj
ja^sdl tj* JjljJ j jLi-wal! JliiaVl jlxal
among Alic <^a
(jji^Lall ilAC ^^2 Ixj
narrow scope/limited extent jUaSM Jj^a
^jUaill AiiJa (JJij ajlSal jli U-<Jlc. Ajj^o ^c.j
180
Appendix 2
to be incapable of/to be too poor OP .... ^ALafr yC- yi -A -a dtLyyy » >i\' C-I sJj '**•*' da
they were at variance (J'J*^ IjWyU^I tjtiJa2 y-ac_J LojS cM
consumed by fire
ylJjilll <LoaL Ulljloii ^gi CiUlili
out of curiosity £>Uai^V* yi U*csikn, „yi ^ Ua. uLu-ol! Cjjj
give free rein to his instincts '4-V>^ <3^'
Aiij-ill AIsLaj Jlf« jjc. 1 i ii (j!£- y»AjJ| Jjlla)
to open or pave the way for someone/something Jjjkl' £ui
U-lbtlVl yS ££jLLail yjylall AIjV I—iVl ^»3
to indulge in defamatory remarks about someone 1*4* ^>*4 *4 jlla)
l» t*i/i I
^
Ajfi AjLuii ^ Ajlc t*
\ , >>£.
insurmountable barrier £4* j4*Al*.yl! jilill yd yoVi
i(jjjiLuuJI ^Loi U i
j’io 1ja»La> gchli
cause havoc ^ 'jL-i^6-L ^ |jLu»S yajjyM ulc-
to squander or dissipate one’s fortune J-*^Ajywii dLa _)Laall j_gJc. y^Xall i_aVl itC>
milestone ^4^1
all y4.lu.Vl Aidil oyuiVl yfiau
full partner d*lS 4j>*
-ijJzJI Acjyiid lP (Jbo&Vt (J4j C~ Irk n
grab/seize the opportunity to -1 4&1AujjVi cjj-ill SyLsyl A^io ^^le- Ai 4*^j3 ulUali ^.uC- 1
hang in the balance *4 4y ^Aii.jj (JjS Jill ^ya-dl AiJafl^ 4iU Cuj ^
indifferent j4AUjJU Cjj2S»a jJfc i_JlLll ijkA jJjj
181
How to Write in Arabic
infringe (violate) the law ^ja.i (j* (j£i jA jp-uJl
irrefutable evidence/compelling evidence ***
A A*n1 \A AjU»lJ A^k^i A
to arrest J* u^1
lay off CPAlalc. A^ii. ijfr jjAaJI ^JlLuiI
lay the foundation stone £*-aj
jjjS(_sAuiluw frljfS ^uLuVl .jywll
peace talk stalled J»j
(jji^Ul jc. (jJc. (jUiVI I..n*ii.) (jJjhlj-jVtj (jnn3*>«.iU\l (jii fiLutl! CjIjJIa-4 CjjA*J
under the pretext of Ci^jLojil A -> \ »t Jja.j A*jjj <
" aaJ (jij*ll jjc- p
under the veil of secrecy cM2^' <^a
jl a".<U j’'i q-. U f^yaxj 5.ULI
tangible
(JSxU LAjJaSlI J-alsClj
coincide with £* c>1>ajSIjxll 2_uL<JjJ! cjU-^-yi ajSjj^VI AjjjjUjII dAjlajjV) Cua)jj
hand over power ^JaL-Jl pAPi
AjJajla-ail <Uai*-ilt ^uLdu A-ajS^ll CLi^Ui
mastermind d^i .
jjAadl jLa*J! i_ij^. CjLuiU*xi jjJaII JltaJI jjL jjj*j
issue a verdict
jjui-t ^l^c’u |>£aJ| Aj§1J*j| <LoSL»m<i1I di!j.luai
smuggling of drugs
dilj-lJLAlt (— Ac.JA2k-tti! c_5Jc (jJojill p
held
AjJjidi AjSIjxII ^U-bjVl A_uj|jj __>xjjjJI ..Vto . t j
iajjJl diljbC-
182
Appendix 2
in this manner jb® <^®
Alii ^1jfr j—uLaj £)i ajjl Ai* c_iUa
in summary c$j^jjJao <jli J_$al! (_$jlx^aSj
in summary cM^Jf
[JjLJI £• jlxuVl Ujjjoui Aji JulWl l Jj i rflVij
to a certain extent Ui_S ^ayi {jl tLc A=w ^Jl t A-aj^aJi! C.ifrllr»n >il -iii
best example^ t*l® j*vs
' J^lll Ai*jjJiill djLLkljyl liili ^^ic- i_y^ ^ im'll ^jjWl La^li A_u^)*JI (Jj-iil (j>>» . l dlSJC-
oja> uai&l ^ dija.
on the contraiy <> lh^ ! J®l y '-•> ') (JA ^JJl^nll
t_5i& ji-abu (j jiil (J^ Cll£ jLi
in general pj*^' ^1®
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183
184
References
Abdul-Raof, H. (2001), Arabic Stylistics: A Coursebook,Harrassowitz Verlag.
Al-Warraki, N. and Hassanein, A. T. (1994), The Connectors in Modern Standard Arabic,
Cairo: The American University in Cairo Press.
Brustad, K., Al-Batal, M. and Al-Tonsi, A. (1995), Al-Kitaabfii Ta allum Al-Arabiyya, Part 2,
Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press.
Lahlali, E. M. (2008), Advanced Media in Arabic, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
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SOAS LIBRARY185
How to Write in In:
El Mustapha Lahlali
This book is designed to help learners of Arabic at all levels develop
and refine their writing skills, focusing on the structure of Arabic
sentences and paragraphs, and the cohesive links between them.
It provides a variety of phrases and idiomatic expressions that can
be used in writing and places great emphasis on writing in different
genres, including literary and media texts. Learners are also introduced
to the cultural aspects of writing, such as writing and responding to
different types of letters.
A chapter on creative writing in Arabic is featured to encourage
learners to utilise their vocabulary and grammar skills, and a chapter
on learners' writing errors will enable readers to reflect on the type of
mistakes they may make in their writing, and how to overcome them.
Key Features
• Includes a broad range of writing genres such as letters,
summaries and articles
« Provides a theoretical and practical guide on how to use
connectors and cohesive devices
• Helps the learner accumulate a wide range of vocabulary in context
• Challenges the learner with a variety of Arabic writing exercises
El Mustapha Lahlali is a Lecturer in the Department of Arabic and
Middle Eastern Studies at the University of Leeds.
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