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Elastic modulus of concrete made with recycledaggregatesLye Chao Dhir Ravindra Ghataora Gurmel

DOI101680jstbu1500077

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Citation for published version (Harvard)Lye C Dhir R amp Ghataora G 2015 Elastic modulus of concrete made with recycled aggregates Institution ofCivil Engineers Proceedings Structures and Buildings httpsdoiorg101680jstbu1500077

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Elastic modulus of concretemade with recycled aggregatesamp1 Chao-Qun Lye BSc

PhD Student School of Civil Engineering University of BirminghamEdgbaston UK

amp2 Ravindra K Dhir OBE BSc PhD CEng MIMMM HonFICTHonFICI FGSProfessor School of Civil Engineering University of BirminghamEdgbaston UK (Corresponding author rkdhirdundeeacuk)

amp3 Gurmel S Ghataora BEng PhD MIMMM MMGSMIGS MILTSenior Lecturer School of Civil Engineering University of BirminghamEdgbaston UK

1 2 3

A global literature search in the English medium on the modulus of elasticity of concrete made with recycled

aggregates revealed coarse recycled concrete aggregate (RCA) to be most widely reported covering 284 publications

from 42 countries since 1977 and yielding a 14 500 data matrix for systematic analysis evaluation and synthesis The

modulus of elasticity of concrete was found to decrease at a decreasing rate with increasing coarse RCA content

giving an average 16 reduction at full natural aggregate replacement This reduction was found to be dependent on

concrete strength becoming smaller with increasing strength The relationship between modulus of elasticity and

cube strength based on the literature data was compared with Eurocode 2 showing the modulus of elasticity of

concrete made with normal aggregate falling from being just below quartzite rock at 100 MPa to limestone rock at

60 MPa concrete strength for concrete made with 100 coarse RCA the comparable rock types were found to be

limestone and sandstone respectively An empirical method for estimating in conjunction with Eurocode 2 the

modulus of elasticity of concrete made with coarse RCA and sustainable measures to compensate for the reduction in

the modulus of elasticity are proposed

1 Introduction

11 BackgroundA great deal has been said about sustainability andaccordingly the need to maximise the use of recycled and sec-ondary materials Indeed the construction industry globally isexpected to play a major role in driving this agenda Howeverin the final analysis the acceptance of these materials in prac-tice will depend on real understanding of their performanceso that they can be used effectively and appropriately withconfidence and without undue risk

In the field of concrete construction billions of tonnes ofnatural aggregates (NAs) are used per annum worldwide and itis claimed that a significant amount of these can be replacedby recycled aggregates (RAs) arising from construction demoli-tion and excavation However in order to adopt the use ofRA in concrete construction confidently it is importantthat the performance of this material in concrete is well under-stood and engineers are sufficiently confident in specifying itroutinely

After strength engineers need to know the deformationproperties of concrete both in the form of load-dependentproperties such as the modulus of elasticity and creep andload-independent properties such as shrinkage Adheredmortar on RA is accepted to lower the modulus of elasticity ofconcrete made from RAs when compared with correspondingconcrete made with virgin NAs but beyond this there isno consensus and the information available in the publishedliterature is generally fragmented and design engineers aswell as the standards remain sceptical about adopting the useof RA in structural concrete This has hindered progress inestablishing the responsible use of RAs in concreteconstruction

A series of systematic literature review projects is being under-taken by the authors in order to investigate the effect of RAon the deformation properties of concrete including themodulus of elasticity creep and shrinkage This paper one ofthree in the series deals with the subject of the modulus ofelasticity of concrete made with RAs

1

Structures and Buildings

Elastic modulus of concrete made withrecycled aggregatesLye Dhir and Ghataora

Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers

httpdxdoiorg101680jstbu1500077Paper 1500077Received 17072015 Accepted 07092015Keywords concrete technology amp manufacturerecycling amp reuseof materialssustainability

12 Aims and objectivesThe main aim of this study is to systematically analyseevaluate and synthesise globally published data on themodulus of elasticity of concrete made with RA in relation tothat of concrete made with NA and thereby facilitate measuresthat could be taken to develop its use in practice It shouldalso help to establish what is known and avoid repetitiveresearch and instead direct valuable resources to the infor-mation that is still needed

2 Outline of approach adoptedA near-exhaustive global literature search but limited tothe English medium was conducted using combinations ofkeywords defining and elaborating the subject area consideredusing many sources such as the American Concrete InstituteAmerican Society of Civil Engineers and Institution of CivilEngineers libraries and engineering village Google GoogleScholar Science Direct Scopus Springer Link Taylor ampFrancis Online and Wiley Online Library

The search yielded a total of 393 publications grouped intovarious categories as shown in Figure 1 Based on the maincomposition of RA used the sourced literature was in the firstplace separated into four RA types (Silva et al 2014) asdescribed in Figure 1 It can be seen that the use of recycled

concrete aggregate (RCA) as NA replacement has been thesubject of investigation of most (90) and the coarse fractionsize has been most commonly used

Based on material resource availability and potential for useconsiderations coarse RCAwas selected as the main subject ofthis project and the relevant published literature was classifiedinto the following three categories (Figure 1)

(a) Narrative review papers which present previous researchon the modulus of elasticity of concrete made withcoarse RCA these also include codes and proposedspecifications

(b) Papers with experimental results in which test data wereobtained from dedicated cast specimens analysed evalu-ated and discussed by the researchers of the studies them-selves A further breakdown was also made in which(i) the data available for the modulus of elasticity of

RCA concrete and that of the corresponding referenceNA concrete are original

(ii) similar data are reported in more than onepublication from the total identified literature

(iii) the modulus of elasticity of RCA concrete is originalbut the corresponding information for reference NAconcrete is not available

Total identified literature (393) a

Available (367)

CA f

(288)

Unavailable (26)

RCA b (331) RMA c (55) MRA d (18) CDRA e (2)

FA g

(46)CA+FA h

(57)FA

(12)CA+FA

(51)CA(43)

FA(4)

CA+FA(5)

CA(15)

FA(2)

CA+FA(0)

CA(0)

Narrative reviewpapers (43)

Papers with experimentalresults (245)

In situ measurementpapers (1) i

Original data (185) Duplicated data (42) Data without reference concrete (18)

Static (181) Dynamic (10) Initial tangent (1) Static (18) Dynamic (1)

a Number in parentheses is numbers of publicationsb Recycled concrete aggregate (RCA) aggregates derived from crushed concretec Recycled masonry aggregate (RMA) aggregates originated from masonry rubbled Mixed recycled aggregate (MRA) combination of RCA and RMAe Construction and demolition recycled aggregate (CDRA) aggregates derived from construction and demolition wastes that have not been properly processedf Coarse aggregate (CA) RA of size larger than 45 mm with common maximum size of 20 mmg Fine aggregate (FA) RA of maximum size of 45 mmh Combination of coarse and fine RAi The paper is also reported in experimental results

Figure 1 Distribution of publication data from the literature

search

2

Structures and Buildings Elastic modulus of concrete made withrecycled aggregatesLye Dhir and Ghataora

Measurements of modulus of elasticity in terms of staticdynamic and initial tangent were also separated(c) Papers reporting in situ measurements ndash the data

were obtained from specimens cored from actualconcrete structures that had been in service for a periodof time

As the vast majority of the results present the static modulusof elasticity this narrowed down the research focus of thisproject to the effect of using coarse RCA as NA replacementon the static modulus of elasticity of concrete For thisthe data used were sourced from 284 publications from reviewexperimental results and in situ measurement papers(Figure 1) covering over 39 years since 1977 (Figure 2) andoriginating from 42 countries (Figure 3) Only these 284 publi-cations are listed as references used at the end of the paper

3 Overview of the literatureFrom the 43 publications of a review nature two groups werecreated based on the origin of the information

amp group 1 established organisations codes and proposedspecifications (as listed in Table 1)

amp group 2 individual researchers (Agrela et al 2013Ajdukiewicz 2005 Balazs et al 2008 Behera et al 2014de Brito and Alves 2010 de Brito and Robles 2010Dhir et al 2011 Franklin and Gumede 2014 Kukadiaet al 2014 Li 2008a 2008b Marinkovic et al 2012McNeil and Kang 2013 Nixon 1978 Park et al 2015Poon et al 2003 Ramachandran 1981 Rao et al 2007Safiuddin et al 2013 Safiuddin et al 2011 Xiao et al2006a 2012a 2012b)

Given that the main observations of the two groups arebroadly the same only the suggested relative decrease and mul-tiplying factor of modulus of elasticity of RCA concrete withrespect to NA concrete from group 1 are compiled as anexample in Table 1 which shows the following

amp In general the use of RCA reduces the modulus ofelasticity of RCA concrete as compared with NA concretewith 100 RCA use giving a reduction of 6ndash40(30 on average) At 20 RCA use one publicationsuggests the modulus of elasticity remains similar tothat of the NA concrete As expected at equalwatercement (wc) ratios RCA concrete has a lowermodulus of elasticity than the corresponding referenceNA concrete

amp A multiplying factor of 0middot80 has been suggested forconcrete made with 100 RCAwith concrete strengthin the range 37ndash60 MPa and 0middot95 for concrete strengthwithin the range 20ndash30 MPa No multiplying factoris required for concrete made with 20 RCA contentand for high-quality RCA a multiplying factor mayalso not be necessary for up to 100 RCA replacementof NA

amp Even though the data in the literature are in the mainlimited to 100 RCA replacement of NA there is asuggestion that the reduction in modulus of elasticity ofconcrete containing RCAwill be affected by theRCA content and RCA properties such as aggregatedensity and water absorption Additionally the literaturesuggests that the RCA performance relative to NA inconcrete can be influenced by its wc ratio and designstrength

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

1977

1978

1979

1980

1981

1982

1983

1984

1985

1986

1987

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

Num

ber

of p

ublic

atio

ns

Total 284 publications

Figure 2 Distribution of publication per year

3

4 Systematic analysis and evaluationof published data

41 Variations in modulus of elasticity testsExcept for the publications with duplicate data experimentalvariations in measuring the modulus of elasticity of the testconcrete in the literature were categorised into four maingroups under the headings of RCA properties test methodspecimen type and curing conditions as summarised inTable 2 and described in the following

411 RCA propertiesOf the three basic aggregate properties (specific gravitydensitywater absorption and grading) although used in designingconcrete mixes information on the specific gravity and densityof RCA in the sourced literature for this study was found to besurprisingly lacking The water absorption of RCA is reportedto be in the range of 3middot0ndash5middot9 which more or less reflectsthe amount of the adhered cement paste commonly remainingon RCA

Given that the grading of the aggregates used can greatlyinfluence the performance of concrete the literature was firstscreened for aggregate grading in terms of RCA grading being(i) similar or different to the corresponding reference NA or(ii) information of RCA andor NA was not provided Thisshowed that only a small number of studies (16) used thesame gradings of both RCA and NA thus avoiding potentialdissimilarity in aggregate packing between the resulting RCAand NA concrete Surprisingly 20 of the studies did not

control the aggregate grading and 64 of studies were indiffer-ent to providing grading data for the aggregates used

As each NA type has its own properties RCAs are not onlyaffected by the amount of adhered cement paste but also theirparent rock type Thus in comparing the performance ofRCAs with NAs the same origin material would be ideal foreliminating the effect of the base aggregate material factorAbout 18 of the studies reported using NA and RCA havingthe same original rock base Of the remaining vast majority ofstudies this information was not provided while a few reportedthat the parent rock of RCA and NA was known to bedifferent

The moisture condition of the RCA used appears to vary withabout 32 reporting it to be in a saturated surface dry (SSD)state (including pre-saturation) 4 stating air-dry or oven-drystate 19 not stating but reporting that additional water wasadded for compensation during mixing and the rest providingno information on moisture condition

Thus in dealing with analysis and evaluation of the data theassumption was made that ideally the discrepancies notedabove would have been minimal and not significant enough toaffect the accuracy of comparison between the data of concretemade with RCA and the corresponding reference NA concrete

412 Test methodAlmost half of the sourced literature stated the standard testmethod used to determine the modulus of elasticity of

