Electrical Technology and Basic Simulation Laboratory1

7/25/2019 Electrical Technology and Basic Simulation Laboratory1

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RAVINDRA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

FOR WOMEN

Lab Manual

ELECTRICAL TECHNOLOGY AND BASIC SIMULATION LABORATORY

Vision of the Dea!t"ent

To impart quality technical eucation an molin! electronic" an communication en!ineer" #ith

pro$e""ional competence% ethic" an !lo&al outloo' &y &uilin! "tron! teachin! an re"earch

en(ironment

Mission of the Dea!t"ent#

To train Electronics & Communication Engineering graduates to meet future globalchallenges.

To motivate the students to take up research leading to multidisciplinary innovative

projects.

To produce future leaders with cohesive teamwork in electronics engineeringapplications.

To air entrepreneurial skill amongst students for overall societal upliftment.

Dept of ECE !CE" #$%


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$!o%!a" E&u'ational Ob(e'ti)es#

The )ro!ramme Eucational o&*ecti(e" +)EO", o$ the uner !rauate pro!ramme in Electronic"

an Communication En!ineerin! at G- )ullaiah Colle!e o$ En!ineerin! an Technolo!y%.urnool are to prepare the !rauate" to po""e"" the a&ility to

$EO *+

Apply the principle" o$ &a"ic en!ineerin! "cience" in per$ormin! pro$e""ional ta"'" in

Electronic" an Communication En!ineerin! an to e(elop a#arene"" on "ocietal concern"-

$EO *,

Demon"trate pro&lem/"ol(in! a&ilitie" that permit to contri&ute in a (ariety o$ "i!nal proce""in!%

e"i!n o$ circuitry an acaemic career"-

$EO *-

Thri(e in i(er"e% !lo&al% an multii"ciplinary en(ironment" #ith team "pirit $or "ucce""$ul

completion an mana!ement o$ electronic pro*ect"-

$EO *.

)articipate in li$elon!/learnin! acti(itie" to enhance pro$e""ional an ethical e(elopment-

$!o%!a" Out'o"es#

Engineering Graduates will be able to:

PO1 Engineering knowledge 'pply the knowledge of mathematics scienceengineering fundamentals and an engineering speciali(ation to the solution ofcomple) engineering problems.

PO2 Problem Analysis *dentify formulate review research literature andanaly(e comple) engineering problems reaching substantiated conclusions using

+rst principles of mathematics natural sciences and engineering sciences. PO3 Design/ Development o solutions Design solutions for comple)

engineering problems and design system components or processes that meet thespeci+ed needs with appropriate consideration for the public health and safety thecultural society and environmental considerations.

PO! "ondu#t investigations o #omple$ problems ,se research-basedknowledge and research methods including design of e)periments analysis andinterpretation of data and synthesis of the information to provide valid conclusions.

PO% &odern tool usage Create select and apply appropriate techniuesresources modern engineering and *T tools including prediction and modelling tocomple) engineering activities with an understanding of the limitations.

PO' ()e engineer and so#iety 'pply reasoning informed by the conte)tualknowledge to assess societal health safety legal and cultural issues and theconseuent responsibilities relevant to the professional engineering practice.

PO* Environment and +ustainability ,nderstand the impact of theprofessional engineering solutions in societal and environmental conte)ts anddemonstrate the knowledge of and need for sustainable development.

PO, Et)i#s 'pply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and

responsibilities and norms of the engineering practice.



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PO- .ndividual and team work /unction e0ectively as an individual and as a

member or leader in diverse teams and in multidisciplinary settings.

PO1 "ommuni#ation Communicate e0ectively on comple) engineeringactivities with the engineering community and with society at large such as beingable to comprehend and write e0ective reports and design documentation makee0ective presentations and give and receive clear instructions.

PO11 Pro0e#t management and nan#e Demonstrate knowledge and

understanding of the engineering and management principles and apply these toone1s own work as a member and leader in a team to manage projects and inmultidisciplinary environments.

PO12 ielong learning !ecogni(e the need for and have the preparation andability to engage in independent and life-long learning in the broadest conte)t oftechnological change.

$!o%!a" Se'ifi' Out'o"es /$SO0s1

Engineering 2raduates will be able to

$SO +# Apply the principle" o$ Electronic"% Analo! an Di!ital 0y"tem" in the potential $iel"o$ Con"umer Electronic"% Meical an De$ence-

$SO ,# Get pro$oun 'no#le!e in Communication"% 0i!nal an Ima!e )roce""in! alon! #ith

pro!rammin! 1 "imulation tool" $or re"earch a(ancement-

$SO -# Apply the pro!rammin! concept" o$ VL0I% Microproce""or"% Microcontroller"% an

Em&ee 0y"tem" in Real Time application"-

$SO .# Communicate e$$ecti(ely in (er&al% #ritten $orm an !roup relate acti(itie" #ith

ethical an "ocial re"pon"i&ility-

Cou!se Out'o"es#

Analy2e the !eneration Variou" 0i!nal" an 0equence" in MATLA3% incluin! the operation"

on 0i!nal" an 0equence"- Determine the Con(olution an Correlation &et#een 0i!nal" an "equence"-

Veri$ication o$ Linearity an Time In(ariance )ropertie" o$ a !i(en Continuou"4Di"crete

0y"tem-

Analy2e the Fourier Tran"$orm o$ a !i(en "i!nal an plottin! it" ma!nitue an pha"e "pectrum-

5ner"tan the Wa(e$orm 0ynthe"i" u"in! Laplace Tran"$orm-

Veri$ication o$ Weiner/.hinchine Relation" an 0amplin! Theorem-

2A3AHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY ANANTA$UR

II B4Te'h4 I*Se" /ECE1 L C

. ,

/+5A6,-671 ELECTRICAL TECHNOLOGY AND BASIC SIMULATION LABORATORY

$ART*A

6- Ma!neti2ation Characteri"tic" o$ D-C-0hunt Generator- Determination o$ Critical Fiel

Re"i"tance-

7- 0#in&urne8" Te"t on DC 0hunt Machine +)reetermination o$ E$$iciency o$ a Gi(en DC

0hunt Machine Wor'in! a" Motor an Generator,-

9- 3ra'e Te"t on DC 0hunt Motor- Determination o$ )er$ormance Characteri"tic"-



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:- OC 1 0C Te"t" on 0in!le/)ha"e Tran"$ormer +)reetermination o$ E$$iciency an

Re!ulation at Gi(en )o#er Factor" an Determination o$ Equi(alent Circuit,-

;- Loa Te"t on 0in!le )ha"e Tran"$ormer-

$ART*BList of E8e!i"ents#6- Generation o$ Variou" "i!nal" an 0equence" +)erioic an Aperioic,% 0uch a" 5nit

Impul"e% 5nit 0tep% 0quare% 0a# Tooth% Trian!ular% 0inu"oial% Ramp% 0inc-

7- Operation" on 0i!nal" an 0equence" "uch a" Aition% Multiplication% 0calin!% 0hi$tin!%

Folin!% Computation o$ Ener!y an A(era!e )o#er-

9- Con(olution &et#een 0i!nal" an 0equence"-

:- Autocorrelation an Cro"" correlation &et#een 0i!nal" an 0equence"-;- Veri$ication o$ Linearity an Time In(ariance )ropertie" o$ a Gi(en Continuou" 4

Di"crete 0y"tem-


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$ART*A

Ele't!i'al Te'hnolo%9 Labo!ato!9

Cou!se Out'o"es

Determine the ma!neti2ation characteri"tic" o$ DC "hunt !enerator alon! #ith etermination

o$ Critical Fiel Re"i"tance )reetermine the e$$iciency o$ DC "hunt machine #or'in! a" motor an !enerator alon!

