289

rcide cenild zeipaza zexenz :dlkydd zeleabl xarn

zncwend dycgd zra zizxeqnd zicedid dxaga

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ezelawzd ileztpe dnly ly mi xtqd .`

xtqd z` ,b`xt cili xirv ,leyhl` xfril` 'x envrl wizrd (1592) a"py zpya

leyhl` ddy zr dze`a .xagnd ci azkn `nw `aa zkqn lr 'dnly ly mi''x `ed ,('dnly 'x bpei xrc') 'xirvd' e` 'ipyd l"yxdnd' ly ezaiyia ,oilaela

.q'yeail 'x dnly 'x mya mb rcepy ,dcedi 'x oa dnly1xnyp cid azk ik okziiipa icia oiicr wfged ik xzei xiaq ik m` ,xagnd ly ecinlz did dy`xy daiyia

zepexg`d eizepy z` dyry ,l"yxdnd ,`ixel dnly 'x `ed ,xagnd zgtyn.(1573 idly) c"ly elqka da xhtpe oilaela2ly oey`xd ewlg did wzredy wlgd

9*.xn`nl eidy cre d`vxdk exqnp oldly mixacdy zrn ipinil ecnry iixagl dcez aiig ip`.oldl aezkd mr ce`n eaihid xn`nd ly mipeyd eigqep lr mdizexrde dt lray mdixac,xn`nd ly mipey migqep e`xw uy d`ixcp`e oiihy dpic ,xpiix inx ,oiwvewxw fx oepn`oldl xkfpd dxn`n z` izeyxl dcinrd tieev dpxi` .eipkz lr ce`n liren bel`ic iz` eldipehxal`Îhxettx dcr ly dzkinze dzeyigp `la :xwirae .ci azka ezeida cer ,28 dxrda

.al axwn dcez mlekl .xe` d`ex did `l df xn`nqpka dxqnpy d`vxda df xn`n ly eceqiEarly Modern Culture and Haskalah:

Reconsidering the Borderlines between Early Modern and Modern Jewish History,zhiqxaipe` cily zicedi zeaxze dixehqidl aepaec oerny y"r oekna 2006 uiwa jxrpy:dzr mqxtznd xn`nd ly myd eze` zgz zilbp`d dtya mqxet d`vxdd gqep .bivtiil‘Beyond the Realm of the Haskalah – Changing Learning Patterns in JewishTraditional Society’, Jahrbuch des Simon-Dubnow-Instituts, VI (2007), pp. 123–133

1lr .102-89 'nr ,a"nyz milyexi ,axr cr xwean ,oiel wgvi e`x q'yeaiil dnly 'x lre`x leyhl` xfril`Elchanan Reiner, ‘A Biography of an Agent of Culture: Eleazar

Altschul of Prague and his Literary Activity’, Michael Greatz (ed.), SchöpferischeMomente des europäischen Judentums in der frühen Neuzeit, Heidelberg 2000, pp.

229–2472dnly epiax zeclez :dnly mxk ,iwvcexed `a` l`eny e`x dnly ly mi extqe l"yxdn lr

;(144-123 'nr ,`"rxz dyxe ,zepaxd zeclez ,l"pd=) f"pxz 'uiaedexc ,`ixel l`igi x"a,e"yz wxei eip ,ixar wlg ,bxeavpib iell laeid xtq ,'l"yxdn zeclezl edyn' ,sq` dgny

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.cenlzd zezkqnl etwida mevre ipxnei ,frep yexit `edy ,dnly ly mi xeaigd

xyr dyiy ,ewizrdy xirvd daiyid cinlz ixacl ,xeaigd dpn wzredy dryaeygd wtq `la did xagndy s`e xak df dnlyed xtqd ly ezaizky s` .miwlg

'x ecinlz eilr cirny itk ,'eicinlz xecd ilecb lk'e ,epnfa oilet zeaiyi iy`xayzepcnld ly xzeia xidfnd il`ehwlhpi`d byidd wtq `la did extqe ,wipelq oinipa

cr .cg` sc `l s` xe` xtqd on d`x `l dry dze`l cr ,f"hd d`nd za zipletddxe`kl dxen` dziidy jxca ,leyhl` znbeck mipxwq micnel axwa uted `ed f`wzerd on eyrpy zeipci zewzrd zxfra :qetcd z`vnd mr mlerd on xearl

.ixewnd3

,oli`Îxa zhiqxaipe` ,xehwec zcear ,'dnly ly mi'de l"yxdnd ,cltx xi`n ;bq-dn 'nr.`"pyz

,dnly ly mi zqtcda lgdy iptl zg` dpy ,d"ry zpya b`xta qitcdy 'dcez gaf' extqao`kn' :extqa `iad oze`ye l"yxdn azky zepigz eil` eribd cvik leyhl` xfril` xtiqlr 'it xciq xy` ohw xeciqn d"d l"f `ixel dnly x"xdn lecbd oe`bd ly zepigz od jli`ejxe`l 'd ziaa [1592 ,a"py=] a"yp zpy sl`ee x"xdnk sel`d epa cin izwzrdy ,dlitzdmy eixg` xi`yde dlrn ly daiyia my ywazpe ,dlr dyecwd ux`l xak xy` ,dlq miniweica l"yxdn ly epa mr xywa cnr leyhl` .([`"r `i sc] ,d"ry b`xt ,dcez gaf) 'dldzeynzyn mb `ed dpyd z` oiivl ick .oilaela `nw `aal dnly ly mi z` wizrd day dpyaoldl dpnn mihehiv e`x) 'mini jxe`l 'd ziaa a"yp' ,'ezelvpzd'a ea ynzydy weqtd eze`a;l"yxdn ly ezgtyn ipan dwzrdl ci iazk laiw leyhl` ik gipdl `et` xiaq .(5 dxrda

zeaiqny ,dnly ly mi iabl mb jk mzqd one xeciqd iabl jkoiivl `ly xga enr zexenydly eizetqez sqe` xnelk ,l"yxdnd xeciq ik rivd ,xg` xywda ,cltx xi`n .yxetna z`f,`lqinxtn xteqd izay ly eipir cbpl cnr ,leyhl` ici lr ewzredy ,xeciqd lr l"yxdnef drvd .351 'nr ,my ,cltx e`x .elv` ea wifgde xeciqd z` d`xy oiivnd cigid `edy'x dnly 'x ly ezaiyia oilaela ezedy ztewzl jenq ik dcaerd xe`l ce`n zxazqn

) lyinytl eicecp z` leyhl` jiynd q'yeaiilPrzemysldyn 'x zr dze`a daiyi qtz my ( â

mixywa cnr `ed lyinyta dyry mipy oze`a .`ed s` l"yxdn cinlz ,dyn dhn lra ,zn,l"yx ly eiheite eizepigz z` el xqny `edy gipdl xiaq ok`e ,xteq izay 'x mr miwecd

.239-238 'nr ,(1 dxrd lirl) ixn`n jk lr e`xe .'l"yx xecq' dpkn `ed oze`y3zeax zeiecr opyi minkg icinlz icia ze`vnp mdizewzrdy mixeaig ly ci iazka yeniy lr

l"yxdnl `"nx oia zeygkde zeny`d ztlgd `id zvwna dxfen dnbec .dtewzd zextqadyxt ± ciwz 'nr ,`"lyz milyexi ,eif xy` zxecdn ,alw oniq ,`"nx z"eya dritendicia ik mixacd itelign xazqn .hk 'iq ,`"t ,oileg dnly ly mia dil` qgiizn l"yxdnyqtcpy xeaig ,`xec ixryl l"yxdn zedbd ly zepey ze`gqep eniiwzd zrd dze`a micneldxizde xeqi` mcia yiy m"inw miax dpde') .miqnltznd ipy zen ixg` mipy zexyr dpey`xadben ely [xzide xeqi`=] e"` icil dp` midl` eiykre ...`edd zrcd ea e`vn `le y"xdn lymicneld axwa ehlwpy xfr ixtqy wtq oi` .ef oirn ze`nbec siqedl ozipe (.'zerh ila wiecnemb e`xe .mzqtcd iiekiq mb jkl m`zdae ,ohw did mdly mipewd ldw oky ,aeye aey ewzred

.oldl

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eyr md miax mixwna .ecnly mihqwhd z` mnvrl daiyi ixega epikd weica jk

did `ly `l` ,qtcp xak rnyn ,'qetcd gafn lr dlr' xak xtqdy dry mb z`fmb ik xxazn .mnvrl eze` yekxl mdia` ogley lrn elby mixirv mze` ly mcia

xara ercep `ly miycg mwlg ,ci iazk jezn ecnlpe mixtq ewzred qetcd ocira.miqtcp mixtq jezn ewzredy mixg`e epiptly dxwna enk4`ed o`k eppiipry s`

yaknl ekxca dnly ly mi xtqd ly lztpd elxebl qgiil yiy zizeaxzd zernynaleyhl` `liny mixzeq hrnkde mipeyd miciwtzd oia ahid oigadl yi ixd ,qetcdmipy .l"enk mipy rax`e mixyr xeark wxe ,envrl wizrnk dligz :dfd jldna

zray ,oileta daiyil daiyin ccepd miizye mixyr oa daiyi xega oia zepigan el`xvei ,xbea mc` oial ,eikxvl my ievnd ci azk wizrn `ed oilaela daiyia ezedy

vra ixewn,dnad zncw l` ,zeipycg ,zeycg zexivi sgecd zeaxz okeqe enzpn lr qitcnd cia ozipd wzerk ,cenil ikxevl xrpk wizrdy cid azka ynzynd

.xe`l e`ivedl5

4d`na oilet zeaiyia cenil ipkeza zexenz lr :ycg iptn oyi' ,xpiix opgl` eeydeacl oexkf xtq :jcarl xac xkf ,(jxer) wilb l`eny ,'aewxwa `"nx ly ezaiyie dxyrÎyyd`"nx ly ezaiyia xdefd cenil xaca dprhd ab` ,my .195 'nr ,f"qyz milyexi ,ltxeyexite mixeh drax` lr dyn ikxc ,`"nx ly eixeaig ipy zwzrd lr xtqn ip` ,aewxwaq'xecbia` 'x lcpn 'x ly ezaiyi cinlz dry dze`a didy ,up`eln edil` 'x icia ,xdfd lrlr `"nx zgtyn ipa mr ldipy ozne `ynd lr up`el xtqn xdfd yexitl ezncwda .aewxwa

.my e`xe ;mixeaigd zwzrd5oe`bd ly ez`xed xcg l`e ...ipgpd zn`d jxcay ,ipec`e i"a` md"xa` idl` 'd jexae...'