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

Num

ber

of p

ublic

atio

ns

Total countries 42

Spai

nU

SAC

hina

Indi

aJa

pan

UK

Can

ada

Hon

g Ko

ngPo

rtug

alA

ustr

alia

Ger

man

yIta

lySo

uth

Kore

aA

gent

ina

Sing

apor

eTh

aila

ndD

enm

ark

Serb

iaEg

ypt

Net

herla

nds

Pola

ndSo

uth

Afr

ica

Taiw

anA

lger

iaBe

lgiu

mBr

azil

Cro

atia

Indo

nesia

Jord

anKu

wai

tM

alay

siaM

exic

oN

ew Z

eala

ndTu

rkey

Bots

wan

aFr

ance

Hun

gary

Iraq

Ivor

y C

oast

Mau

ritiu

sN

iger

iaSa

udi A

rabi

a

Figure 3 Distribution of country of publication (based on first

author)

4

Reference Number ofreferences used

Elastic modulus of RAconcrete wrt NA concrete

Remarks

20 RCA 100 RCA

Relative performance

Australia

CCAA (2008) na na na At equal wc RCA concrete has lower elasticmodulus than NA concrete

Sagoe-Crentsil and Brown (1998) (CSIRO) na na le 40 lower naNew Zealand Chisolm (2011) (CCANZ) na na 6ndash33 lower naNetherlands Gerardu and Hendriks (1985)(Rijkswaterstaat) 3 na le 15 lower naSpain TFSCCS (2004) na No change 20ndash40 lower naSwitzerland OT 70085 (2006) (reported by de Brito and

Saikia (2013))na na 20 lower na

USA

ACI (2001) 1 na 10ndash33 lower For 0middot45ndash0middot79 wc ratioAnderson et al (2009) (WSDoT) 1 na 20ndash40 lower At equal wc ratioBurke et al (1992) (INDoT) 2 na le 33 lower naDam et al (2011) (MDoT) 1 na 10ndash33 lower naDam et al (2012) (NCPTC) 1 na le 30 lower naPCA (2002) 1 na 35 lower naUSACE (2004) na na 35 lower na

na Hansen 1985 1992 (Rilem TC 37-DRC) 12 na le 40 lower nana Vazquez 2013 (Rilem TC 217-PRE) 5 na na Elastic modulus decreases as RCA increases

Multiplying factor on RCA concreteBelgium Belgium (not dated) (reported by Vyncke

and Rousseau (1994))na na 0middot80 For RCA with gt2100 kgm3 dry density lt 9 water

absorption and max strength of 37 MPa

Netherlands CUR-VB (1994) (reported by de Vries (1996)) na1middot00 0middot95 For 20ndash30 MPa concrete1middot00 0middot80 For 30ndash50 MPa concrete

Spain EHE-08 (2010) na 1middot00 0middot80 na

naRilem TC121 (1994) Hendriks andHenrichsen (1996)

na

na 0middot80 For RCA with ge2000 kgm3 dry density le 10 waterabsorption and max strength of 60 MPa

na 1middot00 For RCA with ge2400 kgm3 dry density le 3 waterabsorption and no strength limit

na = not applicable

Table 1 Relative decrease of elastic modulus and multiplying

factor for RCA concrete with respect to NA concrete from various

organisations and specifications

5

Structu

resan

dBuild

ings

Elasticmodulusofco

ncrete

mad

ewith

recycledag

greg

atesLye

Dhir

andGhataora

concrete with ASTM C 469 being more common than anyother followed by BS 1881121 However the remainder ofpublications especially those from Spain did not provide anyinformation on the test procedure

413 Specimen typeCylinder specimens of various dimensions with height-to-diameter ratios of 2ndash3 were the most commonly used indetermining the modulus of elasticity of the test concretemixes with a few studies using prisms

414 Curing conditionsMoist curing with relative humidity (RH) of 90ndash100 andtemperature 20ndash30degC for a duration of up to 30 d was themost commonly used in the reported studies The effect ofcuring per se has not been the subject of study in the reportedliterature

42 Effect of coarse RCA as NA replacementData on static modulus of elasticity reported in 181 out of 223studies (excluding 42 duplicate papers) of the sourced literatureare plotted in Figure 4 This contains 1311 sets of results withthe modulus of elasticity of concrete made with RCA expressedin relative terms to concrete made with NA Each data pointin Figure 4 has been slightly displaced both horizontally andor vertically in order to avoid overlapping more than one datapoint at the same location To visualise distribution of thedata box-and-whisker plots were created at each RCA replace-ment level and the outliers thus determined For the purposeof regression analysis the following data were excluded

amp Cases where the modulus of elasticity of concrete madewith RCAwas higher than the corresponding concretemade with NA as like-for-like with adhered cement paste

Parameter VariableNumberof studies

RCA propertiesSpecific gravity lt 2middot3 10

2middot30ndash2middot49 632middot50ndash2middot69 36Not given 172

Density (SSD) kgm3 lt2400 112400ndash2490 32ge 2500 21Not given 218

Water absorption lt3 273ndash5middot9 1416ndash10 50Not given 63

Grading Similar 45Different 55Not given 181

Parent aggregate Similar 50Different 2Not given 229

Moisture conditionwhen in use

SSD 89Air dry 9Oven dry 4Not given but water added 52Not given 127

Test methodASTM C 469 (USA) 36BS 1881121 (UK) 19LNEC E397 (Portugal) 7DIN 1048 (Germany) 6UNE 83-316 (Spain) 6JIS A 1149 (Japan) 5IS 516 (India) 3UNI 6556 (Italy) 3Others 13Not given 98

Specimen type (shape and dimension mm)Cylinder (1h) 131bull 75150 4bull 100200 42bull 100250 1bull 100300 1bull 120240 1bull 120360 1bull 150250 1bull 150300 59bull 160320 2bull Not given 19Prism (lwh) 8bull 100100300 3bull 100100400 2bull 150150300 2bull Not given 1Not given 57

Table 2 Compilation of test parameters of modulus of elasticity

of RCA concrete in the literature

Curing conditionsExposure Moist 138

Air 3Not given 56

Duration d le 14 2315ndash30 110gt30 8Not given 59

Temperature degC 20ndash25 5825ndash30 1440 1Not given 125

RH 90ndash100 12350ndash80 4Not given 71

Table 2 Continued

6

y = 0middot0015x2 ndash 0middot3095x + 100R2 = 0middot7612

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

110

0 20 40 60 80 100Coarse RCA content

Q1

Data gt100

Q3Median

Maximum

Minimum

Mean (excluded outliers)Data le100

Outlier

wc 0middot25ndash1middot20 strength 10ndash135 MPa age at test 2 d to 10 yearsTotal data1308 data le1001250 data gt100 58 Data gt100 not considered in the analysisThe position of the data slightly displaced for clearer view

Rela

tive

E c o

f RC

A c

oncr

ete

WRT

nor

mal

agr

egat

e co

ncre

te

Figure 4 Relative change of modulus of elasticity of coarse RCA

with respect to corresponding reference NA in concrete Data

taken from Ahmad et al (1996) Ahmed and Vidyadhara (2013)

Ajdukiewicz and Kliszczewicz (2002 2007) Akbarnezhad et al

(2011) Arezoumandi et al (2015) Arundeb et al (2011)

Barbudo et al (2013) Beltran et al (2014) Brand et al (2013a

2013b) Bravo et al (2015) Bretschneider and Ruhl (1998) Butler

et al (2013a 2013b) Cadersa and Ramchiriter (2014) Castano

et al (2009) Casuccio et al (2008) Cervantes et al (2007) Chen

(2013) Chen et al (2003a 2003b 2014) Choi and Yun (2012

2013) Collery et al (2015) Corinaldesi (2010 2011) Corinaldesi

et al (2011) Cui et al (2015) Dapena et al (2011) de Juan and

Gutierrez (2004) de Oliveira and Vazquez (1996) de Oliveira et al

(2004) de Pauw et al (1998) Deshpande et al (2009) Dhir and

Paine (2004 2007) Dhir et al (1999 2004a) Dilbas et al (2014)

Dillmann (1998) Domingo-Cabo et al (2009 2010) Dosho

(2007) Duan and Poon (2014) Duan et al (2013) Eguchi et al

(2007) Ekolu et al (2010) Etxeberria et al (2006 2007a 2007b)

Fahmy et al (2011 2012) Fan et al (2014) Fathifazl and

Razaqpur (2013) Fathifazl et al (2009a 2009b 2009c) Ferreira

et al (2011) Folino and Xargay (2014) Fonseca et al (2011)

Frondistou-Yannas (1977) Garcia-Navarro et al (2010) Geng

et al (2015) Go et al (2007) Gomes and de Brito (2007 2009)

Gomes et al (2014) Gomez-Soberon (2002 2003) Gomez-

Soberon et al (2001 2002) Gonzalez-Corominas and Etxeberria

(2014) Gonzalez-Fonteboa and Martinez-Abella (2004 2005

2008) Gonzalez-Fonteboa et al (2011a 2011b) Grubl et al

(1999) Guardian et al (2014) Guo et al (2014) Haitao and

Shizhu (2015) Hansen and Boegh (1985) Haque et al (2014)

Henry et al (2011) Ho et al (2013) Huda and Shahria Alam

(2014 2015) Ignjatovic et al (2013) Imamoto et al (2004)

Inoue et al (2012) Ishiyama et al (2010) Ismail and Ramli

(2014) James et al (2011) Kang et al (2014) Kenai et al (2002

2005) Kencanawati et al (2013) Kerkhoff and Siebel (2001)

Khayat and Sadati (2014) Kheder and Al-Windawi (2005) Kikuchi

et al (1998) Kim et al (2012) Kiuchi (2001) Kiuchi and Horiuchi

7

the former cannot give a higher value (ie gt100) Thisaccounted for 4middot4 of the total data population (ie 58 outof 1311 results)

amp Outliers determined using the box-and-whisker plots theseamounted to 3middot4 of the total data (ie 45 results)

A polynomial regression was obtained giving the best corre-lation of 0middot7612 Overall and without reference to the RCAproperties and concrete strength this suggests that the modulusof elasticity of concrete made with RCA relative to NA decreasesat a decreasing rate with increasing RCA content reaching amaximum average reduction of 16 at 100 RCA replacementlevel and the corresponding values for 20 and 50 RCAreplacements being 5 and 12 respectively

This finding of 16 reduction in modulus of elasticity for100 RCA concrete is close to the multiplying factor of 0middot80suggested within the restricted range of aggregate density andwater absorption and concrete strength given by (see Table 1)

amp the Code on Structural Concrete (EHE-08) of the SpanishMinistry of Development (MdF 2010)

amp recommendations from pilot projects and research workin the Netherlands (as reported by de Vries (1996))

amp recommendations from a working group initiated by theMinistry of the Environment and Infrastructure in Belgium(year unknown) (as reported by Vyncke and Rousseau(1994))

amp specifications proposed by Rilem Technical Committee 121(Rilem TC121 1994)

As shown in Table 1 similar results are found in technicalreports of various organisations and committees based inNorth America Europe Australia and New Zealand publishedover the period 1986ndash2012 However in these cases the relative

reduction of modulus of elasticity was generally in the range20ndash40 for 100 RCA concrete

However at 20 RCA level while Figure 4 shows a reductionof 5 in the modulus of elasticity of concrete reports fromSpain (Eguchi et al 2007 TFSCCS 2004) and the Netherlands(de Vries 1996) (Table 1) suggest no change in the modulus ofelasticity of concrete at this replacement level The fact thatFigure 4 is based on a vast amount of results sourced from litera-ture published over a period of 39 years and involving RCAcharacteristics and content and concrete mixes varying over alarge range the reduction in the modulus of elasticity of concretewith the use of RCA is likely to be more representative

43 Effect of RCA on modulus of elasticity in differentstrength grades of concrete

In order to further analyse the data in Figure 4 the samedata were categorised into six different strength groups basedon the measured strength of NA concrete ranging from 15 to130 MPa as shown in Figures 5(a)ndash5(f) In preparing Figure 5

amp cylinder strength was converted into cube strength using afactor of 1middot25 given in BS EN 12504-1 (BSI 2009)

amp where the specimen type was not indicated in thepublications cube strength was assumed

amp data with relative modulus of elasticity values of RCAconcrete higher than 100 were excluded in calculationof mean results

