Electrical and Computer Engineering...Thomas Alva Edison Does it pay to listen to Edison? “If...

Ian Ferguson ([email protected]) Engr. 1202 E01: ECE Interesting? (Slide 1) Electrical and Computer Engineering

Electrical and Computer Engineering

The Historical and Contemporary Contributions of Electrical and Computer Engineering to Society

How do I make ECE interesting to others?

Ian FergusonUniversity of North Carolina at Charlotte

Department of Electrical and Computer EngineeringCharlotte, NC 28223

Email: [email protected]

α


Ian Ferguson ([email protected]) Engr. 1202 E01: ECE Interesting? (Slide 2)

A brief history of lighting infrastructure



“I start where the last man left off.”Thomas Alva Edison

Does it pay to listen to Edison?


• Sir Humphrey Day – 1809 (electric arc lamp)• James Bowman Lindsey – 1835• J. B. A. M. Jobard – 1838• Warren de la Rue – 1840 (platinum filament in a vacuum)• Frederick de Moleyns – 1841 (first incandescent lamp patent)• John Wellington Starr – 1845 (carbon filament – US patent)• Robert Houdin – 1851• Henricq Gobel – 1854 (carbonized bamboo filament in vacuum)• C. de Changey – 1856• Joseph Wilson Swan – 1860• Alexander Nikolayevich Lodygin – 1872• Joseph Wilson Swan – 1878• William Sawyer and Alan Mann – 1878

22 previous inventors

Who invented the light bulb?


Dear God

Dear God,

We read Thomas Edison made light. But in Sunday school, we learned that you did it. So I bet he stole your idea.

Sincerely, Donna


Columbian Exposition Chicago, 1893


Columbian Exposition

The Court of Honor; the world’s first large scale street lighting installation


Electric Lighting Circa 1880

• Gaslight– Residential and commercial– Established and profitable industry– Installations in most urban centers

• Electric arc lights– Street and factory lighting– High mast area lighting– High voltage DC generators

San Diego Gas Works, 1880s

San Diego Carbon Arc Street Lighting 1888


DC or AC generation and distribution

George Westinghouse formed an alliance with Tesla

Tell Westinghouse to stick to air brakes. He knows all about them.

-Thomas Edison

or



Personally inscribed photograph given to Tesla

Tesla, you don’t understand our American humor.

-Thomas Edison

What I had left was beautiful, artistic and fascinating in every way; what I found was machined, rough and unattractive. Is this America?

It is a century behind Europe in civilization.

-Nikola Tesla, 1884


AC polyphase system

…the idea came like a flash of lightning and in an instant the truth was revealed. I drew with a stick on the sand the diagram shown six years later in my address before the American Institute of Electrical Engineers.

-Nikola Tesla


Columbian Exposition

Building of Electricity

Just as certain as death, Westinghouse will kill a customer within six months after he puts in a system of any size…It will never be free of danger.

Thomas Edison


“Genius is one percent inspiration and ninety-nine percent perspiration”

Thomas Alva Edison


“If Edison had a needle to find in a haystack, he would proceed at once with the diligence of the bee to examine straw after straw until he found the object of his search. I was a sorry witness of such doings, knowing that a little theory and calculation would have saved him ninety per cent of his labor.”

Nikola Tesla


The “death current” an experiment byThomas Alva Edison


TOPSY THE ELEPHANTwas electrocuted by Edison to prove that Tesla’s AC current was dangerous

“If Edison had a needle to find in a haystack, he would proceed at once with the diligence of the bee to examine straw after straw until he found the object of his search. I was a sorry witness of such doings, knowing that a little theory and calculation would have saved him ninety per cent of his labor.”

Nikola Tesla


Whatever happened to Tesla?

After Westinghouse died in 1913, the company forgot about its chief

benefactor and Tesla fell victim to hard times. Tesla died January 7, 1943,

alone, poor, and all but forgotten, in his only home, a New York hotel room.

TESLA'S FIRST VIABLE RADIO CIRCUIT IN 1893

Tesla's four-tuned circuits (two on the receiving side and two on the transmitting side, secured by U.S. patents #645,576 and

#649,621) were the basis of the U.S. Supreme Court decision (Case #369 decided June 21, 1943) to overturn Marconi's basic

patent on the invention of radio.


