Electrical Technology Grade 12

7/23/2019 Electrical Technology Grade 12

1/266

EFEARPNAHF

REAMKCFCO^

OPHBE 80

FEHPKEPQ OUNBE

Rrevcr Hbhjs

Qteve Jntameff

AH\Q


2/266


3/266

Efeatrnahf ReamkcfcoyOrhbe 80 Fehrkers Ounbe

QHJ\FE AC\^


4/266

Iuture Jhkhoers 0?=*8*??5=8*


5/266

\fehse kcte tmht tmns acpy ns cr shjpfe purpcses ckfy hkb wnff stnff ukberoc

ikhf ebntnko+ Ackthat Iuture Jhkhoers cr jcre bethnfs ck wmek ikhf acpnesahk `e crbereb cr fnde cur Ihae`ccd phoe tc `e dept up tc bhte+


6/266

Acktekts

Amhpter 87 Caauphtnckhf mehftm hkb shetyBhkoercus prhatnaes+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++0Pnsd hkhfysns+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++1Mujhk rnomts nk tme wcrdpfhae+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++2_crd etmnas+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++5@feebnko ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++=

Amhpter 07 Rree*pmhse HA oekerhtnckHbvhkthoes hkb bnshbvhkthoes c snkofe*vs+ tmree*pmhse systejs++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++80Qnkofe pmhse oekerhtnck++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++85Rree*pmhse oekerhtnck++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++89Rree*pmhse systejs7 sthr*vs+*befth -befth*vs+*sthr. ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++8=\cwer nk tmree*pmhse systejs hkb ahfaufhtncks +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++00Fcsses +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++09Ackaept c pcwer hatcr acrreatnck++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++0?d_m jeter +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++12

Amhpter 57 PAF anraunts

Nkbuatnve rehathkae ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++8


7/266

Amhpter 97 FconaJhnk acjpckekts c h \FA++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++828@hsna cperhtnck c \FA ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++821@hsna fhbber fcona nkstruatncks +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++825Fhbber fcona bnhorhjs++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++829Fcona ohtes hkb nts fhbber equnvhfekts ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++82>Ackvertnko @ccfehk expressncks tc fhbber bnhorhjs +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++858

Dhrkhuom jhps +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++852Acj`nkhtnck fcona ketwcrds+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++890Jctcr sthrter acktrcf7 h snjpfe hpprcham ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++899

Amhpter ?7 HjpfniersAmhrhaternstnas c tme nbehf cperhtnckhf hjpfner +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++8=1

C\*hjp useb hs hk nkteorhtcr ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++8>9C\*hjp useb hs bnierektnhtcr +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++8>=@n*sth`fe juftnvn`rhtcr +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++0


8/266


9/266

Amhpter 8

Caauphtnckhf mehftm hkb shiety

Efeatrnahf smcadJebnahf

ejeroekanes

H @

Mujhk rnomtsCMQ Hat

H @


10/266

0

8 Efeatrnahf Reamkcfcoy

Nktrcbuatnck

Qhety hkb rst hnb hre tme twc jcst njpcrthkt tmnkos tmht just hfwhys è mnom cktme prncrnty fnst c hky persck wcrdnko nk hky wcrdsmcp& `no cr sjhff hkb ck hkyackstruatnck snte+ @enko hwhre c shety hkb dkcwnko scje `hsna rst hnb ahk èvery mefpuf hkb ahk evek shve h fne+ _e just rejejèr& shety ns tme respcksn`nfnty

c every snkofe persck& kct gust c tme ejpfcyer cr hatcry cwker+ Jcst haanbekts hreahuseb `y tme ahrefess hats c mujhks+ @eahuse efeatrnanty ns very bhkoercus& ahrejust è thdek tc è shety acksancus hff tme tnje wmek ùsy nk h wcrdsmcp+

Nk Qcutm Hrnah& we mhve tme Caauphtnckhf Mehftm hkb Qhety Hat -CMQ Hat.tmht reoufhtes wcrdpfhae shety nk oekerhf nk cur acuktry+ Nt ns tme hnj c tme Hattc efnjnkhte cr rebuae wcrd*refhteb haanbekts+ Nt hfsc trnes tc eksure tmht wcrdersmhve h she ekvnrckjekt nk wmnam tc wcrd+ Haacrbnko tc tme Hat& hk haanbekt ns hkukpfhkkeb& ukacktrcffeb evekt ahuseb `y ukshe hats hkb ackbntncks+

Re Hat acjpefs tme ejpfcyer tc eksure tme wcrdpfhae jeets shety sthkbhrbs `yhppcnktnko pecpfe hkb acjjnttees wmcse thsd nt ns tc jckntcr tmenr shety nk tme

wcrdpfhae+ Re ejpfcyers ahk è puknsmeb hkb keb n jhamnkery cr wcrdnkoackbntncks hre cukb tc è ukshe+

Mukbrebs c haanbekts caaur hkkuhffy ck cur rchbs& nk jnkes& nk tme wcrdpfhaehkb ck ackstruatnck sntes& kct ckfy èahuse c ukshe wcrdnko ackbntncks ùt hfscèahuse pecpfe èacje acjpfhaekt& hat keofnoektfy& fcse ackaektrhtnck cr hretcc tnreb cr tcc mhsty+ c eksure shety nk tme wcrdpfhae jehks tmht every snkofepersck mhs tc è hwhre c pctektnhf bhkoers ht hff tnjes+ Fehrkers mhve tc haqunretme keaesshry dkcwfeboe hkb sdnffs tc ekh`fe tmej tc prevekt haanbekts rcjmhppeknko+

Nk oekerhf& shety ns ukberstccb tc è tme h`sekae c bhkoer cr rnsd+ Mcwever&haanbekts caaur wmek wcrders hre tcc acjpfhaekt hkb tmek thde rnsds èahuse tmeytmnkd kctmnko wnff mhppek tc tmej+

Ukshie hatncks

Hs jektnckeb ehrfner& jcst haanbekts hre ahuseb `y mujhk ahrefesskess+ Mcwever&haanbekts hfsc caaur wmek wcrders hre tcc acjpfhaekt hkb tmek thde rnsds èahusetmey tmnkd kctmnko wnff mhppek tc tmej+

@efcw hre scje ukshe hatncks respcksn`fe cr jcst haanbekts nk wcrdsmcps+

Ihnfure tc wehr prcteatnve afctmnko hkb eye wehr wmek ornkbnko& brnffnko crwcrdnko wntm hanb hkb amejnahfs+ Re ukshe pfhaejekt c tccfs+ Mcrsepfhy nk wcrdsmcp rukknko hrcukb hkb pfhynko tme ccf+ Re ukshe use c equnpjekt cr nkacrreat use c equnpjekt+ rynko tc jhde hbgustjekts cr wcrdnko ck jcvnko equnpjekt+ hdnko up ukshe pcsntncks+ _crdnko tcc qunadfy+

Bhkoercus prhatnaes

Bhkoercus prhatnaes jcst acjjckfy reer tc prcaesses cr hatnvntnes tmht mhve scjecrj c rnsd cr mhzhrb wmek percrjeb+ Nk hk efeatrnahf wcrdsmcp& jhky hatnvntnescr thsds bcke ahk è reerreb tc hs bhkoercus prhatnaes+ N tme user c tme wcrdsmcpns kct ahutncus c suam sntuhtncks cr prhatnaes& tmey acufb fehb tc serncus nkgury crevek behtm+ @efcw hre h ew suam bhkoercus prhatnaes+


11/266

1

Caauphtnckhf mehftm hkb shiety 8

Re etamnko c prnkteb anraunt `chrbs -\A@s. `y jhdnko use c amejnahfs hkbhanbs+ Re amejnahfs ahk è mhrjuf hs tmey acufb bhjhoe ycur afctmes cr evekè bhkoercus tc ycur sdnk+ Nt ns tmerecre njpcrthkt cr hky`cby nkvcfveb nktme etamnko c \A@s tc c`serve tme shety rufes& n+e+ wehr prcteatnve afctmnko& crexhjpfe& ru`èr hprcks& ru`èr ofcves& respnrhtcry jhsds hkb eye prcteatnck+

Hkctmer bhkoercus prhatnae ns tme use c pcwer tccfs -efeatrna mhkb brnff& ekam hkb

mhkb*mefb ornkbnko jhamnkes.+ Fehrkers hre scjetnje very refuathkt tc c`serve hfftme shety rufes reohrbnko tme use c pcwer tccfs& wmnam ahk fehb tc serncus nkgury+Brnff `nts tmht hre kct seaurefy tnomtekeb& usnko ycur mhkb tc mcfb tme pneae cjhternhf tc è brnffeb& kct wehrnko prcteatnve eye wehr hkb prcteatnve afctmnko& kcttuadnko hwhy hff fccse*mhkonko afctmes hkb fcko mhnr& kct nkspeatnko tme efeatrnahfacrbs c tme tccfs& ahk hff fehb tc ukkeaesshry haanbekts+

Nkacrreat use c mhkb tccfs ns hfsc h very bhkoercus prhatnae nk h wcrdsmcp+ ccfsjust è uffy ukatnckhf hkb just è useb cr tme purpcse cr wmnam tmey werejhbe+ Ukber kc anraujsthkaes smcufb hkycke use h fe wntmcut h mhkbfe cr wntm h`rcdek mhkbfe+ Kever use h sarewbrnver hs h fever cr h amnsef+ Nt ns njpcrthkt tmht

ycu sefeat tme acrreat snze sarewbrnver cr h gc`& hnfnko tc use tme acrreat snze wnffresuft nk tme tnp ènko bhjhoeb& jhdnko nt fess eeatnve+ _mek ycu use hky pfnerscr autters& pfehse eksure tme mhkbfe ns nksufhteb tc prevekt efeatrnahf smcads+ Hfwhyseksure tme `fhbe c h `fhbe dkne ns retrhateb wmek kct nk use tc prevekt hkyckercj ènko aut+

Ukshie ackbntncks

Ukshe ackbntncks hre hfsc h `no acktrnùtcr tc jhky haanbekthf jnsmhps nk tmewcrd*pfhae+ Ukshe ackbntncks reer tc h mhzhrbcus& rnsdy cr bhkoercus ekvnrckjektcr surrcukbnkos tmht ahk fehb tc haanbekts+ Fet us fccd ht h ew ukshe ackbntncks+