#ith conuction o$ &ra'e te"t on DC "hunt motor )er$orm the OC an 0C te"t" on "in!le pha"e tran"$ormer alon! #ith the conuction o$ loa

te"t on the tran"$ormer



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/+5A6,-671 ELECTRICAL TECHNOLOGY AND BASIC SIMULATION LABORATORY

$ART*A

6- Ma!neti2ation Characteri"tic" o$ D-C-0hunt Generator- Determination o$ Critical Fiel

Re"i"tance-

7- 0#in&urne8" Te"t on DC 0hunt Machine +)reetermination o$ E$$iciency o$ a Gi(en DC

0hunt Machine Wor'in! a" Motor an Generator,-

9- 3ra'e Te"t on DC 0hunt Motor- Determination o$ )er$ormance Characteri"tic"-

:- OC 1 0C Te"t" on 0in!le/)ha"e Tran"$ormer +)reetermination o$ E$$iciency an

Re!ulation at Gi(en )o#er Factor" an Determination o$ Equi(alent Circuit,-

;- Loa Te"t on 0in!le )ha"e Tran"$ormer-



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3. 4'2$ET*5'T*6$ C7'!'CTE!*8T*C8 6/ DC. 87,$T 2E$E!'T6!

Ai"#*

To etermine the ma!neti2ation characteri"tic +O-C-C, o$ the !i(en DC "hunt Generator

an to $in out the critical $iel re"i"tance an critical "pee-Aa!atus Re;ui!e*

6-Voltmeter + / 9V,MC 7NO

7- Ammeter + B 7-;A, MC 6NO

9- Rheo"tat 9;% 6-7A 7NO



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:- Tachometer +/6%,rpm 6NO

Na"e late &etails#*

Ci!'uit &ia%!a"#*



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$!o'e&u!e#

6- Ma'e the connection" a" per the circuit ia!ram-

,4 Initiall9 - Decrea"e the $iel current in "tep" an note o#n the open circuit (olta!e"

@-- 0#itch o$$ the "upply &y openin! the D)0T "#itch-



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Tabula! 'olu"n#*

Mo&el %!ah#*


3hile in'!easin% If 3hile &e'!easin% If

If /a"1 E6/)olts1 Ef/)olts1 If /a"1 E6 /)olts1 Ef/)olts1


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Sa"le Cal'ulations#*

From the !raph"

The critical $iel re"i"tance "lope o$ the line

Rc Eo 4 I$ ohm"

NCN+AC4A3,

Where NC critical "pee

N 0pee at !i(en O-C-C

Result# *



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2. SWINBURNES TEST ON A DC SHUNT MACHINE

Ai"/

To conuct 0#in&urne8" te"t on a !i(en c "hunt machine an to preetermine

6-It8" e$$iciency #hen actin! a" a !enerator

7-It8" e$$iciency #hen actin! a" a motor

Aa!atus Re;ui!e&/

Voltmeter +/9V, MC 6NO

Ammeter +/7A, MC 7NO

Rheo"tat 9; % 6-7A 6NO

"#itch 0)0T 6NO

Tachometer +/6%,rpm 6NO

Na"e late &etails#*



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Ci!'uit &ia%!a"/

+a, No/Loa Te"t/

b1 To fin& Ra#*

$!o'e&u!e/


,4 Initiall9


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;-- Open the 0)0T "#itch acro"" the ammeter an note o#n the (oltmeter an ammeter reain!"-


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#cH Ia7Ra +i4p,,6

Mo&el %!ah#*Dra# the !raph &et#een output po#er on ?/a?i" an e$$iciency on y/a?i" a" "ho#n

&elo#-

CALCULATIONS#

Con"tant lo""e" #c VI B Ia7 Ra

Con"tant lo""e" #c V + IaH I$ ,BIa7 Ra



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E4#ien#y w)en running as a &otor:

.a 5 . 6 .

Input V IL

Armature cu lo"" Ia7 Ra

Con"tant lo""e" #c

Total lo""e" Ia7 RaH #c

Output input / lo""e" ++o4p,4+i4p,,6

Effi'ien'9 =hen !unnin% as a Gene!ato!

Ia IL HI$

Output V IL

Armature cu lo"" Ia7 Ra

Con"tant lo""e" #c

Total lo""e" Ia7 RaH #c

Input Output H lo""e"

++o4p,4+i4p,,6

Result#*

-4 BRA?E TEST ON DC SHUNT MOTOR

Ai"/

To conuct 3ra'e te"t on c "hunt motor an to ra# the per$ormance cur(e" o$ the motor-



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Aa!atus Re;ui!e&/

6- Ammeter +/7A, MC 6NO

7- Voltmeter +/9V, MC 6NO

9- Rheo"tat 9;9% 6-=A 6NO

:- Tachometer +/6%, R)M 6NO

Na"elate &etails#*



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Ci!'uit &ia%!a"#*

$!o'e&u!e#*


,4 Initiall9


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Mo&el %!ah#*Dra# the !raph &et#een output po#er on ?/a?i" an "pee % torque% e$$iciency 1

loa current are on y/a?i" a" "ho#n &elo#-

Tabula! 'olu"ns#*

Volta!e

+(olt",

Current

+amp,

0pee

+rpm,

i4pVI

+#att",

06

.!

07

.!

Torque

+0607, r @->6

+N/m,

o4p

7JNT4


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Result#*

.4 O4C AND S4C TESTS ON +*$H TRANS@ORMER

Aim:

+4 To etermine the equi(alent circuit &y conuctin! open circuit an "hort circuit te"t"-

,4 To preetermine the e$$iciency an re!ulation o$ "in!le pha"e tran"$ormer an ra# output

(er"u" e$$iciency !raph

Apparatus Required:

6- 0in!le )ha"e Tran"$ormer- 7 .VA % 79466; V -

7- Autotran"$ormer 79 V4 +/7=, V-

9- Ammeter" /7 A MI 6No

/6A MI 6No

:- Voltmeter" /9 VMI 6No



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+/9, V/MI 6No

;- Wattmeter B 6;V% 7A L)F 6No

=;V% 6A% 5)F 6No

Name plate details:

Circuit diagram:

Open circuit test:



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Short circuit test :

Procedure#

i1 Open circuit test:



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7- Variac "houl &e 'ept in 2ero po"ition &e$ore "#itchin! ON the "upply-

9- 3y (aryin! auto tran"$ormer% apply rate (olta!e to the lo# (olta!e #inin! +LV,-

:- Note o#n the reain!" o$ (oltmeter% ammeter 1 #attmeter-

;- 3rin! (ariac +auto/tran"$ormer, to 2ero po"ition-


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To calculate regulation at full load:

Mo&el %!ah#


LOAD COS O$

V,I, COS

Cu

losses

/$C1

I!on

losses

/$i1

Total losses

$t $i $C

I$

O$Losses

F /o4i1+66

Cos I,R6, Cos I, 6,Sin

Re%ulation

La%

Lea&


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SAMPL CALC!LAT"ONS:

@!o" OC test

Iron lo""e" W VICo"

Wor'in! component o$ no loa current IW ICo"

Ma!neti"in! component o$ no loa current I I 0in

R V4IW ohm"

V4Iohm"

@!o" SC test#

Copper lo""e" W0C I0C7R6 #att"

Equi(alent re"i"tance re$erre to primary #inin! R6 W0C 4 I0C7 ohm"

Equi(alent impeance re$erre to primary #inin! 6 V0C 4 I0C ohm"

Equi(alent reactance re$erre to primary #inin! 6 +67

/R6

7, ohm"

Equi(alent re"i"tance re$erre to "econary #inin! R7 R6 '7 ohm"

Where ' V74V6



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Equi(alent reactance re$erre to "econary #inin! 7 6 '7 ohm"

Re!ulation +I7R7 Co"H I7 70in, 6 +For la!!in!,

V6

+ I7R7 Co"/ I7 70in, 6 +For leain!,

V6

Equivalent circuit:-

Result

Equi(alent circuitan e$$iciency o$ a "in!le pha"e tran"$ormerare etermine an output ("-

e$$iciency !raph i" plotte &y conuctin! oc an "c te"t" on a !i(en "in!le pha"e tran"$ormer

Wo Gi(e" the iron lo"" #att"-

W"c Gi(e" copper lo"" at $ull loa #att"-

54 LOAD TEST ON +*$HASE TRANS@ORMER



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Ai"#

To etermine the e$$iciency an re!ulation o$ a "in!le pha"e tran"$ormer &y conuctin! loa

te"t-

A$$ARATUS#

NAME $LATE DETAILS#

$ROCEDURE#

6, Connect the circuit a" "ho#n in the circuit ia!ram-

7, Rate (olta!e i" applie to the tran"$ormer- 9, All the reain!" o$ (oltmeter"% ammeter" 1 #attmeter8" are note-

