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Bicol Merchant Marine College Inc.
West District, Piot, Sorsogon City
Theories on Leadership
In Partial Fulfillment in the Requirement in Elective IV
A research presented to:
Mr. Edmundo Atutubo
Instructor
Presented by:
Aries Ayo Jeremias
BSMarE 2A
I. Introduction
A. Background of the Study
Leadership is "organizing a group of people to achieve a common goal". The
leader may or may not have any formal authority. Students of leadership have produced
theories involving traits, situational interaction, function, behavior, power, vision and
values, charisma, and intelligence, among others.
The researcher wants to study this kind of research because of his basis,
enterpretation and observation in the society. The theories of leadership were discuss and
the analysis of being good leader. In this study, the researcher aims to understand and
answer the following question stated to help him the problems encountered.
1.) What are the different theories on leadership?
2.) Advantages and disadvantages of being a leader?
3.) Are leaders born or made?
4.) What are the effects of being a leader in communication process?
5.) What and who is a leader?
6.) What is Leadership?
Before we get started, let’s define leadership. Leadership is a process by
which a person influences others to accomplish an objective and directs the organization
in a way that makes it more cohesive and coherent. This definition is similar to
Northouse's (2007, p3) definition — Leadership is a process whereby an individual
influences a group of individuals to achieve a common goal.
Having a good leadership will help ones’ capability to maintain strong team
works and always have unity in the organization. Leadership is a unique superior position
where one has the ability and power to influence people towards cooperating to get things
done as to reach goal. Groups need a leader to keep them stable function smoothly, to
reduce uncertainty and confusion and to keep them focused on its goal.
When a person is deciding if she/he respects you as a leader, she/he does not think
about your attributes, rather, she/he observes what you do so that she can know who you
really are. She/He uses this observation to tell if you are an honorable and trusted leader
or a self-serving person who misuses authority to look good and get promoted. Self-
serving leaders are not as effective because their employees only obey them, not follow
them. They succeed in many areas because they present a good image to their seniors at
the expense of their workers.
The reader would know about “LEADERSHIP” on this study and serve as guide
for the next researcher. The main purpose of the study focus on the understanding the
theories on leadership as it part of the research.
B. Significance of the Study
Most of the time, the word “leadership” is always on the news and magazines.
People want to know the development of leadership in one nation. The basis of being
good leaders would also influence all the people and identify the things they contribute in
the society.
The main objectives of the study are the following: to answer the following
questions stated, to gather more details regarding about “leadership”, to understand the
real situition of being a leader, to observe the good intention of indivual acted on
leadership, to identify the problems of being a leader, to know the functional roles that
leaders play and to know the different theories and other leadership styles.
The result of this study will be beneficial and will inspire the students,
instructor/instructress, people who want to engage of being a good leader and also the
different leaders who would like to read this research work.
STUDENTS. Findings of this study may benefit the students for the additional
information they may gather based on the details and information stated on this study.
They may also be guided to be one of the good leaders in our nation. “The youth are the
only hope of our country” and maybe they will have an ability to be a good leaders
someday and maybe by now. The students also inspired to be a leader by now and serve
their team as they develop their ability to be determined as a leader.
INSTRUCTOR/INSTRUCTRESS. This study may serve as an additional instruction
material that an enhance interest and earn appreciation from his class. Teacher may also
give some reminders and advice to those students in their future life.
FUTURE LEADERS. Many of us want to achieve good leadership based on the
experienced and status of individual life. This may serve as a guide to those who believe
to be a leader. Future leaders may gather clear view of being a leader and motivated to
help them in order to fulfill their dreams.
LEADERS. This study inpires and retain the ablity of being good leaders. The study will
enhance their dignity to continue what they started as leader. At this point, all leaders
have different vision and mossion they possess.
C. What to Expect
All the informations researched and copiled by the researcher were all stated on
this part. The information and discussion appear at any point.
The researcher would like to know the influences of having strong leadership and
gather more details that being used in the study. Also, to understands why people wanted
to resolve in leadership. In this study, the expectation of the researcher would be gain
enough in order to solve all the questions and can be use in other studies.
D. Thesis Statement
A.) Good leaders are made not born. If you have the desire and willpower, you can
become an effective leader. Good leaders develop through a never ending process of self-
study, education, training, and experience.
B.) A leader is someone who understands the promblems. He is the one that give advices
and show respects to his fellowmens’ ideas.
C.) The following are the advantages of being a leader: the one that motivates someone
to do his/her works, he brings good team work and encourage someone to be a leader too,
the one that contributes more knowledge, and give strenght to his fellowmen. There are
possibilities that a leader has disadvantages like: sometimes he never observe his
mistakes, always the one who commands eventhough he is not in the right position, he
never think about the feelings of others and never try to listen what his fellowmen side in
making some decisions.
D.) People who have authority are not necessarily a leader. All leaders have authority; but
all authoritarians are not leaders.
II. The Body
A. Methodology
In order to finish the study, the researcher used reading materials like books and
magazines for the supporting details. He also used the internet to browse more important
details needed.