Nkhbequhte ouhrbnko c jhamnkes+ @hb vektnfhtnck+ Pcuom& wet cr sfnppery ccrs+ Kc persckhf prcteatnve equnpjekt+ H bnscrohknseb wcrdsmcp+ Cverarcwbnko nk h wcrdsmcp+ @hbfy pfhkkeb wcrdsmcp+ Fccse*mhkonko afctmnko hkb fcko mhnr+ Nksuanekt fnomt nk wcrdpfhae+

Pnsd hkhfysns

Pnsd hkhfysns ns tme prcaess c beknko hkb hkhfysnko tme bhkoers tc nkbnvnbuhfs hkbùsnkesses pcseb `y pctektnhf khturhf hkb mujhk*ahuseb hbverse evekts+ H rnsdhkhfysns repcrt ahk è entmer quhktnthtnve cr quhfnthtnve+

_ntm h quhktnthtnve rnsd hkhfysns& hk httejpt ns jhbe tc beterjnke kujernahffytme prc`h`nfntnes c vhrncus hbverse evekts hkb tme fndefy extekt c tme fcsses n hphrtnaufhr evekt were tc thde pfhae+

Ck tme ctmer mhkb& h quhfnthtnve rnsd hkhfysns bces kct nkvcfve kujernahfprc`h`nfntnes cr prebnatncks c fcss+ Nkstehb& tme quhfnthtnve jetmcb nkvcfves beknko

tme vhrncus tmrehts& beterjnknko tme extekt c vufkerh`nfntnes hkb oekerhtnkoacukterjehsures smcufb scjetmnko ukcreseek caaur+


12/266

2


Nt ns tmerecre njpcrthkt cr hky ejpfcyer tc bc h rnsd hssessjekt nk tme wcrdpfhaetc jhde sure tmht kc cke oets murt cr èacjes nff tmht h persck returks mcjeshefy hier wcrd+ Pnsd jhkhoejekt ns kctmnko jcre tmhk h ahreuf exhjnkhtnck cwmht acufb ahuse mhrj tc pecpfe nk ycur wcrdpfhae -h quhfnthtnve rnsd hkhfysns.+ Nkjhky nksthkaes& strhnomtcrwhrb jehsures ahk rehbnfy acktrcf rnsds& cr exhjpfe&eksurnko spnffhoes hre afehkeb up prcjptfy sc pecpfe bc kct sfnp& cr aup`chrbbrhwers dept afcseb tc eksure pecpfe bc kct trnp+ Icr jcst& tmht jehks snjpfe&

amehp hkb eeatnve jehsures tc eksure tmht ycur jcst vhfuh`fe hsset ycurwcrdcrae ns prcteateb+

Re cffcwnko tmnkos just è dept nk jnkb wmek bcnko rnsd jhkhoejekt7 nkvcfve wcrders nk tme prcaess bckt use nt tc gustny h beansnck tmht mhs hfrehby èek jhbe acksnber occb prhatnae nk ycur nkbustry deep reacrbs c hky rnsd jhkhoejekt hatnvntnes ukberthdek+

Pnsd jhkhoejekt ns h ive step prcaess cr acktrcffnko expcsure tc mehftm hkb shetyrnsds hsscanhteb wntm mhzhrbs nk tme wcrdpfhae+

Nbektny tme mhzhrb+ Beanbe wmc jnomt è mhrjeb hkb mcw+ Evhfuhte tme rnsd hkb beanbe ck preahutncks +

Peacrb ycur kbnkos hkb njpfejekt tmej +

Pevnew ycur hssessjekt hkb upbhte n keaesshry+

_mek tmnkdnko h`cut ycur rnsd hssessjekt& rejejèr7 h mhzhrb ns hkytmnko tmht jhy ahuse mhrj& suam hs amejnahfs& efeatrnanty& wcrdnko

rcj fhbbers& hk cpek brhwer& eta4 hkb tme rnsdns tme amhkae& mnom cr fcw& tmht scje`cby acufb è mhrjeb `y tmese hkb

ctmer mhzhrbs& tcoetmer wntm hk nkbnahtnck c mcw serncus tme mhrj acufb è+

Mujhk rnomts nk tme wcrdpfhae

Amhpter 0 c tme Qcutm Hrnahk Ackstntutnck ackthnks tme @nff c Pnomts& wmnamackthnks tme mujhk rnomts wmnam prcteat hff Qcutm Hrnahks+

Mujhk rnomts hre hfsc ahffeb khturhf rnomts+ Nt ns hroueb tmht tmey èfcko tc pecpfegust èahuse tmey hre mujhk ènkos+ \ecpfe hre ektntfeb tc tmej reohrbfess c wmeretmey fnve nk tme wcrfb cr c tmenr pcsntnck nk scanety+ Nt bceskt jhtter wmht h perscksrhae& sex& hoe& afhss& fhkouhoe& èfnes& aufture cr refnonck hre& cr mcw juam jckeycr ebuahtnck h persck mhs& we hff mhve tme shje mujhk rnomts+ Jcst pecpfe wcufbsuppcrt mujhk rnomts tmht hre `hseb ck `hsna vhfues& suam hs respeat cr mujhk fnehkb mujhk bnoknty+

Jhky c tme prnkanpfes c tme Mujhk Pnomts Hat hre besnokeb tc prcteat ycu hsh wcrder wntmnk tme wcrdpfhae+ Nt ns h`cut prcteatnko tme mujhk bnoknty c tmewcrders+ Mujhk rnomts hre h`cut eksurnko tmht ycur mujhk bnoknty ns kct nkrnkoebhkb tmht ycu& hs tme wcrder& hre trehteb wntm bnoknty& respeat hkb hre kct expfcnteb+Icr exhjpfe& ycu mhve tme rnomt tc h prnvhte hkb hjnfy fne+ Qc hk ejpfcyer wmcbnsarnjnkhtes hohnkst h ohy wcrder& cr exhjpfe& jhy è vncfhtnko tmht wcrders rnomttc h prnvhte fne+


13/266

5


^cur ejpfcyer mhs tme rnomt tc jckntcr acjjuknahtncks wntmnk tme wcrdpfhae hsfcko hs ycu hre hwhre c tme jckntcrnko ècre nt thdes pfhae+ Jckntcrnko ahk acver7 e*jhnfs Nkterket haaess tefepmcke ahffs bhth njhoes+

^cu mhve tme rnomt tc see hky nkcrjhtnck mefb h`cut ycu -cr exhjpfe& e*jhnfscr AAY ccthoe.+ ^cur rnomt tc h prnvhte fne jehks ycu mhve tme rnomt tc scjeprnvhay nk tme wcrdpfhae+ ^cu ahkt è jckntcreb everywmere+ N ycur ejpfcyerbceskt respeat tmns& me#sme wnff è `rehamnko mujhk rnomts fhw+

Mujhk bnoknty ht wcrd ns hfsc h`cut jhdnko sure tmht wcrdnko ackbntncks crwcrders hre occb& n+e+ occb vektnfhtnck& ekcuom fnomt& ekcuom sphae tc wcrd& hkekvnrckjekt tmht ns kct mhrjuf tc tmenr mehftm cr weff*ènko+ Ctmer nssues tmht hrehfsc acvereb `y mujhk rnomts hre7 cur rnomt tc kct tc è bnsarnjnkhteb hohnkst èahuse c ycur rhae& sex& refnonck&

fhkouhoe& bnsh`nfnty& eta+ cur rnomt tc ehrk h fnvnko whoe+ cur rnomt tc wcrd rehsckh`fe mcurs+ cur rnomt tc efcko tc h trhbe uknck+ Kc cke jhy è su`geateb tc sfhvery cr craeb fh`cur+ Everycke mhs tme rnomt tc hnr fh`cur prhatnaes+

_crd etmnas

_crd etmnas nkafube kct ckfy mcw cke eefs h`cut ycur gc`& ahreer cr caauphtnck&ùt hfsc mcw cke percrjs ycur gc` cr respcksn`nfntnes+ Rns nkvcfves httntube&

èmhvncur& respeat& acjjuknahtnck& hkb nkterhatnck4 mcw cke oets hfcko wntmctmers+ _crd etmnas bejckstrhte jhky tmnkos h`cut tme persck hkb wmc me#sme nshkb mcw me#sme èmhves+

_crd etmnas nkvcfve suam amhrhaternstnas hs mckesty hkb haacukth`nfnty+ Essektnhffy&wcrd etmnas `rehd bcwk tc wmht cke bces cr wcufb bc nk h phrtnaufhr sntuhtnck+_crd etmnas hre nktrnksna4 tmey acje rcj wntmnk+

Qteps tcwhrbs ètter wcrd etmnas

8+ Httekbhkae Httekbhkae hkb pukatuhfnty ciek mhve h fhroe njphat ck nkbnvnbuhf hkb tehj

suaaess+ Fhtekess cr h`sekteensj ahk hfsc orehtfy njphat gc` percrjhkae hkbretektnck+

Mcw ycu ahk jhnkthnk occb httekbhkae7 Jhde wcrd h mnom prncrnty+ Dkcw ycur samebufe+ Jhde use c hk hfhrj afcad+ Oet ekcuom sfeep+ Hrrhkoe ycur trhkspcrthtnck+ Nkcrj ycur supervnscr c hk h`sekae+

0+ AmhrhaterHk ejpfcyer expeats ejpfcyees tc wcrd tcoetmer tcwhrb hamnevnko tmec`geatnves c tme acjphky+ Re wnse ejpfcyee wmc ns nkteresteb nk mhvnko h occbrefhtncksmnp wntm hk ejpfcyer wnff try tc mefp tme ejpfcyer hamneve suaaess+ Re


14/266

9


ejpfcyer expeats ejpfcyees tc bevefcp aerthnk besnrh`fe trhnts tmht wnff mefptmej tc percrj tmenr gc`s weff sc tmht tme acjphky ahk suaaeeb+ Qcje c tmesetrhnts nkafube7 fcyhfty mckesty trustwcrtmnkess bepekbh`nfnty

refnh`nfnty nkntnhtnve sef*bnsanpfnke sef*respcksn`nfnty+

1+ Rehjwcrd Nt ns vnthf tmht ejpfcyees wcrd hs h tehj+ Nt ns njpcrthkt kct ckfy tc tmenr

persckhf suaaess hkb hbvhkaejekt& ùt hfsc tc tmht c tmenr ac*wcrders hkb tctme acjphky+ ehjwcrd nkvcfves tme cffcwnko hspeats7 Pespeatnko tme rnomts c ctmers+ @enko h tehj wcrder+