:, Loa i" increa"e in "tep" &y maintainin! V6con"tant% till the "econary

rate current i" o&taine-

Ci!'uit Dia%!a"#



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OBSERVATIONS#

LOAD TEST:

V1 V2 I1 I2 InputPower

OutputPower

%Regulation

MODEL GRAPHS:



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RESULT#



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$ART*B

BASIC SIMULATION LABORATORY

List of E8e!i"ents



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6- Generation o$ Variou" "i!nal" an 0equence" +)erioic an Aperioic,% 0uch a" 5nit

Impul"e% 5nit 0tep% 0quare% 0a# Tooth% Trian!ular% 0inu"oial% Ramp% 0inc-

7- Operation" on 0i!nal" an 0equence" "uch a" Aition% Multiplication% 0calin!% 0hi$tin!%

Folin!% Computation o$ Ener!y an A(era!e )o#er-

9- Con(olution &et#een 0i!nal" an 0equence"-

:- Autocorrelation an Cro"" correlation &et#een 0i!nal" an 0equence"-

;- Veri$ication o$ Linearity an Time In(ariance )ropertie" o$ a Gi(en Continuou" 4

Di"crete 0y"tem-


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Si"ulationi" the imitation o$ the operation o$ a real/#orl proce"" or "y"tem o(er time-

The act o$ "imulatin! "omethin! $ir"t require" that a moel &e e(elopeP thi" moel repre"ent" the

'ey characteri"tic" or &eha(ior"4$unction" o$ the "electe phy"ical or a&"tract "y"tem or proce""- The

moel repre"ent" the "y"tem it"el$% #herea" the "imulation repre"ent" the operation o$ the "y"tem

o(er time-

0imulation i" u"e in many conte?t"% "uch a" "imulation o$technolo!y$or per$ormance

optimi2ation% "a$ety en!ineerin!% te"tin!% trainin!% eucation% an (ieo !ame"- O$ten% computer

e?periment"are u"e to "tuy "imulation moel"- 0imulation i" al"o u"e #ith "cienti$ic

moelin!o$ natural "y"tem" or human "y"tem" to !ain in"i!ht into their $unctionin!- 0imulation can

&e u"e to "ho# the e(entual real e$$ect" o$ alternati(e conition" an cour"e" o$ action- 0imulation

i" al"o u"e #hen the real "y"tem cannot &e en!a!e% &ecau"e it may not &e acce""i&le% or it may &e

an!erou" or unaccepta&le to en!a!e% or it i" &ein! e"i!ne &ut not yet &uilt% or it may "imply not

e?i"t-

HISTORY OVERVIE3 O@ MATLAB#

MATLA3 $ull $orm i" Mat!i8 labo!ato!9J

MATLAB+"atri? laboratory, i" a numerical computin!en(ironment an $ourth/!eneration

pro!rammin! lan!ua!e-

In(ente in the year 6@= &y Cle(e Moler% an #a" moi$ie &y Qac' little an 0te(e

&an!ert-

Math #or'" #a" "tarte in 6@>:-

MATLA3 i" ori!inally e"i!ne to pro(ie "tuent8" acce"" to LIN)AC. 1 EI0)AC.

#ithout learnin! FORTRAN-

MATLA3 i" numerical computin! en(ironment an pro!rammin! lan!ua!e% u"e $or

applie mathematic"-

MATLA3 #a" $ir"t aopte &y control e"i!n en!ineer" an "prea to many other omain"P

it i" particularly u"e in eucation $iel an Inu"try40cienti$ic4Military application"-

MATLA3 &e!an #ith > $unction"% no# it ha" o(er > $unction"P MATLA3 en!ineer"

incorporate the LA)AC.% 3LA0 li&rarie"% em&ein! the "tate o$ the art "o$t#are $or

matri? computation-

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safety_engineeringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experimenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traininghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Educationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_gamehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_experimenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_experimenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_modellinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_modellinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numerical_analysishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourth-generation_programming_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourth-generation_programming_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safety_engineeringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experimenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traininghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Educationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_gamehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_experimenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_experimenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_modellinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_modellinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numerical_analysishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourth-generation_programming_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourth-generation_programming_language


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MATLA3 toay ha" million" o$ u"er" an a "tanar tool in &oth pro$e""ional an acaemic

u"e-

MATLA3 ha" in&uilt TOOL3OE0 + Control 0y"tem"% Communication"% Neural

Net#or'"% Ima!e/proce""in!% 0i!nal )roce""in!% 3ioin$ormatic"etc-%,

MATLA3 ha" a G5I &a"e "imulation tool +0IM5LIN.,-

MATLA3 i" a hi!h per$ormance lan!ua!e $or technical computin!% it inte!rate"

computation% (i"uali2ation an pro!rammin! in an ea"y to u"e en(ironment #here pro&lem"

an "olution" are e?pre""e in $amiliar mathematical notation-

MATLA3 i" u"e in Math an Computation% Al!orithm e(elopment% Data acqui"ition%

Moelin!% 0imulation % )rototypin!% Data analy"i" e?ploration (i"uali2ation% 0cienti$ic

an en!ineerin! !raphic"% Application e(elopment-

MATLA3 i" interacti(e "y"tem #ho"e &a"ic ata element i" an array that oe" not require

imen"ionin!- Thi" allo#" "ol(in! many technical computin! pro&lem"% e"pecially tho"e

#ith matri? an (ector $ormulation"% in a $raction o$ the time it #oul ta'e to #rite a

pro!ram in a "calar non/interacti(e lan!ua!e "uch a" C or Fortran-

MATLA3 "y"tem i" technically calle an interpreter% #hich mean" that each "tatement

pre"ente to the comman line i" tran"late into lan!ua!e the computer uner"tan &etter

an then immeiately carrie out-

MATLA3 i" ca"e/"en"iti(e% #hich mean" that a H 3 i" not the "ame a" a H &- The MATLA3

prompt +S, in comman #ino# i" #here the comman" are entere-

Mat la& i" capa&le to interpret an e(aluate the numerical matrice" e?pre""ion" a"

a, Directly $rom 'ey&oar in comman #ino#

&, Or on $orm o$ "equence" o$ e?pre""ion" #hich are "a(e in a te?t $ile% calle m/$ile an e?ecute

it in comman #ino#-

c, Or more rarely on $orm &inary $ile #hich i" calle me?/$ile" or $ile o$ e?ten"ion -me? !enerate

$rom a C compiler

$!o'e&u!e to oen MATLAB#6- Open the MATLA3% &y ou&le clic'in! the icon on e"'top-



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7- 3elo# #ino# i" launche #ith e$ault layout-

9- The De$ault Layout con"i"t" o$ three part"- They are

A, Comman #ino#%

3, Comman hi"tory%

C, Current irectory4Wor'"pace% re"p- a" "ho#n &elo#

a, Comman #ino# Kere #e enter the comman" at the prompt "ym&ol



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&, Comman hi"tory Thi" #ino# repre"ent" pre(iou"ly entere comman" at comman prompt

c, Current irectory4Wor'"pace

The Current irectory #ino# i"playe the li"t o$ all the $ile" an $oler" uner the current

irectory% #hich happen" to &e the #or'8 "u&/irectory% &y e$ault% uner the MATLA3 root

irectory- 0ince the MATLA38 irectory #ill normally &e in the har i"' C 4 in your "y"tem%

#here all the application "o$t#are pac'a!e" are "tore% you "houl ne(er u"e the e$ault irectory

$or "a(in! your MATLA3 File"-

Wor'"pace repre"ent" all the (aria&le" that are eclare in Comman Wino#-



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VARIA3LE0 A (aria&le i" a name that i" a""i!ne to a (alue "tore in the computer8" memory-

The (aria&le name" in MATLA3 mu"t &e!in #ith a letter% an they may &e $ollo#e &y any

com&ination o$ letter"% i!it"% an uner"core"-

E)RE00ION0 AND 0TATEMENT0 An e?pre""ion may con"i"t o$ num&er"% (aria&le name" an

