Electric Armour STC Launch

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Armour & ProtectionScience & Technology Centre

October 2009

Physical ProtectionDstl Porton Down


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Dstl 2009

Dstl is part of theMinistry of Defence

UNCLASSIFIED

Physical Protection is.

Threat Based


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UNCLASSIFIED

Physical Protection is part of a System

The overall system includes many layers to promotesurvivability

The Armour & Protection Science & Technology Centreaddresses only the Physical Protection aspects

Protection Technology must address

Absolute Protection Performance

Multi-hit capability

Overmatch mitigation

Supportability

Repairability

And all of the Defence Lines of Development


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UNCLASSIFIED

Photo: Copyright B J James

The multi-layered onion of integrated survivability

Mitigate damage

Dont be penetrated

Dont be hit

Dont be targetedDont be seen

Dont be there

Built in redundancy ?


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UNCLASSIFIED

Technical Requirements

Physical Protection requirements are threat driven Very significant intelligence analysis is undertaken within MOD

to identify threat probability and threat development

Understandably, this is classified However, threats may be considered to be of some basic

fundamental types

Impact

kinetic energy, chemical energy (shaped charge)

Blast

Combined blast & impact

Specific weapons, entrained debris


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UNCLASSIFIED

Tank kinetic energy

Tank chemical energy

Anti Tank Guided Munitions

Smart

Artillery

UnguidedArtillery

Bomblets

Unguided /Guided

Mortars Terminally GuidedSub Munition

Platform ThreatsPlatform Threats

Mines

Rocket Propelled Grenades

Guns

Directed EnergyWeapons

Biohazard Chemicalhazard

Radiologicaland nuclear

hazard

ImprovisedExplosiveDevices

Some threats


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UNCLASSIFIED

What do weapons do?

Weapon designers generally attempt to deliver maximumenergy and momentum in the smallest area

Lethal effects rely on behind armour effects

Armour must be perforated or

Armour must be deformed significantly or

Shock pressure must be transmitted or

Significant momentum must be transferred


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UNCLASSIFIED

Physical parameters of some threats

Round Energy MomentumAreal Energy

Density

Areal Momentum

Density

kgms-1

kJ mm-2

kg m-1

s-1

14.5mm AP 0.2% 0.4% 1% 2%

30mm APDS 3% 4% 7% 1%

40mm APFSDS 3% 3% 17% 18%

120mm APFSDS 100% 100% 100% 100%

Bomblet 0.3% 0.1% 58% 18%

RPG7 3% 1% 347% 78%

Hellfire 26% 5% 497% 98%

Relative to 120mm APFSDS

A 3 round burst of 14.5 mm would accelerate a bag of cement to ~6 mph

(Much faster than you can throw it)

AP = Armour Piercing, FS = Fin Stabilised, DS = Discarding sabot


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UNCLASSIFIED

KPV 14.5mm Heavy Machine GunKPV 14.5mm Heavy Machine GunStandard round penetrates38mm of steel at 100 m range

Handheld RPGHandheld RPG--77

Basic round:300mm steel

Advanced round:

700mm of steel

1.4m reinforced concrete

2m logs and earth

Ironically, the main drivers are no longer the

heaviest threats

Photos: Crown Copyright (except KPV)

Reproduced with Permission

from Jane's Information Group


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UNCLASSIFIED

Chemical Energy

Chemical Energy warheads may take many forms

Explosively Formed Projectile (EFP)

Shaped Charge Jet

Plate Charge

Plate ChargeDIRECTION OF FLIGHT


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UNCLASSIFIED

HEAT - High explosive anti tank


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UNCLASSIFIED

Threats

Blast (Lowpressure - Large Force)

Short KE - Small Arms, Rarden, APDS, etc 1-2 kms-1

Long KE - APFSDS - Medium and large calibre 1-2 kms-1

Short CE - Plate charges, Claymore, EFPs >2 kms-1

Medium CE - Slow Stretching J et 2-5 kms-1

Long CE - Shaped Charge J et, HEAT 5-9 kms-1

Plus tandem warheads

Combined Blast & Fragment

Most efficient protection against each threat is DIFFERENTDIFFERENT


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UNCLASSIFIED

Physical Protection..

can be heavy


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UNCLASSIFIED

Mine Armour = 200mm = 1570 kg m-2 Total = 13 tonnes

Total armour weight > 168 tonnes

And then we need engine, running gear, gun, vetronics, ammo, fuel,water, CBRN filtration, radio, crew, etc.

Armour mass

Roof Armour = 200mm = 1570 kg m-2 Total = 13 tonnes

Sides/Front/Rear = 1000mm = 7840 kg m-2

Total = 142 tonnes


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UNCLASSIFIED

Complete protection has been attempted

In May 1942, Adolf Hitler personally demanded the

development of a super heavy tank with a very highperformance gun

The result was a development by Ferdinand Porscheand Krupps of the super heavy tank - das Maus


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UNCLASSIFIED

Das Maus 188 tonnes 6 crew 2 main guns & a machine gun

128mm KwK 44 L/55 tank gun

75mm KwK 44 L/36.5 tankgun (coaxial with 128mm) 7.92mm MG34 machine gun

Top speed 20 km hr-1 (12.5 mph) Armour

Glacis 200mm @ 55deg = 350mm Line Of Sight Sides 180mm @ normal Floor and turret roof 60mm


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UNCLASSIFIED

Physical Protection.