@enko ac*cperhtnve+ @enko hssertnve+ Bnspfhynko h pcsntnve austcjer servnae httntube+ Qeednko cppcrtukntnes cr acktnkucus fehrknko+ Bejckstrhtnko pcfnte èmhvncur+ Pespeatnko ackbektnhfnty+

2+ HppehrhkaeRe rst njpressnck c h persck ns oekerhffy arehteb wntmnk tmree seackbs+ N ycuhppehr uktnby hkb ycur afctmes hre arehseb& ycu jhy onve tme njpressnck tmhtycur wcrd ns sfcppy+ N ycu bress hs h prcessnckhf& tme rst njpressnck ycu onvewnff e exaeffekt+

5+ HttntubeNt ns very njpcrthkt tc bejckstrhte h pcsntnve httntube& hppehr sef*ackbekt& hkbmhve rehfnstna expeathtncks cr ycursef+ Bevefcpnko hkb jhnkthnknko h pcsntnvehttntube nkvcfves settnko rehfnstna expeathtncks cr cursefves ht wcrd+ Rese ochfssmcufb è amhffekonko& ùt c`thnkh`fe+

9+ \rcbuatnvntyNk crber tc è h prcbuatnve ejpfcyee& h persck just cffcw shety prcaebures&ackserve jhternhfs& deep tme wcrd hreh keht hkb afehk hkb cffcw bnreatncksprcperfy+

?+ Crohknshtnckhf sdnffsEjpfcyers acksnber eeatnve tnje jhkhoejekt hkb crohknshtnckhf sdnffs hs occbwcrd mh`nts+

Jebnahf ejeroekanes

Jebnahf ejeroekanes hre nkgurnes& cr hk nffkess tmht ns severe hkb pcses h serncusrnsd tc h perscks fne cr fcko*terj mehftm+ Re trehtjekt c jebnahf ejeroekaneswcufb requnre tme servnaes c h bcatcr& kurse cr hky ctmer persck wntm tme keaesshryjebnahf#rst hnb quhfnahtncks+ _e just hfsc kcte tmht kct hff jebnahf ejeroekanes

hre fne*tmrehteknko ùt ckfy requnre jebnahf httektnck tc prevekt hky uture jebnahfprc`fejs+


15/266

?


Jebnahf ejeroekanes nk tme wcrdpfhae hre sefbcj expeateb hkb very rhrefy prcperfypfhkkeb cr+ Qmcufb tmere è h jebnahf ejeroekay wmere ycu wcrd& ycur fevef cprephrebkess acufb jehk tme bnerekae ètweek fne hkb behtm+ Nt ns tmerecre verynjpcrthkt tmht hky wcrdsmcp mhs h weff*trhnkeb rst hnber wntm h weff*stcadeb rsthnb `cx+ Nt ns hfsc essektnhf cr eham wcrdsmcp tc mhve tme tefepmcke kujèrs c hffejeroekay servnaes afcse ht mhkb+H kujèr c jebnahf ejeroekanes wmnam acufb mhppek nk hk efeatrnahf wcrdsmcp

hre fnsteb èfcw+

@urks

@urks nk h wcrdsmcp ahk è ahuseb `y stehj rcj mct fnqunbs& ackthat wntmhjes& ackthat wntm mct surhaes -tnps c scfbernko nrcks.& efeatrnahf ùrks ahuseb`y scjecke tcuamnko h `hre efeatrnahf ackbuatcr& cr amejnahf ùrks -ahuseb `yamejnahf spnffhoe ck tme sdnk.+ Jhkhonko ùrk nkgurnes prcperfy ns njpcrthktèahuse tmey hre acjjck& phnkuf hkb ahk resuft nk bnsournko hkb bnsh`fnkosahrrnko c heateb phrts cr evek behtm nk severe ahses+Icr jnkcr urks Pejcve tme persck rcj tme meht scurae hkb rejcve hky ùrkeb afctmnko&

exaept afctmnko njèbbeb nk tme sdnk+ Puk accf kct acfb whter cver tme urk cr mcfb h afehk& acfb acjpress afctm

ck nt uktnf tme phnk su`snbes+ Bc kct use nae+ Bc kct use ùtter cr ctmer types corehse+

Pejcve geweffery cr tnomt afctmnko rcj hrcukb urkeb hrehs hkb hppfy h afehk`hkbhoe+ ^cu ahk hfsc hppfy hktn`nctna arehj+

Kever `rehd `fnsters resuftnko rcj h ùrk+ Pejejèr kct tc rejcve afctmnko stuad tc ùrkeb sdnk+ N ycu hre mefpnko scjecke wntm h serncus ùrk& deep tme ùrkeb hrehs efevhteb

tc rebuae sweffnko+

Inrst hnb cr efeatrnahf ùrk vnatnjsEfeatrnahf ùrks vhry nk severnty& bepekbnko ck tme strekotm c tme aurrekt& tmeburhtnck c tme efeatrnahf smcad hs weff hs tme bnreatnck c tme aurrekt tmrcuom tme`cby+ Ciek tmese ùrks hre beep+ Efeatrnahf ùrk wcukbs jhy fccd sjhff rcj tmecutsnbe ùt acufb è severe ck tme nksnbe+ Re cffcwnko just è bcke nk ahse c hkefeatrnahf urk+ Amead tmht tme vnatnj ns kct nk h sthte c smcad -acfb& afhjjy& phfe hkb mhvnko

h rhpnb pufse.+ N tme vnatnj ns nk smcad& fhy tme vnatnj bcwk wntm eet sfnomtfymnomer tmhk tme mehb+

Bc kct hppfy orehse cr cnf tc tme urk+

Acver tme ùrk wntm h bry& sternfe bressnko+ Bc kct try hkb rejcve afctmnko stuad tc tme ùrk+ Acver tme vnatnj wntm h `fhkdet tc jhnkthnk `cby meht+ Ahff cr jebnahf httektnck+

_mht tc bc cr amejnahf ùrks Bry amejnahfs smcufb è rusmeb c tme sdnk `y h persck wehrnko ru`èr ofcves+ Pejcve tme perscks afctmnko hkb geweffery hkb rnkse amejnahfs c tme sdnk `y

pfhanko tme persck nk h smcwer cr 85 tc 0< jnkutes+ -@e ahreuf tc prcteat ycureyes hkb tme eyes c tme nkgureb persck+.

_et amejnahfs smcufb e usmeb c heateb hrehs wntm accf rukknko whter cr

0< jnkutes cr fckoer cr uktnf ejeroekay mefp hrrnves+


16/266

=


N ycu cr scjecke efse mhs swhffcweb h amejnahf su`sthkae cr hk c`geat tmhtacufb è mhrjuf -e+o+ whtam `httery.& ahff pcnsck acktrcf rst hkb tmek tmejebnahf ejeroekay kujèrs+ Nt ns mefpuf tc dkcw wmht amejnahf prcbuat mhsèek swhffcweb+ hde nt wntm ycu tc tme mcspnthf+

@feebnko

@feebnko ns jhnkfy ahuseb `y haanbekts wmere `fccb esahpes tme `cby wmek h venkns aut+ Exaessnve `feebnko ahk fehb tc smcad cr evek behtm+ Hky `feebnko wcukbsmcufb è trehteb usnko jebnahf ofcves+ ry tc use fhtex ofcves wmek trehtnkoscjecke wmc ns `feebnko+ Fhtex ofcves smcufb è nk every rst hnb dnt+ \ecpfehfferona tc fhtex ahk use h kck*fhtex& syktmetna ofcve+ ^cu ahk è nkeateb `y MNY#HNBQ n nkeateb `fccb oets nktc hk cpek wcukb evek h sjhff cke+

Re cffcwnko smcufb è bcke tc acktrcf `feebnko+ Hppfy bnreat pressure cr use h pressure

`hkbhoe+ Deep tme vnatnj ahfj+

Deep tme `feebnko pcnkt h`cve tme mehrtfevef n pcssn`fe+

_mek tmere ns severe feebnko& wmere hjhgcr hrtery mhs èek severeb& pressurejhy è nksuanekt hkb h tcurknquet jhyè useb+ \ressure rcj tcurknquets just èrefneveb perncbnahffy tc prevekt bhjhoe tctme tnssue rcj fhad c cxyoek+

Re cffcwnko smcufb kct è bcke wmektrehtnko feebnko+

BC KC hppfy h tcurknquet tc acktrcf`feebnko exaept hs h fhst rescrt+ BC KC peed ht h wcukb tc see n tme

`feebnko mhs stcppeb+ Re fess h wcukb nsbnsturèb& tme ètter tme acktrcf c `feebnko+

BC KC prcè h wcukb cr puff cut hkyc`geat tmht jnomt stnff è nksnbe h wcukb+Rns wnff usuhffy ahuse jcre `feebnko hkbmhrj+

BC KC rejcve h bressnko n nt èacjesschdeb wntm `fccb4 gust hbb h kew cke ck tcp+

BC KC try tc afehk h fhroe wcukb+ Rns jhy ahuse mehvner `feebnko+

BC KC try tc afehk h wcukb hier ycu oet tme feebnko ukber acktrcf+ Oetjebnahf mefp+

Rere hre cur types c `feebnko tmht ahk resuft rcj wcukbs7 Hrternhf `feebnko

Iuff c cxyoek hkb `rnomt reb nk acfcur& tme `fccb mhs gust acje rcj tme mehrtsc nt ns ukber pressure hkb ciek spurts rcj h wcukb nk tnje wntm tme mehrtèht+Rns type c `feebnko ns tme jcst bhkoercus èahuse tme phtnekt ahk fcse h fct c`fccb nk h smcrt tnje+

Yekcus `feebnko Ackthnknko fess cxyoek hkb h bhrder reb& vekcus `fccb cws ht h fcwer pressure

tmhk hrternhf `fccb hkb wnff kct spurt+ Nt jhy ousm reefy n h jhgcr venk ns tcrk+ Ahpnffhry `feebnko

Usuhffy jnkcr wcukbs wmere `fccb cczes rcj tme wcukb+ @fccb fcss ns fnjntebùt tme rnsd c nkeatnck ns very mnom+