"ome pre/e$ine $unction" "uch a" "in% co"% lo! etc-% arithmetic operator" "uch a" H%/%4 etc-%

relational operator" "uch a" U% etc-% an "ome "pecial character" "uch a" "pace% + "emicolon% etc-%

E(aluation o$ the e?pre""ion prouce" a matri?-

MATLAB has 6 relational operators to a!e coparisons "et#een varia"les. These are

# is less than

#$ is less than or equal to

% is greater than

%$ is greater than or equal to

$$ is equal to

&$ is not equal toT9i'al 'o""an&s#

6- #ho"7- #ho

9- clear

:- quit;- "a(e $ilename B $ilename-mat

- help

Built in @un'tions#'( Scalar )unctions:

Certain MATLA3 $unction" are e""entially u"e on "calar"% &ut operate element/#i"e #hen applie

to a matri? +or (ector,- They are "ummari2e &elo#-

6- "in / tri!onometric "ine7- co" / tri!onometric co"ine

9- tan / tri!onometric tan!ent

:- a"in / tri!onometric in(er"e "ine +arc"ine,;- aco" / tri!onometric in(er"e co"ine +arcco"ine,


37/104

*( +ector )unctions:

Other MATLA3 $unction" operate e""entially on (ector" returnin! a "calar (alue- 0ome o$ the"e

$unction" are !i(en &elo#-6- ma?/ lar!e"t component !et the ro# in #hich the ma?imum element lie"

7- min /"malle"t component

9- len!th /len!th o$ a (ector:- "ort /"ort in a"cenin! orer

;- "um/ "um o$ element"

- norm/ norm o$ matri? +6/norm% 7/norm% Y /norm,@- con /conition num&er in the 7/norm

6- lu /L5 $actori2ation

66- qr /ZR $actori2ation67- chol/ Chole"'y ecompo"ition

69- "( /"in!ular (alue ecompo"ition



38/104

VERSIONS O@ MATLAB

Release history

Ve!sionRelease

na"eNu"be! Bun&le& 2VM Yea! Release Date Notes

MATLA3

6-6@>:

MATLA3 7 6@>=

MATLA3

9-;6@@

Ran onM0/DO0&ut require at lea"t

a9> 6@@< Decem&er% 6@@< 5ni$ie relea"e" acro"" all plat$orm"-

MATLA3

;-6

Volume @ 6@@= May% 6@@=

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_80386http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_80386http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_80386http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X87#80387http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X87#80387http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_3.1xhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_3.1xhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_3.1xhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Math_coprocessorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Math_coprocessorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_80386http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X87#80387http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_3.1xhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Math_coprocessor


39/104

MATLA3

;-6-6R@-6

MATLA3;-7

R6

6@@>

March% 6@@>

MATLA3

;-7-6R6-6

MATLA3

;-9R66

6@@@

Qanuary% 6@@@

MATLA3

;-9-6R66-6 No(em&er% 6@@@

MATLA3

7 No(em&er% 7Fir"t relea"e #ith &unle Qa(a Virtual

Machine +QVM,-

MATLA3


40/104

MATLA3

=--6R6:0)6 Octo&er% 7:

MATLA3=--:

R6:0)7 6-;-

7;

March =% 7;

MATLA3

=-6R6:0)9 6-;- 0eptem&er 6% 7;

MATLA3

=-7R7


41/104

MATLA3

=-@-6R7@&0)6 6-


42/104

E$ERIMENT*6+

TITLE# GENERATION O@ VARIOUS SIGNALS SEKUENCES

AIM# +A,- To !enerate (ariou" "i!nal" "uch a" 5nit impul"e% 5nit "tep% 0quare% 0a# tooth%

Trian!ular% 0inu"oial% Ramp% 0inc Function- +3,- To !enerate (ariou" "equence" "uch a" 5nit impul"e% 5nit "tep% 0quare% 0a# tooth%

Trian!ular% 0inu"oial% Ramp% 0inc Function-

A$$ARATUS# Computer loae #ith Wino#" ) MATLA3 =-7 "o$t#are-

$ROCEDURE#

6- Open the Matla& "o$t#are &y ou&le clic'in! the icon on e"'top-

7- Open the Matla& Eitor &y u"in! File Ta& ///Ne#///M/File on the Menu-

9- Write the pro!ram in Matla& Eitor

:- Clic' on "a(e $rom File ta& or pre"" CtrlH0 .ey

;- Clic' on Run 3utton )re"ent on the Eitor #ino# or )re"" F; .ey;- )er$orm error chec' i$ any% #hich i" i"playe on the Comman #ino# an Moi$y i$ any-


43/104

?7 P

? ?6-+t,H?7-+tU,P !enerate unit ramp "i!nal

$i!ure+9,Pplot+t%?,P plot the !enerate ramp "i!nal

?la&el+\t\,P yla&el+\?+t,\,P title+\ Ramp 0i!nal\,P

**********************!e'tan%ula! ulse************

t6/6-66

a=rectpul"+t646,

$i!ure+:,%plot+t6%a=,% !ri on%a?i"+X/6 6 /7 7,

?la&el+\time\,

yla&el+\ma!nitue\,

title+\rectan!ular pul"e\,

******************** t!ian%ula! ulse***************t7/6-66

a>tripul"+t7,$i!ure+;,%plot+t7%a>,% !ri on

title+\trian!ular pul"e\,

?la&el+\time\,yla&el+\ma!nitue\,

*************** Sin' Si%nal**********************

? "inc+t,P !enerate "inc "i!nal

$i!ure+


44/104

T7P

?lin"pace+%;T%6,P

y6min+-;%mo+?%T,4T,Py7min+-;%6/mo+?%T,4T,P

$i!ure+6,%plot+?%y6Hy7,%!ri on

?la&el+\time\,yla&el+\ma!nitue\,

title+\perioic trian!le #a(e\,

OUT$UT#



45/104

RESULT# In thi" e?periment (ariou" "i!nal" "uch a" 5nit impul"e% 5nit "tep% 0quare% 0a# tooth%Trian!ular% 0inu"oial% Ramp% 0inc/$unction% u"in! MATLA3 i" one-



46/104

/B1 $ROGRAM#

t=-20: 1:20

%--------------------Unit Impulse---------------------%

x=[zeros(1,20), 1,zeros(1,20)] %generate Unit Impulse Signal

igure(1), stem(t,x)! % plot t"e generate# Unit Impulse Signal

xla$el(t)! &la$el(x(t))! title(Unit impulse Signal)!

%------------------ Unit Step signal------------------%

&=[zeros(1,20), 1,ones(1,20)]

%&=[zeros(1,20),ones(20,1)] %generate Unit Step Signal

igure(2)! stem(t,&)! %'lot t"e generate# unit step signal

xla$el(t)! &la$el(x(t))! title(Unit Step Signal)!

%---------------------- amp Signal------------------%

x1 = t!

x2 = 0!

x = x1*(t+=0)x2*(t0)! %generate unit ramp signal

igure(.)!stem(t,x)! % plot t"e generate# ramp signal

xla$el(t)! &la$el(x(t))! title( amp Signal)!

%----------------------re/tangular pulse------------%

t1=-10:01:10

a=re/tpuls(t110)

igure(),stem(t1,a), gri# on,axis([-10 10 -2 2])

xla$el(time)

&la$el(magnitu#e)

title(re/tangular pulse)

%-------------------- triangular pulse---------------%

t2=-10:01:10

a3=tripuls(t2)

igure(4),stem(t2,a3), gri# on

title(triangular pulse)

xla$el(time)

&la$el(magnitu#e)

%--------------- Sin/ Signal----------------------%

x = linspa/e(-4,4)!



47/104

& = sin/(x)!

igure(5)!stem(x,&)

xla$el(time)!

&la$el(amplitu#e)!

title(sin/un/tion)!

%-----------------Sinusoi#al Signal----------------%

6 = 20! %#e/lare time perio#

7 = 16! %/ompute re8uen/&

x = sin(2*pi*7*t)! %generate sinusoi#al signal

igure()!stem(t,x)! % plot t"e generate# sinusoi#al signal

xla$el(t)! &la$el(x(t))! title(sinusoi#al Signal)!