Figures 5(a)ndash5(f) show that while the form of the trendlines isessentially similar collectively the trendlines show that thereduction in modulus of elasticity of RCA concrete relativeto NA concrete becomes smaller with increasing concretestrength To visualise this effect clearly and prepare it for usein practice the data plotted in Figure 5 were regrouped into

(2003) Knaack and Kurama (2011 2012 2013a 2013b 2015)

Knights (1999) Konin and Kouadio (2012) Kou and Poon (2008

2013 2015) Kou et al (2004 2007 2008 2012) Koulouris

et al (2004) Kumutha and Vijai (2010) Li et al (2012)

Limbachiya (2004 2010) Limbachiya et al (1998 2000 2004

2012a 2012b) Liu et al (2011) Lo et al (2013) Loacutepez-Gayarre

et al (2009 2011) Malesev et al (2010) Manzi et al (2011

2013a 2013b) Maruyama et al (2004) Mathew et al (2013)

Meinhold et al (2001) Mellman et al (1999) Mendes et al

(2004) Mohamad et al (2014) Motwani et al (2013) Nishigori

and Sakai (2012) Obla et al (2007) Ong et al (2010) Padmini

et al (2009) Paine et al (2009) Park (1999) Paul and van Zijl

(2012 2013) Pecur et al (2015) Pedro et al (2014) Pepe et al

(2014) Pickel et al (2014) Poon and Kou (2004 2010) Poon

et al (2006) Prasad and Kumar (2007) Purushothaman et al

(2014) Qasrawi (2014) Qasrawi and Marie (2013) Rahal (2007)

Rao and Madhavi (2013) Rao et al (2010 2011a 2011b)

Rasheeduzzafar and Khan (1984) Ravindrarajah (1996 2012)

Ravindrarajah and Tam (1985) Ravindrarajah et al (1987)

Razaqpur et al (2010) Roos (1998) Safiuddin et al (2011)

Sakata and Ayano (2000) Salehlamein et al (2015) Salem and

Burdette (2001) Salem et al (2003) Sarhat and Sherwood

(2013) Sato et al (2007) Schulz (1986) Sheen et al (2013)

Sivakumar et al (2014) Soares et al (2014) Somna et al (2012a

2012b) Surya et al (2013) Suryawanshi et al (2015) Tam et al

(2007b 2013) Tangchirapat et al (2008 2010 2013) Teranishi

et al (1998) Thomas et al (2013 2014a 2014b) Tsujino et al

(2007) Ueno et al (2013) Ujike (2000) Uygunoglu et al (2014)

Verian et al (2013) Vieira et al (2011) Vyas and Bhatt (2013)

Wagih et al (2013) Waleed and Canisius (2007) Wang et al

(2013b) Wardeh et al (2015) Xiao et al (2005 2006b 2015)

Yang et al (2008a 2008b 2010 2012) Yin et al (2010) Yun

(2010) Zega and Di Maio (2006 2009 2011)

8

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

110

(a) 15 ndash 30 MPa

Data gt 100Data le 100Mean (excluding data gt 100)

(b) 31 ndash 40 MPa

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

110

(c) 41 ndash 50 MPa

(d) 51 ndash 60 MPa

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

110

0 20 40 60 80 100

Coarse RCA

(e) 61 ndash 70 MPa

0 20 40 60 80 100

Coarse RCA

(f) 71 ndash 130 MPa

Rela

tive

E of

RC

A w

rt N

A c

oncr

ete

Re

lativ

e E

of R

CA

wrt

NA

con

cret

e

Rela

tive

E of

RC

A w

rt N

A c

oncr

ete

with respect to corresponding reference NA in concretes of

different strength ranges

9

strength increments of 10 MPa ranging from 20 MPa to130 MPa and the family of curves thus produced is shownin Figure 6 This figure clearly shows the above-mentioneddecreasing trend of modulus of elasticity of RCA concretewith increasing strength albeit opposite to the suggestionmade by de Vries (1996) This can be explained in terms ofcoarse aggregate volume decreasing with increasing concretestrength In the case of RCA concrete there is proportionatelyless adhered mortar giving rise to a relatively smaller reductionin the modulus of elasticity of RCA concrete

44 Relationship between modulus of elasticity andcompressive strength

It is known that the modulus of elasticity of concrete increaseswith strength but because RCA has relatively low stiffnesscompared with the corresponding NA the increase in modulusof elasticity of RCA concrete would be lower than that in acorresponding reference NA concrete In order to visualise thisin graphical form the published experimental data of modulusof elasticity for both NA concrete and RCA concrete areplotted against the corresponding cube strength in Figure 7

The data used to produce Figure 7 were extracted from thesourced literature of 199 publications categorised in Figure 1under the groupings of lsquooriginal datarsquo (references as listed for

Figure 4) and lsquodata without reference concretersquo (Akhtar andAkhtar 2014 Bhikshma and Manipal 2012 Hossain andSohji 2004 Jimenez et al 2013 Morohashi and Sakurada2007 Morohashi et al 2007 Olanike 2014 Paine andDhir 2010 Pecur et al 2013 Radonjanin et al 2013 Salemet al 2001 Song et al 2015 Tam and Tam 2008 Tam et al2006 2007a Wang et al 2013a Wu et al 2013 Yanagiet al 1998) initially rendering a total data population of2008 from which 54 results (2middot7 of the total) were excludedfor reasons such as

amp the specimens were subjected to elevated temperature aftermoist curing for 28 d followed by a pre-conditioningperiod resulting in low modulus of elasticity values

amp very high or low modulus of elasticity values that couldnot be justified

The cube strength data used in developing the plots inFigure 7 were either as given in the literature or were convertedfrom the given cylinder strength using a multiplying factor of1middot25 as given in BS EN 12504-1 (BSI 2009)

For comparison purposes the modulus of elasticity of con-cretes made with different NAs (ie basalt quartzite limestoneand sandstone) as obtained from Eurocode 2 (BSI 2004) arealso shown in Figure 7 Although some papers identified thenature of the rock type of the NAs used (commonly limestoneand granite) this was not sufficient for use in any furtheranalysis Interestingly however the trendlines for NAs fallwithin the sandstone and limestone values when the strengthwas less than 60 MPa and between limestone and quartzitevalues for strength higher than 60 MPa

To see the effect of RCA replacement level on the modulus ofelasticity of concrete the trendlines in Figures 7(a)ndash7(f) areplotted together in Figure 8 This shows that as RCA contentincreases the trendline moves towards to the values of concretemade with sandstone at 100 RCA content and a cubestrength of 35 MPa the modulus of elasticity of RCA concretewould be similar to that of concrete made with coarse sand-stone aggregate

5 Estimation of modulus of elasticity ofRCA concrete

The modulus of elasticity of RCA concrete for a given charac-teristic cube strength of 15ndash105 MPa and coarse RCA contentof 0ndash100 can be estimated using Figure 9 in conjunctionwith Eurocode 2 (BSI 2004) which is required to obtain thecorresponding modulus of elasticity of NA concrete to startthe process

In developing Figure 9 the analysis of the published data usedpreviously for Figures 5 and 6 was adopted in conjunctionwith the coefficient of variation of 12middot5 given in ACI 301-05(ACI 2005) for fair construction quality control for calculating

75

80

85

90

95

100

0 20 40 60 80 100

Rela

tive

mod

ulus

of

elas

ticity

of

RCA

con

cret

e w

rt N

A c

oncr

ete

13010090

8070

Cube strength MPa

60

50

40

30

20Note Curve lines of cube strength of 110 and 120 MPa not shown due to space constraints

Coarse RCA content

Figure 6 Compilation of relative elastic modulus of coarse

RCA concrete with respect to NA concrete for different strength

groups

10

y = 7middot6605x0middot3627

R2 = 0middot4274

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

DataOutliersAt elevated temperature

(a) Reference (NA)Total data = 547

Basalt

Quartzite

Limestone

Sandstone

R2 = 0middot4911

(b) 5 ndash 20 RCATotal data = 182

Basalt

Quartzite

Limestone

Sandstone

R2 = 0middot3621

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

(c) 21 ndash 40 RCATotal data = 197

Basalt

Quartzite

Limestone

Sandstone

R2 = 0middot4403

(d) 41 ndash 60 RCATotal data = 317

Basalt

Quartzite

Limestone

Sandstone

R2 = 0middot4024

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140

Mod

ulus

of

elas

ticity

GPa

Mod

ulus

of

elas

ticity

GPa

Mod

ulus

of

elas

ticity

GPa

Cube strength MPa

(e) 61 ndash 80 RCATotal data = 65

(f) 81 ndash 100 RCATotal data = 651

Basalt

Quartzite

Limestone

Sandstone

R2 = 0middot4399

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140

Cube strength MPa

Basalt

Quartzite

Limestone

Sandstone

Figure 7 Modulus of elasticity and mean cube strength of RCA

concrete for different RCA contents

11

the characteristic strengths of the measured strength datareported in the literature

For ease of use of Figure 9 in practice Table 3 gives conversionfactors for estimating the modulus of elasticity of RCA con-crete for a given characteristic cube strength in line withEurocode 2 and coarse RCA content

The following steps show how Figure 9 can be used to estimatethe modulus of elasticity of RCA concrete

amp Step 1 Determine the modulus of elasticity of NAconcrete For example according to Eurocode 2 concretemade with coarse basalt quartzite limestone or sandstoneaggregate of designed characteristic cube strength of37 MPa is estimated to have a modulus of elasticity of42middot9 GPa 33middot0 GPa 29middot7 GPa or 23middot1 GPa respectively

amp Step 2 Determine the multiplying factor required forRCA concrete If 50 of the NA is replaced byRCA of a similar rock type for concrete with a char-acteristic cube strength of 37 MPa Figure 9 suggests thata modulus of elasticity multiplying factor of 0middot88 isrequired

amp Step 3 Estimate the modulus of elasticity of RCAconcrete By applying the multiplying factor to themodulus of elasticity of coarse natural basalt quartzitelimestone or sandstone aggregate concrete the estimatedmodulus of elasticity of corresponding to 50 RCAconcrete is 37middot8 GPa 29middot0 GPa 26middot1 GPa or 20middot3 GParespectively

6 Methods proposed to enhance themodulus of elasticity of RCA concrete

In order to enhance the modulus of elasticity of coarse RCAconcrete and thereby improve its potential for specifying for usein structural concrete by engineers as a sustainable constructionmaterial two simple and not so dissimilar methods involvingmix adjustments of RCA concrete are proposed

61 Cement paste reductionFor a given wc ratio and workability Dhir et al (2006)showed that a reduction in cement content by as much as30 could be realised by using water-reducing admixturesleading to an increase in modulus of elasticity ranging from8 to 17 (a mean of 12) The fines content of the mix wasmaintained with the use of filler aggregate

Using the previous examples discussed in Section 5 if thecement content of the concrete made with 50 RCA isreduced by 30 the modulus of elasticity of the revised RCAconcrete is almost similar to that of the corresponding refer-ence NA concrete as shown by

ER50 frac14 112 088EN frac14 099EN

where ER50 is the modulus of elasticity of concrete made with50 RCA and 30 cement reduction and EN is the modulusof elasticity of concrete made with NA

y = 7middot6605x0middot3627 R2 = 0middot4274

10

20

30

40

50

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140

Cube strength MPa

Reference

5 ndash 20 RCA

25 ndash 40 RCA

45 ndash 60 RCA

65 ndash 80 RCA

85 ndash 100 RCA

1 Basalt2 Quartzite3 Limestone4 Sandstone

1

2

3

4

Mod

ulus

of

elas

ticity

GPa

Figure 8 Compilation of modulus of elasticity and cube strength

of concrete for different RCA contents

0middot75

0middot80

0middot85

0middot90

0middot95

1middot00

15 25 35 45 55 65 75 85 95 105

Mod

ulus

of

elas

ticity

mul

tiply

ing

fact

or

Characteristic cube strength MPa

100807060

50

40

30

20RCA

37

0middot88

Figure 9 Proposed modulus of elasticity multiplying factors for

RCA concretes of different characteristic cube strengths

12

The modulus of elasticity values for NA concrete made withdifferent rock types and the corresponding 50 RCA concreteare given in Table 4 This 30 reduction of cement and watercontent in a mix is considered to be the maximum waterreduction level that can be realised with water-reducing admix-tures suggesting that this method can only offer a maximum50 RCA as NA replacement without compromising themodulus of elasticity of the concrete produced