Inoure 8+87 Hppfy bnreat pressure

ck exterkhf wcukbs wntm h sternfe

afctm cr ycur mhkb& jhnkthnknko

pressure uktnf `feebnko stcps

Inoure 8+07 Use h tcurknquet ckfy

hs h fhst rescrt& ni `feebnko ahkkct

è stcppeb hkb tme sntuhtnck ns fnie*

tmrehteknko


17/266

>


Nkterkhf `feebnko7@feebnko jhy kct è vnsn`fe bue tc nkterkhf nkgurnes+ Rns ahk è very bhkoercushkb jhy bevefcp cffcwnko hk nkgury tc tme h`bcjek cr tme amest+

_cukbs ht tme wcrdpfhae

H wcrder ck h ackstruatnck snte jhy suer hky c tme wcukbs fnsteb èfcw+ Retrehtjekt cr hff wcukbs ns jcre cr fess tme shje& exaept tmht `feebnko rcj beepauts hkb pukature wcukbs jhy è jcre bnauft tc stcp+

AutAhuseb `y h dkne& rhzcr cr evek tme smhrp eboe c phper+ Re wcukb jhy `feebprcusefy èahuse afehkfy aut `fccb vessefs bc kct acktrhat ehsnfy+

Rehr wcukb -fhaerhtnck.@hrèb wnre& jhamnkery cr tme afhws c hk hknjhf jhy tehr tme sdnk nk h rhooeb why+Rese wcukbs tekb tc `feeb fess severefy èahuse tcrk `fccb vessefs acktrhat jcrequnadfy tmhk tmcse tmht mhve èek aut afehkfy+

\ukature wcukbKhnfs& keebfes& ohrbek crds hkb evek teetm jhy resuft nk serncus nkterkhf nkgury+ Ntme wcukb ns beep& tme rnsd c nkeatnck ns mnom èahuse bnrt hkb oerjs jhy mhveèek ahrrneb nktc nt+

OrhzeH orhze kcrjhffy resufts rcj h sfnbnko hff+ Quperanhf fhyers c sdnk hre sarhpeb c&fehvnko h tekber& rhw hreh+ Rese wcukbs ciek ackthnk bnrt cr ornt hkb jhy ehsnfyèacje nkeateb+

Ouksmct wcukbRese wcukbs ahk resuft nk serncus nkterkhf nkgurnes+ Re exnt wcukb ns ciek juamfhroer tmhk tme ektry wcukb+ Nkterkhf crohks& tnssues hkb `fccb vessefs jhy èbhjhoeb `y tme phsshoe c tme ùffet tmrcuom tme `cby+ Nk hbbntnck tc exterkhf`feebnko& tmere jhy hfsc e nkterkhf feebnko+

@runseH hff cr h `fcw tc tme `cby `y h `fukt c`geat+ Re sdnk ns spfnt hkb tme surrcukbnkotnssues hre `runseb+ _ntm h `runse& bhjhoeb `fccb vessefs fehd `fccb nktc tme tnssueshftmcuom tme sdnk rejhnks uk`rcdek+

Fnsteb èfcw hre h ew snjpfe steps tmht ahk è thdek nk tme evekt c hky jebnahf

ejeroekay+ Qthy ahfj7 Re wcrst tmnko ycu ahk bc nk hky ejeroekay jebnahf sntuhtnck ns tc

phkna+ Icr tme shde c tme vnatnj hkb ycur acffehoues& try tc rejhnk ahfj& accfhkb acffeateb+ ^cu wnff è jcre eeatnve hkb eanekt tmns why+

Hssess tme sntuhtnck7 Xunadfy hssess tme sacpe c tme nkgurnes hkb acffeatnkcrjhtnck+ N tme nkgureb persck ns acksancus& hsd mnj#mer tc teff ycu nhkytmnko murts hkb c`serve wmere ck tme `cby me#sme jhy è pmysnahffy nkgureb+Bc kct jcve hk nkgureb persck& espeanhffy n me#sme ns repcrtnko phnk& ukfesstmere ns njjnkekt bhkoer+

Ahff tme ejeroekay servnaes7 N h persck ns `hbfy nkgureb& ahff tme ejeroekayservnaes njjebnhtefy+ N tmere ns hky bcu`t hs tc wmetmer ejeroekay servnaes hre

keebeb& nt ns ètter tc è she tmhk scrry+ Qthy ahfj hkb prcvnbe ycur hbbress&fcahtnck nk tme ùnfbnko& pmcke kujèr& khje hkb hky nkcrjhtnck ycu mhveohtmereb h`cut tme nkgurnes+


18/266

8+ Nk ycur cwk wcrbs& `rney expfhnk ycur ukbersthkbnko c Mujhk rnomts nk

tme wcrdpfhae+8


19/266

Amhpter 0

Rmree*pmhse HA oekerhtnck

Nkstrujekts\cwer

H @

\mhscr bnhorhjs_hveicrjs

H @


20/266

80


Nktrcbuatnck

Nk tmns amhpter& acjphrnscks wnff è jhbe ètweek snkofe*pmhse hkb tmree*pmhseoekerhtnck+ @ctm tme whvecrjs hs weff hs tme pmhscr bnhorhjs wnff è reerreb tc+Mcwever& tme caus wnff è ck tmree*pmhse systejs+ Qthr hkb befth ackkeatncks wnffè smcwk nk bnhorhjjhtna hs weff hs samejhtna crjht+ Icr ahfaufhtncks& tme fnke

hkb pmhse refhtncksmnp ètweek vcfthoe hkb aurrekt wnff afehrfy è smcwk& hs weff hshff hspeats c pcwer ahfaufhtncks+

Iurtmer nksnomts wnff hfsc è onvek tc jhtters fnde fcsses hkb eanekay+ Rejehsurejekts requnreb nk tmree*pmhse systejs wnff è bnsausseb hkb wnff nkafubetme whttjeter& d_m*jeter& pcwer hatcr jeter hs weff hs ahfaufhtncks wntm respeattc tmese jeters+

\rnkanpfes ci tmree*pmhse HA oekerhtnck

_mek jhkdnkb rst sthrteb oekerhtnko efeatrnanty& nt whs nk tme crj c bnreataurrekt -BA.+ _mnfe suppfy hkb bejhkb anraunts were afcse tcoetmer& tmns systejwcrdeb weff& ùt tme jcjekt tmns efeatrnanty mhb tc è eb tc anraunts urtmerrejcveb& tmns èahje prc`fejhtna hs tmere whs kc why tmht BA acufb è nkarehsebcr bearehseb ht tmese hrhwhy pcnkts+

Rns feb tc tme bevefcpjekt hkb nktrcbuatnck c snkofe*pmhse HA systejs& wmnamhfsc wcrdeb weff cr h aerthnk perncb+ @ut wntm tme nktrcbuatnck c snkofe*pmhsejctcrs& tmns snkofe*pmhse HA smcweb scje smcrtacjnkos+ Icr exhjpfe& tmesejctcrs were kct sef*sthrtnko& jehknko scjetmnko efse mhb tc è hbbeb tc tmej tceksure tmey acufb sthrt rcthtnko wntm tme requnreb tcrque+

_ntm tme nktrcbuatnck c tmree*pmhse oekerhtnck ahje jhky hbvhkthoes+ H tmree*

pmhse oekerhtcr jehks tmht nkstehb c h snkofe acnf rcthtnko tmcuom h jhoketna efb-twc wnres.& tmree acnfs kcw rcthte -jehknko 9 wnres.+ Nk tme cffcwnko seatnck&acjphrnscks wnff è jhbe ètweek tme snkofe hkb tme tmree*pmhse systejs+

Hbvhkthoes hkb bnshbvhkthoes ci snkofe*pmhse acjphrebtc tmree*pmhse systejs

Efeatrnahf pcwer ns oekerhteb ht tme pcwer pfhkt+ Rns jehks tme spnkknko c h acnfnk h jhoketna efb& cr spnkknko h jhoketna efb nk h acnf+ Qcjetmnko just spnk tmeoekerhtcr& hkb nk Qcutm Hrnah tmns ns usuhffy bcke `y jehks c tme cffcwnko7

\cwer pfhkts

Qu`sthtnck

Acjjernahf hkbnkbustrnhf users

Pesnbektnhf users

\hbjcukt trhkscrjer

Qystej bnstrnùtnckfccp 885


21/266

81

Rmree*pmhse HA oekerhtnck 0

ype ci oekerhtnck Khje ci pfhkt

Mybrcefeatrnanty Yhkberdfcc hkb Ohrnep

Kuafehr Dce`ero nk Ahpe cwk

\ujpeb stcrhoe \hfjnet nk tme _esterk Ahpe& Brhdeks`ero nk DwhWufu*Khthf

Ohs tur`nke Hrahanh& \crt Pex& Hkderfno& OcurndwhAchf -Rcse nk exaess c 1 5


22/266

82


Pcthtnck

Qnkofe*pmhsefchbs 01


23/266

85


c sujjhrnse& jcst c tme h`cve snjpfy jehks sjhffer jhamnkes hre requnreb&fess jhternhfs hre requnreb tc jhkuhature tmej& tmeyre amehper tc prcbuae hkbjhnkthnk& smcrter jhkuhaturnko tnjes& ehsner tc nksthff hkb fckoer fhstnko+ Rcsehre jcre tmhk ekcuom rehscks tc oc wntm tme tmree*pmhse systejs+

_hveicrj ci snkofe* hkb tmree*pmhse systejs

Qnkofe*pmhse oekerhtnck

Yery `hsnahffy& h snkofe pmhse ahk è oekerhteb `y rcthtnko h ackbuatnko fccp c wnretmrcuom h jhoketna efb+

Inoure 0+07 H oekerhtcr ns rehffy h wnre jcvnko wntmnk h jhoketna efb

Re ckfy prc`fej acufb è tmht tme wnres rcj tme rctcr acufb twnst tmejsefvestcoetmer hs tme rctcr turks& hkb h spfnt rnko acjjuthtcr ns useb tc prevekt tmns rcjmhppeknko+ Mcwever& nk tmns seatnck kc httektnck wnff è phnb tc tmht prcaess& hs tme

c`geatnve mere ns tmree*pmhse oekerhtnck+

H ètter why tc see tmht c`geatnve ns smcwk `y tme bnhorhj èfcw+

Inoure 0+17Rme oekerhtnck c h snkofe*pmhse HA suppfy y rcthtnko h ackbuatcr tmrcuom

h jhoketna efb

Inefb pcfePcthtnck

Ycfthoe hkbaurrekt prcbuaeb

Inefb pcfe

Pcthtnko pmhscr Qnkuscnbhf whvecrj nk tme tnje bcjhnk


24/266

89


Mcwever& nt ns h fct ehsner tc expfhnk tmns oekerhtnck `y usnko tme `hsna sdetames`efcw+

Inoure 0+27 Qnjpfneb versnck c tme oekerhteb snkofe pmhse

Ht pcsntnck H& tme ackbuatcr jcves phrhffef -##. wntm respeat tc -wrt. tmejhoketna efb -JI. hkb zerc aurrekt ns nkbuaeb+

Ht pcsntnck @& nt jcves ht >


25/266

8?