%---------------- Sa9toot" signal-----------------%

s = 1000!

t = 0:1s:14!

x = sa9toot"(2*pi*40*t)! %generate sa9toot" signal

igure(3)!stem(t,x)! axis([0 02 -1 1])! %plot t"e generate# sa9toot" signal

xla$el(t)! &la$el(x(t))! title(sa9toot" Signal)!

%----------------- s8uare signal---------------------%

t=(0:001:10)!

s89a;e=s8uare(*pi*t)! %generate s8uare signal

igure(


48/104

Output:



49/104

RESULT# In thi" e?periment (ariou" "equence" "uch a" 5nit impul"e% 5nit "tep% 0quare% 0a#tooth% Trian!ular% 0inu"oial% Ramp% 0inc/$unction% u"in! MATLA3 i" one-

A$$LICATIONS#

The "a#tooth an "quare #a(e" are the mo"t common "tartin! point" u"e to create "oun"

#ith "u&tracti(e analo! an (irtual analo! mu"ic "ynthe"i2er"4 The "a#tooth #a(e i" the $orm o$ the(ertical an hori2ontal e$lection "i!nal" u"e to !enerate a ra"ter on CRT/&a"e tele(i"ion or

monitor "creen"- O"cillo"cope" al"o u"e a "a#tooth #a(e $or their hori2ontal e$lection% thou!h they

typically u"e electro"tatic e$lection-On the #a(e\" ]ramp]% the ma!netic $iel prouce &y thee$lection yo'e ra!" the electron &eam acro"" the $ace o$ the CRT% creatin! a "can line-

On the #a(e\" ]cli$$]% the ma!netic $iel "uenly collap"e"% cau"in! the electron &eam to

return to it" re"tin! po"ition a" quic'ly a" po""i&le- The (olta!e applie to the e$lection yo'e i"a*u"te &y (ariou" mean" +tran"$ormer"% capacitor"% center/tappe #inin!", "o that the hal$/#ay

(olta!e on the "a#tooth\" cli$$ i" at the 2ero mar'% meanin! that a ne!ati(e (olta!e #ill cau"e

e$lection in one irection% an a po"iti(e (olta!e e$lection in the otherP thu"% a center/mountee$lection yo'e can u"e the #hole "creen area to epict a trace- Frequency i" 6;-=9: 'K2 on NT0C%

6;-


50/104

E$ERIMENT*6,

TITLE# O$ERATIONS ON SIGNALS SEKUENCES COM$UTATION O@ ENERGY

AVERAGE $O3ER

AIM# +A, To per$orm (ariou" operation" on "i!nal" "uch a" aition% multiplication% "u&traction%

time/"hi$tin!% $olin! on "i!nal" an compute ener!y an po#er o$ "i!nal"- +3, To per$orm (ariou" operation" on "equence" "uch a" aition% multiplication% "u&traction%

time/"hi$tin!% $olin! on "i!nal" an compute ener!y an po#er o$ "i!nal"

A$$ARATUS# Computer loae #ith Wino#" )

MATLA3 =-7 "o$t#are-

$ROCEDURE#


7- Open the Matla& Eitor &y u"in! File Ta& ///

Ne#///

M/File on the Menu-9- Write the pro!ram in Matla& Eitor

:- Clic' on "a(e $rom File ta& or pre"" CtrlH0 .ey;- Clic' on Run 3utton )re"ent on the Eitor Wino# or )re"" F; .ey

;- )er$orm error chec' i$ any% #hich i" i"playe on the Comman #ino# an Moi$y i$ any-


51/104

title+\7 K2 "ine #a(e\,

yla&el+\Amplitue\,

plot the "umme "ine #a(e" in the &ottom panel

"u&plot+:%6%9, Pplot+t% "6H"7,

title+\0umme "ine #a(e"\,

yla&el+\Amplitue\,

?la&el+\Time +",\,

?mult"6-"7P

"u&plot+:%6%:,Pplot+?mult,P

title+\multiplication\,P

yla&el+\Amplitue\,

?la&el+\Time +",\,

Amplitue "calin!

t X-66P inepenent +time, (aria&le

A >P amplitue

$6 7P create a 7 K2 "ine #a(e la"tin! 6 "ec

"6 A"in+7pi$6t,P

"u&plot+9%6%6,

plot+"6,P

?la&el+\t\,P

yla&el+\amplitue\,P

title+\input "i!nal\,P

"77"6P

"u&plot+9%6%7,

plot+"7,P

?la&el+\t\,P

yla&el+\amplitue\,P

title+\ampli$ie input "i!nal\,P

"9"647P

"u&plot+9%6%9,

plot+"9,P



52/104

?la&el+\t\,P

yla&el+\amplitue\,P

title+\attenuate input "i!nal\,P

Time "calin!

t X-;piP inepenent +time, (aria&le

A >P amplitue


"6 A"in+7pi$6t,P

"u&plot+9%6%6,plot+"6,P

?la&el+\t\,P

yla&el+\amplitue\,P

title +\"ine "i!nal\,

"7A"in+77pi$6t,P "calin! &y a:

"u&plot+9%6%7,

plot+"7,P

?la&el+\t\,P

yla&el+\amplitue\,P

title +\"cale "ine "i!nal #ith a:\,

"9A"in+-;pi$6t,P "calin! &y a64:

"u&plot+9%6%9,P

plot+"9,P

?la&el+\t\,P

yla&el+\amplitue\,P

title +\"cale "ine "i!nal #ith a64:\,P

////////////////////time "hi$tin!///////////////

clc



53/104

clear all

clo"e all

t X-6piP inepenent +time, (aria&le

A >P amplitue

$6 7P

"6 A"in+7pi$6t,P

"u&plot+9%6%6,

plot+t%"6,

?la&el+\t\,P

yla&el+\amplitue\,P

title+\input "i!nal\,

"u&plot+9%6%7,

plot+tH6%"6,

?la&el+\t\,P

yla&el+\amplitue\,P

title+\ri!ht "hi$te "i!nal\,

"u&plot+9%6%9,

plot+t/6%"6,

?la&el+\t\,P

yla&el+\amplitue\,P

title+\le$t "hi$te "i!nal\,

////////////////////Folin!+Time re(er"al, ///////////////

Folin! $or "i!nal

clc

clo"e all

clear all

t X-66P inepenent +time, (aria&le

A >P amplitue


? A"in+7pi$6t,P



54/104

l?len!th+?,P

n?l?/6P

?$$liplr+?,P

n$/$liplr+n?,P

"u&plot+7%6%6,P

plot+n?%?,P

?la&el+\n?\,P

yla&el+\amplitue,\,P

title+\ori!inal "i!nal\,P

"u&plot+7%6%7,P

plot+n$%?$,P

?la&el+\n$\,P

yla&el+\amplitue\,P

title+\$ole "i!nal\,P

///////////////////computation o$ ener!y an po#er///////////////?6"in+6pit,PTo6

?"q?-^7P

E trap2+t%?"q,P

) E4+7To,Pi"p+X\ Ener!y% E \% num7"tr+E,%\ Qoule"\,P

i"p+X\ )o#er% ) \% num7"tr+),%\ Watt"\,P



55/104



56/104

/B1$ROGRAM#%'rogram or a##ition an# multipli/ation o signals

t = [0:01:1]! % in#epen#ent (time) ;aria$le

= 3! % amplitu#e

1 = 1!

s1 = *sin(2*pi*1*t)! % /reate a 1 >z sine 9a;e

2 = 2!

s2 = *sin(2*pi*2*t)! % /reate a 2 >z sine 9a;e

igure

su$plot(,1,1)

stem(t, s1)

title(1 >z sine 9a;e)

&la$el(mplitu#e)

%plot t"e >z sine 9a;e in t"e mi##le panel

su$plot(,1,2) !stem(t, s2)

title(2 >z sine 9a;e)

&la$el(mplitu#e)

%plot t"e summe# sine 9a;es in t"e $ottom panel

su$plot(,1,.) !stem(t, s1s2)

title(Summe# sine 9a;es)

&la$el(mplitu#e)

xla$el(6ime (s))

xmult=s1*s2!

su$plot(,1,)!stem(xmult)!

title(multipli/ation)!