izklde d"`lir i"ac d"ix` mr izaxa did `ed `ld ,ip`iad oilael w"wc n"xe c"a`d i"p ixen`l ,miyelge micak md iciy s`e di"yez izqpk xft zryae ...z"eix`l apf zeidl eixg`,miyecig miwqet lr fere z`y xziae mixe`ia mb ,miycge mipyi mixtq dnk wizrdln izrpnm"i lecbd xeaigd mb mllkae miyecwe zeny iyp` md od mlern xy` milecbd mipe`bd ixtqn,dncwda oiirnd d`xi xy`k ligzd dae oey`xd xeaigd `ed ,`nw `aa zkqn lr ,d"nly l"ymeiq xnb zilkz cr dncwdd zligz zgiztn ,dlq mini jxe`l 'd ziaa a"yp zrya 'd ipkfm"ely zpya dzr mb dpde ,dleqi mipipt ft lkne dp`vni ine `ed wenr wenr ,dlek `zkqndlretd l` gkn daehd izaygny ,iz"xfra did mdxa` i"a` idl` [1616 ,e"ry=] w"tlmixg` oevx iptn ipevx izlhae ,izexve`a dfd meid cr icnr mezge qenk didy dn ,iz`ved`le ,oyiz dnl <!> ixxerzde `p dxer ,oeyexci mei mei ize` ,ize` ev[i]wdy oiqixz ilradiyeze dp"eaze dn"kge dv"ra ,riyedl mb ezlef miaxl lkei `l xy` xeabk mdcp yi`k didzmirexd l` `p jle ,dyxen dyn e"pl dev dxez ,dyecwd dxezd dpzp cal jl ike il` mxn`azxeza miwyegd z` mb dkfze zegeld lr <!> zexgz z"xter h"rae ,zegepn i"n lr mip"yeya

nk df ik ,`nw `aa zkqna ,dn"ly l"y m"i lecbd xeaiga ,dninzd 'dxzei enze elk hrzx"ter h"rl ik ze`xl ekf `l df xeaige ,dnke dnk zexec enl eklde etlg xake dpy mirayn,e"ry b`xt ,`nw `aa ,dnly ly mi ,'dibnde wizrnd zelvpzde meiq' jezn) 'dny `aed `l

.(`"r dqw sc

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xak exagn ici lr dnlyed 1592 zpya leyhl` wizrd eze`y wlgd ly ezaizk

etlg xak wzredy dry .wzredy mcew dpy ynge mirax`n dlrnl ,1548 zpya,wzred xaky s`e ,ezepinfe ezeaiyg s` lr .xagnd zen f`n dpy mixyrl aexw

,dpy rax`e mixyr cer ezqtcdl oizndl dfd dxe`kl aygp ce`nd xeaigd lr didf` wx .exagn zenl dpy mirax`n dlrnle exeaigl dpy mirayl aexw e`lniy cr

l"ende ,b`xta (1616) e"ry zpya dxw df .xe` xyr dyiyd oian cg` wlg d`xjxevl mzqd on ,ewizrdyk xirv daiyi xega didy ,leyhl` xfril` eze` ietvk didezekfl sewfl did lekiy l"enle xagnl did xak ,e"ry zpya ,dzr eli`e ,eicenil

.azky el`k mb mdae ,xe`l `ivedy micg` mixtq,1616 zpya b`xta xe` d`x xen`ky ,`nw `aa zkqn lr dnly ly mi caln

d"vy-b"vy mipya .f"id d`na dfd drixid agx xtqd on miwlg ipy cer eqtcpqtcp ,e"vy zpya ,dpy xearke ,oileg zkqn lr jxkd aewxwa qtcp (1635-1633)

.dvia zkqn lr dnly ly mi xtq mb oilaela6mikxk dyely eqtcpy xg`l ,dzr j`.dqtcdd dxvrp ,xyr dyiyd jezn cala

zextqa epnn mihehiv ixg` awrn zxfra xtqd ly ezrtyd zwicay dneczexetq mipy xeark dzwqtd z` jkn xzeie ,dqtcdd ly dxegi` z` dxiaqn dtewzd

,l"yxdn lyn mixg` mixtq ly ziqgi dxidnd mzelawzd zexnl ik xazqn .calaly mcd mxfa zexidna btqpy ,([1587] f"ny aewxw) dnly znkg xtq znbeck

mixeyr ipy jeza miinrt qtcpy ely z"eyd xtqe ,zifpky`dÎzipletd zepcnldzpya ,mewnd eze`a aeye ,ezenl ce`n jenq ,(1574) c"ly zpya oilaela ,ivgemiinrt eqtcpy ,`xec ixry xtql eixe`ia jkn xzei cery dnece ,(1599) h"py

dpya d`iliqaa dipyde dpy dze`a oilaela dpey`xd ,zepey zexecdn izya.ynn ly drtyd ,xzei xge`n mbe ,epnfa drcep `l dnly ly mi xtql - dixg`y7

6e` d"ry zpyl ,aewxwa oilegl dnly ly mi zqtcd cren z` raw awri oa wifii` wgvi,a ,mixtqd xve` ,oiwh`lf lcpn mgpn e`x xwirae ;enewna mixtqd xve` ,l"pd e`x .e"hzeyitg' ,dpf diryi it lr rawp ,xwir `edy ,o`k `aend jix`zd .114 'nr ,d"kyz milyexi

.129-128 'nr ,(`"vxz) f xtq zixw ,'xtqa7zqtcd lr xn`n ,uiaepiax rhp ozp l`tx e`x dnly znkg xtq ly mipey mixywd lr

itxbeilaia ite` zlra xehwec zcear dazkp xtqd lr .bq-aq 'nr ,d"kyz milyexi ,cenlzd,`ixel dnly 'x ly ilaad cenlzd gqep zxewia ,oex wgvi) dgihand dzxzek zexnl ,wdaencenlzd zxecdn' ,l"pd :dxwir z` e`xe ;h"nyz ,oli`Îxa zhiqxaipe` ,xehwec zcearjxrpy ,l"yxdn z"ey lr mb .(104-63 'nr ,[h"nyz-g"nyz] eh xtq ilr ,'l"yxdn dibdyie`x gezipy xzeia aeyg xeaig ± (lynl ,`"nx z"ey enk `ly) envr xagnd ici lr`l ± dzr cr oecipy dnl xarn exagn ly zeizkldd eizeqitz lr xe` jetyl did ieyr ely

e`x j` .xac hrnk azkpJacob B. Menkes, ‘The Maharshal’, Journal of

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293

cenlzd zepyxta xzeia zizernynd jxcd zvixt wtq `la didy ,xtqd

ezaiaqa ynn ly myex xized `l ,dixg` daxd cere f"hd d`na zifpky`Îzipletdf` mbe ,eze` ehhiv mixetq miwqete mipyxt wx .ezrtedl mikenqd zexeca daexwd

qtcpy ,oileg zkqn lr dnly mi xtqn xwirae ,ely miiyeniyd miwlgd on xwiraxtqd ly oey`xd jxkd zqtcd xg`l dpy mixyrn zegt hrn ,aewxwa xekfk

.b`xta8

dcedz `et` xvi `l exec ipcnl ly mgztl l"yxdn gipdy il`ehwlhpi`d xbz`dly ixewnd etwid zivgnn dlrnl oca`l dxiyid daiqd ,wtq `la ,idef .ynn ly

ixeaig .cala dray ecxy oilaela leyhl` d`xy miwlgd xyr dyiy jezn .xtqdzekne oixcdpq ,`xza `aa ,`rivn `aa ,ohw cren ,`nei ,zay zezkqnl l"yxdn

miagxpd mihehivd on wx meid mireci zeaezk zkqn ly mipexg`d miwxtlely ixewnd etwid lr leyhl` ly ezecrne ecxyy xtqd iwlga mdn miritend

.xe`l `ivedy dxecdnd xrya dritend ,xtqd9

Jewish Bibliography I (1939), pp. 86–93lr zxewia ab`y ,Simon Hurwitz, TheResponsa of Solomon Luria (Maharshal), New York 1938ce`n zeaeyg zexrd xird ,

xwgn ipeeik lr driavne xtqa zecg` zeibeq dxi`n ezxewiay s` j` .l"yxdn z"ey lr.ea jxevd lr zcnln `l` ,ie`x xwgnl silgz zynyn `id oi` ,miixyt`

8epi` mixg`d miwlgd on d`ln hrnkd zenlrzdd znerl oileg lr dnly ly mia yeniydyi .my eizewiqt lr zeknzqdd lr `l` ,l"yxdn ly zil`ehwlhpi`d ezrtyd lr cnlnmdne ,`xec ixry xtq lr eixe`ia ly mzelawzd llba cgein cnrnn dpdp df wlgy gipdl,xaepciiw l`eny oxd` 'x `ed ie`x .oileg zkqn ,dni`znd zkqnd lr exeaigl mb cneld ribddaeyza eixac z` hhvpy ,([1677] f"lz zpya xhtpy zexg` zelidw daxde aewxw ly oiicixtqa oiirl llk iwqr oi`y xnl dligz ricen ippd ip`e' :eixac ziy`xa cin oiiv day,cg` cenr slg `l cer .'!mdnr wqr il oi` ...elld zexeca exagy el`a hxtae mipexg`dly mi xtq zrk epicia did el` xyt`' ik qeqid `la azeke envr z` dxe`kl yigkn `edeiz`n gwlp ik oica`c lr lage l"pd lk ekezn oixxazn eid oileg 'qnn l"yxdnl dnly

wa izeida ia drbp 'd ci xy` zra ily mixtqd"'d sxy xy` dtixyae dkitdna oilael w",`cpl l`wfgi 'xy ,l"yxdn .(hl oniq ,b"nz oiin p"r hxetwpxt ,l`eny zpen` z"ey)elit`' ik eilr azk ,g"id d`na eqtcpy el` z` mb ,xtqd ly miqtcpd eiwlg lk z` xikdydxecdn dcedia rcep z"ey) 'ix`d alk eal ik mdilr wlegy l"yxl epivn mipey`xd ilecb lripira `l mb d`xpke aiynd ipira `l ,ezeknqa 'oexg`' d`xpk aygp `l ,(bp oniq c"ei ,`pipz`a `l ,xtqd ly exwir `edy ,l"yx ly il`ehwlhpi`dÎipyxtd enler mewn lkn .mixg`

.xaepciiw ly extqa mb llk iehial9,dililrd a'xe zennexzdd lecb ...dnly epiax oe`bd xagnd `ed ,d"nlyl xy` mixiyd xiy'

zezkqn dxyrÎyy ,dnly cia dpekp dziid dnglnd z`fe ,dinec dldzde gayd mdl xy`.(e"ry b`xt ,`nw `aal dnly ly mi xry jezn) "d"nly dyry cenlzd mi lr zenly

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ezqtcd dlgdy xg`l dpy mixyre d`n ,xagzd xtqdy xg`l dpy miiz`nk ,dpde