The researcher has different way to accomplish the study. First, he collected
informations based on the sources he got. All the researched data were joined together
and serve as documents. Next, the researcher formulated hypothesis. The thing that the
researcher making some temporary guidelines to be answed in his conclusion. Then, the
researcher begun to work his study as he finished collecting the information needed.
Finally, he developed more ideas to make the study done as a complete one and make
sure that all the details were included on the study.
B. Literature Review
A Literature Review on Leadership in the Early Years, April 2008By Aline-Wendy Dunlop
The relationship between effective leadership and pupils’ achievement is strongly
evidenced through school inspection. Effective leadership has a perceptible impact on
pupils’ learning (HMIE, 2000). While leadership has been found to be central to
successful schools, equally there is scope for improving the quality of that leadership
(HMIE, 2000): managers often focused overly on the day-to-day without being strategic
in the longer term. The complementary nature of leadership and management is often
assumed; however, in the educational literature a distinction is clearly drawn: leadership
is perceived to include vision, based on shared values. Leaders are better placed to
provide both motivation and direction to colleagues (HMIE, 2000).
Ebbeck, M, and Waniganayake, M (2003), Early childhood professionals: Leading
today and tomorrow. Sydney: MacLennan and Petty
Ebbeck and Waniganayake (2003) provide a number of possible definitions of
leadership and provide a number of theoretical models – they propose new ways of
understanding leadership in early years provision. In their view leadership in early
childhood has many faces: it is connected with administration and management: they
therefore emphasise that effective leadership is informed by and dependent on defining
and through definition, understanding the key concepts of administration, management
and leadership. An integration of these elements would allow for improved leadership
approaches.
Through addressing obstacles to effective leadership, the authors show why
traditional leadership theories do not work in early childhood. They make the point that
discussions about leadership have been too restricted by the traditional tendency to align
leadership to the position of the manager of a setting. Waniganayake proposes a new
model for distributive leadership – in her model she proposes that several people can
simultaneously fulfil a leadership role in the same early childhood pre-school setting. In
proposing a distributed leadership model for early childhood these researchers are
exploring new ways of defining leadership in early childhood: their work reflects
changing views of such leadership.
Four Factors of Leadership
There are four major factors in leadership:
Leader
You must have an honest understanding of who you are, what you know, and
what you can do. Also, note that it is the followers, not the leader or someone else who
determines if the leader is successful. If they do not trust or lack confidence in their
leader, then they will be uninspired. To be successful you have to convince your
followers, not yourself or your superiors, that you are worthy of being followed.
Followers
Different people require different styles of leadership. For example, a new hire
requires more supervision than an experienced employee. A person who lacks motivation
requires a different approach than one with a high degree of motivation. You must know
your people! The fundamental starting point is having a good understanding of human
nature, such as needs, emotions, and motivation. You must come to know your
employees' be, know, and do attributes.
Communication
You lead through two-way communication. Much of it is nonverbal. For instance,
when you “set the example,” that communicates to your people that you would not ask
them to perform anything that you would not be willing to do. What and how you
communicate either builds or harms the relationship between you and your employees.
Situation
All situations are different. What you do in one situation will not always work in
another. You must use your judgment to decide the best course of action and the
leadership style needed for each situation. For example, you may need to confront an
employee for inappropriate behavior, but if the confrontation is too late or too early, too
harsh or too weak, then the results may prove ineffective.
Leadership Theories
Interest in leadership increased during the early part of the twentieth century.
Early leadership theories focused on what qualities distinguished between leaders and
followers, while subsequent theories looked at other variables such as situational factors
and skill levels. While many different leadership theories have emerged, most can be
classified as one of eight major types:
"Great Man" Theories:
Great man theories assume that the capacity for leadership is inherent – that great
leaders are born not made. These theories often portray great leaders as heroic, mythic
and destined to rise to leadership when needed. The term "Great Man" was used because,
at the time, leadership was thought of primarily as a male quality, especially in terms of
military leadership. Learn more about thegreat man theory of leadership.
Trait Theories:
Similar in some ways to "Great Man" theories, trait theories assume that people
inherit certain qualities and traits that make them better suited to leadership. Trait theories
often identify particular personality or behavioral characteristics shared by leaders. If
particular traits are key features of leadership, then how do we explain people who
possess those qualities but are not leaders? This question is one of the difficulties in using
trait theories to explain leadership.
Contingency Theories:
Contingency theories of leadership focus on particular variables related to the
environment that might determine which particular style of leadership is best suited for
the situation. According to this theory, no leadership style is best in all situations. Success
depends upon a number of variables, including the leadership style, qualities of the
followers and aspects of the situation.
Situational Theories:
Situational theories propose that leaders choose the best course of action based
upon situational variables. Different styles of leadership may be more appropriate for
certain types of decision-making.
Behavioral Theories:
Behavioral theories of leadership are based upon the belief that great leaders are
made, not born. Rooted in behaviorism, this leadership theory focuses on the actions of
leaders not on mental qualities or internal states. According to this theory, people
can learn to become leaders through teaching and observation.