In revising the mix design of RCA concrete high-range water-reducing admixtures such as polycarboxylate ether basedsuperplasticisers can be considered This is equally effective as

a normal water-reducing admixture but a relatively low dose isrequired The use of fly ash as filler would be preferable as itsuse can additionally offer some improvement in workability

62 Increase in design strengthAnother method to enhance the modulus of elasticity wouldbe to increase the design strength of the RCA concrete Theadditional strength required for matching the modulus of elas-ticity of RCA concrete with that of NA concrete for designingconcrete with up to100 RCA content and 20ndash45 GPamodulus of elasticity is shown in Figure 10 This figure wasproduced from the previously used data in Figures 7 and 8with measured strength data converted into characteristicstrength by applying a coefficient of variation of 12middot5 as usedpreviously in developing Figure 9

Following the previous example to achieve a similar modulusof elasticity of 37 MPa characteristic cube strength concretemade with different NA rock types when 50 of the aggregateis replaced with coarse RCA Figure 10 shows that the strengthof the RCA concrete needs to be increased by 7ndash13 MPadepending on the modulus of elasticity of NA concrete asshown in Table 4

This additional strength can be obtained by reducing the watercontent of the concrete by using a water-reducing admixturethereby reducing the wc ratio of the concrete and resulting inhigher strength (Dhir et al 2004b 2006) or by increasing thecement content to achieve the same effect Of the two optionsthe former would be preferable on the grounds of sustainabilityas it uses less Portland cement However as the maximumwater reduction is unlikely to be greater than 30 theadditional strength resulting from such an approach is alsolimiting and could be expected to limit the increase in strength

RCA

Modulus of elasticity multiplying factor for RCA concrete

15 20 25 30 37 45 50 55 60 67 75 85 95 105

20 0middot93 0middot93 0middot94 0middot94 0middot94 0middot95 0middot95 0middot95 0middot95 0middot96 0middot96 0middot96 0middot96 0middot9730 0middot90 0middot90 0middot91 0middot91 0middot92 0middot93 0middot93 0middot93 0middot93 0middot94 0middot94 0middot95 0middot95 0middot9540 0middot87 0middot88 0middot89 0middot89 0middot90 0middot91 0middot91 0middot91 0middot92 0middot92 0middot93 0middot93 0middot93 0middot9450 0middot84 0middot85 0middot86 0middot87 0middot88 0middot89 0middot89 0middot90 0middot90 0middot91 0middot91 0middot92 0middot92 0middot9360 0middot82 0middot83 0middot84 0middot85 0middot86 0middot87 0middot88 0middot88 0middot89 0middot89 0middot90 0middot91 0middot91 0middot9270 0middot80 0middot82 0middot83 0middot84 0middot85 0middot86 0middot87 0middot87 0middot88 0middot88 0middot89 0middot90 0middot90 0middot9180 0middot79 0middot80 0middot82 0middot83 0middot84 0middot85 0middot86 0middot86 0middot87 0middot88 0middot88 0middot89 0middot90 0middot90100 0middot76 0middot78 0middot80 0middot81 0middot82 0middot84 0middot84 0middot85 0middot86 0middot86 0middot87 0middot88 0middot89 0middot90

Table 3 Modulus of elasticity multiplying factors for RCA

concretes with selected characteristic cube strengths as shown

in Figure 9

Concrete madewith 100 NA

Concrete made with 50coarse RCA

Method 1cement pastereduction

Method 2increase in

design strength

Rock type Modulusof elasticity

GPaa

Modulusof elasticity

GPa

Additionalstrength

required MPa

Basalt 42middot9 42middot3 13middot0Quartzite 33middot0 32middot5 10middot0Limestone 29middot7 29middot2 9middot0Sandstone 23middot1 22middot7 7middot0

aAt characteristic cube strength of 37 MPa

Table 4 Modulus of elasticity and additional strength required of

concrete made with 50 RCA from the proposed methods

13

to a maximum of 10 MPa depending on the properties of theconstituent materials and mix design used Thus when higheradditional strength is required due to an increase in RCAreplacement level and the targeted modulus of elasticity itcan only be achieved through increasing the cement content ofa mix

Given the above it would appear that at present the use ofcoarse RCAwithout having to increase cement content is likelyto be limited to the maximum 50 replacement of NA asengineers endeavour to balance concrete performance require-ments the sustainability benefits that can be gained with theuse of RAs and the extent to which concrete design can bemanipulated

7 ConclusionsConsolidation of 393 publications on the modulus of elasticityof concrete made with recycled aggregates identified from anear-exhaustive global literature search (limited to the Englishmedium) revealed the following

amp The effect of coarse recycled concrete aggregate (RCA)on the static modulus of elasticity of concrete is mostcommonly reported with 284 identified works publishedsince 1977

amp Data on the modulus of elasticity of concretes made withfine RCA mixtures of coarse and fine RCA and othertypes and sizes of recycled aggregate (eg recycled masonryaggregate (RMA) mixed recycled aggregate (MRA) andconstruction and demolition recycled aggregate (CDRA))have also been reported but on a relatively very small scale

amp Technical reports produced by established organisationsreveal that the use of coarse RCA in place of naturalaggregate (NA) in concrete reduces its modulus ofelasticity with the level of reduction depending on RCAcontent and its properties as well as mix design parameterssuch as wc ratio and compressive strength

Narrowing the focus to the effect of coarse RCA on the staticmodulus of elasticity of concrete data from the 284 publi-cations published since 1977 were systematically analysed eval-uated and synthesised The main points to emerge from thisanalysis are as follows

amp The modulus of elasticity of RCA concrete relative to acorresponding reference NA concrete decreases at adecreasing rate with increasing RCA content with a meanof 16 reduction at 100 RCA content which is close tothe modulus of elasticity multiplying factor of 0middot80suggested by some organisations At 20 RCA contentrather than no change in modulus of elasticity suggestedby some works a slight reduction (5 on average) wascalculated from the overall data population analysed

amp The reduction in modulus of elasticity of RCA concreterelative to NA concrete also decreases with an increase inthe design strength of concrete with a mean of 22 to14 reduction at 100 RCA content in the lowest tohighest strength groups respectively

amp Plotting cube strength against modulus of elasticity andcomparing it with values given in Eurocode 2 for concretemade with different NA rock types in decreasing aggregatestiffness order (namely basalt quartzite limestone andsandstone) the trendline of NA concrete for the publishedliterature was found to be within the range of values forconcrete made with quartzite and sandstone The trendlineof RCA concrete moved towards to concrete made withsandstone aggregate with increasing RCA content andalmost matched it at 100 RCA content for concretestrength up to 35 MPa

amp For a given characteristic cube strength and RCA contentthe modulus of elasticity of RCA concrete can be estimatedwith the use of proposed multiplying factors developedfrom the published data in conjunction with a code ofpractice such as Eurocode 2

Two simple and not so dissimilar methods involving mixadjustments of coarse RCA concrete have been proposed toenhance its modulus of elasticity making it more appealing tospecifying engineers for use in structural concrete

0

5

10

15

20

25

20 25 30

Modulus of elasticity GPa

35 40 45

1 5 ndash 20 RCA2 21 ndash 40 RCA3 41 ndash 60 RCA4 61 ndash 80 RCA5 81 ndash 100 RCA

1

2

3

4

5

Basalt42middot9

Quartzite

33middot0

Limestone

29middot7

Sandstone23middot1

13

10

9

7

Add

ition

al s

tren

gth

requ

ired

for

sim

ilar

mod

ulus

of

elas

ticity

to

NA

con

cret

e M

Pa

Figure 10 Additional strength required for concrete made with

different coarse RCA contents to achieve similar modulus of

elasticity to NA concrete

14

amp Achieving a reduction in cement paste the water andcement contents of a mix can be reduced by the sameproportion for a given wc ratio The workability and finescontent can be maintained with the use of a water-reducingadmixture and filler

amp Achieving an increase in strength by reducing the wc ratioit is recommended to reduce only the water content of amix with the use of a water-reducing admixture ratherto increase its cement content A method for estimating theadditional strength required for RCA concrete at a givenmodulus of elasticity and RCA content has been proposed

REFERENCES

ACI (American Concrete Institute) (2001) ACI 555-01 Removaland reuse of hardened concrete American ConcreteInstitute Farmington Hills MI USA

ACI (2005) ACI 301-05 Specifications for structural concreteAmerican Concrete Institute Farmington Hills MI USA

Agrela F Alaejos P and de Juan MS (2013) Properties ofconcrete with recycled aggregates In Handbook of RecycledConcrete and Demolition Waste (Pacheco-Torgal F TamVWY Labrincha JA et al (eds)) Woodhead PublishingCambridge UK pp 304ndash329

Ahmad SH Fisher D and Sackett K (1996) Properties of Concretemade with North Carolina Recycled Coarse and FineAggregates Center for Transportation Engineering StudiesNorth Carolina State University Raleigh NC USAReport FWSNC96-07

Ahmed MS and Vidyadhara HS (2013) Experimental study onstrength behaviour of recycled aggregate concreteInternational Journal of Engineering Research andTechnology 2(10) 76ndash82

Ajdukiewicz A (2005) The place of concrete in sustainablecivil engineering in Poland Beton- und Stahlbetonbau100(7) 633ndash641

Ajdukiewicz A and Kliszczewicz A (2002) Influence of recycledaggregates on mechanical properties of HSHPC Cementand Concrete Composites 24(2) 269ndash279

Ajdukiewicz A and Kliszczewicz A (2007) Comparative tests ofbeams and columns made of recycled aggregate concreteand natural aggregate concrete Journal of AdvancedConcrete Technology 5(2) 259ndash273

Akbarnezhad A Ong KCG Zhang MH Tam CT and Foo TWJ

(2011) Microwave-assisted beneficiation of recycledconcrete aggregates Construction and Building Materials25(8) 3469ndash3479

Akhtar JN and Akhtar MN (2014) Enhancement in properties ofconcrete with demolished waste aggregate GE-InternationalJournal of Engineering Research 2(9) 73ndash83

Anderson KW Uhlmeyer JS and Russell M (2009) Use ofRecycled Concrete Aggregate in PCCP LiteratureSearch Washington State Department of Transportation(WSDoT) Olympia WA USA Research reportWA-RD 7261

Arezoumandi M Smith A Volz JS and Khayat KM

(2015) An experimental study on flexuralstrength of reinforced concrete beams with 100recycled concrete aggregate Engineering Structures 88154ndash162

Arundeb G Saroj M and Somnath G (2011) Direct compressivestrength and elastic modulus of recycled aggregateconcrete International Journal of Civil and StructuralEngineering 2(1) 292ndash304

Balazs G Kausay T and Simon TK (2008) Technical guidelinesfor recycled aggregate concrete in Hungary ConcreteStructures 25(2) 45ndash55

Barbudo A de Brito J Evangelista L Bravo M and Agrela F

(2013) Influence of water-reducing admixtures on themechanical performance of recycled concrete Journal ofCleaner Production 59 93ndash98

Behera M Bhattacharyya SK Minocha AK Deoliya R and Maiti S

(2014) Recycled aggregate from CampD waste amp its use inconcrete ndash a breakthrough towards sustainability inconstruction sector a review Construction and BuildingMaterials 68 501ndash516

Beltran MG Barbudo A Agrela F Galvin AP and Jimenez JR

(2014) Effect of cement addition on the properties ofrecycled concretes to reach control concretes strengthsJournal of Cleaner Production 79 124ndash133

Bhikshma V and Manipal K (2012) Study on mechanicalproperties of recycled aggregate concrete containing steelfibres Asian Journal of Civil Engineering (Building andHousing) 13(2) 155ndash164

Brand AS Amirkhanian AN and Roesler JR (2013a) Loadcapacity of concrete slabs with recycled aggregatesProceedings of Airfield and Highway Pavement 2013Los Angeles CA USA pp 307ndash320