.ycgn xtqd dlbzd ,dlcgy xg`l dpy d`nkeiazezkqn yelyl dnly ly mi ikxk eqtcp (1766-1740) e"kwz-w"z mipyd o

zpya ,zenai zkqnl dnly ly mi jxk dpehl`a qtcp (1740) w"z zpya :zetqepe"kwz zpya ,mipy yng xearke ,oihib zkqn lr jxkd oilxaa qtcp (1761) `"kwz

mikxkd zyely zqtcd ik d`xp .oiyeciw zkqn lr jxkd qtcp ,oilxaa aey ,(1766)`l` ;xtql zeqgiizda ihnxc iepiy lr cnll dziid dleki xak mcal mitqepdmze`a ,onvr mipyd oze`a ynn erited miycgd mikxkd zyely zqtcd calny

el` ,mipey`xd mikxkd ly zexfeg zeqtcd mb ,oiipr ilra mze` ici lre zenewndzkqn lr xeaigd .f"id d`nd ly dpey`xd zivgna oilete dindea iqetca eqtcpy

zipy qtcp ,(1635-1633) d"vy-b"vy mipya aewxwa ,xekfk ,qtcpy ,oileg) japte`a,Offenbachhxetwpxtl dkenqd (onfd za zixard zextqa jaite` `id

`cxeita ,dpy miying cer xeark ,ziyilyae ,(1718) g"rz zpya(Fürt)zpya,(1635) d"vy zpya aewxwa dpey`xa qtcpy ,dvia zkqnl yexitd .(1766) e"kwz

xekfk dqtcpy ,`nw `aa zkqn eli`e ;1718 zpya ,japte`a `ed mb ycgn qtcp) uipqia zipya dqtcp ,1616 zpya b`xta dpey`xJessnitz(1723) b"tz zpya ,(

,dpy mixyrn zegt xeark ,my qitcdl did cizry ,mdxa` oa l`xyi ly eqetcaqtcpy xg`l dpy miryze d`nk ,mikeapd dxen xtq z` ,(1742) a"wz zpya

.dilhi`ay dhipeiaqa ,(1553) b"iy zpya dpexg`l10jxev did ax `l onf jezd`na dipnxba dpey`xl eqtcpy el` ,'zeycg'd zezkqnd z` mb ycgn qitcdld`na jtd ecrena zixewnd ezaiaqa lawzdl ecia dlr `ly xtqd ik xxazn .g"id

`et` ltp .diqetc lr zprypd zizeaxzd daiaqae ,dipnxba oiipr xxern xtql g"id.g"id d`na xac

dzernyn z` :mzernyn z`e xtqd ly ezelawzd ileztp z` oga` oldly mixaca

.g"id d`na ztgeqd ezelawzd xyt z`e ,f"ide f"hd ze`na epnn zenlrzdd lyoi` ok lre ,ecal el zicegii dpi` ,zixwn dpi` xtqd ly dlzlztd ekxc ik orh`

ygxzdy itk jildzl e`iady zeicind ,zeizaiqpd ,zeielbd zeaiqd lr dravda ic¨

ly oegxw dvw mvra `ed dnly ly mi ly ihxtd dxwnd .`weec df xtql qgiizda

z` xfgyl hxetn oeiqipl .hn-gn 'nr ,(2 dxrd lirl) sq` lv` micea`d miwlga oeic e`xe.95-90 'nr ,(2 dxrd lirl) cltx e`x xtqd ly ixewnd dpand

10e`x ,mdxa` oa l`xyi qitcnd lre ,uipqi iqetc lrMax Freudenthal, Aus der HeimatMendelssohns: Moses Benjamin Wullf und seine Famile die Nachkommen des Moses

Isserles, Berlin 1900, pp. 256–259 (nos. 74, 82)

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ze`nd iabl od izernyn `ede ,envr jezn gztzne jynzn ,agx izeaxz jldn

rbnd ew lr xe` zktey eztiyg .g"id - zxge`nd ef iabl od ,f"ide f"hd ,zencwend,dycgd zrd mr llk jxca xak midefnd mialyd oial zncwend dycgd zrd oiay

xetiq ixeg`n xzzqnd izeaxzd jldnd ik ,deewn ip` jk ,d`x` .ipxcend jldnd mrzizeaxzd dixehqidd zpadl izernyn g"id d`na dnly ly mi xtqd ly ezelawzd

.llka dtexi`a zicedid

cenlzl micxtqd 'mipey`xd' iyexit :zelawzd ileztp cer .a

f"hd d`nd oia - dzr cr oecpy onfd zeleaba cigid xtqd did `l dnly ly mi xtq

diigc oia dxe`kl cpcpzdy ,mipt iaxe mikeaq eid ezelawzd ikxcy - g"id d`nlzizextq daihg mb cwt l"yxdn ly extq z` cwty dfl dnec lxeb .zelawzdl

zextq idef .l"yxdn ly ipycgd extqn daeyg dziid mipey mihaidny dnlyziigc .'mipey`xd zextq' ,c"id - a"id ze`nd za cenlzl zicxtqd zepyxtd

,dpey`xa dqtcpy mcew cer zipepwl dziid xaky ,zicxtqd mipey`xd zextqtq did dnly ly mi ,lekd zelkk .dnly ly mi ly efn xzei s` zizernynycg x

zextq jk `l .elawl ezaiaq lr did lhipy ;ekxc z` `evnl eilr did lhipycenila cqen ceqi dyniy ,okl mcew mipy ze`n dxagzdy zicxtqd mipey`xd

.ifpky`d dfa mb micigil drcepe ,icxtqd zeaxzd megza cenlzd

dpey`xd zivgna xak dqtcp ,zicxtqk zifpky` ,ziniipiaÎinid cenlzd zepyxt

caa ca xwirae ilaad cenlzd zezkqn ly zepey`xd zeqtcdd cva f"hd d`nd lyb"tx-t"x mipya ,ilaad cenlzd ly ,zilhpnepend ,dpey`xd dnlyd ezqtcd mr

z` dax dcina aviry qetcd ,divpeea bxanea l`ipc ly eqetca (1523-1520).zncwend dycgd zrd ly zicedid zipepwd diixtqd11miaeygd ,zetqezde i"yx

axwa enk micxtqd micneld axwa elawzpy cenlzl ztxv inkg iyexitazekxa zkqna xak ,miipeviga el`e miinipta df ,ynn scd ileya eqtcp ,mifpky`d

) epivpey xira dqtcpySoncino(on dpey`xd zkqnd dziidy ,(1484) c"nx zpyaly eqetca q"yd lr zetqeze i"yx eqtcp ,ddf `l j` ,dnec jxca .dqtcpy ilaad

.minid uw cr d`lde dpnne ,zxkfpd ,dpey`xd ezxecdn onl divpeea bxanea l`ipcceqia ecnry mixeaig ,q"yd zezkqn lr y"`xd yexite zetqezd iwqtl rxi` mb jk

11zia ixtq zniyxe ibxianea l`ipc qitcnd ,onxad xi`n mdxa` e`x bxanea ly eqetc lr.g"lyz ztv ,eqetc

xpi ix opgl`

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.zezkqnd iteqa eqtcpe zifpky`d dwiqtd zxeqn12aeygd qepikd ,ikcxnd xtq mb

izhiy ote`a cnlp xy` ,zetqezd ilra ly zipyxtde zizkldd zxeqnd ly xzeia,iwlg ote`a wx mpn` ,qtcp ,f"id d`nd ziy`xl cr zegtl zeifpky`d zeaiyia

.c"nx zpya epivpeya eqtcpy cenlzd ikxk ly mteqa13dqtcpe dkld zr dze`asc ileya e` mnvrl mikxka ,zicxtqd zepyxtd zextq mb cala iwlg ote`a

zea` zyely ly mdiyecig eqtcp xwira .(1553) b"iy dhipeiaq qetc cenlzd.`"ahixde `"ayxd ,o"anxd :zicxtqd cenlzd zepyxt14

dzeg` ly dfn oihelgl zicxtqd mipey`xd zextq ly dlxeb wzip d`lde o`kn

.dilhi` iqitcn ici lr iwlg ote`a eicgi mdl xaegy lxeb ,zifpky`dÎziztxvdd`nd dptn onl dpey`xa dzqtcd f`n aeye aey dqtcpy ,zifpky`d ef zenk `ly

iza iyakn l` zicxtqd mipey`xd zepyxt dxfg `l ,f"hd d`na xwirae e"hdmrt ele g"id d`nd ziy`xl cr etlgy mipyd miyinge d`nn dlrnl jyna qetcd

dkiynde ,ynn ly oiipr da d`vn `l oiicr zifpky`d micneld zlidw .zg`dzepinf zexnl zizxeqnd zifpky`d miwqetd zextqae zepyxta xwira ynzydl

d`nd ziy`xa zg`a dpzyd ef zextq ly dcnrny `l` .zicxtqd zextqd ly.g"id

zpya rnyÎ`z 'n l`xyi gepnd mkgd mqxty zten xn`na etygp el` mikldnxn`nn .cenlzl miicxtqd mipey`xd ixtq ly mzqtcd xcqa oc `ed ea xy`e ,1975

epravdy jildzl miax mihaida dnc ef zextq ly dzelawzd jildz ik xazqn df.zrd dze`ae zenewnd mze`a ynn llegzde ,l"yxdn ly extq iabl dzr eilr15

zixw zrd azka qtcp ok lr xy`e eite`a itxbeilaia dxe`kl did d`xpy ,xn`nd

zrd oiay mixarnd ceqia mirbepd miizeaxz mikldn zpadl dpit oa`k xazqd ,xtqxazqn .llka zicedid dycgd zrd ceqia s` ile` e` ,dycgd efl zncwend dycgd

ly mixqgd eiwlgn dnk eqtcp uipqiae japte`a ,dpehl`ay onvr mipyd oze`a ikilrae miqitcnd mze` eqitcd ,zexfeg zexecdna mixg` miwlge ,dnly ly mi xtq

12.bn-dl 'nr ,(7 dxrd lirl) uiaepiax13xtql `ean ,oixtld mdxa` lv` ellka ikcxnd xtq zqtcd xcq ly ce`n daeh dxiwq e`x

oeicl miizernynd miqetcd lr .en-al 'nr ,a"pyz milyexi ,`nw `aa zkqn ,mlyd ikcxn.d`lde i 'nr ,my ,uiaepiaxl mb eeyde .el-al 'nr ,my e`x o`k mikxer ep`y

14ly exn`na f"hd d`na dicnne miicxtqd cenlzd iyexit zqtcd ly hxetn xe`iz e`x.327 'nr ,d`ad dxrda xkfpd rnyÎ`z

15"letlt"d zeclezl wxt ± cenlzl mipey`xd iyecig ly mzqtcd xcq' ,rnyÎ`z l`xyi,'.336-325 'nr ,(d"lyz) p xtqÎzixw

dlkydd zeleabl xarn

297

,cenlzl micxtqd mipey`xd iyexit z` mb ,mixg`ae qetc iza mze`a ,oiiprd

.dilhi` iqetca dpey`xa ziwlgd mzqtcd xg`l dpy miiz`nknzynd lr cnr envr rnyÎ`zzepcnld ly izeaxzd dnler iabl ei`vnnn r

