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History Of Electricity
Static Electricity – Ancient Greeks
Franklin Invents Lightning Rods - 1752
Faraday Discovers Electromagnetic Induction – early 1800’s
Edison Invents the Light Bulb and Generating Stations in NYC – 1882
Tesla Invents Alternating Current Motor for Westinghouse - 1888
Faraday’s Law
Moving a magnet through a wire loop produces an electric current.
Called “electromagnetic” induction.
U.S. Sources Today
Gas17.9%
Oil2.3%
Nuclear20.4%
Hydro6.9%
Renewable2.2%
Coal50.3%
Source: EIA - Updated 11/03
(2002)
3,831.0
5,787.0
0
1,000
2,000
3,000
4,000
5,000
6,000
7,000
2002 2025
Growth in Electricity Demand
Bil
lio
n k
Wh
Future Energy Need
Energy Policy Goals
Increase energy supply
Optimize available resources
Develop new technology
Limiting environmental impact
Pros & Cons
COAL
HYDRO
NATURAL GAS
SOLAR & WIND
cheap and abundant but source of greenhouse gases
clean but seasonal and no new
sources
cleaner than coal but limited supply
renewable but expensive, low energy
density, and intermittent
Pros & Cons
NUCLEAR
high energy density
no air pollution
reliable fuel supply
but what about safety, security, and waste?
High Energy Density
Each person in the United States uses either:
4 tons of coal or a few ounces of uranium
1 pellet = 150 gallons gasoline
1780 pounds coal
16,000 ft3 natural gas
2.5 tons wood
No Air Pollution
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
76% 22% 1.4% 0.7% 0.1%
Nuclear Hydro Geothermal Wind Solar
Global Nuclear Power
442 Nuclear Plants Worldwide
25% in the United States
Strong growth internationally, China is the fastest growing maket
Source: International Atomic Energy Agency
But What About…
Safety, Security, and Waste?
Designed, Constructed, and Operated for Safety
Robust Security
Used Fuel Storage at Yucca Mountain
Safety By Design: Low “Enrichment”
Fission “chain reaction”: E = m * c2
U-235 atoms fission. 5% in fuel, 95% in bombs.
Safety By Design: Fuel Rods
The uranium fuel is made of solid ceramic pellets.
The fuel pellets are sealed inside zirconium alloy rods that are about 13’ long.
~236 rods in each assembly
~200 assemblies in the reactor core
Safety By Design: Reactor Vessel
Typical values:
Weight: 400 tons
Thickness: 8 inches
Fuel Assemblies (Core)
Intrusion Detection
• CCTV on poles
• Delay Fence
• Intrusion Detection
• Perimeter checks
• Roving Patrols
Careers in Nuclear
Design Next Generation Power
Plants
Equipment Reliability
Transportation Casks
Engineering Electrical and Mechanical
Instrumentation and Control
Nuclear
Careers in Nuclear
Health Physics Environmental
Operations
Regulations
Chemistry Corrosion Protection
Websites
Nuclear Regulatory Commission www.nrc.gov
Nuclear Energy Institute www.nei.org
Health Physics Society www.hps.org