Brand AS Amirkhanian AN and Roesler JR (2013b)Flexural Capacity of Rigid Pavement Concrete Slabs withRecycled Aggregates Illinois Center for TransportationUniversity of Illinois Champaign IL USAReport ICT-13-018

Bravo M de Brito J Pontes J and Evangelista L (2015)Mechanical performance of concrete made with aggregatesfrom construction and demolition waste recycling plantsJournal of Cleaner Production 99 59ndash74 httpdxdoiorg101016jjclepro201503012

Bretschneider A and Ruhl M (1998) The influence of recycledaggregate on the compressive strength and the elasticmodulus of concrete See httpwwwb-i-mdepublicTUdmassivdacon98ruehlhtm (accessed 18062016)

BSI (2004) BS EN 1992 Eurocode 2 Design of concretestructures ndash part 1-1 general rules and rules for buildingsBSI London UK

BSI (2009) BS EN 12504-1 Testing concrete in structuresCored specimens Taking examining and testing incompression BSI London UK

Burke TT Cohen MD and Scholer CF (1992) Synthesis Study onthe Use of Concrete Recycled from Pavements and Building

15

Rubble in the Indiana Highway System Purdue Universityand Indiana Department of Transportation JHRP(INDoT) West Lafayette IN USA Report FHWAINJHRP-92-15

Butler L West JS and Tighe SL (2013a) Effect of recycledconcrete coarse aggregate from multiple sources on thehardened properties of concrete with equivalent compressivestrength Construction and Building Materials 47 1292ndash1301

Butler L West JS and Tighe SL (2013b) Towards theclassification of recycled concrete aggregates influence offundamental aggregate properties on recycled concreteperformance Journal of Sustainable Cement-BasedMaterials 3(2) 140ndash163

Cadersa AS and Ramchiriter M (2014) Use of recycled concreteaggregates in structural concrete in Mauritius Journal ofEmerging Trends Engineering and Applied Sciences 6(1)71ndash81

Castano JO Domingo A Lazaro C and Lopez-Gayarre F (2009)A study on drying shrinkage and creep of recycled concreteaggregate Proceedings of International Association forShell and Spatial Structures (IASS) Symposium ndash

Evolution and Trends in Design Analysis and Constructionof Shell and Spatial Structures Valencia Spainpp 2955ndash2964

Casuccio M Torrijos MC Giaccio G and Zerbino R (2008) Failuremechanism of recycled aggregate concrete Constructionand Building Materials 22(7) 1500ndash1506

CCAA (Cement Concrete and Aggregates Australia) (2008)Use of Recycled Aggregates in Construction CementConcrete and Aggregates Australia Mascot NSWAustralia pp 1ndash25

Cervantes V Roesler J and Bordelon A (2007) Fracture andDrying Shrinkage Properties of Concrete ContainingRecycled Concrete Aggregate Department of Civil andEnvironmental Engineering University of IllinoisChampaign IL USA Technical Note 34

Chen B (2013) Basic mechanical properties and microstructuralanalysis of recycled concrete Journal of Wuhan Universityof Technology Materials Science 28(1) 104ndash109

Chen GM He YH Yang H Chen JF and Guo YC (2014)Compressive behaviour of steel fibre reinforced recycledaggregate concrete after exposure to elevated temperaturesConstruction and Building Materials 71 1ndash15

Chen HJ Yen T and Chen KH (2003a) The use of buildingrubbles in concrete and mortar Journal of the ChineseInstitute of Engineers 26(2) 227ndash236

Chen HJ Yen T and Chen KH (2003b) Use of building rubbles asrecycled aggregates Cement and Concrete Research 33(1)125ndash132

Chisolm D (2011) Best Practice Guide for the Use of RecycledAggregates in New Concrete Cement and ConcreteAssociation of New Zealand (CCANZ) WellingtonNew Zealand TR14

Choi WC and Yun HD (2012) Compressive behaviour ofreinforced concrete columns with recycled aggregate

under uniaxial loading Engineering Structures 41285ndash293

Choi WC and Yun HD (2013) Long-term deflection and flexuralbehaviour of reinforced concrete beams with recycledaggregate Materials and Design 51 742ndash750

Collery DJ Kelvin PA and Dhir RK (2015) Establishing rationaluse of recycled aggregates in concrete a performance-related approach Magazine of Concrete Research 67(11)559ndash574

Corinaldesi V (2010) Mechanical and elastic behaviour ofconcretes made of recycled-concrete coarse aggregatesConstruction and Building Materials 24(9) 1616ndash1620

Corinaldesi V (2011) Structural concrete prepared with coarserecycled concrete aggregate from investigation to designAdvances in Civil Engineering 2011 1ndash6

Corinaldesi V Letelier V and Moriconi G (2011) Behaviour ofbeamndashcolumn joints made of recycled-aggregate concreteunder cyclic loading Construction and Building Materials25(4) 1877ndash1882

Cui H Shi X Memon S Xing F and Tang W (2015) Experimentalstudy on the influence of water absorption of recycledcoarse aggregates on properties of the resulting concretesJournal of Materials in Civil Engineering 27(4) 9

Dam TV Smith K Truschke C and Vitton S (2011) Using RecycledConcrete in MDoTrsquos Transportation Infrastructure ndashManual of Practice Michigan Department ofTransportation (MDoT) Lansing MI USA ReportRC-1544

Dam TV Taylor P Fick G et al (2012) Sustainable ConcretePavements A Manual of Practice National ConcretePavement Technology Center (NCPTC) Iowa StateUniversity Ames IA USA pp 1ndash112

Dapena E Alaejos P Lobet A and Perez D (2011) Effect ofrecycled sand content on characteristics of mortars andconcretes Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering 23(4)414ndash422

de Brito J and Alves F (2010) Concrete with recycled aggregatesPortuguese experimental research Materials and Structures43(1) 35ndash51

de Brito J and Robles R (2010) Recycled aggregate concrete(RAC) methodology for estimating its long-termproperties Indian Journal of Engineering amp MaterialsSciences 17(6) 449ndash462

de Brito J and Saikia N (2013) Recycled Aggregate in ConcreteUse of Industrial Construction and Demolition WasteSpringer London UK

de Juan MS and Gutierrez PA (2004) Influence of recycledaggregate quality on concrete properties Proceedings ofInternational Rilem Conference on the Use of RecycledMaterials in Buildings and Structures Barcelona Spainpp 545ndash553

de Oliveira MB and Vazquez E (1996) The influence of retainedmoisture in aggregates from recycling on the properties ofnew hardened concrete Waste Management 16(1ndash3)113ndash117

16

de Oliveira MJ de Assis CS and Terni AW (2004) Study oncompressed stress water absorption and modulus ofelasticity of produced concrete made by recycled aggregateProceedings of International Rilem Conference on the Useof Recycled Materials in Buildings and StructuresBarcelona Spain pp 634ndash642

de Pauw P Thomas P Vyncke J and Desmyter J (1998) Shrinkageand creep of concrete with recycled materials as coarseaggregates Proceedings of International Symposium onSustainable Construction Use of Recycled ConcreteAggregate London UK pp 213ndash225

de Vries P (1996) Concrete re-cycled crushed concreteaggregate In Concrete for Environment Enhancement andProtection Proceedings of International Conference onConcrete in the Service of Mankind Dundee UK (Dhir RKand Dyer TD (eds)) EampFN Spon London UKpp 121ndash130

Deshpande Y Hiller JE and Shorkey CJ (2009) Volumetricstability of concrete using recycled concrete aggregatesIn Proceedings of International Symposium on BrittleMatrix Composites 9 Warsaw Poland (Brandt AM Olek Jand Marshall IH (eds)) Woodhead PublishingCambridge UK pp 301ndash312

Dhir RK and Paine K (2004) Suitability and practicality of usingcoarse RCA in normal and high strength concreteProceedings of 1st International Conference on SustainableConstruction Waste Management Singapore pp 108ndash123

Dhir RK and Paine K (2007) Performance-Related Approach toUse of Recycled Aggregates Waste and Resources ActionProgramme (WRAP) Banbury UK Project AGG0074

Dhir RK Limbachiya MC and Leelawat T (1999) Suitability ofrecycled concrete aggregate for use in BS 5328 designatedmixes Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers ndashStructures and Buildings 134(3) 257ndash274 httpdxdoiorg101680istbu199931568

Dhir RK Dyer TD and Paine KA (2004a) Dismantling barriersroles for research in realising markets for construction anddemolition wastes Proceedings of 1st InternationalConference on Sustainable Construction WasteManagement Singapore pp 1ndash22

Dhir RK McCarthy MJ Zhou S and Tittle PAJ (2004b) Role ofcement content in specifications for concrete durabilitycement type influences Proceedings of the Institution ofCivil Engineers ndash Structures and Buildings 157(2) 113ndash127httpdxdoiorg101680stbu20041572113

Dhir RK McCarthy MJ Tittle PAJ and Zhou S (2006) Role ofcement content in specifications for concrete durabilityaggregate type influences Proceedings of the Institution ofCivil Engineers ndash Structures and Buildings 159(4) 229ndash242httpdxdoiorg101680stbu20061594229

Dhir RK Paine KA de Brito J et al (2011) Use of recycledand secondary aggregates in concrete an overviewProceedings of International UKIERI Concrete Congresson New Developments in Concrete Construction DelhiIndia pp 157ndash182

Dilbas H Simsek M and Cakir O (2014) An investigation onmechanical and physical properties of recycled aggregateconcrete (RAC) with and without silica fume Constructionand Building Materials 61 50ndash59

Dillmann R (1998) Concrete with recycled concrete aggregatesIn Proceedings of International Symposium on SustainableConstruction on Use of Recycled Concrete AggregateLondon UK (Dhir RK Henderson NA andLimbachiya MC (eds)) Thomas Telford London UKpp 239ndash254

Domingo-Cabo A Lazaro C Lopez-Gayarre F et al (2009) Creepand shrinkage of recycled aggregate concrete Constructionand Building Materials 23(7) 2545ndash2553

Domingo-Cabo A Lazaro C Lopez-Gayarre F Serrano-Lopez MA

and Lopez-Colina C (2010) Long term deformations bycreep and shrinkage in recycled aggregate concreteMaterials and Structures 43(8) 1147ndash1160

Dosho Y (2007) Development of a sustainable concrete wasterecycling system Journal of Advanced Concrete Technology5(1) 27ndash42

Duan ZH and Poon CS (2014) Properties of recycled aggregateconcrete made with recycled aggregates with differentamounts of old adhered mortars Materials and Design 5819ndash29

Duan ZH Kou SC and Poon CS (2013) Using artificial neuralnetworks for predicting the elastic modulus of recycledaggregate concrete Construction and Building Materials 44524ndash532

Eguchi K Teranishi K Nakagome A et al (2007) Application ofrecycled coarse aggregate by mixture to concreteconstruction Construction and Building Materials 21(7)1542ndash1551

Ekolu SO Makama LN and Shuluuka WP (2010) Influenceof different recycled aggregate types on strength andabrasion resistance properties of concrete In Proceedings of3rd International Conference on Concrete RepairRehabilitation and Retrofitting III Cape Town SouthAfrica (Alexander MG Beuhausen HD Dehn F and MoyoP (eds)) Taylor amp Francis London UK pp 193ndash198

Etxeberria M Vazquez E and Mari A (2006) Microstructureanalysis of hardened recycled aggregate concrete Magazineof Concrete Research 58(10) 683ndash690

Etxeberria M Mari AR and Vazquez E (2007a) Recycledaggregate concrete as structural material Materials andStructures 40(5) 529ndash541

Etxeberria M Vazquez E Mari A and Barra M (2007b) Influenceof amount of recycled coarse aggregates and productionprocess on the properties of recycled aggregate concreteCement and Concrete Research 37(5) 735ndash742

Fahmy W Heneidy E Ali E and Agwa I (2011) Mechanicalproperties of concrete containing recycled concreteaggregates subjected to different fire durations Journal ofEngineering Sciences 39(5) 1005ndash1019

Fahmy W Heneidy E Ali E and Agwa I (2012) Performance ofconcrete containing crushed waste concrete exposed to

17

different fire temperatures International Journal of Civiland Structural Engineering 3(1) 9ndash22