,zeqgiizd ab` ,xn`nd seqa dritedy dfinxa wx g"id d`na dtexi`a zicedid:g"id d`na cenlzd zepyxta ryedi ipt xtq llegy dxenzl ,mixetq mihtyna

drtydl xexiaa rcen did ,ycgd jldnd iy`xn didy "ryedi ipt" xtq lra'xyw mixacd jynda .'eixtq itc oia ielbae xexiaa ztwzynd ,dycgd zicxtqdmiig 'x ly eceqin zi`hild cenild zhiyl ryedi ipt lra ly ezhiy oia rnyÎ`z

ly elrtn ly lelky' d`x daye ,h"id d`nd dptna dnewn z` dqtzy ,wi'viaeleq.'"ryedi ipt" lra16

exn`n ixg` dpy mixyrn dlrnl mqxty ,xge`n xn`na jka oecl xfg rnyÎ`z.xkfpd17.dlkydd mr g"id d`na deedzde jldy ipyxtd jldnd z` xyw xak f`

dizeclez xwga xzeia zepiiprnd zertezd zg`' ik lr laew `ed xn`nd zgiztazeixyt`d dizertyd zpigan zhlgend zenlrzdd `id l`xyia dlkydd zrepz ly

mixacd jynda .'zizxeqnd zipaxd zecdid ly dnler jeza ef zitexi` drepz lydlkydd zrepzae g"id d`na cenlzd zepyxta ellegzdy zexenza rnyÎ`z d`ex

ziytegd zxewiad gex ly dzexxerzd'n :cg` xewnn zewpeid zenbn izy zg`kycewa ,rcid inegz lka ,llka zxeqnd ly milaewnd dipkze dizexewn itlk

zrepz l`xyia dnw mxha daxwa ehlwp dl` miycg mipeeik .`' :ezrcl .'legaezrepz ly zeil`ehwlhpi`d dizertyd .a .laewnd ipeligd dpaena dlkyddza ziqkecezxe`d zipaxd zextqd inegza zexkip zxxerznd zitexi`d dlkydd

rnyÎ`z .'dl zxge`nd zipeligd dlkydd zrepza xy`n ,xzei ile`e ,zegt `l onfdg"id d`na zifpky`d daiaqa cenild ikxca ellegzdy zeiegztzdd z` `et` d`ex

dzeedzd lr mb ef ly dzrtydl liawna ,zitexi`d dlkydd ly dzrtydk

16xtq ,'letltd jxc lr' iwqaexhinic onlf miig ly exn`n zrtedl daebza .336 'nr ,myz`ixw zra' eicil ribdy ,`tw-aiw 'nr ,d"lyz milyexi ,ixar wlg ,oex`a melyl laeidipt"d lra ly ezlert mipen zxyr zhlea ,my xn`pd rwx lr' ik rnyÎ`z siqed ,'zedbdd

nyd zxbqnd zlra ,zilnxet zibelehwl`icd dhiyd ly dnewna cinrdy ,"ryedizipxdwnrdd zhiy z` ,ziz`eeyd `l jxca dnewna dibeq lk gezipl miywepd millkdez` ezpad jxc zaiyge m"anxl "dwfgd ci" xtqa daexn zeriizqd jez ,zipkezÎzihil`p`d

.(38 dxrd ,my) 'dibeqd ly iniptd dpeibd17:"dig ytpl oeiv" xtqe "ryedi ipt"d ,"dix` zb`y" lrae `"xbd' ,rnyÎ`z l`xyi

,(h"pyz) eh `xciq ,'dlkydd zrepz axr zipaxd zextqa miycgd minxfd ly mdizeclezlitk mixacd z` swyn xn`nd' ik ,xagnd oiiv xn`nd zgizta ziakek zxrda .191-181 'nr

.'xwgnl d`ln diptd jez ,mzpizpk d`vxda exn`py

xpi ix opgl`

298

eixacl od el` .xzei xge`n - ezprhl j` ,zicedid dlkydd ly dzegztzde

od - jtdle ,`teb zifpky`d daiaqa ellegzdy mikldna zeielz opi`y zeiegztzddze`l cr dtexi` gxfna cenlzd zepyxt dgztzde dkld day jxcd on zewzpzn

.dcg ziptz diabl zeedn ode ,zr18

riv` oldl .dzr cr eil` ribdy dnl xarn hrn oeicd z` mcwl dzr dvex iziid,gztzn ,jynzn jildz ly e`iy z` g"id d`nd ly miizextqd mikldna ze`xlaeygd zeaxzd fkxna xwirae dindeaa ,dipnxba miicedid zeaxzd ifkxna ldpzdy

`ly ,mihepd yi dlkydde g"id d`nd ly mixywda xy`e ,oilet zklnna ce`nit lr exicbdl ozipy zeaxzd megza `et` `ed xaecnd .ezeaiyga hirndl ,oick

oglyd it lr mibdpzn eiayei llkk xy`e ,yicii dxwira `idy ,ely oilegd ztymb mwlg ,dipnxba eqtcp oeica wlg milhepd mixtqd xwir .`"nx zedbd mr jexr

zxg` e` ef jxca dziid mzaizk z` dripdy zizeaxzd dxifd j` ,dkeza exagzpifpky`d dxezd cenil mler z` xyewd xexa ew lr riavdl dqp` .oileta ,gxfna

zixayn zeygxzd ef oi` .g"id d`na ekeza llegzd xy`l f"ide f"hd ze`na ipletd,izaiqp xaqdl zpzip `id ,dfa df mixeyw diwlgy dtevx zegztzd idef ;gxkda

ly ycgn mzpiga ceqi lr z`f orh` .zeaxz ly dixehqid ly milka dkixrdl yied`na zipaxd zextqde zepcnld zegztzda mikexk eidy miil`ehwlhpi`d mikldnd

ellegzdy zellekd zeiegztzdd on cxtp izla wlg da d`ex ip`y zegztzd ,g"idsygy zebdpzdd zeipazy ,dcaerd lr qqazdae ,dtexi`a zicedid zeaxza

yÎ`zmiizextq miqetxew iabl onvr lr zexfeg zicxtqd mipey`xd zextq iabl rn

.dxwn `le drtez `et` idef .milbrnd mze`ae ,mixg`

18aezkl oeekzd eini aexra .ryedi ipt xtq ly ezeaiyg lr cnry oey`xd did rnyÎ`z l`xyi,zecg` zexrd xirdl `l` ecia dlr `le dryd dtxhpy `l` siwn xwgn exagn lre eilrz` mi`han 17Îe 15 zexrda lirl mixkfpd eixn`n .zeiwlg mixacd rahn j` ce`n zeaeygenewna oeicl xzeia daeygd `vend zcewp md dry itle wiecnae xexiaa zeixwgnd eizecnrlyn sqep xn`n xe`l `vi ezqtcdl xn`nd znizg oia .epnfa cenlzd zepyxta xtqd ly,oewa oeyxb ,'exagn lre "ryedi ipt" xtqd lr micg` mixac' :ryedi ipta wqerd rnyÎ`zwgvi ceakl laei xtq :fpky` icedi zecleza mixwgn ,(mikxer) ip`nib oexd`e xaxty l`ipcrnzydy dfn hrna dpeyd jldn hhxyn `ed eae ,285-277 'nr ,g"qyz ob znx ,xnif (wix`)daebn epi`y ,df gqepa ze`xl oi` ik d`xp ezrted cren zexnl .mixkfpd mixn`nd ipynzhhevnd xagnd zxrd z` e`xe .zixletet d`vxd ly aezk gqep `l` ,oexg` oeyl ,zexrda

.17 dxrd seqa

dlkydd zeleabl xarn

299

'ryedi ipt ' cre 'dnly ly mi 'n :dycgd zepyxtd ziilr .b

ly lezlztd exetiq lr epravd .cg` fnx lre ze`nbec izy lr dry itl epravd

ldw axwa ekxc z` lgdy ,f"hd d`nd oa ipycg ipyxt xeaig ,dnly ly mi xtqd`xpke ,dax dtepza g"id d`na qtcp z`f znerle ,xvrpy cr ax qeqida ely crid

mizgzgd jxc lr mb epravd .dligz dgcp day dnvr daiaq dze`a ,lawzd mb jkzextq ,cenlzl zicxtqd mipey`xd zepyxt zipletÎzifpky`d daiaqa dzyryf"hd ze`na dpnn zenlrzdd on zegtl e` dziigcn ,dzaiaqa lilra zipepw ,ziqlw

zxfegd ezqtcdl mb epfnx .g"id d`na qeqid `lae zg`a my dzelawzdl cr f"ideici lr yxtzdy rxe`n ,dpy miiz`nk ixg` g"id d`na mikeapd dxen xtq ly

dllegzdy dcgd dxenzl ztene ze`k ipxcend xwgna mb jke onfd ipan micg`.dlkydde zexe`pd mr dzdef xy`e ,g"id d`nd ziy`xa ifpky`d izeaxzd mlera19

mdn cg` lk elld zextqd ibeq zyelyl epqgiiy dxe`kl szeynd lxebd s` lr.zillkd dpenza ,dpeye icegii ,mieqn aikxn lr cnlnd ,envrl beq dyrnl `ed

zyely oia dpgadd .dzegztzda aly mb `l` dpenza aikxn wx `ed oi` dax dcinaozip dzr .dzegztzd jildz z`e drtezd ly mipeyd dipt z` dyibcn miaikxnd

'miiegc'd mixeaigd cva 'dxen'd zcnrd .cala mipey`xd miipyd lr zrcd z`,dzr cr ervedy el`n xzei miagx ,mitqep mixywd lr cnll mpn` dieyr mixg`d

.ezryl oizni ea oeicd j`20zeizednd zeizeaxzd zeieygxzda oeicd cwnzi dzrmipc ep`y zetewza zicedid dxagd ly ixwird rcid sebl xiyi ote`a zeqgiiznddze`a ellegzdy zewenrd zexenzd od el` .cenlzl - dly opeknd hqwhl ,o`k oda

zeipycg zeieqgiizdl zieelpd daxd zeyibxd llba .yexitde dcinld ikxca zrmixg` miizeaxz mikildzl ozwif zpigaa oiipr yi `ed xy`a izcd hqwhl qgia

.zrd dze`a daiaq dze`a ellegzdy

dcina ,zipycg zipyxt dxin` ,wdaen icxbpee` jldn `han l"yxdn ly extq

,cenlzd ,iqiqad ipepwd rcid sebl qgia zgqpzn ef dxin` .zipxzg s` znieqndcina orypd ,l"yxdn rivdy jldnd .zeizxeqnd dwiqtde zepyxtd ikxc itlke

zifpky`d ,dpyid dwiqtde cenild zxeqn ly dzeknqa miwcq iedif lr dax.ef zxeqnl daihpxhl` mvra ynyn ,ziniipiaÎinid