Expfhkhtnck ci mcw tmree*pmhse ns oekerhteb

Ht tme sthrt& tme reb pmhse jcves phrhffef -##. wntm respeat tc -wrt. tme jhoketnaefb -JI. hkb zerc aurrekt ns nkbuaeb+

Her rcthtnko >


26/266

8=


Inoure 0+?7 Rme pmhse refhtncksmnp `etweek aurrekt hkb vcfthoe tmrcuom h acnf -n

vcfthoe ns tme reerekae.

\mhscr bnhorhj icr h tmree*pmhse systej

Nk tme tmree*pmhse systej -n ackkeateb nk sthr.& tme EJIs -vcfthoes. oekerhteb nkeham pmhse wnff `e 80


27/266

8>


F8

K

F0

F1

h8

a0h0

`0

a8 `8

h8

h0

a0 `0

a8`8

F8

K

F0

F1

Nk h sthr*ackkeateb systej& hff tme ekb pcnkts c eham pmhse hre gcnkeb hkb tmeèonkknko pcnkts wnff oc tc Fnve 8& Fnve 0 hkb Fnve 1+ Re èonkknko pcnkts hrefhèfeb hs h8& `8& a8 hkb tme ekb pcnkts hs h0& `0& hkb a0+ Re acjjck ekb pcnktsahk è useb hs h keutrhf+

Inoure 0+>7 Bnhorhjjhtna versus samejhtna represekthtncks cr h sthr ackkeatnck

Nk h befth ackkeatnck& tme ekb c pmhse 8 wnff oc tc tme èonkknko c pmhse 0& hkb tmeekb c pmhse 0 tc tme èonkknko pmhse 1& hkb tme ekb c pmhse 1 tc tme èonkknko cpmhse 8+ Hff tme èonkknko pcnkts wnff oc tc Fnve 8& Fnve 0 hkb Fnve 1+

Inoure 0+8


28/266

0= H

Exhjpfe 07Nk h befth*ackkeateb systej& h 88 dY fnke vcfthoe hkb h fnke aurrekt c 0< H hreoekerhteb `y hk hfterkhtcr+ Ahfaufhte tme vcfthoe harcss eham pmhse hs weff hs tmenjpebhkae per pmhse+

YF

: Y\M

: 88 dY

N\M

: : 0< : 88&55 H 1 1

W\M : : 88


31/266

01


\cwer nk 1*pmhse HA anraunts

@ecre hky ahfaufhtncks hre bcke& tmere hre scje `hsnas wmnam keeb tc è speffeb cutafehrfy+8+ HK^ c tme ahfaufhtncks bcke usnko tmese crjufhe hfwhys uses tme FNKE vhfues

c vcfthoe hkb aurrekt+0+ Bc kct ackuse tme snkofe*pmhse crjufh wntm tme tmree*pmhse crjufh+1+ Hfwhys jhde use c h pmhscr bnhorhj tc oet afhrnty wntm reohrbs tc d_ hkb dYH+

Cke hfsc kctnaes h 1 nk hff tme tmree*pmhse ahfaufhtncks+ Rns snjpfy acjes rcjtme hat tmht \ : NY ùt nk h tmree*pmhse sthr systej& tme vcfthoe oekerhteb nk tmepmhse ns ackverteb tc h fnke vhfue& wmnam ns YF : 1 Y\M hkb nk befth tme aurrektoekerhteb just è ackverteb tc h fnke vhfue wmnam ns N

F: 1 N

\M+ Rns jehks entmer

tme vcfthoe cr tme aurrekt wnff mhve h 1 htthameb tc nt+

Fhstfy& tme pmhse hkofe hfwhys reers tc tme pmhse smn ètweek tme vcfthoe hkbaurrekt nk tme pmhse hkb kct tme fnke+

Hatnve pcwer -hfsc ahffeb rehf cr true pcwer.Re true pcwer ns tme pcwer tmht ns eieatnvefy ènko useb `y tme fchb cr tme anraunt&hkb tmns wcufb è tme vcfthoe hkb aurrekt vhfues tmht hre exhatfy nk pmhse wntm ehamctmer+ Re crjufh useb tc ahfaufhte tmns true pcwer ns7

\hatnve -\. :1 -NF. -YF. acs jehsureb nk whtt -_. cr dnfcwhtt -d_.

Hpphrekt pcwerRe hpphrekt pcwer ns tme pcwer tmht ns suppfneb tc tme anraunt+ Rns ns tme prcbuatc tme vcfthoe hkb tme aurrekt& nokcrnko tme hkofe ètweek tme twc+ Nt ns jehsureb nkYH cr dYH& bepekbnko ck tme snze c tme vhfues+ Re crjufh useb tc ahfaufhte tmns

hpphrekt pcwer ns7\hpp -Q. : 1 -NF. -YF. jehsureb nk YH cr dYH

Pehatnve pcwerPehatnve pcwer ns tme pcwer tmht ns whsteb hkb kct useb tc bc wcrd ck tme fchb&usuhffy nk tme crj c meht+

\reha -X. : 1 -NF. -YF. snk jehsureb nk YHr cr dYHr

1*pmhse ahfaufhtncks -sthr hkb befth.

c sthrt tmree*pmhse pcwer ahfaufhtncks& tme trnad ns tc nbektny tme type c pcwer

onvek+ Nts prcvek tmht fehrkers wmc pfct tme nkcrjhtnck ck h pmhscr bnhorhjhre jcre suaaessuf ht ahfaufhtnko tme acrreat hkswers tmhk tmcse wmc bckt+ wcexhjpfes usnko snjnfhr vhfues wnff è useb tc try hkb bejckstrhte tmns snjpfe hat+

Rhde kcte

\ytmhocrhs ahk è usebtc wcrd cut h vhfue& ùttme ctmer twc vhfuesjust è hvhnfh`fe ècretme tmnrb cke ahk èahfaufhteb+\H\\0 : \PUE0 $ \PEHA0

CP \H\\ :

\PUE0 $ \PEHA0


32/266

02


Exhjpfe 87Hk HA sthr*ackkeateb hfterkhtcr oekerhtes 1


33/266

05


Exhjpfe 07-Re shje exhjpfe& `ut tme onvek pcwer ns kcw nk dYH+.Hk HA sthr*ackkeateb hfterkhtcr oekerhtes 1


34/266

09


Fcsses

_mekever we ackvert cke crj c ekeroy nktc hkctmer tmere hre `cukb tc `e fcsses+Kc jhamnke ns pereat& hkb tmerecre kct 8


35/266

0?


Ckfy ackaept ci pcwer ihatcr acrreatnck kc ahfaufhtncksicr exhj purpcses

_mek h fchb -fnde h tmree*pmhse jctcr. ns ackkeateb tc h tmree*pmhse suppfy& nt nshfwhys nkbuatnve+ Re rehscks cr tmns mhve `eek bnsausseb ehrfner+ Rns jctcr wnffbrhw h aerthnk hjcukt c aurrekt rcj tme suppfy+ Re user just phy cr tme aurrekt

tmht ns brhwk& hkb tme suppfy ah`fes tc tme jctcr keeb tc `e c suanekt tmnadkesstc ahrry tme aurrekt shefy+

Icr exhjpfe& h 0< dYH sthr*ackkeateb jctcr wntm h pcwer hatcr c


36/266

0=


H why just è cukb tc rebuae tme hkofe ètweek tme vcfthoe hkb tme suppfyaurrekt+ Re 00&?> H wnff sthy exhatfy tme shje& ùt tme suppfy aurrekt wnff èacjefess hs tme pcwer hatcr nkarehses+ Qee tme bnhorhj èfcw ck mcw suppfy aurrektbearehses wntm hk njprcveb pcwer hatcr+

Inoure 0+827 Quppfy aurrekt bearehsnko hs tme pcwer hatcr ns nkarehseb

Re why tc hamneve tmns ns tc ackkeat h ahphantcr nk phrhffef wntm tme fchb+ @y

sefeatnko tme acrreat ahphantcr& cke ahk oet very afcse tc uknty pcwer hatcr+ Nt ns kctpcssn`fe tc mhve nt exhatfy acrreat bue tc vhrynko fchb ackbntncks+

H ahphantcr wcufb resuft nk h vertnahf aurrekt -pfctteb nk tme upwhrbs bnreatnck.&resuftnko nk tme tcp hkb `cttcj vertnahfs ahkaeffnko eham ctmer cut -hfjcst fnde hphrhffef PAF anraunt ht resckhkae.+

Inoure 0+857 H pmhscr bnhorhj smcwnko tme eieat ck suppfy aurrekt bue tc pcwer

hatcr acrreatnck

Inoure 0+897 \cwer hatcr acrreatnck ns hamneveb `y ackkeatnko h ahphantcr nk phrhffef

wntm tme fchb

Rhde kcte

Re èst pcwer hatcrns 8& hkb njprcvnko ntjehks amhkonko nt rcj H

Acs : NR : 05&10 H

Acs : H

Acs :


37/266

0>


Hbvhkthoes ci pcwer ihatcr acrreatnck

Icr tme acksujer7 Fess aurrekt brhwk rcj tme suppfy+ Acst shvnko rcj brhwnko fess aurrekt+ Fess meht oekerhteb+ Jhnktekhkae rebuaeb bue tc jctcr rukknko accfer+ Fckoer fne sphk c fchb+

Icr tme suppfner7 Rnkker suppfy ah`fes requnreb+ Pebuaeb acst hs h resuft c tmnkker ah`fes+ Quppfners jhamnkes kct ukber sc juam stress tc prcbuae efeatrnanty tmht ns

whsteb+ Fess jhnktekhkae+ Fckoer fne sphk+

Nt ahk afehrfy è seek tmht nt ns tc tme hbvhkthoe c `ctm tme suppfner hkb tme

acksujer tc jhde use c pcwer hatcr acrreatnck+

\urpcse ci tme whttjeter

\cwer ahk è jehsureb `y ackkeatnko h vcftjeter -nk phrhffef. hkb hk hjjeter-nk sernes. nk h anraunt+ Peacrb tme nkbnvnbuhf rehbnkos hkb tmek juftnpfy tmejtcoetmer+ Rns jnomt wcrd cr fcw pcwer anraunts& ùt wntm mnomer vhfues c vcfthoehkb aurrekt nt èacjes bhkoercus& hkb tme use c pctektnhf trhkscrjers -\. hkbaurrekt trhkscrjers -A. èacjes keaesshry+ Rns jetmcb hfsc bces kct thde nktcacksnberhtnck tme pcwer hatcr hkb tmerecre tme hkswer wcufb è nk YH cr dYHTHpphrekt pcwer -Q.Z

Inoure 0+8?7 H vcftjeter hkb hk hjjeter ackkeateb tc h fchb

_ntm kcrjhf jeters& cke wcufb snjpfy use \ : N Y -jehsureb nk YH cr dYH.