Fan Y Xiao J and Tam VWY (2014) Effect of old attachedmortar on the creep of recycled aggregate concreteStructural Concrete 15(2) 169ndash178

Fathifazl G and Razaqpur AG (2013) Creep rheological modelsfor recycled aggregate concrete ACI Materials Journal110(2) 115ndash125

Fathifazl G Abbas A Razaqpur AG et al (2009a) New mixtureproportioning method for concrete made with coarserecycled concrete aggregate ASCE Materials Journal21(10) 601ndash611

Fathifazl G Razaqpur AG Isgor OB et al (2009b) Shear strengthof steel reinforced recycled concrete beams without stirrupsMagazine of Concrete Research 61(7) 387ndash400

Fathifazl G Razaqpur AG Isgor OB et al (2009c) Flexuralperformance of steel reinforced recycled concrete (RRC)beams ACI Structural Journal 106(6) 858ndash867

Ferreira L de Brito J and Barra M (2011) Influence ofpre-saturation of recycled coarse concrete aggregates onstructural concretersquos mechanical and durability propertiesMagazine of Concrete Research 63(1) 1ndash11

Folino P and Xargay H (2014) Recycled aggregate concrete ndashmechanical behaviour under uniaxial and triaxialcompression Construction and Building Materials 5621ndash31

Fonseca N de Brito J and Evangelista L (2011) The influence ofcuring conditions on the mechanical performance ofconcrete made with recycled concrete waste Cement andConcrete Composites 33(6) 637ndash643

Franklin SO and Gumede MT (2014) Studies on strength andrelated properties of concrete incorporating aggregatesfrom demolished wastes part 1 ndash a global perspectiveOpen Journal of Civil Engineering 4(4) 311ndash317

Frondistou-Yannas S (1977) Waste concrete as aggregate fornew concrete ACI Materials Journal 74(8) 373ndash376

Garcia-Navarro J de Guzman A and Cervantes M (2010) Astudy on the mix design and fundamental properties ofpre-cast concrete artefacts prepared with coarse and finerecycled aggregates Proceedings of 12th InternationalSymposium on Environmental Issues and WasteManagement in Energy and Mineral Production Praguepp 1ndash6

Geng Y Wang T and Chen J (2015) Time-dependent behaviourof recycled aggregate concretendashfilled steel tubular columnsJournal of Structural Engineering 141(10) 1ndash12

Gerardu JJA and Hendriks CF (1985) Recycling of RoadPavement Materials in the Netherlands RijkswaterstaatThe Hague Netherlands Rijkswaterstaat CommunicationsNo 38

Go SS Yoo DR Lee HC Lee G and Park YC (2007) A study onthe physical properties of hard concrete mixing varioustype of recycled aggregate In Portugal SB07 SustainableConstruction Materials and Practices Challenge of theIndustry for the New Millennium (Braganccedila L Pinheiro

M Jalali S et al (eds)) IOS Press Amsterdam theNetherlands pp 826ndash833

Gomes M and de Brito J (2007) Structural concrete withincorporation of coarse recycled concrete and ceramicaggregates In Portugal SB07 Sustainable ConstructionMaterials and Practices Challenge of the Industry for theNew Millennium (Braganccedila L Pinheiro M Jalali S et al(eds)) IOS Press Amsterdam the Netherlandspp 887ndash894

Gomes M and de Brito J (2009) Structural concrete withincorporation of coarse recycled concrete and ceramicaggregates durability performance Materials andStructures 42(5) 663ndash675

Gomes M de Brito J and Bravo M (2014) Mechanicalperformance of structural concrete with the incorporationof coarse recycled concrete and ceramic aggregatesJournal of Materials in Civil Engineering 26(10) 1ndash10

Gomez-Soberon JM (2002) Porosity of recycled concrete withsubstitution of recycled concrete aggregate anexperimental study Cement and Concrete Research 32(8)1301ndash1311

Gomez-Soberon JM (2003) Relationship between gasadsorption and the shrinkage and creep of recycledaggregate concrete Cement Concrete and Aggregates 25(2)42ndash48

Gomez-Soberon JM Aguyo L and Vazquez E (2001)Repercussions on concrete permeability due to recycledconcrete aggregate In Proceedings of 3rd CANMETACI International Symposium on Sustainable Developmentof Cement and Concrete San Francisco CA USA(Malhotra VM (ed)) American Concrete InstitutionFarmington Hills MI USA pp 181ndash195

Gomez-Soberon JM Gomez-Soberon JC and Gomez-Soberon LA

(2002) Shrinkage and creep of recycled concrete interpretedby the porosity of their aggregate In Proceedings ofSustainable Concrete Construction Dundee UK (Dhir RKDyer TD and Halliday JE (eds)) Thomas TelfordLondon UK pp 563ndash576

Gonzalez-Corominas A and Etxeberria M (2014) Experimentalanalysis of properties of high performance recycledaggregate concrete Construction and Building Materials 68127ndash134

Gonzalez-Fonteboa B and Martinez-Abella F (2004) Shearstrength of concrete with recycled aggregates Proceedingsof International Rilem Conference on the Use of RecycledMaterials in Building and Structures Barcelona Spainpp 887ndash893

Gonzalez-Fonteboa B and Martinez-Abella F (2005)Recycled aggregates concrete aggregate andmix properties Materiales De Construccion 55(279)53ndash66

Gonzaacutelez-Fonteboa B and Martinez-Abella F (2008) Concreteswith aggregates from demolition waste and silica fumematerials and mechanical properties Building andEnvironment 43(4) 429ndash437

18

Gonzalez-Fonteboa B Martınez-Abella F Carro Lopez D and

Seara-Paz S (2011a) Stressndashstrain relationship in axialcompression for concrete using recycled saturated coarseaggregate Construction and Building Materials 25(5)2335ndash2342

Gonzalez-Fonteboa B Martinez-Abella F Eiras-Loacutepez J and

Seara-Paz S (2011b) Effect of recycled coarse aggregate ondamage of recycled concrete Materials and Structures44(10) 1759ndash1771

Grubl P Ruhl M and Buhrer M (1999) Evaluation of Modulus ofElasticity of Concrete with Recycled Aggregate See httpwwwb-i-mdepublictudmassivdamcon99grueblruehlhtm(assessed 20042015)

Guardian H Garcia-Alcocel E Baeza-Brotons F Garces P and

Zornoza E (2014) Corrosion behaviour of steelreinforcement in concrete with recycled aggregates fly ashand spent cracking catalyst Materials 7(4) 3176ndash3179

Guo Y Zhang J Chen G and Xie Z (2014) Compressivebehaviour of concrete structures incorporating recycledconcrete aggregates rubber crumb and reinforced with steelfibre subjected to elevated temperatures Journal ofCleaner Production 72 193ndash203

Haitao Y and Shizhu T (2015) Preparation and properties ofhigh-strength recycled concrete in cold areas Materiales deConstruccion 65(318) 1ndash6

Hansen TC (1985) Recycled aggregates and recycled aggregateconcrete second state-of-the-art report developments1945ndash1985 Materials and Structures 19(3) 201ndash246

Hansen TC (1992) Recycled Aggregates and Recycled AggregateConcrete Rilem Report 6 Recycling of DemolishedConcrete and Masonry Taylor amp Francis London UKpp 1ndash138

Hansen TC and Boegh E (1985) Elasticity and drying shrinkageof recycled aggregate concrete Journal of the AmericanConcrete Institute 82(5) 648ndash652

Haque M Al-Yaqout A Sreekala V and El-Hawary M (2014)Characteristics of recycled aggregate concretes produced inKuwait a case study Journal of Engineering Research 2(4)16ndash31

Hendriks C and Henrichsen A (1996) Concrete with RecycledAggregates In 15th Congress of IABSE Congress ofStructural Engineering in Consideration of EconomyEnviroment and Energy Copenhagen Denmarkpp 465ndash472

Henry M Pardo G Nishimura T and Kato Y (2011) Balancingdurability and environmental impact in concretecombining low-grade recycled aggregates and mineraladmixtures Resources Conservation and Recycling 55(11)1060ndash1069

Ho N Lee Y Lim W et al (2013) Efficient utilization of recycledconcrete aggregate in structural concrete Journal ofMaterials in Civil Engineering 25(3) 318ndash327

Hossain MZ and Sohji I (2004) A study on mechanicalproperties of cementitious composites with variousrecycled aggregates Proceedings of 29th Conference

on Our World in Concrete and Structures Singaporepp 373ndash380

Huda S and Shahria Alam M (2014) Mechanical behaviour ofthree generations of 100 repeated recycled coarse aggregateconcrete Construction and Building Materials 65 574ndash582

Huda S and Shahria Alam M (2015) Mechanical and freeze-thaw durability properties of recycled aggregate concretemade with recycled coarse aggregate Journal of Materialsin Civil Engineering 27(10) 1ndash9

Ignjatovic I Marinkovic SB Miskovic ZM and Savic AR (2013)Flexural behaviour of reinforced recycled aggregateconcrete beams under short-term loading Materials andStructures 46(6) 1045ndash1059

Imamoto K Kiruma Y Nagayama M and Tamura H (2004)Deflections and cracks in recycled coarse aggregateconcrete members processed by decompression and rapidrelease Proceedings of Rilem International Symposium onEnvironment-Conscious Materials and Systems forSustainable Development Koriyama Japan pp 171ndash177

Inoue S Iizasa S Wang D et al (2012) Concrete recycling bypulsed power discharge inside concrete InternationalJournal of Plasma Environmental Science amp Technology6(2) 183ndash188

Ishiyama T Takasu K and Matsufuji Y (2010) Strength propertyof concrete using recycled aggregate and high-volume flyash In Challenges Opportunities and Solutions inStructural Engineering and Construction (Ghafoori N (ed))Taylor amp Francis London UK pp 557ndash562

Ismail S and Ramli M (2014) Mechanical strength and dryingshrinkage properties of concrete containing treated coarserecycled concrete aggregates Construction and BuildingMaterials 68 726ndash739

James MN Choi W and Abu-Lebdeh T (2011) Use of recycledaggregate and fly ash in concrete pavement AmericanJournal of Engineering and Applied Science 4(2) 201ndash208

Jimenez C Aponte D Vazquez E Barra M and Vails S (2013)Equivalent mortar volume (EMV) method forproportioning recycled aggregate concrete validation underthe Spanish context and its adaptation to bolomeymethodology for concrete proportioning Materiales DeConstruccion 63(311) 341ndash360

Kang THK Kim W Kwak YK and Hong SG (2014)Flexural testing of reinforced concrete beams with recycledconcrete aggregates ACI Structural Journal 111(3)607ndash616

Kenai S Debieb F and Azzouz L (2002) Mechanical propertiesand durability of concrete made with coarse and finerecycled concrete aggregates In Proceedings ofInternational Conference on Sustainable ConcreteConstruction Dundee UK (Dhir RK Henderson NA andLimbachiya MC (eds)) Thomas Telford London UKpp 383ndash392

Kenai S Debieb F and Azzouz L (2005) Performance ofconcrete made with recycled concrete and brickaggregates Proceedings of Inter American Conference on

19

Non Conventional Materials and Technologies in Ecologicaland Sustainable Construction Rio de Janeiro Brazilpp 471ndash478

Kencanawati NN Iizasa S and Shigeishi M (2013) Fractureprocess and reliability of concrete made from high graderecycled aggregate using acoustic emission techniqueunder compression Materials and Structures 46(9)1441ndash1448

Kerkhoff B and Siebel E (2001) Properties of concrete withrecycled aggregates Beton 2 47ndash58

Khayat K and Sadati S (2014) Recycled Concrete AggregateField Implementation at the Stan Musial Veterans MemorialBridge Center for Transportation Infrastructure andSafety Rolla MO USA Technical report NUTC R332

Kheder GF and Al-Windawi S (2005) Variation in mechanicalproperties of natural and recycled aggregate concrete asrelated to the strength of their binding mortar Materialsand Structures 38(7) 701ndash709