&la$el(mplitu#e)

xla$el(6ime (s))

% mplitu#e s/aling

t = [0:01:1]! % in#epen#ent (time) ;aria$le

= 3! % amplitu#e

1 = 2! % /reate a 2 >z sine 9a;e lasting 1 se/

s1 = *sin(2*pi*1*t)!

su$plot(.,1,1)

stem(s1)!

xla$el(t)!

&la$el(amplitu#e)!



57/104

title(input signal)!

s2=2*s1!

su$plot(.,1,2)

stem(s2)!

xla$el(t)!

&la$el(amplitu#e)!

title(ampliie# input signal)!

s.=s12!

su$plot(.,1,.)

stem(s.)!

xla$el(t)!

&la$el(amplitu#e)!

title(attenuate# input signal)!

% 6ime s/aling

t = [0:04:pi]! % in#epen#ent (time) ;aria$le

= 3! % amplitu#e

1 = 2! % /reate a 2 >z sine 9a;e lasting 1 se/

s1 = *sin(2*pi*1*t)!

su$plot(.,1,1)

stem(s1)!

xla$el(t)!

&la$el(amplitu#e)!title (sine signal)

s2=*sin(2*2*pi*1*t)! % s/aling $& a=

su$plot(.,1,2)

stem(s2)!

xla$el(t)!

&la$el(amplitu#e)!

title (s/ale# sine signal 9it" a=)

s.=*sin(4*pi*1*t)! % s/aling $& a=1

su$plot(.,1,.)!stem(s.)!

xla$el(t)!

&la$el(amplitu#e)!

title (s/ale# sine signal 9it" a=1)



58/104

%--------------------time s"iting---------------%/l/

/lear all

/lose all

t = [0:01:pi]! % in#epen#ent (time) ;aria$le

= 3! % amplitu#e

1 = 2!

s1 = *sin(2*pi*1*t)!

su$plot(.,1,1)

stem(t,s1)

xla$el(t)!

&la$el(amplitu#e)!

title(input signal)

su$plot(.,1,2)

stem(t10,s1)

xla$el(t)!

&la$el(amplitu#e)!

title(rig"t s"ite# signal)

su$plot(.,1,.)

stem(t-10,s1)

xla$el(t)!

&la$el(amplitu#e)!

title(let s"ite# signal)!

%--operation on se8uen/es ?it" input #is/rete ;alues---%

/lear all!

x=[1,2,1,2,1,.,2]!

@1=lengt"(x)!

n=0:1:@1-1!

su$plot(.,.,1),stem(n,x)!

xla$el(n)!&la$el(x)!

title(input se8uen/e x(n))!

&=2*x!su$plot(.,.,2),stem(n,&)!

xla$el(n)!&la$el(&)!

title(multipl& se8uen/e &(n)=2*x(n))!

&1=x.!

su$plot(.,.,.),stem(n,&1)!

title(#i;i#e# se8uen/e &1=x.)!



59/104

n1=-(@1-1):1:0!

x1=[2,.,1,2,1,2,1]!

&2=x1!

su$plot(.,.,),stem(n1,&2)!

title(time re;ersal or ol#e# se8uen/e &2=x(-n))!

&.=x10!

su$plot(.,.,4),stem(n,&.)!

title(a##ition operation to x(n))!

x2=[1,2,1,2,1,.,2]!

@2=lengt"(x2)!

n2=0:1:@2-1!

su$plot(.,.,5),stem(n2-2,x2)!


title(s"ite# #ela&e# input se8uen/e x(n-2))!

x.=[1,2,1,2,1,.,2]!

@.=lengt"(x.)!

n.=0:@2-1!

su$plot(.,.,),stem(n.2,x.)!


title(s"ite# a#;an/e# input se8uen/e x(n2))!

x=[1,2,.,,4]!

n4=lengt"(x)!

A=x*x!

su$plot(.,.,2),stem(A)!

title(input se8uen/e)!

su$plot(.,.,3)!stem(A)!

title(energ&)!

p=norm(A)B2lengt"(x)!

su$plot(.,.,


60/104



61/104



62/104

RESULT# # Variou" operation" "uch a" aition% multiplication% "u&traction% time/"hi$tin!%Folin! on "i!nal" an compute ener!y an po#er o$ "i!nal" 1 0equence" u"in! Matla& i" one-



63/104

E$ERIMENT*6-

TITLE# CONVOLUTION BET3EEN SIGNALS SEKUENCES

AIM# Write a Matla& pro!ram $or con(olution &et#een "i!nal" an "equence"-


$ROCEDURE#



9- Write the pro!ram in Matla& Eitor:- Clic' on "a(e $rom File ta& or pre"" CtrlH0 .ey

;- Clic' on Run 3utton )re"ent on the Eitor Wino# or )re"" F; .ey



64/104

OUT$UT#

6=0200!t=-1:001:1!x=sin(2*pi*t6)!su$plot(2,2,1),plot(t,x)!title(input signal)!t1=t-1!"=sin(2*pi*t16)!su$plot(2,2,2),plot(t1,")!title(impulse response signal)!&=/on;(x,")!su$plot(2,2,.)!plot(&)!title(/on;ol;e# signal)!



65/104

*******************CONVOLUTION BET3EEN SEKUENCES*********************

/lear all!x=[1,2,1,2,1,.,2]!@1=lengt"(x)!n=0:1:@1-1!su$plot(2,2,1),stem(n,x)!xla$el(n),&la$el(x(n))!title(input se8uen/e x(n))!"=[1,-1,2,-2,1,1]!@2=lengt"(")!n1=0:1:@2-1!



66/104

su$plot(2,2,2),stem(n1,")!xla$el(n)!&la$el("(n))!title(impulse signal "(n))!&=/on;(x,")!n2=0:1:@1@2-2!su$plot(2,1,2),stem(n2,&)!xla$el(n),&la$el(&(n))!title(/on;olution o 2 se8uen/es x(n) an# "(n))!

RESULT# Con(olution &et#een "i!nal" 1 "equence" i" one u"in!

Matla&-



67/104

E$ERIMENT4 6.

TITLE# AUTOCORRELATION CROSS CORRELATION BET3EEN SIGNALS

SEKUENCES

AIM# Write a matla& pro!ram $or autocorrelation 1 cro"" correlation &et#een "i!nal" 1

"equence"



$ROCEDURE#







68/104

OUT$UT#



69/104

/////////////////////Auto Correlation o$ t#o 0i!nal"/////////////////////////

@=102!

1=1!7s=200!n=0:@-1!

x=sin(2*pi*1*n7s)

t=[1:@]*(17s)!

su$plot(2,1,1)!

plot(t,x)!

title(sin9a;e o re8uen/& 1000"z(7s=300"z))!

xla$el(time[s])!

&la$el(amplitu#e)!

gri#!xx=x/orr(x)!

su$plot(2,1,2)!

plot(xx)!

title(auto /orrelation o sin9a;e)!

xla$el(lags)!&la$el(auto/orrelation)!



70/104

%auto /orrelation o a se8uen/e

/lear all!

x=[1,2,.,,4]!

#isp(x ;alues are)!

&=x/orr(x,x)!

su$plot(2,1,1),stem(x)!

title(input se8uen/e)!

xla$el(a(n)-------------+)!

&la$el(amplitu#e)!

su$plot(2,1,2)!stem(&)!

title(output se8uen/e)!

xla$el(/(n)-----+)!

&la$el(amplitu#e)!

#isp(t"e result is)!&



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y

Column" 6 throu!h =;- 6:- 7


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su$plot(1,.,.)!stem(z)!

title(output se8uen/e)!

xla$el(/(n)-----+)!