Mcwever& tmns ahk è tnje acksujnko& hkb tmere hre hr ehsner hkb jcre ackveknektwhys c jehsurnko pcwer+ Re jcberk whttjeter ekh`fes us tc jehsurepcwer wntmcut hky bnaufty hkb nt jehsures tme hatnve pcwer -\. nk _ cr d_njjebnhtefy+


38/266

17 H ackvektnckhf d_m jeter hkb tme efeatrckna d_m jeter

Efeatrnanty jeters hre typnahffy ahfn`rhteb nk `nffnko uknts& tme jcst acjjck cke`enko tme dnfcwhtt mcur Td_mZ+ \erncbna rehbnkos c efeatrna jeters esth`fnsm `nffnkoayafes hkb ekeroy useb burnko h aerthnk perncb c tnje+

mttp7##www+ycutu`e+acj#whtam3v:HsXwohoB?NU -bnsa speebs.

Inoure 0+0


40/266

10


H vcfthoe acnf ns ackkeateb nk phrhffef tc tme suppfy -`eahuse vcftjeters hreackkeateb nk phrhffef.+

Nt acksnsts c h acnf wntm jhky turks c ke wnre hkb h fhjnkhteb acre+ Rns acnf mhs h mnom resnsthkae tc prevekt hs fnttfe aurrekt hs pcssn`fe cwnko

tmrcuom sc nt bces kct nkterere wntm tme cperhtnck c tme anraunt+ Re vcfthoe acnf ns besnokeb tc prcbuae hk hnr ohp jhoketna ux& wmnam ns

prcpcrtnckhf tc tme hppfneb vcfthoe+

Aurrekt acnf

Re aurrekt acnf ns ackkeateb nk sernes wntm tme fnve wnre -hjjeters hreackkeateb nk sernes.+

Nt acksnsts c h acnf c h ew tmnad turks hkb h fhjnkhteb acre hssej`fy+ Rns acnf just mhve h fcw resnsthkae -mekae tmnad wnre. tc kct nkterere wntm tme

cperhtnck c tme anraunt+ -Re uff fchb aurrekt cws tmrcuom tmns acnf+. Re aurrekt acnf hssej`fy just prcbuae hk hnr ohp jhoketna ux& wmnam ns

prcpcrtnckhf tc tme aurrekt brhwk `y tme fchb+

Inoure 0+007Rme aurrekt acnf c tmnad wnres nksnbe tme d_m jeter

Hfujnknuj bnsa

Inoure 0+017Rme hfujnknuj bnsa tmht rcthtes

Re vcfthoe acnf hkb acre hssej`fy hkb tme aurrekt acnf hkb acre hssej`fy hresntuhteb afcse tc eham ctmer+

Re hfujnknuj bnsa ns fcahteb preansefy nk tme hnr ohp etweek tmese twchssej`fnes+

Ycfthoe acnf

Oehr trhnk tc bnhfs

Acpper

smhbnko rnko

Aurrekt acnfs

Jhoketna `rhde

Pcthtnko hfujnknuj bnsa

Hfujnknuj bnsa


41/266

11


Re twc jhoketna efbs c tme aurrekt hkb pctektnhf acnfs nkbuae hk ebby aurrektnk tme bnsa arehtnko h tcrque& ahusnko nt tc turk+

Re jcre aurrekt tmht ns brhwk `y tme user& tme strckoer tme jhoketna efb& tmehster tme bnsa wnff rcthte+

Re bnsa ns htthameb tc h spnkbfe nk wmnam nt rcthtes hkb nk turk nt brnves h oehrebjeamhknsj wmnam nkbnahtes tme uknts c pcwer useb+

Jeter reonster

Inoure 0+027 Jeter reonster

H phrt c tme jeter reonsters tme revcfutncks c tme hfujnknuj bnsa+ Rns brnves h oehr trhnk tmht ns htthameb tc tme jeters -afcad jeamhknsj.

tmht hre ahfn`rhteb nk dnfcwhtt mcurs -d_m.+ Rns nk turk teffs us mcw juam efeatrnanty we mhve useb cver h perncb c tnje+

Bnspfhy cr

jehsurnko hae

\rephnb efeatrnanty jeters

H prephnb efeatrnanty jeter ns h D_m -Dnfcwhtt Mcur. jeter& jehsurnko efeatrnahfacksujptnck+ Re jhnk bnierekae ns tmht tmns D_m jeter acukts `hadwhrbs hs tmeefeatrnanty ns acksujeb hkb mhs h refhy -hk hutcjhtna swntam. wmnam bnsackkeats tmepcwer wmek tme D_m rehbnko ck tme jeter rehames zerc+ Nt urtmer nkacrpcrhtesmhrbwhre wmnam mhs tme h`nfnty tc beanpmer tme pnk kujèr ektereb hkb ackvert nt tcD_m+ Hff prephnb jeters nk Qcutm Hrnah hre QQ -Qthkbhrb rhkser Qpeanahtnck.acjpfnhkt+ Rns jehks tmht tmey hff use tme shje acbnko systej+ Nk QH tmns ns h 0>?+

AckafusnckRe Qthkbhrb rhkser Qpeanahtnck mhs cukb wnbesprehb hppfnahtnck+ Nkntnhffy arehteb nk Qcutm Hrnah& nt mhs

su`sequektfy èek bnstrnùteb tc jhky bevefcpeb hkb bevefcpnko acuktrnes+ c bhte& cver 8


42/266

12


\cwer ihatcr jeter wmek ackkeatnko nkstrujekts nkanraunts

Inoure 0+057 Bnierekt types c pcwer hatcr jeters

Re pcwer hatcr jeter snjpfy ekh`fes us tc beterjnke tme pcwer hatcr nkacjjeranhf nksthffhtncks hkb tmns dkcwfeboe ns useb tc try hkb bc scjetmnko tc tmefchb tc njprcve tme pcwer hatcr tc hs afcse tc uknty hs pcssn`fe+

Hs bcke nk prevncus ahfaufhtncks& we dkcw tmht pcwer hatcr ns

Acs : \hatSSSS\hpp

\cwer hatcr ns snjpfy tme rhtnc ètweek true pcwer -\. hkb hpphrekt pcwer -Q.+\cwer hatcr jeters ekh`fe us tc jehsure tmns rehbnko wntmcut juam bnaufty+ Repcwer hatcr jeter mhs seek jhgcr hbgustjekts hkb bevefcpjekts nk tme fhst ewyehrs+

Rere hre 1 `hsna types c pcwer hatcr jeters7 jcvnko acnf type

xeb bnonthf type afhjp*ck type+

Rme jcvnko acnf type -efeatrcjeamhknahf.

Rns ns h jcvnko acnf jeter+ Nt mhs twc perpekbnaufhr acnfs ck tme jcvnko phrt c tmenkstrujekt+ Re acnfs arehte efeatrcjhoketna efbs wmek aurrekt cws nk tme anraunt+Re twc jcvnko acnfs hre ackkeateb nk phrhffef wntm tme anraunt fchb+ Re rst acnfwnff è ackkeateb tmrcuom h resnstcr hkb tme seackb acnf tmrcuom hk nkbuatcr+ Reaurrekt nk cke acnf wcufb è befhyeb wntm respeat tc aurrekt nk tme ctmer acnf -crtmere wnff è h pmhse smn ètweek tme aurrekts nk tme twc acnfs.+

Ht uknty pcwer hatcr& tme aurrekts nk `ctm acnfs hre nk pmhse wntm eham ctmer& hkbtme keebfe wcufb smcw 8+

Re jcjekt tmere ns h pmhse bnierekae ètweek tme twc aurrekts nt ahuses tmekeebfe tc beeat entmer cke why -n nts fehbnko. cr tme ctmer why -n nts fhoonko.Re hkofe ètweek tme aurrekts nk tme arcsseb acnfs ns h ukatnck c requekay hkbacksequektfy eham pcwer*hatcr jeter ns besnokeb cr h snkofe requekay hkb wnff ènk errcr ht hff ctmer requekanes+

Bnonthf types

Rere ns h xeb type cr jcre perjhkekt use hkb h afnp*ck jcbef wmnam ns ehsnfy

jcveb hkb useb+ Re jhnk hbvhkthoe c tme afnp*ck pcwer hatcr jeter ns ntsh`nfnty tc jehsure pcwer hatcr wntmcut nkterruptnko tme cperhtnck cr servnae cequnpjekt+ Rey hre nk wnbe bejhkb bue tc tmenr jehsurnko pcwer hatcr ahphantycver h wnbe aurrekt rhkoe+


43/266

15


Jehsurejekt ci pcwer nk tmree*pmhse systejs

Re jeter c amcnae tc jehsure pcwer nk hky systej ns tme whttjeter hs nt jehsurestrue -cr hatnve. pcwer nk whtts -_. cr dnfcwhtts -d_.+

Hky whttjeter just mhve h vcfthoe acnf -twc wnres. hkb h aurrekt acnf -twc wnres.&hs smcwk nk tme sdetam èfcw+ Rns ns cr tme jcvnko acnf type+ -Bnonthf jeters use hbnierekt jetmcb+. Re aurrekt acnf just è ackkeateb nk sernes tc tme fnve wnre& hkbtme vcfthoe acnf nk phrhffef ètweek h fnve hkb h keutrhf+