19.28 'nr ,a"qyz milyexi ,zexe`pd zktdn ,xpiit l`eny lynl e`x20rcnl qgid' qpkd zxbqna izivxd zifpky`d zeaxza mikeapd dxen xtq ly enewn lr

mincwzn micenill oekna 2008 x`epia jxrpy ,'dizexecl fpky` zeaxza diteqelitle.dixywdle ef dxecdnl qgiizdl izrca mye ,qpkd ixaca ritedl mixen` mixacd .milyexia

xpi ix opgl`

300

dkxca xearl cenlzl zicxtqd zepyxtd zextq lr did lhipy lezlztd jildd

llegzdy dxe`kl dnecd jldnl ewlga wx liawn zifpky`d daiaqa zelawzdlxac ly eteqa dpryp ef zextq ly zxge`nd dzelawzd .l"yxdn ly extq aiaq

ly extq xy`e ,g"ide f"hd ze`nd oia cenild ikxca dllegzdy dxenzd lrxy` `id .dligz dzgcpy `id ef dxenz .dixyanay aeygde oey`xd did l"yxdn

ly dzxicg lr jxcd dzyw ,dxyi `l xy` cre ,ce`n elztp dzelawzd ikxczicxtqd zextqd ly dziigc .mifpky`d mipcnld ly mnlerl zicxtqd zextqdrvedy iaihpxhl`d jldnd ly zelawzdd ialyn aly cer `l` letky `et` dpi`

zeaiyi iy`xe mixagn oia mitzey el e`vnp jenqa xy`e l"yxdn ici lr dligz`et` dziid `l zicxtqd mipey`xd zextq ly dzelawzd .eicinlz mnvr e`xy

daiaqd z` xbz`l dlgdy dxin`d on wlg `l` ,dielz izla zi`nvr dxin`Îzifpky`d zipcnldef dxin` .d`lde dnly ly mi xtq ly ezrted onl zipletd

ly mixvd eizeleab zvixtl ,ipyxtd qiqad zagxdl dienq driaza dkexk dziideizerxkde eikldnl ihpeelxk miiwd lelknd lk zii`xle izxeqnd ifpky`d qetxewd

.eyhyhipe ekld mdipia zeleabdy mix`z ,wqetd e` ocnld ly

zifpky`d zizextqd dxifd al l` mkxc z` `evnl eqipy miipycg minxf ik xazqnmd ,dligz egcp el` minxf ik s` .mpnf z` dyrnl enicwd egcpe f"hd d`na xak

,miite`a miihqihil` ,minieqn milbrna gztzdle miiwzdl ekiynd `l` e`kec `lipt l` zelrl elgd dbxcdae onf xeark j` ,oeixehqidd ly epirn dry itl mixzqply miielbd miil`ehwlhpi`d miiga zklede zxaeb dnvra mnewn z` qetzle ghyd

df jex` jildz .zg` `id df oiiprly ,zitexi`Îfkxnde zitexi`Îgxfnd daiaqdel` minxfa mixeywd mixeaig ly mzqtcd mr oeixehqidd ly ezpigan mlyed

ixtq ly ,dnly ly mi iwlg ly f` mzqtcd xetiq mvra edf .g"id d`nd rvn`axkfpd jldnd ly mitqep mihaid e`hiay mitqep mixeaig lye cenlzd lr mipey`xd

ly ogeqipl epze` d`iane ,xaqd zyxec ef zihwl`ic zeygxzd .o`k exkfp `l xy`edkldnae g"id d`nl cr zicedid zeaxzd zegztzd ikildl zerbepd zeycg zexcbd

.zifpky`d zeaxzd ly dinegzaozxcbd xy` zeibeq izy oeicd cwena dzr cinrdl ywan ip` z`f zeyrl ick

hqwhd zepyxt ziilr z` :exkfpy zegztzdd ikild ly mgeqipa riiqz ie`xkf` cr zelaewn eidy zepyxtd ikxcn dpey zepyxt beqk biv` dze`y ,dnvrly

zicedid zipeird daiaqa zeil`ehqwhd ziilr z`e ,dfn zifpky`d zicedid zextqalr zecirn ,zg` drtez ly mipt ipy mvra ody ,zenbnd izy .dfn g"id d`nahqwh lk e` ,envr cenlzd df `di ,ycewnd hqwhl g"id d`nd za dycg zeqgiizd

dlkydd zeleabl xarn

301

xexial ribpy mcew cery `l` .zepyxte dcinl zxeqn eiabl dniiwzdy xg` ipepw

.oerihd qqazi eilry rcind cqn z` milydl yi zeibeq oze``cxeite mcxhqn` ,hxetwpxt iqetca eqtcp (1780-1739) m"wz-h"vz mipyd oia

.aealn yxid iav x"a wlt ryedi awri 'x ly extq ,ryedi ipt xtqd iwlg zrax`21

ezexba zepy xwir z` dyr ,(1680) `"nz zpya aewxwa clep wlt ryedi awri 'x

,oilxa zepaxl `xwpyn ,(1630) v"z zpy onl ,eizepy x`y z`e ,dizelilbae aealadl dkenqd hxetwpxta xawpe ,japte`a xhtp `ed .qfl`e dipnxb zelidwa dyrxtq my z` `yep xeaigdy s` .('x"yeia zne z"n`a clep' ;1756) f"hwz zpya

g"z zpya da xhtpy aewxw ly dax ,sqei 'x oa ryedi 'x ,en` ia` eaq ly z"eyd,aqd ly ilpeivpapewd zeaeyzd xtql ckpd ly ipycgd exeaig dnec epi` ,(1648)

zeiyew lk z` ayiil dqip eay ,dnly ipibn ,rcepde oepyd ,xg`d extql `l s`.i"yx lr zetqezd ilra

dze`l cr ezenk did `l zenieqn zepigany xeaig `ed q"yd lr ryedi ipt xtqcenlzd lr xagzpy oey`xd il`ehqwhd yexitd mvra edf .zifpky`d daiaqa dry

zneyz z` dhn eyexit jxc .dfky swida xegyd zeend ixg`y zifpky`d daiaqadihaid l`e dixywd l` dibeqd ly miwdaend miizwiqtÎmiihtynd mihaidd on ald

zxeqn ceqi lr dibeqd z` cnel epi`y wdaen ipyxt xeaig edf .miizextqde miipanddixywde dly ziniptd zecikld ,ixiagzd dpand ceqi lr `l` dwiqtd

,zetqezde i"yx ,scd lry mipey`xd zepyxt ly dwinrn dpiga jez ,miil`ehqwhdoipnfa s`e' :ezncwda `ed xidvny itk ,eqtcp j`y micxtqd cenlzd ipyxt lye[miny zxfr il dzidy izi`x zeax minrt=] `inyc `zriiq il dedc izifg oi`ibq

`"ahixde d"`xd iyecig oebk elld zezkqn lr ycgn eqtcpy milecbd zrcl izpekyz` dxe`kl zexzeqd ,m"anxl xagnd ly zexfegd zeieqgiizdd gta letil oi` .'l"f

el` ;o`k xn`pdrnzynd yexitd z` zeaivn ode ,zewdaen zeipyxt zeieqgiizdiweq`l' .ihiepnxdd jldnl eze` mb zenzexe dibeqd zpad iabl m"anxd zwiqtn

zricil ribdl ick dibeqd z` cenll df xywda ernyn oi` '`zkldc `ail` `zzrnyz` dit lr oegale - df dxwna dweqtd zipenind - dkldd z` lehil `l` ,dkldd

zeibeqd jxrn jeza dzealzyd z` xwirae ,dziipad z` ,dibeqd ly dikldn.daiaqy

,dnly ly mi oia :dzr cr mda epwqry mixeaigd ipy oia gznpd ewa oigadl lwp

21d ipyd wlgd .mxcqk `ly eqtcp xtqd iwlgh"vz zpya mcxhqn`a qtcpe ,oey`x riteqtcp iyilyd ;(1752) a"iwz zpya oiin p"r hxetwpxta eixg` qtcp oey`xd wlgd ;(1739),hxit `id ,`cxeita qtcp iriaxd wlgd eli`e ;(1756) f"hwz zpya mewnd eze`a `ed s`

.(1780) m"wz zpya

xpi ix opgl`

302

d`nd rvn`a azkp xy`e dzr ea epcy ,ryedi ipt oial ,f"hd d`nd rvn`a azkpy

jildz swyn `ed .daxw lr `l s` ,zedf lr cnln epi` df ew ik xekfl yi j` .g"idz` ,lnql ahen ile` e` ,oiivl ozip xy`e ,dbxcda gztznd ,jex` il`ehwlhpi`

z`e ,eiyecigl dlya `l oiicry daiaqa miiwzdy ,l"yxdn ly elrtna eziy`xzegt `l .ryedi ipt lra ly elrtna x`yd oia ,dpy miiz`nl aexw xeark ezlyad

dnly ly mi xtqd ly dnvr zrd dze`a zxge`nd mzelawzda epiivl ozip jknewd jxe`l eyxtpy miipiad zepgz ixg` awrnd .zicxtqd mipey`xd zextq lyedqtze dkldy dnbnd lr xexiaa riavn wlt ryedi awri 'xl l"yxdn oia geznd

.f"hd d`nd onl miifpky`d zeaxzd ifkxna mipcnlde micneld zaiaqa dnewn z`cr ,darzd ,wfgzd ,xdazde jld dbxcda ;wqexn s` ile` ,qqedn did d`xp dligz

.jlnd jxcl didyzepnl dyw .zeax zepgz ipt lr selgl ycgd jldnd lr did jlnd jxcl didy cr

onlf miig ici lr epecpe epiev oxwir ;elld mipyd miiz`n jxe`l oeivd zecewp lk z`zra dxezd cenil ikxc ly ycgd xwgnd z` gzt xy` ceqi xn`na iwqaexhinic

.ea `veik oi`e ,zncwend dycgd22zeaeygd on ,zepgzd on miizy oeiva `et` wtzqpzekld iyecig xtq `id ,odipian daeygd mb micg` mihaidne ,dpey`xd .oday

xeaig ,(1631 d`xhqe` - 1555 aewxw) q'lcii` ield xfril` l`eny 'x ,`"yxdnl.qtz oze`y zeaiyia minkg icinlze micinlz zxeag axwa d`xed ab` gztzdy

oexg`d onfl cr zeax cenil zexeqna izaiyid cenild ly dpitd oa`l did df xeaig1608 hxetwpxt) siy odkd xi`n 'x `ed ,siy m"xdnl zekld iyecig `ed xg`d .ynn

.zetqep yyl - iwlg ote`ae ,zezkqn yngl wx zenlya cxyy ,(1641 my -23s`

onl wx micneld ldwl rcep extq ,f"id d`nd ly dpey`xd zivgna lrt xagndymiite` lr cnln `ed z`f zexnl .ryedi ipt zrtedl jenq ,dixg`y d`nd rvn`

ipy .o`k miriavn ep` eilry izeaxzd jldnd ly miiaihnxetd mialyd lymixg` miaxe ,letltd zepexwr lr zetekz zqqean mcenil jxcy ,elld mixeaigd