&la$el(amplitu#e)!#isp(t"e result is)!

output:

z =

1.0000 7.0000 17.0000 28.0000 41.0000 48.0000

30.0000 13.0000 10.0000

/////////////////////Auto Correlation o$ a t#o 0i!nal"/////////////////////////clear allP

clo"e allP

clcP

t -67P

a co"+7 pi t,Pre" ?corr7+a,P

"u&plot+7%7%6,Pplot+a,P

?la&el+\//// 0ample"\,P

yla&el+\//// Amplitue\,Ptitle+\Input "i!nal+6,\,P

"u&plot+7%7%X9%:,P



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plot+re",P

?la&el+\//// 0ample"\,P

yla&el+\//// Amplitue\,Ptitle+\Output 0i!nal\,P

OUT$UT#

RESULT# Autocorrelation an cro""/correlation &et#een "i!nal" 1 "equence" i" one u"in! Matla&



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E$ERIMENT*65

TITLE# VERI@ICATION O@ LINEARITY AND TIME INVARIANCE $RO$ERTIES O@

SYSTEM

AIM# Write a matla& pro!ram $or (eri$ication o$ linearity an time in(ariance propertie"

o$ "y"tem-A$$ARATUS# Computer loae #ith Wino#" )


$ROCEDURE#





;- Clic' on Run 3utton )re"ent on the Eitor Wino# or )re"" F; .ey;- )er$orm error chec' i$ any% #hich i" i"playe on the Comman #ino# an Moi$y i$ any-


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su$plot(.,.,5)!plot(n,&1#)!title(#ela&e# &1#(n),[&1(n-20)])!x2#=[zeros(1,20),x2(1:@-20)]!su$plot(.,.,)!plot(n,x2#)!gri#!title(#ela&e# x2#(n),[x2(n-20)])!&2#=x2#!su$plot(.,.,3)!plot(n,&2#)!gri#!title(#ela&e# &2#(n),[&2(n-20)])!



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$ROGRAM#

x1=input(enter irst input se8uen/e)!x2=input(enter se/on# input se8uen/e)!&1=x1!&2=x2!

i[(x1x2)==(&1&2)] #isp(gi;en se8uen/e is a##iti;e)!else #isp(gi;en se8uen/e is non a##iti;e)!en#C=input(enter s/aling ;alue o C)!&.=C*x1!&=C*x2!i((C*x1C*x2)==(C*&1C*&2)) #isp(gi;en se8uen/e is "omegene)!else #isp(gi;en se8uen/e is not "omegene)!en#%%%%%%%%@1=lengt"(x1)!n=0:1:@1-1!su$plot(.,.,1)!stem(n,x1)!xla$el(n),&la$el(x)!title(irst input se8uen/e x1[n])!@2=lengt"(x2)!m=0:1:@2-1!su$plot(.,.,2)!stem(m,x2)!xla$el(m),&la$el(x)!title(se/on# input se8uen/e x2[n])!x1#=[zeros(1,2),x1(1:@1-2)]!su$plot(.,.,.),stem(n,x1#)!xla$el(n-2),&la$el(x1[n-2])!title(#ela&e# input se8uen/e x1[n-2])!

@.=lengt"(x1)!n1=0:1:@.-1!su$plot(.,.,)!stem(n1,&1)!xla$el(n1),&la$el(&1)!title(irst output se8uen/e &1[n])!&1#=[zeros(1,2),&1(1:@.-2)]!su$plot(.,.,4),stem(n1,&1#)!xla$el(n-2),&la$el(&1[n-2])!@=lengt"(&2)!n2=0:1:@-1!su$plot(.,.,5)!stem(n2,&2)!xla$el(n2),&la$el(&2)!title(se/on# output se8uen/e &2[n])!&2#=[zeros(1,2),&1(1:@-2)]!su$plot(.,.,),stem(n2,&2#)!xla$el(n-2),&la$el(&2[n-2])!title(se/on# #ela&e# input se8uen/e &1[n-2])!%%%%%%%%%%%%%%su$plot(.,.,3),stem(n1,&.)!xla$el(n1),&la$el(&.)!title(output se8uen/e &.=C*x1)!su$plot(.,.,


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title(output se8uen/e &=C*x2)!%%%%%%%%%%%%%i(x1#==&1#) #isp(gi;en se8uen/e is an linear time in;arient s&stem)!else #isp(gi;en se8uen/e is not a linear time in;arient s&stem)!en#

RESULT# Veri$ication o$ linearity an time in(ariance propertie" o$ "y"tem i" one u"in!Matla&-



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$ROGRAM#t/6-66P

y6"in+t,P

y7co"+t,P

"u&plot+676,%plot+t%y6,%title+\"ine#a(e\,P!ri on"u&plot+677,%plot+t%y7,%title+\co"#a(e\,P!ri on

////////////////////linearity property///////////////

y97y6Py:9y7P

y;y9Hy:P

yt-y:P

y@y=Hy>P

e+y


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RESULT# Veri$ication o$ linearity an time in(ariance propertie" o$ "y"tem i" one u"in! Matla&-



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E$ERIMENT*>

TITLE# @INDING THE @OURIER TRANS@ORM O@ A GIVEN SIGNAL AND $LOTTING

ITS MAGNITUDE AND $HASE S$ECTRUM

AIM# Write a matla& pro!ram $or $inin! the Fourier Tran"$orm o$ a !i(en "i!nal an

plot it" Ma!nitue an pha"e "pectrum-A$$ARATUS# Computer loae #ith Wino#" )


$ROCEDURE#







81/104

OUT$UT#

RESULT# Fourier Tran"$orm o$ a !i(en "i!nal an plot o$ Ma!nitue an pha"e "pectrum i" oneu"in! MATLA3-



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E$ERIMENT*7

TITLE#3a)e fo!" S9nthesis usin% Lala'e T!ansfo!"

Ai"# Write a matla& pro!ram $or Wa(e $orm 0ynthe"i" u"in! Laplace tran"$ormA$$ARATUS# Computer loae #ith Wino#" )


-

$ROCEDURE#







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E$ERIMENT*:TITLE# GENERATION O@ GAUSSIAN NOISE COM$UTATION O@ ITS MEAN

M4S4VALUES AND ITS S?E3?URTOSIS AND $SD $ROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION

@UNCTION

AIM# Write a matla& pro!ram $or !eneration o$ Gau""ian noi"e% an computation o$ it" mean% mean "quare (alue"% an it" p"% pro&a&ility i"tri&ution $unction-

-


$ROCEDURE#







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x=-10:10!

p#uniorm=unip#(x,-4,4)!

su$plot(.,.,1)!plot(x,p#uniorm)!

title(uniorm pro$a$ilit& un/tion)!

x1=-14:01:24!

mu=.!

sigma=!

p#normal=normp#(x1,mu,sigma)!

su$plot(.,.,2)!plot(x1,p#normal)!

title(normal pro$al$ilit& un/tion)!

p#uniorm1=ran#(1,10000)!

su$plot(.,.,.)!"ist(p#uniorm1)!

title(uniorm pro$a$ilit& "istogram)!

su$plot(.,.,)!"ist(p#uniorm1,100)!

title(uniorm pro$a$ilit& ,100$in "istogram)!

p#mean=4!



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p#st#=!

p#normalss=ran#n(1,10000)*(p#st#p#mean)!

su$plot(.,.,4)!"ist(p#normalss)!

title(normal #istru$ution 9it" mean=4,st#=)!

su$plot(.,.,5)!"ist(p#normalss,100)!

title(normal #istru$ution 9it" mean=4,st#=)!

x=ran#n([4 ])

C=Curtosis(x)!

C1=sCe9ness(x)!

su$plot(.,.,1)!stem(C)!

title(sCe9)!

su$plot(.,.,2)!stem(C)!

title(Curtosis)!

%mean

x=normrn#(0,1,100,4)!

x$ar=(mean(x))!

su$plot(.,.,.)!stem(x$ar)!

title(mean)!

%me#ian

xo##=1:4!

mo##=me#ian(xo##)



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su$plot(.,.,)!stem(mo##)!

title(o## me#ian)!

xe;en=1:!

me;en=me#ian(xe;en)

su$plot(.,.,4)!stem(me;en)!

x=normrn#(0,1,100,5)!

title(e;en me#ian)!

%stan#er# #e;iation

&=st#(x)

su$plot(.,.,5)!stem(&)!

title(stan#ar# #e;iation)!

[n,p]=size(x)!

x=x-ones(n,1)*mean(x)!

&=x*x(n-1)!

title(stan#ar# #e;iation)!

%/orrelation

x=ran#n(.0,)!

x(:,)=sum(x,2)!