Inoure 0+097 Qdetam c whttjeter Inoure 0+0?7 H bnonthf whttjeter

wntm nts cur terjnkhfs

Cke ahk ukcrtukhtefy kct refy ck jehsurnko vcfthoe wntm h vcftjeter& hkb aurrektwntm hk hjjeter& hkb tmek juftnpfy tmej tcoetmer tc oet tme pcwer+ -Usnko tmnsjetmcb wcufb resuft nk oettnko tme hpphrekt pcwer -Q. jehsureb nk YH cr dYH+. Ntjust è jehsureb wntm h whttjeter èahuse tme whttjeter thdes tme pcwer hatcrnktc acksnberhtnck hkb mekae jehsures true -hatnve. pcwer+ Icr tme purpcse c cursdetames& ckfy hkhfcoue jeters wnff è smcwk+

Mcw tc ackkeat tme jeter wnff bepekb ck7

wmetmer nt ns h sthr cr befth fchb n tme fchb ns `hfhkaeb cr uk`hfhkaeb n tme terjnkhfs c tme fchb hre ehsnfy haaessn`fe+

Icr `hfhkaeb sthr hkb befth fchbsH snkofe whttjeter ahk è useb tc jehsure tme pcwer nk cke pmhse+ Re tcthf pcwerc tme systej ahk è beterjnkeb y \ : \8$ \0 $ \1 CP \ : 1 \8+

Inoure 0+0=7 H snkofe whttjeter useb tc jehsure tme pcwer nk h `hfhkaeb sthr hkb h

befth fchb

Rhde kcte

H whttjeter thdestme pcwer hatcr nktcacksnberhtnck hkb nsjehsureb nk _ cr d_+

Rhde kcte

Re vcftjeter hkbhjjeter jetmcbs bckct thde tme pcwerhatcr nktc acksnberhtnckhkb hre jehsureb nk

dYH+

NacnfYacnf _

F8

K

F0

F1

\8

\8

F8

F0

F1

F

K

F

F


44/266

19


Exhjpfe 87

Re whttjeter smcwk h`cve ns ackkeateb tc tme `hfhkaeb sthr ackkeateb anraunt nkoure 0+0=+

N tme keebfe beeats tc `etweek tme 5


45/266

1?


Exhjpfe 17Rree bnonthf whttjeters hre useb tc jehsure tme pcwer nk hk uk`hfhkaeb fchb+Rese jeters mhve h jhxnjuj rhtnko c 0


46/266

1=


Re bnshbvhkthoe c tme seackb crjufh ns tmht nt keebs tc `e ackverteb tc hk hkofe&hkb tmek `had tc acs +

Exhjpfe 27Re twc whttjeter jetmcb ns useb tc beterjnke tme pcwer befnvereb tc h tmree*pmhse fchb+ Nt ns kct dkcwk n tme fchb ns `hfhkaeb cr uk`hfhkaeb& cr sthr cr befth+Re rehbnko ck whttjeter 8 ns reacrbeb hs 085 _ hkb tme rehbnko ck whttjeter 0 nsreacrbeb hs 8=> _+ Nt ns ackkeateb tc h 80< Y fnke vcfthoe+h. Bces nt jhtter tmht we bc kct dkcw n tme fchb ns `hfhkaeb cr kct3`. Bces nt jhtter tmht we bc kct dkcw n nt ns h sthr cr befth fchb3a. Ahfaufhte tme tcthf pcwer befnvereb tc tme fchb+b. Ahfaufhte tme pcwer hatcr c tme fchb+e. Re fnke aurrekt tmht ns brhwk rcj tme suppfy+

Hkswers 27h. Kc& nt bces kct jhtter+ Re twc whttjeter jetmcb jehsures `ctm wntmcut nt

hieatnko tme rehbnkos+`. Kc& nt bces kct jhtter+ Re twc whttjeter jetmcb jehsures `ctm sthr hkb befth+

a. \ : \8$ \0 : 085 $ 8=> : 2


47/266

1>


Hatnvnty 8

8+ _mht ns jehkt `y h jctcr tmht ns kct sef*sthrtnko30+ Khje tme ekvnrckjekthffy rnekbfy jetmcbs c oekerhtnck nk Qcutm Hrnah+1+ _mht ns tme vcfthoe hvhnfh`fe nk tme hverhoe Qcutm Hrnahk mcusemcfb3

2+ _mht hre tme hbvhkthoes c tmree*pmhse oekerhtnck cr tme acksujer35+ Expfhnk mcw tmree*pmhse pcwer ahk `e oekerhteb+9+ Brhw h keht whve represekthtnck c tmns oekerhteb tmree*pmhse+?+ Brhw h keht samejhtna represekthtnck c h befth ackkeateb systej+=+ Brhw h keht bnhorhjjhtna represekthtnck c h sthr ackkeateb systej+>+ Nk h sthr systej& h 1=< Y fnke vcfthoe hkb h fnke aurrekt c 5 H hre oekerhteb

`y hk hfterkhtcr+ Ahfaufhte tme aurrekt hkb vcfthoe oekerhteb harcss ehampmhse hs weff hs tme njpebhkae per pmhse+

8


48/266

2

Rmree*pmhse trhksicrjers 1

Bnstrn`utnck trhksicrjers

Usuhffy tmree*pmhse trhkscrjers& njjerseb nk fnqunb cnf hs bnefeatrna nksufhtnckhkb ekafcseb nk h thkd wntm accfnko systej+ Peaektfy jhbe merjetnahffy sehfeb crrebuaeb jhnktekhkae hkb etter quhfnty+

\cwer rhkoe7 05< tc 0 5


58/266

5


Nt ns njpcrthkt tc è extrejefy ahreuf hkb thde wmhtever shety preahutncks cke ahktc eksure ckes shety+ Nt ns jcstfy acjjck sekse ùt pecpfe bc rehffy snffy tmnkos+

_mek ackkeatnko H occb& perjhkekt fcw njpebhkae orcukb ackkeatnck just è jhbe tc tme

thkd `y usnko tme orcukb phb-s. prcvnbeb+ Burnko nksthffhtnck& tme reacjjekbeb sequekae c ackkeatncks ns tc

jhde hff orcukb ackkeatncks rst& tmek tme fcw*vcfthoe ackkeatncks hkb khffytme mnom*vcfthoe ackkeatncks+ -Re trhkscrjer smcufb è rejcveb rcjservnae `y reversnko tme h`cve sequekae c ackkeatncks+.

Ahreuffy amead tme trhkscrjer khjepfhte cr nts rhtnko hkb tme ackkeatnckstmht ahk è jhbe tc nt+

Eksure tmht ackkeatnko terjnkhfs hre htthameb tnomtfy hkb tmht h had*up kut nshvhnfh`fe ck tme seackbhry stub+

Jcuktnko hkb ekvnrckjekt Re trhkscrjers smcufb è jcukteb ck h ht fevef ackarete phb Re ackarete phb smcufb e strcko ekcuom tc suppcrt tme uff wenomt c tme

trhkscrjer+ Re hreh smcufb è seaurefy ekaeb c+ Rns ns tc deep amnfbrek& hknjhfs hkbaurncus pecpfe ht h bnsthkae+

Hpprcprnhte Mnom Ycfthoe bhkoer snoks smcufb è afehrfy bnspfhyeb+ Re pcwer& vcfthoe hkb aurrekt rhtnko smcufb è bnspfhyeb ck h khjepfhte+

\rcteatnck

mttp7##ntee+uq+ebu+hu#~efea21


68/266

9 hkb nt whs wnbefyhbcpteb èahuse c ntssuperncr seksntnvnty&fnkehrnty hkb haaurhay+

Arcss seatnckkc nkterkhf

pressure

@curbcktuè

@curbcktuè

Arcss seatnck

wntm nkterkhfpressure

\cnkter

\nvct\nkam

@curbcktuè

Jeamhknahffnkdhoe

Nkfet pressure


70/266

90


Hatnvnty 8

8+ _mht ns tme purpcse c trhkscrjers30+ _mht ns tme hsna prnkanpfe c cperhtnck c h trhkscrjer31+ Expfhnk tme cperhtnck c tme trhkscrjer+

2+ _my ahk h trhkscrjer kct wcrd ck BA35+ _mht ns jehkt `y h fhjnkhteb nrck acre hkb wmht ns nts jhnk ukatnck39+ _mht bc we dkcw h`cut tme pcwer rhtnko c trhkscrjers3?+ Qmcw `y jehks c keht sdetames tme bnerekae `etweek h QNKOFE tmree*

pmhse trhkscrjer hkb MPEE snkofe*pmhse trhkscrjers -Bnhorhjjhtna.+=+ Khje ICUP types c fcsses tmht caaur nk trhkscrjers+>+ Khje tmree hbvhkthoes c tmree*pmhse trhkscrjers cver snkofe*pmhse

trhkscrjers+8


71/266

91


\rhatnahf Hatnvnty 8

c nkvestnohte tme refhtncksmnp ètweek tme vcfthoes hkb aurrekts nk h tmree pmhseQthr*Befth rhkscrjer+

Equnpjekt7 H afhjp ck hjjeter Juftnjeter wntm hpprcprnhte Ycfthoe sahfe H Qthr Befth ackkeateb trhkscrjer usnko tmree snkofe pmhse trhkscrjers c

tme shje rhtnko+

Qteps78+ Ackkeat tme tmree trhkscrjers nk h sthr befth ackourhtnck hs smcwk èfcw+

Qthr*Befth Rree \mhse rhkscrjer

hde tme cffcwnko rehbnkos hkb reacrb nk tme th`fe suppfneb èfcw70+ Jehsure tme fnke hkb pmhse vcfthoes ck tme prnjhry snbe+1+ Jehsure tme fnke hkb pmhse vcfthoes ck tme seackbhry snbe+2+ Jehsure tme fnke hkb pmhse aurrekts ck tme prnjhry snbe+ -Use tme afhjp ck

hjjeter+.5+ Jehsure tme fnke hkb pmhse aurrekts ck tme seackbhry snbe+ -Use tme afhjp

ck hjjeter+.