,ilpeivwpetd ,iceriid cenild on daiyia cenild jldn ziihda jxc oeiv md ,mzenk.il`ehqwhd oeeikl

jxcd .dvwn zewegx od oeeikd lr zecnln ody s` j` ,jxcd lr zepgz od el`¨

dteqae ,zicxtqd mipey`xd zextqe l"yxdn ly exeaig ziigca dziy`xa zpneqnd

22.lw-ekw 'nr ,(16 dxrd lirl) iwqaexhinic23,my ,iwqaexhinic mb e`xe ;a"rxz aeal ,mc` zeclez xtq ,zeilbxn oae`x e`x `"yxdn lr

.fkw 'nr ,81 dxrd

dlkydd zeleabl xarn

303

,zipycg ,dycg zipyxt zextq ly dzrtedae ,ef ly od df ly od mzelawzda

.ryedi ipt xtqd ly dxidnd ezehytzde ezelawzd ,ezrteda zlneqndzextqa oiiprd zexxerzd oke ,g"id d`na dnly ly mia ycegnd oiiprdy wtq oi`

exitdawri 'x ly exeaiga ezlyadl ribdy ycgd jldnd lr epryp ,zicxtqd yxewnk `le hqwhk hqwha epiipr xy`e ,mlekn aeh ebviin `ed xy`e wlt ryedi

`id .epzeqgiizd z` yxecy ifkxn jldn `et` zpnqn ryedi ipt zrted .yxcp rcilz` cenlza d`exd ycg giy l` ,f` cr bdpy ipcnld giyd ly hlgen iepiyn wlgipt .rcid byen ly ,dcigid mb minieqn mixywdae ,xzeia daeygde dwenrd ezedn

zeil`ehqwhd ziilr :miy`xd ipy lra jldnd z` zelya llkl `et` `ian ryedi.dnvrlyk zepyxtd zrtede

d`na ipcnld mlera zipyxtdÎzil`ehqwhd dnbnd ly dziilr z` yigndl ickz` gikedl ick :dpey j` dnec dxhnl rnyÎ`z l`xyi sq`y mipezp biv` g"id

,1616 zpy onl ik xazqn .ipyxtd jldnd ly ziptzd zcewpk ryedi ipt ly enewndlgd day ,1739 zpyl cre ,b`xta dnly ly mi ly oey`xd jxkd zrted cren

dyingk qetca erited ,dpy ynge mixyr d`nk oa onf jyn ,ryedi ipt ly ezqtcdipt ly etwidn raxl ribnd cg` elit` mda oi`e ,zizhiy zepyxt ixtq xyr

exagzp ,1810Îl 1740 oia ,xtqd zrted ixg`y mipyd miraya z`f znerl .ryedi.elyk swida mdn dnk ,el`k mixtq d`nl aexw24.o`k yi oniq o`k oi` di`x ik s`

dcewpk ryedi ipt ly ecnrnl zvxgp dgked meyn da oi` dbvedy jxca dprhdezeaiyg lr zcnln xwira `id .zipyxtd zeaxzd jldn z` dpynd zicnikx`z` :o`k rvend jldnd z` xidadl zriiqn dprhd ,dkxt dl yi m` s` j` .daxd

zerxe`nd xiv jxe`l zipyxtdÎzil`ehqwhd dnbnd ly zizbxcdd dzewfgzdly xac ly eteqa mzelawzd ici lr :zerxe`n ipy ici lr dzr zlneqnd ,oievy

lnqnd drixi agx ipyxt xeaig ly ezrted ici lre ,dligz egcpy jldnd ixyan.ezelyaa jldnd z`

24mikix`za rnyÎ`z xga my eperih jxevl .183 'nr ,(17 dxrd lirl) miycg minxf ,rnyÎ`zoiivl xga eay rxe`n ,aexiwa 1580 zpya aewxwa l"yxl dnly znkg xtq zqtcda :mixg`.1705 zpyl raw dze`y ,ryedi ipt xtq xeaig zligzae ,'mipexg`'d ztewz ly dziy`x z`oi`e ,mipey j` mikenq mikix`za xga `ed ,xe` d`x `ly ,18 dxrda lirl xkfpd exn`narnyÎ`z sq` eperih jxevl mipezpd z` .dpey`xa dgqepy itk dprhd on zepyl ick mda

' ik oiivn `ede ,a"iyz oecpel ,miyexitde mixe`iad xve` ,odkd awri qgpt ly extqndxitqd.(6 dxrd ,my) 'o`k xn`pd z` swyl ick da ic j` ,oihelgl zwiiecn dpi` izkxry

xpi ix opgl`

304

zil`ehqwh zepyxtl ilpe ivwpet ceniln .c

ici lr dwnerl dxwgp g"id-f"hd ze`na zifpky`d zepcnla dbdpy cenild jxc

.zrxkn dzid iwqaexhinice rnyÎ`z ly mznexz j` ,mixweg xtqn25erawy md,ihpeelxd migpend oelin z`e mihqwhd qetxew z` exicbd ,dibeqa oeicd zxbqn z`

`yepa epc mdipy mle` .ekxca cg` lk ,driwye zegztzd ikildz lr eriavde.'letlt'd ly iniptd giyd jezn ,ekezn

lye ,envrl icenlzd hqwhd ly dwinrne zizxwei cenil jxc `ed letltd

ab` llk jxca zldpznd ziveaiw dxivi idef .zetqezde i"yx - miiceqid eiyxtnzeibeqa zelz `la ,dnvr dibeqd jeza ,ipan ,winrn oeir jez ,dxeaga cenil

day ,zipaen cenil zhiy `ed eceqia .zipevig zepyxta zelz lk `lae zexg`wx ayiin `ed oze`y zeipane zeibel zeiyew zervn`a dibeqd z` yxtn cneld

miicenlz mihqwha xfriiy `la miiniptd eixywd jezn ,eipirl cnerd hqwhd jezn:zipevig zepyxta e` miliawn

mcwen ly miwecwce miweica `l` epi` [miltltnd mipcnld ly] mwqir xwir

mewn .uexize `iyewe `pwqne `pin` ded ly oeibd iqgie xzie xqg ,xge`nejeza mzealzyde zetqezae i"yxa uxnpd oeird [letltd oeica] qtez ifkxn

hrnk mixg` mipey`x iyecige miwqet ixtq z`f znerl .`ibeqd ly n"end.mixkfpe mipecip mpi`y26

jezn letltd ly ezriwye eziilra xen`k epc rnyÎ`ze iwqaexhinic ly mdixwgn

xnelk ,elld mikldnd ly miizeaxzd mdixywd .cala envr ely iniptd giydepecp ,jenqa e` onf wxt eze`a zicedid daiaqa ellegzdy zeizeaxz zenbnl mzwif

lr `l ,epgap `l mixacdy xnel jxev oi` .llk epecp `ly e` cala mrnern ote`adaiaqd zeaxza zenec zenbn rwx lr ,mixg` ici lr `l mb mixkfpd mixwegd ici

,envrlyk dxezd cenil zecleza zipaxd zextqd ixweg ewqr dzr cr .zixvepdxwirae mdizecqene d`xedde cenild ipepbpn jeza ellegzdy mikldn ixg` eawre

25letltd zehiy l` oqgie ozedn ,"yipxeb zetqez"' exn`na rnyÎ`z lgd ef dibeqa oeicd z`17Îe 15 zexrda lirl mixkfpd eixn`n ipy .`qw-bpw 'nr ,(`"lyz) gq ipiq ,'miweligdelr zeycg zerici" exn`n z` zecg` mipy xeark rnyÎ`z siqed eilr .df xn`nl miqgiizncenild ikxca wqr iwqaexhinic .90-79 'nr ,(e"lyz) a xtq ilr ,"opiipre 'yipxeb zetqez'exn`n lr .cg`k ifpky`de icxtqd letltl qgiizda micg` zenewna zncwend dycgd zra,'cenlzd zeibeqe sqei hwl' exn`n z` o`k oecpd oiiprl siqedl yi 16 dxrda lirl xkfpd

.114-70 'nr ,(f"lyz) c xtq ilr26.fkw 'nr ,(16 dxrd lirl) iwqaexhinic

dlkydd zeleabl xarn

305

,zicedid zeaxzde dxagd ly ixwird rcid seb ly dlgpdde dcinld ikxc zpigaa

ebdp dnec jxca .onfd oa ixwgnd giyd on zenlrzd jezn llk jxca eyr md z`fexneg dxezd cenil megza ellegzdy zepeyd zeiegztzda e`x `ly ,dlkyd ixweg

giyd zxbqna dze` oegal yiy zihpeelx drtez ea e`x `l xwirae ,ea zeprl,xac ly eteqa .ilikynd meid xcqn wlg eidy zeaxz zertez epecp eay ixwgnd

mxfl uegn xzep ,ea ellegzdy zexenzd lr ,zicedid dxagd ly ixwird rcid seb.mipt letk xekip ly eihra ,ixwgnd giyd ly ifkxnd

,mipey minxebn rtyen df megza llegznd ik ,ceqid zgpdn wengl jxc oi` mle`

ellegzdy ,zeipeivelea` enkd ,zeizhiyd zexenzd .mdilr rityne ,miipevig mbile` ,cala miihppni` mikldn ly d`vez eid `l hqwhd l` qgiae yexitd ikxca

dycgd zra rcid zvtd ikxca ellegzdy miiepiyd on wlg eid od ;xwira `l s`xtqd ly ezxicga zepey mikxca mixeywd minxeb ly dxey zeawra zncwend

ercep `ly miqetxewl dtiygd z` zepnl yi el` minxeb llka .zipcnld daiaql qtcpdmb eid el`k ;da ercep `ly zeipevig zepyxt zexeqnl oke ,dpecpd daiaqa xara

hqwhd ly ,dxwal dxe`kl zpzip izlad ,ezepinfn eywazdy miizxagd miiepiydg"id d`na exvi ,zitexi`d dxaga eygxzdy mdl minece ,el` mikldn .eiyxecl qtcpd

.ycewnd e` iqlwd - cnlpd hqwhd l` ,dax dcina zizxewia ,dycg zeqgiizd27

yely .oecpd oiiprl mixacd zligza ehhxeyy mikldnd on rnzynl dzr aeyplirl dpeky sevx cg` jldn ly mipey mialy zebviin o`k ebvedy zeiyxtdzncwend dycgd zra miiwznd jynzn jldnl qgiizn iehiad .'zeil`ehqwh'

oeirdy ,ilpeivwpet hqwhn cnlpd hqwha oiiprd cwen z` dhnd ,zicedid zepcnla`l aey .envr cenild cri `ed eyexity ,ipeir hqwhl ,yxcp rcin witdl crep ea

hqwh ,yxtzn hqwhk dnvrlyk dibeqd `l` cenild cri `id dkldd zwiqtseygl ,dkldd z` zelbl cenild cri did dligz m` .zernyn el wiprn eyexity

ipta dxhnl zil`ehqwhd dcigid zkted dzr ,hqwhd jeza dieagd dricid z`,mly hqwhl dze` dyere zernyn dl dwiprny `id yexitd zk`lne ,dnvr

dptn `id ,zepyxtd l` rnyn ,hqwhd l` dwiqtd on ald zneyz zhqd .ihpxdew.cg`k dxezd cenile zicedid zeaxzd zecleza ihnxc28