[r,p]=/orr/oe(x)

su$plot(.,.,)!stem([r,p])!

title(/orrelation)!

[i,D]=in#(p004)!

[i,D]

%;arien/e

x=[-1 1]!

9=[1 .]

;1=;ar(x)!

su$plot(.,.,3)!stem(;1)!

title(;arien/e)!



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7s=1000!t=0:17s:1!E=lengt"(t)!9=ran#n(1,E)!x=/os(2*pi*200*t)9!"=spe/trum9el/"!ps#(",x,7s,7s)!

RESULT# Generation o$ Gau""ian noi"e% an computation o$ it" mean% mean "quare (alue"%an it" "'e#%Curtosisan p"% pro&a&ility i"tri&ution $unction i" one &y u"in! Matla&-



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E$ERIMENT*

TITLE# VERI@ICATION O@ SAM$LING THEOREM

AIM# Write a matla& pro!ram $or (eri$ication o$ "amplin! theorem-

-


$ROCEDURE#

6- Open the Matla& "o$t#are &y ou&le clic'in! the icon on e"'top-7- Open the Matla& Eitor &y u"in! File Ta& ///Ne#///M/File on the Menu-





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$ROGRAM#/lear all!t=-4:00001:4!71=.!72=2.!x=/os(2*pi*71*t)/os(2*pi*72*t)!igure(1)!plot(t,x)!axis([-0 0 -2 2])!xla$el(time t in se/)!&la$el(x(t))!title(/ontinuous time signal )!7s1=1*72!ts1=17s1!

n1=-0:ts1:0!xs1=/os(2*pi*71*n1)/os(2*pi*72*n1)!igure(2)!stem(n1,xs1)!"ol# on!plot(t,x,r:)!axis([-0 0 -2 2])!"ol# oxla$el(time sample(n))!&la$el(amplitu#e)!title(#is/rete time signal)!legen#(7s27max)!7s2=2*72!ts2=17s2!n2=-0:ts2:0!xs2=/os(2*pi*71*n2)/os(2*pi*72*n2)!



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igure(.)!stem(n2,xs2)!"ol#!plot(t,x,r:)!axis([-0 0 -2 2])!"ol# oxla$el(time sample(n))!&la$el(amplitu#e)!title(#is/rete time signal)!legen#(7s=27max)!7s.=*72!ts.=17s.!n.=-0:ts.:0!xs.=/os(2*pi*71*n.)/os(2*pi*72*n.)!igure()!stem(n.,xs.)!"ol#!plot(t,x,r:)!axis([-0 0 -2 2])!"ol# oxla$el(time sample(n))!&la$el(amplitu#e)!title(#is/rete time signal)!legen#(7s+27max)!



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%program to ;eri& sampling t"eorem/lear all!t=-100:001:100!m=002!x=/os(2*pi*t*m)!su$plot(2,2,1)!plot(t,x)!xla$el(time in se/)!&la$el(x(t))!

title(/ontinuous signal)!s1=002!n=-2:2!x1=/os(2*pi*m*ns1)!su$plot(2,2,2)!stem(n,x1)!"ol# on!su$plot(2,2,2)!plot(n,x1,:)!title(#is/rete time signal x(n) 9it" s2m)!xla$el(n)!&la$el(x(n))!s2=00!n1=-:!x2=/os(2*pi*m*n1s2)!

su$plot(2,2,.)!stem(n1,x2)!"ol# on!su$plot(2,2,.)!plot(n1,x2,:)!title(#is/rete time signal x(n) 9it" s=2m)!xla$el(n)!&la$el(x(n))!n2=-40:40!s.=04!x.=/os(2*pi*m*n2s.)!su$plot(2,2,)!stem(n2,x.)!



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"ol# on!su$plot(2,2,)!plot(n2,x.,:)!title(#is/rete time signal x(n) 9it" s+2m)!xla$el(n)!&la$el(x(n))!

RESULT# 0amplin! theorem (eri$ication i" one &y u"in! Matla&-



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E$ERIMENT#+6

TITLE#Re"o)al of noise b9 Auto'o!!elation an& '!oss 'o!!elation

AIM# Write a matla& pro!ram $or remo(al o$ noi"e &y autocorrelation 1 cro"" correlation-

-


$ROCEDURE#







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OUT$UT#

$ROGRAM#@=102!1=1!7s=100!n=0:@-1!x=sin(2*pi*1*n7s)!su$plot(.,1,1)!plot(x)!title(pure sine 9a;e)!gri#!x1=x(10*ran#n(1,@))!su$plot(.,1,2)!

plot(x1)!title(pure sine9a;e noise)!gri#!xx=x/orr(x,x1)!su$plot(.,1,.)!plot(xx)!title(auto /orrelation xx)!



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OUT$UT#



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$ROGRAM#clcP

///////////!enerate "inu"oial "i!nal/////////////////////////t-66P

? "in+7pit,P !enerate "inu"oial "i!nal

$i!ure%plot+t%?,Ptitle+\"inu"oial "i!nal\,

///////////!enerate !au""ian noi"e/////////////////////////

_ WGN+6% 76% 6% \comple?\,P_ WGN+6% 66% 6% \real\,P

///////////!enerate +"inu"oialHnoi"e, "i!nal/////////////////////////

?H_P$i!ure+7,%plot+t%,%title+\"inu"oial "i!nalH!au""ian noi"e\,

" ?corr7+?%,P

$i!ure+9,%plot+",%title+\E?traction o$ "inu"oial "i!nal\,P

OUT$UT#



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RESULT#Remo(al o$ noi"e &y autocorrelation 1 cro"" correlation i" one &y u"in! Matla&-



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E$ERIMENT*++

TITLE# IM$ULSE RES$ONSE O@ A RAISED COSINE @ILTER

AIM# Write a matla& pro!ram $or impul"e re"pon"e o$ rai"e co"ine $ilter

-


$ROCEDURE#







100/104

$ROGRAM#

%parametres

#ela&=.!

#ataF=20!

=04!

7s=3!7#=1!

'ropG=0!

%generate ran#om #ata at time 0,17#,27#

x=ran#sr/(#ataF,1,[],124)!

tx=['ropG:'ropG#ataF-1]7#!

%plot #ata

stem(tx,x)!

xla$el(time)!&la$el(amplitu#e)!

%set axisHla$els

axis([0 .0 -14 14])!

OUT$UT#



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$ROGRAM#clcP

t/6-66P

////////////////////5nit Impul"e/////////////////////?66P

?7P

? ?6-+t,P !enerate 5nit Impul"e 0i!nal

"u&plot+676,% plot+?,P plot the !enerate 5nit Impul"e 0i!nal?la&el+\t\,P yla&el+\?+t,\,P title+\5nit impul"e 0i!nal\,P

//////////////impul"e re"pon"e o$ rai"e co"ine $ilter///////////

y rco"$lt+?%6%>%\$ir\,P 0ame a" ori!inal e?ample

y rco"$lt+?%6%>%\$ir4"qrt\,P FIR "quare/root RC $ilter y rco"$lt+?%6%>%\iir\,P IIR rai"e co"ine $ilter

y rco"$lt+?%6%>%\iir4"qrt\,P IIR "quare/root RC $ilter y rco"$lt+?%6%>%\$ir\,P

"u&plot+677,%plot+y,



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OUT$UT#

RESULT# Impul"e re"pon"e o$ Rai"e co"ine $ilter i" one &y u"in! Matla&-

E$ERIMENT*+,



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TITLE# CHEC?ING A RANDOM $ROCESS @OR STATIONARITY IN 3IDE SENSE

AIM# Write a matla& pro!ram $or chec'in! o$ Wie 0en"e 0tationary-



$ROCEDURE#

6- Open the Matla& "o$t#are &y ou&le clic'in! the icon on e"'top-7- Open the Matla& Eitor &y u"in! File Ta& ///Ne#///M/File on the Menu-





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E1=mean(1)!

su$plot(.,.,)!stem(E1)!

title( mean o lippe# se8uen/e)!

OUT$UT#

RESULT# Chec'in! o$ Wie 0en"e 0tationary pro!ram i" one &y u"in! Matla&

Date post:	28-Feb-2018
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Electrical Technology and Basic Simulation Laboratory1

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