Election of 1952

• The Democrats

Pres. Truman

Estes KefauverTennessee Senator

Adlai StevensonGovernor of Illinois

John SparkmanAlabama Senator

Election of 1952

• The Republicans

Dwight D. EisenhowerWar Hero

Robert TaftSenator from Ohio

Richard Milhous NixonSenator from California

Election of 1952

• The Issues

Election of 1952

Eisenhower Foreign Policy

• John Foster Dulles– Secretary of State

• Allen Dulles– Director of CIA– “New Look” policy

Iran, 1953

• Democratic government elected in 1951– Mohammed Mossadeq

• British and Americans concerned over control of oil

• Operation Ajax– CIA involved in coup to restore monarchy

to Iran– Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi

Guatemala, 1954

• Guatemalans elect Jacobo Arbenz President– Land Reform– United Fruit Company

• Operation PBSUCCESS– Covert CIA support for coup– Military dictator restored to power

Hungary, 1956

• Stalin dies 1953; Replaced by Kruschev– Policy of modest liberalization

• Spontaneous uprising of students and others to restore democracy

• Demands to remove Soviet troops

• Soviets send in Red Army and brutally crush rebellion

Consequences

Over 30,000 Hungarians dead200,000 Hungarians fleeDespite comments of support from US for

Hungarian dissidents, US takes no actionWhy not?

Election of 1956

• A Rematch

Pres. Eisenhower Adlai Stevenson with Estes Kefauver

Election of 1956

The Suez Canal Crisis, 1956-57

• Egypt, under Nasser, nationalize Suez Canal

• British, French and Israel threaten to invade– Isreali troops invade Sinai– UK/France issue ultimatum, invade

• US/UN opposed

• UN Takes Canal Zone, returns to Egypt

Consequences

• Actions by Britain and France send Nasser more firmly to Soviets

• Sets stage for 1967 Arab-Israeli War

• Eisenhower asks Congress to use military force in Mideast if countries are threatened, as well as money for ME development– Eisenhower Doctrine

Critical Thinking

• How does the Suez Canal crisis represent a failure of Kennan’s containment policy?

The Middle East

•The Eisenhower Doctrine

•The United Arab Republic (U.A.R.), 1958-61– Pan-Arab Nationalism– Egypt, Syria and almost Iraq– Support from USSR

Lebanon, 1958• Threatened Civil War

– Muslims v. Maronite Christians– Muslims support U.A.R.

• Operation Blue Bat– 14,000 troops sent to quell

uprising– First application of Eisenhower

Doctrine

U-2 Crisis, 1960

• US has manned spy planes (the U-2) that fly over Soviet Union

• In May 1960, one is shot down– Francis Gary Powers, CIA Pilot– US forced to acknowledge program– Eisenhower refuses to apologize– Powers later traded for Soviet spy