27:dl`d mixtqa mipey zenewna dpecp zixvepd dxaga zeil`ehqwhdAntony Grafton,Defenders of the Text: The Tradition of Scholarship in an Age of Science,1450–1800, Harvard University Press, 1994; Jonathan I. Israel, RadicalEnlightenment: Philosophy and the Making of Modernity, 1650–1750, Oxford 2001

28lr cere`x zicedid zeaxza zeil`ehqwhd zl`yIrene E. Zwiep, ‘From Perush to Be’ur:

xpi ix opgl`

306

g"id d`nd z`xwl zifpky`d zipcnld daiaqa hqwhl qgia ellegzdy miiepiyd

ly ecnrna f"ide f"hd ze`na ellegzdy zexenzd it lr znieqn dygndl mipzip.zipletÎzifpky`d daiyia letltd xeriy `ed ,'daiyid letlt'29,elld mikldnd

,mlelky mr ,e`iad ,envr jeza xebqd daiyid letlt zxbqna dxe`kl ellegzdydibeqd ly dxvd zxbqnd on cenild xexgyle inewnd izxeqnd letltd zyihpl

zeibeq len l` odiyecig z` zepgead cenil zehiy zegztzn dbxcda .zcceadlw miipyxt mihqwhl zeqgiizd jez ,od xy`a cenlzdzextql mb z`f llkae ,miiq

zegezt cenil zehiy ly ozegztzd did el` mikldn ly mteq .zicxtqd mipey`xd

.g"id d`nd ly milecbd miipyxtd mixeaiga eppiiprl zebveind30jldn `et` edfly eteqa `iady ,icala `l j` ifkxn wxt ,ekeza cg` wxt `ed letltdy ,akxen

.zil`ehqwh zepyxtl ilpeivwpet ceniln xarnl xac`ed ezxcbd it lr .cala miihwcic dligz eid zeaiyia letltd xeriy ly micrid

miieyrd mixeyik el ligpdle cinlzd ly zil`ehqwhd zeyibxd z` ccgl crepdnvrlyk letltd z`xed .icenlzd hqwhd jeza zewc zepgadl ribdl ecia riiql

hqwhd ly izhiye mly ,siwn yexit ynyiy xnben xven xviil dpeekzd `lzizhiy cenil jxck .zrcn jkn drpnpe ,envr ipta 'hqwh' zeidl ,xnelk ,yxtznd

on zeaexw eidy ,zexg` mikxc zifpky`d daiyid dxkia icenlzd hqwhd ly.dkld zwiqtl cinlzd z` xiykdl :daiyid ly miinyxd d`xedd icril letltd

izhiy cenil :micenild zipkz ly mixg`d diaikxn ipy zxfra xyked `ed jklx`y rwx lr daiyid letlt zpiga .'miwqet'd cenile eiyxtne `xnbd sc ly sevxely dileya miiwzd `ed ezxwei zexnly ,zcnln zifpky`d daiyia cenild ipkez

zlra hqwhd zepyxt e` ,enyl oeird - daiyid letlt ly eipkz .micenild zipkzmiipevig miizextq mixywd oihelgl dlehpd ,dxe`klÎibelelitd ihilp`d ite`d

mze` exzq s`e daiyid icrin ebxg - miihtynÎmiizkld milewiya llk dielz dpi`e.diae dipn dxe`kl

Authenticity and Authority in Eighteenth-Century Jewish Interpretation’, Studies inHebrew Literature and Jewish Culture [=Studies in Jewish Thought, 12], edited by

Martin F.J. Baasten and Reinier Munk, Dordrecht 2007, pp. 257–269df xn`ny s` ..oeicl ynn ly dnexz ea yi ,xiyi ote`a `yepa wqer epi`

29dyely jnq lr ,ef dibeqa xara izpcy jex` oeic ly ezivnz `ed o`k hhxyn ip`y jldnd.f"id d`nd rvn`n oexg`de f"hd d`nd ziy`xn oey`xd ,daiyid letlt ly mipey mixe`izl`xyi ,'letltd lr gekieede f"id-f"hd ze`na fpky`e oilet zeaiyia zexenz' ixn`n e`x,wexny `pgl laei xtq :oilete fpky` bdpnk ,(mikxer) oeqlcpn `xfre iwqp`ipxeh deg ,lhxa

.47-15 'nr ,o`k oecpd oiiprl ,xwirae ,80-9 'nr ,b"pyz milyexi30.(17 dxrd lirl) rnyÎ`z e`x

dlkydd zeleabl xarn

307

xiykn zeidl letltd lcg ,f"id d`nd rvn`l xge`i `le ,onf xearky `l`

zihpxdew ,zi`nvr cenil zhiyl dbxcda jtde 'daiyid ipa cecig'l ynynd ihwcicfpky`a dxezd cenil ly jlnd jxcl jtde llkzyd ,gzEt letltd .zinihible

.dyw zxewia odilr dgznp mb jk lre ,ozee`b dziid jk lry oilet zeaiyia xwiraemiaikxn ,mii`nvr mihqwhl ektd - 'welig'de 'yecig'd - letltd ly eizexR¥

ewgce ekld el` mikldn .zifpky`d zizextqd dxivid ly dxe`kl miinihiblletltd dzr qtz dxekad z` .miwdaen dkld ixneg ly izhiyd cenild z` ezxekan

.otec z`vei dxweil dkfy ,miweligd letlt xwirae ,eikxcl

ly miikepigd dicria izedn iepiy `et` llegzd zncwend dycgd zrd ziy`xaxzei dzhpe ixwir cri dicinlz ly zirevwnd mzxykda ze`xl dlcg `id .daiyid

zepyxtl dzpt `id .miwdaen miil`ehwlhpi` mixywda diciwtz z` ze`xl xzeielr gekieed' .dnvrlyk zepyxtl ihwcic xiyknn dbxcda dgztzdy ,dxedh

cre f"hd d`nd idly onl zepey mikxca ldpzdy ,xwgna dpeky itk ,'letltdzeipycg zenbn oze` cbp `vie llegznd ixg` dcnzda awr ,g"id d`nd ly dteql

.zncwend dycgd zra zifpky`d daiyid ly dipt z` eaviry31

dl`yk icenlzd hqwhd l` diiptldbyndl zt`eyd zixiagze zibelelit ,zibel

hqwh'l jted icenlzd hqwhd .sqep haid yi miihtynd eiaikxn ly dhytdleceqid zgpdl .zil`ci` ,zhlgen ,dxedh daiygl dnbece ceqi ynynd dfk ,'mlyen

ellka icenlzd hqwhd iaikxn lk ike el` mr el` minikqn dibeqd iaikxn lk ikmkxc ixeg`n zcnery ef `id .dkex` dixehqid yi ,mezn mda oi`e min`ez ,minlyoi`e ,dnly ly mil l"yxdn zncwda df xywda oeicl dzkf mb `id ,zetqezd ilra ly

oexwir `id o`k mda mipc ep`y mixywda j` .extqa zipyxtd ekxcn mb zxcrp `id.ea mipc ep`y ihiepnxdd dpanl zgzn ceqid hnyp excridae ,ezla oi`y ibelecezn

gnvy ,igxkd hrnk ,ihppni` izeaxz jildz dzid zepyxtde hqwhd l` diiptdmiiwzd `ed xy`n xzei .envr jezn exiaqdl yie ,zicedid zepcnld zxeqn jezn

cnr `ed dnipt zicedid dlidwd jeza ellegzdy zerxe`ne mikildzl dwif jez`ld daiaqa hqwhd zepyxtle hqwhl qgia ellegzdy minec mikildzl dwifa

elrty miizxag minxebl ald zneyz z` zeptdl yi z`f zexnl .zitexi`d zicedize`nay ,dcaerl zrcd z` zzl yi lynl jk .ekxca cg` lk eilr erityde eaiaq

ep`y dtewza .revwnl dktd `id .zifpky`d dlidwa zepaxd cnrn rawp f"ide f"hd

31,letltd lr gekied ,ezxagna ltx ac ici lr etq`p letltd zl`ya miwqerd mihqwhd xwiritk mieqn gekie swyn epi` `ed .ltxern `ed 'letltd lr gekieed' byend .m"yz aia` lzzkynzn zeccenzd mitwynd zepey zetewzn mihqwh md el` .ezxzekn oiadl ile` ozipy

.dxezd cenil ikxc lr oiletae fpky`a zicedid dxaga dniiwzdy

xpi ix opgl`

308

zextq lr rnyn ,'miwqet' zextq lr xak df dwiqtd z`xed dqqazd o`k da mipc

xak ifkxn cenil xtqk enewn z` qtzy ,mixehd xtq enk ,zipyn zihtynÎzizkldm"y-g"ly aewxw ,`"nx zedbd mr jexr ogly xtq lr xac ly eteqae ,e"hd d`na

zifpky`d zeaxzd inegz aexa lawzd ,ipepwl ezqtcdl jenq jtdy ,(1580-1578).daiyid ly d`xedd icri iepiya iynn ciwtz `line32dyrnl dkld dxezd cenil

ly jlnd jxc ,xarak ,did `l aeye ,zepaxa ynyl mixgead ly mzlgp xwira didxcben xfbnl xwira dzr dpeek dwiqtl micinlz xiykdl dxneid .daiyia d`xedddax zeaiyg .zizlidwd zepaxa mcerii z` e`xy el`l - daiyid icinlz axwa

miiwlhi`d qetcd iza ly mkeeiza dligz ,dbxcda mvrzde jldy ybtnl mb zrcepmiixard qetcd iza ly mkeeiza onf xearke ,f"hd d`nd ly diipyd zivgna

mr - zexg` zeiextq mr ifpky`d mkg cinlzd ly eybtn ,zip`n'zerd dixtni`aynn zrd dze`a dxvepe dkldy diixtqd mr mb j` ,ziqlwd zicxtqd diixtqd

ciwtz e`lin el` miybtn .zip`n'zerd dixtni`d iayei micxtqd mipcnld axwamicenild zipkz dqqazd dilry ,zizxeqnd zifpky`d diixtqd ly dzriwya ifkxn

.dpyid33dphw diixtqn dbxcda zipcnld diixtqd ly dipt z` epiy el` mikldn

32fpky` oia :mixehd lra awri 'x epae xy` epax' ,rnyÎ`z 'n l`xyi e`x mixehd xtq lrdf dkfe"' ,iwqpilb ac `cedi ;91-75 'nr ,(`"pyz) 48-47 minrt ,'cxtqlmlkn xzei mkgd

seql cre ezaizk onfn y"`xd oa awri 'xl "mixeh drax`" zvetz lr :"eixtqn ecnl lkdy;45-25 'nr ,(c"qyz) hi `xciq ,'15Îd d`ndYehuda D. Galinsky, ‘Ashkenazim in