Participative Theories:
Participative leadership theories suggest that the ideal leadership style is one that
takes the input of others into account. These leaders encourage participation and
contributions from group members and help group members feel more relevant and
committed to the decision-making process. In participative theories, however, the leader
retains the right to allow the input of others.
Management Theories:
Management theories, also known as transactional theories, focus on the role of
supervision, organization and group performance. These theories base leadership on a
system of rewards and punishments. Managerial theories are often used in business; when
employees are successful, they are rewarded; when they fail, they are reprimanded or
punished. Learn more about theories of transactional leadership.
Relationship Theories:
Relationship theories, also known as transformational theories, focus upon the
connections formed between leaders and followers. Transformational leaders motivate
and inspire people by helping group members see the importance and higher good of the
task. These leaders are focused on the performance of group members, but also want each
person to fulfill his or her potential. Leaders with this style often have high ethical and
moral standards.
Theory X and Theory Y
The Theory X and Theory Y by Douglas McGregor basis assumption on Theory
X is that workers or subordinates have to be controlled or directedby the leader. The
leader is production centered. In Theory Y the leader encourages participation of
subordinates as to give them an opportunity for growth and development.
Vertical Dyad Linkage Theory
Vertical Dyad Linkage Theory suggests that the behavior a leader directs towards
individual members of the group is dependent upon the role relationship that has been
established between the leader and each particualr subordinates.
Path-Goal Theory of Leadership
Robert J. House formulated a leadership theory which hypothesizes that the
leadership function is a supplementary one…that is, with respect to performance, the
leader merely amplifies or detracts from exiting subordinate potential.
According to a study by the Hay Group, a global management consultancy, there
are 75 key components of employee satisfaction (Lamb, McKee, 2004). They found that:
Trust and confidence in top leadership was the single most reliable predictor of
employee satisfaction in an organization.
Effective communication by leadership in three critical areas was the key to
winning organizational trust and confidence:
1. Helping employees understand the company's overall business strategy.
2. Helping employees understand how they contribute to achieving key
business objectives.
3. Sharing information with employees on both how the company is doing
and how an employee's own division is doing — relative to strategic
business objectives.
ManagementOver the years the philosophical terminology of "management" and "leadership"
have, in the organizational context, been used both as synonyms and with clearly
differentiated meanings. Debate is fairly common about whether the use of these
terms should be restricted, and generally reflects an awareness of the distinction
made by Burns (1978) between "transactional" leadership (characterized by e.g.
emphasis on procedures, contingent reward, management by exception) and
"transformational" leadership (characterized by e.g. charisma, personal relationships,
creativity).
C. Pictures
D. Diagrams
III. Conclusion
Leadership may be something of an art; it still requires the application of special
skills and techniques. Even if there are certain inborn qualities that make one a good
leader, these natural talents need encouragement and development. A person is not born
with self-confidence. Self-confidence is developed, honesty and integrity are a matter of
personal choice, motivation to lead comes from within the individual, and the knowledge
of business can be acquired. While cognitive ability has its origin partly in genes, it still
needs to be developed.
Many studies have explored leadership as a ‘micro concept’– investigating leaders
themselves or the immediate environments in which they work, rather than viewing
leadership as a cultural system. Leadership is a key element of quality early childhood
provision. Leadership views of workers in the early childhood sector nationally and
internationally are consistently reported to be unclear. Leadership is relatively unexplored
in early childhood. Leadership is an ‘accidental’ rather than a thought-through idea.
Leadership models such as transformational leadership and shared leadership link well to
a contextual model for early childhood.
The significance of leadership in the context of early childhood services should
not be underestimated given the documented importance of early childhood experience to
later school success.
Leadership is the process of social influence in which one person can enlist the
aid and support of others in the accomplishment of a common task. Leadership is the
process of directing the behavior of others toward the accomplishment of some
common objectives.
IV. Bibliography
http://psychology.about.com/od/leadership/p/leadtheories.htm
http://edikurnik.hubpages.com/hub/Theories-of-Leadership
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leadership
http://managementstudyguide.com/trait-theory-of-leadership.htm Aubrey, C (2007), Leading and Managing in the Early Years, London: Sage
Publications
Australian Journal of Early Childhood (2000), Management and Leadership, Australian Journal of Early Childhood, 25 (1), March
Bass, B M (1985), Leadership and performance beyond expectations, New York: Free Press
Bass, M (2000), ‘The future of leadership in learning organisations’, Journal of Leadership Studies, 7(3), pp 18–40
Bella, J, and Bloom, P J (2003), Zoom. The Impact of Early Childhood Leadership Training on Role Perceptions, Job Performance, and Career Decisions, The McCormick Tribune Foundation, The Illinois Department of Human Services, Wheeling, ILL: The Center for Early Childhood Leadership
Mison, B. Ione and Lillosa P. Bernabe. Human Behavior in Business Organization, Cacho Hermanos, Inc. Pines cor. Union Sts. Mandaluyong City, First year of Publication,2004.