State-Of-The-Art in Electric Lighting (1890)

Images copyright Edisonian LLC



A brief history of LED or solid state lighting



• 1907 Electroluminescence observed in Carborundum (SiC) – H.J. Round • 1923-1930 Comprehensive study of SiC electroluminescence and discussion of

application for communications - O.V. Losev • 1947 Discovery of transistor – Bardeen and Brattain• 1951 Explanation of SiC electroluminescence as carrier injection across a p/n

junction – K. Lechovec, et al.• 1955 Visible electroluminescence in GaP – G.A. Wolff, et al. • 1962 Demonstration of coherent visible light emission from direct bandgap GaAsP

alloy semiconductors – N. Holonyak and S.F. Bevacgua• 1962-Present Continuing development and optimization of various direct bandgap

ternary (GaAsP, AlGaAs) and quarternary (AlInGaP, AlInGaN) material systems for high performance LEDs – RCA Monsanto, Hewlett Packard, Stanley, Toshiba, Toyoda Gosei, Nichia, and others

Timeline of Visible LEDs


Round – Apply 110 volts to SiC


From 1928 Losev paper in the Philosophical Magazine

Losev’s loss

Lechovec, et al. repeated this work


"Advances in Light Emitting Materials" Materials Science Forum vol. 590 pp1-16 (2008).

A History of LEDs: Prof JFAllen

New Scientist for 5th July 1962 Instrument Practice for December 1962


Holonyak and Bardeen with LEDs,

Visible Laser, and GaAsP Single Crystal

Holonyak and Bardeen do the same in the US


Historical Development of Lighting and LEDs


Solid State Lighting: Nothing newTHE WALL STREET JOURNAL MAY 4, 1971

How about a flat head-light as wide as your car, to evenly light the road?

ill anyone living, live to see our little lightburn out?

After 100 years of constant use, it may loseonly half its brightness.

That’s because we don’t use a bulb, a filamentor a vacuum.

We a tiny crystal chip called a

Will anyone living, live to see our little lightburn out?

After 100 years of constant use, it may loseonly half its brightness.

That’s because we don’t use a bulb, a filamentor a vacuum.

We use a tiny crystal chip called a light emitting diode.light emitting diode.

W


IncandescentLED signalheadLED Signal Evolution

700 5nmLED’s

200 5nmLED’s

12-18 High Flux LED’s

Lamp power: 15WLife Cycle: 120 Month

135 W6 Months9x higher energy use20 x higher maintenance rate

Traffic Signal Comparison

Ian Ferguson ([email protected]) Engr. 1202 E01: ECE Interesting? (Slide 26) Fig. 1-1

Rear Lighting


Unit CUnit BUnit A

Unit D

Source: US Patent AP 2008/0007961

Forward Lighting


Everyone can adopt solid state lighting…

Nothing new…


• 100 years after the discovery of electroluminescence in a semiconductor, solid state illumination is enabled by advances in high power LED technology during the past 10 years

• Early history of the visible LED• Development of high-power LEDs at

Philips Lumileds– Light extraction– Packaging– Materials technology

• Emerging applications and new figures of merit

Solid State LightingClyde Bridge, Glasgow

Palace in Nancy, France


Non-standard Lighting


Taiwan


Parking Lots

• Toronto– Streetlights, signs and displays, parking lots

• Austin– Austin Energy offering rebates– Municipal garage is now 30% below Energy Code


Street Lighting

• Ann Arbor– Replacing 1,500 streetlights– Payback 4 years– Using $100K less energy/yr

• Welland, Ontario– Retrofitted streetlights

• Tianjin, China– 1,500 streetlights– Energy savings and

economic driver


SSL Accent Lighting


SSL for Ambient Lighting

• Down lighting• Need high output• Less Dramatic/Less

Shadows

Ian Ferguson ([email protected]) Engr. 1202 E01: ECE Interesting? (Slide 36) Electrical and Computer Engineering


Ian FergusonUniversity of North Carolina at Charlotte

Department of Electrical and Computer EngineeringCharlotte, NC 28223

Email: [email protected]

Ω

The Historical and Contemporary Contributions of Electrical and Computer Engineering to Society

How do I make ECE interesting to others?

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Electrical and Computer Engineering...Thomas Alva Edison Does it pay to listen to Edison? “If...

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