Kikuchi M Dosho Y Miura T and Narikawa M (1998) Applicationof recycled aggregate concrete for structural concrete part1 ndash experimental study on the quality of recycled aggregateand recycled aggregate concrete In Proceedings ofInternational Symposium on Sustainable Construction Useof Recycled Concrete Aggregate London UK (Dhir et al(eds)) Thomas Telford London UK pp 55ndash68

Kim Y Sim J and Park C (2012) Mechanical properties ofrecycled aggregate concrete with deformed steel re-barJournal of Marine Science and Technology 20(3) 274ndash280

Kiuchi T (2001) A study on the recycle concrete by using typeIII recycled coarse aggregate Memoirs of the Faculty ofEngineering Osaka City University 42 31ndash40

Kiuchi T and Horiuchi E (2003) An experimental study onrecycled concrete by using high quality recycled coarseaggregate Memoirs of the Faculty of Engineering OsakaCity University 44 37ndash44

Knaack AM and Kurama YC (2011) Design of normal strengthconcrete mixtures with recycled concrete aggregatesProceedings of the ASCE 2011 World Environmentaland Water Resources Congress Palm Springs CA USApp 3068ndash3079

Knaack AM and Kurama YC (2012) Rheological and mechanicalbehaviour of concrete mixtures with recycled concreteaggregates In Proceedings of the 2012 Structures CongressChicago IL USA (Carrato J and Burns J (eds)) ASCEReston VA USA pp 2257ndash2267

Knaack AM and Kurama YC (2013a) Design of concretemixtures with recycled concrete aggregates ACI MaterialsJournal 110(5) 483ndash492

Knaack AM and Kurama YC (2013b) Service loadndashdeflectionbehaviour of reinforced concrete beams with recycledconcrete aggregate Proceedings of ASCE StructureCongress on Bridging Your Passion with Your ProfessionPittsburgh PA USA pp 2705ndash2716

Knaack AM and Kurama YC (2015) Behaviour of reinforcedconcrete beams with recycled concrete coarse aggregates

Journal of Structural Engineering Special IssueSustainable Building Structures 141(3) 1ndash12

Knights JC (1999) Making the most of marginal aggregatesIn Proceedings of International Conference ofUtilizing Ready-Mixed Concrete and Mortar Dundee UK(Dhir RK and Limbachiya MC (eds)) Thomas TelfordLondon UK pp 45ndash56

Konin A and Kouadio DM (2012) Mechanical and abrasionresistance of recycled aggregates concrete in relation to thecement content Modern Applied Science 6(1) 88ndash96

Kou SC and Poon CS (2008) Mechanical properties of 5 year oldconcrete prepared with recycled aggregates obtainedfrom three different sources Magazine of ConcreteResearch 60(1) 57ndash64

Kou SC and Poon CS (2013) Long-term mechanical anddurability properties of recycled aggregate concreteprepared with the incorporation of fly ash Cement ampConcrete Composites 37 12ndash19

Kou SC and Poon CS (2015) Effect of the quality of parentconcrete on the properties of high performance recycledaggregate concrete Construction and Building Materials 77501ndash508

Kou SC Poon CS and Chan D (2004) Properties of steamcured recycled aggregate fly ash concrete Proceedingsof International Conference on the Use of RecycledMaterials in Buildings and Structures Barcelona Spainpp 590ndash599

Kou SC Poon CS and Chan D (2007) Influence of fly ash as acement replacement on the hardened properties of recycledaggregate concrete Journal of Materials in CivilEngineering 19(9) 709ndash717

Kou SC Poon CS and Chan D (2008) Influence of fly ash as acement addition on the hardened properties of recycledaggregate concrete Materials and Structures 41(7)1191ndash1201

Kou SC Poon CS and Wan HW (2012) Properties of concreteprepared with low-grade recycled aggregates Constructionand Building Materials 36 881ndash889

Koulouris A Limbachiya MC Fried AN and Roberts JJ (2004)Use of recycled aggregate in concrete application casestudies In Proceedings of International Conferenceon Sustainable Waste Management and RecyclingConstruction Demolition Waste London UK (LimbachiyaMC and Roberts JJ (eds)) Thomas Telford London UKpp 245ndash258

Kukadia VJ Gajjar RK and Parkeh DN (2014) Performance ofrecycled concrete aggregates ndash new era for use inconstruction ndash a literature review International Journal forScientific Research and Development 2(10) 312ndash319

Kumutha R and Vijai K (2010) Strength of concreteincorporating aggregates recycled from demolition wasteJournal of Engineering and Applied Sciences 5(5) 64ndash71

Li X (2008a) Recycling and reuse of waste concrete in China ndash

part I material behaviour of recycled aggregate concreteResources Conservation and Recycling 53(1ndash2) 36ndash44

20

Li X (2008b) Recycling and reuse of waste concrete in China ndash

part II Structural behaviour of recycled aggregate concreteand engineering applications Resources Conservation andRecycling 53(3) 107ndash112

Li W Xiao J Sun Z and Shah SP (2012) Failure processes ofmodelled recycled aggregate concrete under uniaxialcompression Cement and Concrete Composites 34(10)1148ndash1158

Limbachiya MC (2004) Coarse recycled aggregates for use innew concrete Proceedings of the Institution of CivilEngineers ndash Engineering Sustainability 157(2) 99ndash106

Limbachiya MC (2010) Recycled aggregates productionproperties and value-added sustainable applicationsJournal of Wuhan University of Technology ndash MaterialsScience 25(6) 1011ndash1016

Limbachiya MC Leelawat T and Dhir RK (1998) RCAconcrete a study of properties in the fresh statestrength development and durability In Proceedings ofInternational Conference on the Use of RecycledConcrete Aggregates (Dhir RK Henderson NA andLimbachiya MC (eds)) Thomas Telford London UKpp 227ndash237

Limbachiya MC Leelawat T and Dhir RK (2000) Use of recycledconcrete aggregate in high-strength concrete Materials andStructures 33(9) 574ndash580

Limbachiya MC Koulouris A Roberts JJ and Fried AN (2004)Performance of recycled aggregate concrete Proceedingsof Rilem International Symposium on Environment ndashConscious Materials and Systems for SustainableDevelopment Koriyama Japan pp 127ndash136

Limbachiya MC Meddah MS and Ouchagour Y (2012a)Performance of Portlandsilica fume cement concreteproduced with recycled concrete aggregate ACI MaterialsJournal 109(1) 91ndash100

Limbachiya MC Meddah MS and Ouchagour Y (2012b)Use of recycled concrete aggregate in fly-ash concreteConstruction and Building Materials 27(1) 439ndash449

Liu Q Xiao J and Sun Z (2011) Experimental study on thefailure mechanism of recycled concrete Cement andConcrete Research 41(10) 1050ndash1057

Lo CY Chowdhury SH and Doh JH (2013) Recycled aggregateconcrete prepared with water-washed aggregates ndash aninvestigative study In Proceedings of 22nd AustralasianConference on the Mechanics of Structures and MaterialsMaterials to Structures Advancement through Innovation(Samali B Attard MM and Song C (eds)) Taylor ampFrancis London UK pp 1143ndash1146

Loacutepez-Gayarre F Serna P Domingo-Cabo A Serrano-Loacutepez MA

and Loacutepez-Colina C (2009) Influence of recycledaggregate quality and proportioning criteria onrecycled concrete properties Waste Management 29(12)3022ndash2028

Loacutepez-Gayarre F Loacutepez-Colina C Serrano-Loacutepez MA Garciacutea

Taengua E and Loacutepez Martiacutenez A (2011) Assessment ofproperties of recycled concrete by means of a highly

fractioned factorial design of experiment Construction andBuilding Materials 25(10) 3802ndash3809

Malesev M Radonjanin V and Marinkovic S (2010) Recycledconcrete as aggregate for structural concrete productionSustainability 2(5) 1204ndash1225

Manzi S Mazzotti C and Bignozzi MC (2011) Concretedemolition waste sustainable source for structural concreteProceedings of 2nd Workshop on The New Boundaries ofStructural Concrete Ancona Italy pp 39ndash46

Manzi S Mazzotti C and Bignozzi MC (2013a) Effect of adheredmortar of recycled concrete aggregates on long-termconcrete properties Proceedings of 3rd InternationalConference on Sustainable Construction Materials andTechnologies Kyoto Japan pp 1ndash9

Manzi S Mazzotti C and Bignozzi MC (2013b) Short andlong-term behaviour of structural concrete with recycledconcrete aggregate Cement and Concrete Composites 37312ndash318

Marinkovic S Ignjatovic I Radonjanin V and Malesev M (2012)Recycled aggregate concrete for structural use ndash anoverview of technologies properties and applications InACES Workshop on Innovative Materials and Techniquesin Concrete Construction (Fardis MN (ed)) SpringerDordrecht the Netherlands pp 115ndash130

Maruyama I Sogo M Sogabe T Sato R and Kawai K (2004)Flexural properties of reinforced recycled concrete beamsProceedings of International Rilem Conference on the Useof Recycled Materials in Buildings and StructuresBarcelona Spain pp 526ndash535

Mathew P Baby V Sahoo D and Joseph G (2013) Manuallyrecycled coarse aggregate from concrete waste ndash asustainable substitute for customary coarse aggregateAmerican Journal of Engineering Research 3 34ndash38

McNeil K and Kang THK (2013) Recycled concrete aggregates areview International Journal of Concrete Structures andMaterials 7(1) 61ndash69

MdF (Ministerio de Fomento) (2010) EHE-08 Codeon structural concrete Ministerio de Fomento MadridSpain

Meinhold U Mellmann G and Maultzsch M (2001) Performanceof High-grade Concrete with Full Substitution of Aggregatesby Recycled Concrete ACI Farmington Hills MI USAACI SP-202 pp 85ndash96

Mellman G Meinhold U and Maultzsch M (1999) Processedconcrete rubble for the reuse as aggregates In Proceedingsof International Symposium Exploiting Wastes in ConcreteDundee UK (Dhir RK and Jappy TG (eds)) ThomasTelford London UK pp 171ndash178

Mendes T Morales G and Carbonari G (2004) Study on ARCrsquosaggregate utilization recycled of concrete Proceedingsof International Rilem Conference Use of RecycledMaterials in Buildings and Structures Barcelona Spainpp 629ndash635

Mohamad N Samad AAA Goh WI Suffian S and Hizami MT

(2014) The use of recycled aggregate in a development of

21

reinforced concrete container as a retaining wall preliminarystudy Advanced Materials Research 831 153ndash157

Morohashi N and Sakurada T (2007) Researching recycledaggregate structural concrete for buildings In Proceedingsof International Conference on Sustainable ConstructionMaterials and Technologies Coventry UK Taylor ampFrancis London UK pp 63ndash67

Morohashi N Sakurada T and Yanagibashi K (2007) Bondsplitting strength of high-quality recycled concreteaggregate concrete beams Journal of Asian Architectureand Building Engineering 6(2) 331ndash337

Motwani P Rajendhiran RK Elumnalai A and Santhi AS (2013)High strength concrete using recycled aggregateInternational Journal of Applied Engineering Research 8(9)2501ndash2505

Nishigori W and Sakai K (2012) Complete recycling ofdemolished concrete with low environmental loads InProceedings of 9th fib International PhD Symposium inCivil Engineering (Muller HS and Acosta HF (eds))KIT Scientific Karlsruhe Germany pp 411ndash418

Nixon PJ (1978) Recycled concrete as an aggregate forconcrete ndash a review Materials and Structures 11(5)371ndash378

Obla K Kim H and Lobo C (2007) Crushed Returned Concreteas Aggregates for New Concrete National Ready MixConcrete Association National Ready Mixed ConcreteAssociation Silver Spring MD USA

Olanike AO (2014) Taguchi experimental approach tolaboratory evaluation of static modulus of elasticity ofrecycled aggregate concrete Global Journal of EngineeringDesign and Technology 3(1) 88ndash91

Ong G Akbarnezhad A Zhang MH et al (2010) Mechanicalproperties of concrete incorporating microwave-treatedrecycled concrete aggregates Proceedings of 35thConference on Our World in Concrete and StructuresSingapore pp 1ndash8

Padmini AK Ramamurthy K and Mathews MS (2009) Influenceof parent concrete on the properties of recycled aggregateconcrete Construction and Building Materials 23(2)829ndash836