Physical principles


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UNCLASSIFIED

Relevant physical phenomena - impact

Relative strength and hardness of penetrator and armour

Impact conditions

Velocity, Pressure, Strain Rate

Hydrodynamic penetration?

Stress wave propagation

Stress wave reflection (mode conversion)

Armour integrity (multi-hit performance)

Penetration mechanisms

Behind Armour Debris and mitigation

I t i d d t


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UNCLASSIFIED

Impact induced stress waves

By divergence orBy divergence orinteraction with:interaction with:

InclusionsInclusionsVoidsVoidsDefectsDefectsInterfacesInterfaces

BoundariesBoundariesSurfacesSurfaces

A compressive waveA compressive wavecan generate:can generate:

ShearShear

TensionTension



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UNCLASSIFIED


Stress wave conversion at an interface


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UNCLASSIFIED

Ceramic tensile strength

.is relatively very low

Gives rise to

Failure at a distance

Premature failure


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UNCLASSIFIED

Materials in the right place


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UNCLASSIFIED

Relevant physical phenomena - blast

Initial shock wave coupling into structure

Shock wave propagation and coupling to interior

Acceleration of items within structure & impact thereof Blast product interaction with structure

Deformation of structure (reduction of occupiable space)

Momentum transfer to structure acceleration

Transfer of momentum from structure to occupants

Breaching of structure blast ingress Acceleration & deceleration of occupants


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UNCLASSIFIED

Mine blast experimentation

Scale tests (quicker, cheaper) to identify principles, followed by

Full scale tests for hull & applique design

UNCLASSIFIED


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UNCLASSIFIED

Hull shape - Peak deflection

11

33

22 44

55

0.0

50.0

100.0

150.0

200.0

250.0

300.0

0.00 0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00

time (ms)

Peakdisplacement(m

m)

hull01 (mm)

hull02 (mm)

hull 03 (mm)

hull 04 (mm)

Ph i l h


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UNCLASSIFIED

Physical phenomena

- combined impact & blast

Surprisingly (!) combines impact & blast phenomena

But includes

Synergistic effects

Impact induced stress raisers

Possible blast ingress (debris entrained blast)

Enhanced blast pressure (blast entrained debris)


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UNCLASSIFIED

Physical Protection Principles

G i t


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UNCLASSIFIED

DisturberAir

SpaceAbsorber Hull

Obliquity

Threat

Generic armour concept

Disturber - imparts lateral stress to threat (may shatter),may react (passively) to feed material into threat

Air Space - allows disturbed threat to rotate, disperse

Absorber - must be highest efficiency

Vehicle structure - may improve efficiency of absorberby providing structural support

Spall shield

G i b d t


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UNCLASSIFIED

Generic body armour concept

Hard front layer

Backing layer

Energy absorbing/spreading layer

Must consider.. Behind Armour Blunt Trauma

Mitigation

Multi-hit performance

Soldier burden

Heat Weight

Compatibility

Coverage Hard layer

Textile layer

Di t b & Ab b


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UNCLASSIFIED

Disturbers Collaborative action

Hardkill Defensive Aids System

Electric armour Momentum transfer armour

Explosive Reactive Armour

Non-Explosive Reactive Armour

Ceramic armour

Hard Metals (HHS, pHHS, Ti)

Bar armour (slat armour)

Oblique plates

Spaced plates

Polymers

Absorbers Ductile metals

Steel

Aluminium

Composite systems GFRP CFRP

Hybrids ?

Ceramics

Also need backing Mechanicalsystems

Mitigation Spall

Interior components

External components

Disturbers & Absorbers

O ti i ti


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UNCLASSIFIED

Optimisation

Material improvements may not make afundamental difference

Armour may be optimised by using theright material in the right place

Novel mechanisms can contributesignificantly to armour improvements


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UNCLASSIFIED

An Alternative Method

Active Protection


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UNCLASSIFIED

Direct electrification of shaped charge jets

Active Protection

Power SourcePower Source

+ -

Basic Electric Armo r Arrangement


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UNCLASSIFIED

Basic Electric Armour Arrangement

RPG

SpacedPlates:electrodes

Residualdebris ismopped upby vehiclestructure

UNCLASSIFIED

Active Protection


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UNCLASSIFIED

Direct electrification of shaped charge jets

Active Protection

A disturbed jet

Electric ArmourElectric Armour


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UNCLASSIFIED

Electric ArmourElectric Armour

Electric Armour

Testing

Electric Armoured

Warrior

Electric Armoured FV432 undergoing EMC testing


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UNCLASSIFIED

Summary

Summary


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Summary

Physical Protection..

Is threat driven

Must manage all attack event phenomena

Must mitigate against overmatch May not be optimised by simple material substitution

May benefit strongly from novel mechanisms

Must consider all support aspects:

Cost, repair, transport, training, maintenance, disposal, security

Will need to be improved continually.

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Electric Armour STC Launch

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