Sefarad: The Rosh and the Tur on the Codification of Jewish Law’, Jewish LawAnnual 16 (2006), pp. 3–23ly jex`d epeicl lhean `l jxr yi oiicr jexr oglyd lr .

miagxp miwlge ,36-1 'nr ,f"yz wxei eip ,b ,miwqetd zeclez ,('uiaepx'v miig) xirv axlr zedbdd' ,miqip wgvi mb e`xe .xtqa agxd oeicd jezn zeibeql mirbepd xtqd on mixg`ogly'd lra oxn zpyna mixwgne mipeir :ex`w sqei iax ,(jxer) l`tx wgvi ,'jexr oglyd

;gt-cq 'nr ,h"kyz milyexi ,'jexrJoseph Davis, ‘The Reception of the Shulhan‘Aruch and the Formation of Ashkenazic Jewish Identity’, Association for Jewish

Studies Review 26 (2002), pp. 251–276dpexg`a e`xe .Amnon Raz-Krakotzkin, ‘FromSafed to Venice: The “Shulhan ’Arukh” and the Censor’, Chanita Goodblatt andHoward Kreisel (eds.), Tradition, Heterodoxy, and Religious Culture, Beer Sheva

2006, pp. 91–11533dxrd ,22-21 'nr ,29 dxrda lirl xkfpd ixn`na hrn e`x zifpky`d diixtqd ly diite` lr

dycgd zra zizaiyid diixtqd on ikcxnd xtq ly ezenlrid lr izravd mb my .20ilra zwiqt ly ixwird xepivk dyrnle ,ifkxn d`xed xtqk yniyy xg`l ,zncwendxeaign zewlzqdd lr izcnr xg` mewna .e"hde c"id ze`na zeifpky`d zeaiyia zetqezde`x .jexr oglyd zextqa xeywd ycg xeaiga ezxnde ,`xec ixry xtq ,xg` wdaen ifpky`Elchanan Reiner, ‘The Ashkenazi Élite at the Beginning of the Modern Era:

Manuscript versus Printed Book’, Polin 10 (1997), pp. 85–98

dlkydd zeleabl xarn

309

,dgezt diixtql ,zinewn zizextq zxeqn z`hand ,llk jxca zi`yepÎcg ,ziqgi

rcind on dlery itk ,`ed mb liyad df jldn .mipey miizextq zexewnl zrcend.g"id d`nd ly dpey`xd zivgnd z`xwl ,xn`nd zligza bvedy

zeipxcend zl`ye qtcpd xtqd ,dycgd zepyxtd :mekiq .d

fa rivdl ywan ip`xfeg o`k ebvedy mikldnd ly wenrd myxey ik ,zexid,divpeel xwirae ,f"hd d`na dilhi` iqetca dycgd zicedid diixtqd ly dziy`xl

diixtqd z` xviy otxeehp` cili ilezwd qitcnd ,bxanea l`ipc ly qetcd zialzeil`ehqwhd jildz z` lgd jkae ,zncwend dycgd zrd ly zqtcpd zicedid

qitcn ly elrtn ly d`eaa did bxanea ly elrtn .dzr eixg` miawer ep`yqecl` rcepd hqipnedde qitcnd ly :zexetq mipy zexyra el mcwy xg` ip`ivpe

ozipy lkk dnly ,zipeeid diixtqd z` itexi`d mixtqd scn lr cinrdy ,qeivepn,epi'vit eiliqxn icia zipihll minbxezn oehlt` iazk z` mb dkezae ,einia did

.dvpxita zipehlt`d dincw`d y`x34ziqlwd diixtqd z` cinrdy lrtnd did dfelrtn z` jixrdl yi df xywda ik dnec .mitexi`d mihqipnedd ly mnei xcq lr

zrd ly zixard zipepwd diixtqd xveie hqi`xade hqipned ,bxanea l`ipc ly.dycgd35

d`nd ly mixyrd zepya bxanea l`ipc ly qetcd ziaa mlyd cenlzd zqtcd.il`ehqwhd cenild zegztzdl liaedy heg dvw oirn miax mipaena dziid ,f"hdiqitcn ici lr divpe qetca erawpy itk eitc aevire cenlzd cenir zelawzd

zeqgiizd xyt`nd oinf izxeywz hqwhl elek cenlzd z` eyr mdizexecl cenlzdxfr ilk ztqed .dfn df miwgexn ,mipey zenewna minkg icinlz oia bel`ice

cenlza zeliawnl lwpa ribdl cneld cia driiq divpe iqetca xak miitxbeilaiadibeqd z` zpgead cenild jxc z` dxyt`e ,zihpeelxd dwiqtd zextql mb enk

cenlz gqep dzr `et` xvep .mipeyd cenlzd iwlga dizeliawnl qgia zcnlpdel gipd xaran dphw ze`iwa zcin cneld on yxcy zexnly ,ytp lkl deey ,cig`

.elek cenlzd ipt lr dxe`kl rxzynd il`ehqwh agxna yeniy zeyrl

34e`x qeivepn lrAldus Manutius and Renaissance Culture: Essays in Memory ofFranklin D. Murphy, edited by David S. Zeidberg, Florence 1998cer e`xePaul

Grendler, Aldus Manutius, Humanist, Teacher, and Printer, Providence, RhodeIsland 1984; Martin Davis, Aldus Manutius, Printer and Publisher of Renaissance

Venice, Tempe, Arizona 199935.11 dxrd lirl e`x

xpi ix opgl`

310

zccead dibeql zecinvd on xexgy dbxcda xyt` qtcpd icenlzd hqwhd cenil

mipey zenewna zeritend zepey ze`gqep lr qqeand agx cenill zexyt`d z` gzte.zeleab xqg hyten hqwh oirn dziid dzrn dibeqd .cenlza mipey mixywdae

xearke divpeea dligz ,mixtqd scn lr ,dcipl zekxan ,mlyd cenlzd zcnrdrixkn ote`a zepyl dziid dxen` ,mixg` miax zenewna mb zipaz dze`a ax `l onf

ilka ynzydle ,mlyd hqwhl qgiizdl cnel lk did leki dzr .eil` dyibd z`weica .edndnzd mixacdy `l` .enez cr dfd ilkd z` lvpl ick eil` eelpy xfrd,zicxtqd yexitd zextql rxi`y itk weica ,l"yxdn ly eiyecigl rxi`y itk

.ediixfia`e mlyd cenlzd ly d`lnd zil`ehqwhd zernynd ielibl mb rxi`qetca ezrtedl jenq mewn lka dxezd cenil ixcq lka miiepiy ellegzd wtq `la

,envr l"yxdn ly ezaebz dzid zeaeygd zeaebzd zg` .ibxanead cenlzd lyd`xed jxevl ip`ivpeed cenlza yeniy ab` eazkpy ely cenlzd wzer lr eizexrda

znkg xtqd ceqia zecnery od xac ly eteqae ,evtede ewzred eizexrd .daiyia,lecbd hqwhd ly ezepinfn zernzynd zeihiepnxdd zexenzd ik dnec j` .dnly

il`ehqwhd oexzid levipe cceand inewnd oeicd lr zexabzdd ,mlyd cenlzd lyd`na wx eynen mvrae ,edndnzd ,eilk lk lr zrd lk elek cenlzd zepinf ly

.g"idzxbqnae g"id d`na ldpzdy jxck eipyxtae ilaad cenlza ycegnd oiiprd

cwtz day jxcd ef .eppeicl ifkxnd ,dfd ycgd avna exeaha xeyw dzr dx`ezyzenxep zeccnp eit lry ,lrÎhqwhk :d`lde o`kn zicedid zeaxza ilaad cenlzdynynd ,xg` hqwh lkl ogea oa` ynynd hqwh ,zeixqene zeihtyn ,zeizextq

.dlek dieedd ly d`eaa oirn

zepyxtd on znieqn zewgxzd yxc df xn`na mixacd zelylzyd ixg` awrndddfnde zeipxcenl dwifa g"id d`na zicedid dxaga llegzdy dptnd z` d`exd

mikldnd ly ycgn mzpiga .miilwicx zeceqi df dptna mikexkd mikldna,g"id d`na zipaxd zextqde zepcnld zegztzda mikexk eidy miil`ehwlhpi`d

egztzdd on cxtp izla wlgkdtexi`a zicedid daiaqd z` ecwty zeizeaxzd zei

zeipan zexenz lr ,zetqep zeiexyt` lr driavd o`k drvedy jxca zr dze`aikxca eygxzdy miipeivelea` miiepiy lre rcid zeipaza onf jxe`l ellegzdy

- lirl drvedy jxcd it lr - mi`xg`y md elld miiepiyde zexenzd .ezlgpddaiaqa miybet ep`y zxeqnl qgiae rcid zxard ikxca ,cenila zecgd zexenzl

egztzd md j` ,dxe`kl miihnxc mikildz md el` .g"id d`na zizxeqnd zifpky`dmre dfn zicedid dxaga rcid zlgpde cenild zxeqn mr cinzn bel`ic ledip jez

dlkydd zeleabl xarn

311

ze`na zitexi`d zeaxza eniiwzde egztzdy oepwde hqwhd ,d`xedd ,cenild ibyen

.dfn qtcpd xtqd ly zepey`xd mipyd36

haidn dpecp zeaxza dlwyne zeil`ehqwhd zl`y .mlyed `l o`k gztpy oeicd

zicenlzd zextqd diably dxag ,zicedid aexd zxag ly dhan zcewpn ,cg`icke ,eziilegn `lnzn xead oi` j` .dly gexd iqkp xwir oiicr dziid agxd dpaena

zeaxzl qgiiznd xzei agx oeic yxcp el ie`xd gtpd z` lawi zeil`ehqwhd byenymixg`d diaikxn axwa xwirae ,dpkyd zixvepd dxaga dniiwzdy itk zil`ehqwhd

.onfd ipa milikynd ,zicedid dxaga zil`ehwlhpi`d zilrd ly

zicedid zeaxzd ipt z`ixwl zetqep zeiexyt` ebved xn`na ik dnec ,mewn lkn.dycgd zrd sq lr

36lr xerxr jez dpxcenl zizxeqnd dxagd oia qgid ly dagx dpiga dpexg`l e`xe:zexenzd ocira onfÎlrd zlidw ,oiwvexeq cec ,dycgd zrd zqitza zeizxeqnd zeinehekicddiqwecezxe`d zegztzd zxcbdl qiqak aihwlewde onfd zeqitz ly dzegztzdl miew

.2007 ,milyexia zixard dhiqxaipe`d ,xehwec zcear ,dycgd zra dtexi`a zicedid