Paine KA and Dhir RK (2010) Recycled aggregates in concrete aperformance-related approach Magazine of ConcreteResearch 62(7) 519ndash530

Paine KA Collery DJ and Dhir RK (2009) Strength anddeformation characteristics of strength concrete containingcoarse recycled and manufactured aggregates Proceedingsof 11th International Conference on Non-conventionalMaterials and Technologies Bath UK pp 1ndash9

Park SG (1999) Recycled concrete construction rubble asaggregate for new concrete Building Research Associationof New Zealand Study Report SR 86 JudgefordNew Zealand

Park WJ Noguchi T Shin SH and Oh DY (2015) Modulus ofelasticity of recycled aggregate concrete Magazine ofConcrete Research 67(11) 585ndash591

Paul SC and van Zijl G (2012) Strength of recycled aggregateconcrete for structural uses In Proceedings of3rd International Conference on Concrete RepairRehabilitation and Retrofitting III Cape Town SouthAfrica (Alexander MG Beushausen HD Dehn F andMoyo P (eds)) Taylor amp Francis London UKpp 1340ndash1346

Paul SC and van Zijl G (2013) Mechanical and durabilityproperties of recycled concrete aggregate for normalstrength structural concrete International Journal ofSustainable Construction Engineering amp Technology 4(1)89ndash103

PCA (Portland Cement Association) (2002) Recycled concrete forreinforced concrete Portland Cement Association SkokieIL USA pp 5ndash6

Pecur IB Stirmer N and Milovanovic B (2013) Durabilityproperties of recycled aggregate concrete Proceedings ofRilem International Workshop on Performance-BasedSpecification and Control of Concrete Durability ZagrebCroatia pp 191ndash198

Pecur IB Stirmer N and Milovanovic B (2015) Recycledaggregate concrete for nearly zero-energy buildingsMagazine of Concrete Research 67(11) 575ndash584

Pedro D de Brito J and Evangelista L (2014) Performance ofconcrete made with aggregates recycled from precastingindustry waste influence of the crushing process Materialsand Structures pp 1ndash12 httpdxdoiorg 101617s11527-014-0456-7

Pepe M Toledo Filho R Koenders E and Martinelli E (2014)Alternative processing procedures for recycled aggregatesin structural concrete Construction and Building Materials69 124ndash132

Pickel D Tighe S and West J (2014) Evaluation ofrecycled concrete aggregate for usage in highway andmunicipal concrete applications Proceedings ofGreen Technologies Session of the 2014 Conference ofthe Transportation Association of Canada MontrealQuebec pp 1137ndash1156

Poon CS and Kou SC (2004) Properties of steam cured recycledaggregate concrete In Proceedings of InternationalConference on Construction Demolition Waste London UK(Limbachiya MC and Roberts JJ (eds)) Thomas TelfordLondon UK pp 1ndash12

Poon CS and Kou SC (2010) Properties of cementitiousrendering mortar prepared with recycled fine aggregatesJournal of Wuhan University of Technology 25(6)1053ndash1056

Poon CS Azhar S and Kou SC (2003) Recycled aggregates forconcrete applications Proceedings of Materials Science andTechnology in Engineering Conference ndash Now New andNext Hong Kong pp 1ndash16

Poon CS Kou SC and Chan D (2006) Influence ofsteam curing on hardened properties of recycledaggregate concrete Magazine of Concrete Research 58(5)289ndash299

22

Prasad MLV and Kumar PR (2007) Mechanical properties offibre reinforced concretes produced from buildingdemolished waste Journal of Environmental Research andDevelopment 2(2) 180ndash187

Purushothaman R Amirthavalli R and Karan L (2014) Influenceof treatment methods on the strength and performancecharacteristics of recycled aggregate concrete Journal ofMaterials in Civil Engineering 27(5) 1ndash7 doi 101061(ASCE)MT1943-55330001128

Qasrawi H (2014) The use of steel slag aggregate to enhancethe mechanical properties of recycled aggregate concreteand retain the environment Construction and BuildingMaterials 54 298ndash304

Qasrawi H and Marie I (2013) Towards better understanding ofconcrete containing recycled concrete aggregate Advancesin Materials Science and Engineering 2013 1ndash8

Radonjanin V Malesev M Marinkovic S and Al Malty AES (2013)Green concrete aggregate concrete Construction andBuilding Materials 47 1503ndash1511

Rahal K (2007) Mechanical properties of concrete with recycledcoarse aggregate Building and Environment 42(1) 407ndash415

Ramachandran VS (1981) Waste and By-Products as ConcreteAggregates National Research Council Ottawa CanadaCBD-215

Rao A Jha KM and Misra S (2007) Use of aggregates fromrecycled construction and demolition waste in concreteResources Conservation and Recycling 50(1) 71ndash81

Rao DVP and Madhavi M (2013) A study on partially usedrecycled coarse aggregate cement concrete Asian Journalof Civil Engineering 14(6) 917ndash933

Rao MC Bhattacharyya S and Barai SV (2010) Influence ofrecycled aggregate on mechanical properties of concreteProceedings of 5th Civil Engineering Conference in theAsian Region and Australasian Structural EngineeringConference Sydney Australia pp 749ndash754

Rao MC Bhattacharyya SK and Barai SV (2011a) Influence offield recycled coarse aggregate on properties of concreteMaterials and Structures 44(1) 205ndash220

Rao MC Bhattacharyya SK and Barai SV (2011b) Behaviourof recycled aggregate concrete under drop weightimpact load Construction and Building Materials 25(1)69ndash80

Rasheeduzzafar IB and Khan A (1984) Recycled concrete ndash asource for new aggregate Cement Concrete and Aggregates6(1) 17ndash27

Ravindrarajah RS (1996) Effects of using recycled concrete asaggregate on the engineering properties of concreteProceedings of National Symposium on the Use of RecycledMaterials in Engineering Construction Sydney Australiapp 147ndash152

Ravindrarajah RS (2012) High-strength self-compactingconcrete for sustainable construction In Proceedings of22nd Australasian Conference on the Mechanics ofStructures and Materials Materials to StructuresAdvancement through Innovation (Samali B Attard MM

and Song C (eds)) Taylor amp Francis London UKpp 1021ndash1025

Ravindrarajah RS and Tam CT (1985) Properties of concretemade with crushed concrete as coarse aggregate MagazineConcrete of Research 37(130) 29ndash38

Ravindrarajah RS Loo YH and Tam CT (1987) Recycled concreteas fine and coarse aggregates in concrete Magazine ofConcrete Research 39(141) 214ndash220

Razaqpur A Fathifazl G Isgor B et al (2010) How to producehigh quality concrete mixes with recycled concreteaggregate Proceedings of 2nd International Conferenceon Waste Engineering and Management Shanghai Chinapp 11ndash35

Rilem TC121 (1994) Specifications for concrete with recycledaggregates Materials and Structures 27(9) 557ndash559

Roos F (1998) Verification of the dimensioning values forconcrete with recycled concrete aggregates In Proceedingsof International Conference on the Use of Recycled ConcreteAggregates London UK (Dhir RK Henderson NA andLimbachiya MC (eds)) Thomas Telford London UKpp 309ndash320

Safiuddin M Alengaram UJ Salam MA et al (2011)Properties of high-workability concrete withrecycled concrete aggregate Materials Research 14(2)248ndash255

Safiuddin M Alengaram U Rahman MM Salam MA and

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Sagoe-Crentsil K and Brown T (1998) Guide for Specification ofRecycled Concrete Aggregates (RCA) for ConcreteProduction CSIRO Building Construction andEngineering East Melbourne Victoria Australia

Sakata K and Ayano T (2000) Improvement of concrete withrecycled aggregate Proceedings of 5th CanmetACIInternational Conference on Durability of ConcreteBarcelona Spain vol II pp 1089ndash1108

Salehlamein FR Solikin M and SriSunarjono I (2015) Effect ofrecycled coarse aggregate on concrete propertiesInternational Journal of Innovative Research in ScienceEngineering and Technology 4(1) 19060ndash19068

Salem RM and Burdette EG (2001) Role of chemical andmineral admixtures on physical properties and frostresistance of recycled aggregate concrete ACI MaterialsJournal 95(5) 558ndash563

Salem RM Burdette EG and Jackson NM (2001)Interrelationship of physical properties of concrete madewith recycled aggregates Proceedings of the TransportationResearch Board 82nd Annual Meeting Washington DCUSA pp 1ndash20

Salem RM Burdette EG and Jackson NM (2003) Resistance tofreezing and thawing of recycled aggregate concreteACI Materials Journal 100(3) 216ndash221

Sarhat S and Sherwood E (2013) Residual mechanical responseof recycled aggregate concrete after exposure to elevated

23

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Sheen YN Wang HY Juang YP and Le DH (2013) Assessment onthe engineering properties of ready-mixed concrete usingrecycled aggregates Construction and Building Materials45 298ndash305

Silva RV de Brito J and Dhir RK (2014) Properties andcomposition of recycled aggregates from construction anddemolition waste suitable for concrete productionConstruction and Building Materials 65 201ndash217

Sivakumar N Muthukumar S Sivakumar V Gowtham D and

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Soares D de Brito J Ferreira J and Pacheco J (2014) Use ofcoarse recycled aggregates from precast concrete rejectsmechanical and durability performance Construction andBuilding Materials 71 263ndash272

Somna R Jaturapitakkul C Chalee W and Rattanachu P

(2012a) Effect of the water to binder ratio andground fly ash on properties of recycled aggregateconcrete Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering 24(1)16ndash22

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Song X Wiao P and Wen H (2015) Recycled aggregate concreteenhanced with polymer aluminium sulfate Magazine ofConcrete Research 67(10) 496ndash502

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Suryawanshi SR Singh B and Bhargava P (2015)Characterization of recycled aggregate concrete Advancesin Structural Engineering 3 1813ndash1822

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25

Yun HD (2010) Effects of recycled coarse aggregatereplacement levels on the mechanical properties of RACIn Proceedings of 6th International Conference onConcrete under Severe Conditions Yucatan Mexico(Castor-Borges P Moreno EI Sakai K Gjorv O andBanthia N (eds)) Taylor amp Francis Leiden theNetherlands pp 1585ndash1592

Zega C and Di Maio AA (2011) Recycled concretesmade with waste ready-mix concrete as coarse

aggregate Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering 23(3)281ndash286

Zega CJ and Di Maio AA (2006) Recycled concrete exposed tohigh temperatures Magazine of Concrete Research 58(10)675ndash682

Zega CJ and Di Maio AA (2009) Recycled concrete made withdifferent natural coarse aggregates exposed to hightemperature Construction and Building Materials 23(5)2047ndash2052

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Proceedings journals rely entirely on contributions sent inby civil engineering professionals academics and stu-dents Papers should be 2000ndash5000 words long (briefingpapers should be 1000ndash2000 words long) with adequateillustrations and references You can submit your paperonline via wwwicevirtuallibrarycomcontentjournalswhere you will also find detailed author guidelines

26

1 Introduction
- 11 Background
- 12 Aims and objectives
- - 2 Outline of approach adopted
  - - Figure 1
    - - 3 Overview of the literature
      - Figure 2
        
        4 Systematic analysis and evaluation ofpublished data
        
        41 Variations in modulus of elasticity tests
        
        411 RCA properties
        
        412 Test method
        
        Figure 3
        
        Table 1
        
        413 Specimen type
        
        414 Curing conditions
        
        42 Effect of coarse RCA as NA replacement
        
        Table 2
        
        Figure 4
        
        43 Effect of RCA on modulus of elasticity in different strength grades of concrete
        
        Figure 5
        
        44 Relationship between modulus of elasticity and compressive strength
        
        5 Estimation of modulus of elasticity of RCA concrete
        
        Figure 6
        
        Figure 7
        
        6 Methods proposed to enhance the modulus of elasticity of RCA concrete
        
        61 Cement paste reduction
        
        Equation u1
        
        Figure 8
        
        Figure 9
        
        62 Increase in design strength
        
        Table 3
        
        Table 4
        
        7 Conclusions
        
        Figure 10
        
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Page 2: Elastic modulus of concrete made with recycled aggregates · A global literature search, in the English medium, on the modulus of elasticity of concrete made with recycled aggregates