Ackkeatnck Jeter rehbnkos

8+ QHP \PNJHP^ YFNKE

8+ QHP \PNJHP^ Y\MHQE

0+ BEFH QEACKBHP^ YFNKE

0+ BEFH QEACKBHP^ Y\MHQE

1+ QHP \PNJHP^ NFNKE

1+ QHP \PNJHP^ N\MHQE

2+ BEFH QEACKBHP^ NFNKE

2+ BEFH QEACKBHP^ N\MHQE

F8 F0 F1

F8 F0 F1


72/266

92


Ackafusnck78+ _mht ahk è c`serveb rcj tme fnke hkb pmhse vcfthoes ck tme prnjhry snbe30+ _mht ahk è c`serveb rcj tme fnke hkb pmhse vcfthoes ck tme seackbhry

snbe31+ _mht ahk è c`serveb rcj tme fnke hkb pmhse aurrekts ck tme prnjhry snbe32+ _mht ahk è c`serveb rcj tme fnke hkb pmhse aurrekts ck tme seackbhry

snbe3


73/266

Amhpter 2

Rmree*pmhse jctcrs hkb sthrters

\rcteatnckQthrtnko jetmcbs

H @

RestnkoAhfaufhtncks

H @

HppfnahtncksRmree*pmhse

H @


74/266

99


Nktrcbuatnck

Nk tmns amhpter& httektnck wnff è onvek tc tmree*pmhse jctcrs hkb mcw tmese jctcrsahk è shefy ackkeateb tc tme tmree*pmhse suppfy+

Jhtters bnsausseb wnff è tme hbvhkthoes c h tmree*pmhse jctcr acjphreb tc

h snkofe*pmhse jctcr+ @hsna ackstruatnck wnff è acvereb hs weff hs prhatnahfhppfnahtncks+ Ahfaufhtncks wnff nkafube tme fnke hkb pmhse vcfthoes& pcwer& pcwerhatcr& sykamrckcus speeb& sfnp hkb eanekay+

Qpeana httektnck wnff è onvek tc fcsses tmht caaur nk jctcrs+ Rns reers tcefeatrnahf -huft kbnko. hs weff hs jeamhknahf fcsses+

Ckae tme tmecry ns acvereb& tme stubekts wnff tmek fehrk mcw tc besnok sthrteranraunts shefy -acktrcf hkb jhnk anraunts. hkb ackkeat jctcrs shefy tc tme suppfycr speana ukatncks+

\rnkanpfe ci cperhtnck ci tme tmree pmhse squnrref ahoenkbuatnck jctcr

Inoure 2+87 Rmree*pmhse squnrref ahoe nkbuatnck jctcr

Hk efeatrna jctcr ns useb tc ackvert efeatrnahf ekeroy nktc jeamhknahf ekeroy&usuhffy `y tme rcthtnko smh brnvnko cr pcwernko h fchb+ Nk tmns amhpter& tmecaus wnff è ck mcw tme jctcr ns put tcoetmer& tme purpcse c tme vhrncus phrts&hppfnahtncks cr tme jctcr hkb prhatnahf hppfnahtnck cr stubekts y pmysnahffywnrnko h jctcr tc h suppfy& wntm hff tme acktrcf hkb shety ehtures requnreb tmht ocwntm nt+

Ackstruatnck

Hky jctcr acksnsts c h fct c phrts+ Rese hre7 Re rctcr ntsef+ Hs tme khje nkbnahtes& tmns ns tme phrt tmht rcthtes+ Hk hxfe -cr smh. ck wmnam tme rctcr turks+ Re jethf rhje tmht mcuses hff tme ctmer phrts -ahffeb tme sthtcr& hs nt ns

sthtnckhry.+ Ekb pfhtes tmht mcfb tme ehrnkos hkb hfsc sehf c tme rctcr+ Re wnkbnkos c wnre nk speanhf sfcts pfhaeb ck tme jethf rhje+ Re accfnko hk+ Re prcteatnck acver cr tme accfnko k+ Re terjnkhf cx tmht mcfbs tme snx ekb wnres c tme tmree acnfs+


75/266

9?

Rmree*pmhse jctcrs hkb sthrters 2

Rns ns `hsnahffy sujjhrnseb nktc tmree jhnk phrts+8+ Re rctcr0+ Re sthtcr1+ Re sthtcr wnkbnkos

Inoure 2+07 Authwhy vnew c h jctcr smcwnko jcst c tme phrts

Eham c tme wcrbs nk tme khje c tme tmree pmhse squnrref ahoe nkbuatnck jctcrspeffs cut exhatfy wmht nt ns+

Rree pmhse Re jctcr requnres h tmree pmhse suppfy nk crber tc arehte hrcthtnko sthtcr efb+

Qqunrref ahoe Peers tc tme type c rctcr+ H squnrref ahoe rctcr mhs jethf rcbs -crstrnps. tmht hre smcrt anraunteb ht tme ekbs `y jehks c h jethf rnko+

Nkbuatnck Aurrekt ns nkbuaeb nk tme jethf strnps c tme rctcr+

Jctcr H jctcr ns useb tc ackvert efeatrnahf ekeroy nktc jeamhknahfekeroy+ Re nkbuaeb aurrekts ahuse tme rctcr hkb tme smh tc turk+

Rhde kcte

Hkctmer dnkb c tmree*pmhse jctcr tmht ns usebns ahffeb tme wcukbebrctcr `eahuse tme rctcrmhs wnkbnkos c acpperwnre wcukb hrcukbtme rctcr acre+ Nt ns hfscdkcwk hs h sfnp rnkojctcr+

Accfnko hk

Accfnko hk acver

Inefb sthtcr wnkbnkos

Orehse pfuo

Qmnefbeb rcffer`ehrnko

Qmht

Brhnk pfuo

Ahst nrck rhje hkbekb `rhadet

Fhjnkhteb steef rctcr

Fntnko eye

Orehse pfuo


76/266

9=


Rme sthtcr wnkbnkos hkb tme rcthtnko sthtcr inefb

Hftmcuom tme prcaess c arehtnko h rcthtnko sthtcr efb ns nk hat hr jcre acjpfextmht nt scukbs mere& we mhve dept nt hs snjpfe hs pcssn`fe hkb mhve jhbe use csdetames tc oet tme `hsna ackaept harcss+

Re sthtcr wnkbnkos hre tme tmree acnfs c wnre tmht hre pfhaeb nk speanhf sfcts ck tmenksnbe c tme rhje+ Renr sthrtnko pcnkts hre pfhaeb 80


77/266

9>


Inoure 2+17 Jhoketna efb ht H Jhoketna efb ht @ Jhoketna efb ht A

Ht pcnkt H nkbnahteb ck tme whvecrj \mhse 8 wnff mhve jhxnjuj aurrekt icwnko tmrcuom nt -nk h pcsntnve bnreatnck.+ \mhses 0 hkb 1 wnff mhve equhf aurrekts ut nk tme keohtnve bnreatnck tc pmhse

8s aurrekt+

Re resufthkts c tmese tmree jhoketna efbs mhve èek pfctteb ck tme sdetam smcwknk oure 2+1 ck tme fe+

Ht pcnkt @ nkbnahteb ck tme whvecrj \mhse 8 wnff mhve fess tmhk jhxnjuj aurrekt icwnko tmrcuom nt ùt nk tme

pcsntnve bnreatnck+ \mhse 0 mhs kc aurrekt icwnko tmrcuom nt hkb mekae kc jhoketna efb+ \mhse 1 wnff mhve jcre aurrekt icwnko tmrcuom nt ùt nk tme keohtnve bnreatnck

tc pmhse 8s aurrekt+

Re resufthkts c tmese twc jhoketna efbs mhve èek pfctteb nk oure 2+1 nk tmejnbbfe+ Re 1


78/266

? H ht h pcwer hatcr c.-285.-


84/266

?9


Efeatrnahf nkspeatncks

Re cffcwnko hre ahteocrnseb hs efeatrnahf nkspeatncks tmht smcufb è ahrrneb cutècre acjjnssncknko hk efeatrna jctcr7 Acktnkunty#resnsthkae test+ Nksufhtnck resnsthkae etweek acnfs -wnkbnkos.+ Nksufhtnck resnsthkae etweek acnfs hkb ehrtm+ Amead cr c`vncus cpek#expcseb wnres+

Rese wcufb è fehbs cr ah`fes gcnknko tme jctcr tc tme suppfy+ Hky `hre wnreahrrynko efeatrnanty ns gust `hb kews+

Amead tme efeatrnahf ackkeatncks nk tme terjnkhf `cx+Nt ns njpcrthkt tmht tme kuts wmere tme suppfy fehbs#ah`fes hre gcnkeb tctme terjnkhf `cx hre tnomt+ N kct& tmns jhy fehb tc sphrdnko& ukwhkteb meht hkbuksth`fe suppfy vcfthoes hkb aurrekt requnreb cr cptnjhf percrjhkae+

Inoure 2+>7Rme terjnkhf `cx cr h tmree*pmhse jctcr smcwnko tme kuts tmht just è

tnomt cr prcper efeatrnahf ackkeatnck

Amead cr h prcper ehrtm ackkeatnck+Her nksthffhtnck tme jctcr smcufb è ehrtmeb tc tme rhje ck wmnam nt nsjcukteb+

Jeamhknahf nkspeatncks

Re cffcwnko hre ahteocrnseb hs jeamhknahf nkspeatncks tmht smcufb è ahrrneb cutècre acjjnssncknko hk efeatrna jctcr7 Amead tme smh cr jcvejekt+

Hs èhrnkos wehr cut& tmey sthrt ahusnko h aerthnk pfhy nk tme smh+ N tmepfhy èacjes exaessnve& nt wnff ahuse ukwhkteb meht hkb tme rctcr acufbsthrt sarhpnko hohnkst tme nksnbe c tme sthtcr -tmns test ns kct pcssn`fe n tmejctcrs hre rehffy `no.+

Amead tme èhrnkos cr sjcctm rcthtnck+_mek tme rctcr ns turkeb `y mhkb& nt smcufb turk sjcctmfy -usuhffy wntmcut tmefchb ackkeateb.+ Hky rcuom eefnko smcufb fehb tc tme èhrnkos ènko repfhaeb+

Amead tme mcusnko cr arhads+ Amead tmht tme jctcr ns `cfteb tc tme rhje+

Amead tmht tme `cfts seaurnko tme jctcr tc tme rhje#pfhtcrj hre tnomt+\cweruf jctcrs wnff hatuhffy rnp tmejsefves c tme rhje n kct seaureb+

Amead tme ekb pfhtes hre hstekeb prcperfy+Qcjetnjes tme sfnomt vn`rhtncks hs tme jctcr turks ahuse tmese `cfts tc fccsektmejsefves+ N kct tnomtekeb& tme rctcr jnomt smn sfnomtfy hkb sarhpe hohnkst tmesthtcrs nksnbe+

Rhde kcte

Hftmcuom 8 J nsoekerhffy haaepteb nk

jctcr testnko& scjeacjphknes wmc wcrdwntm preansnck jctcrsbejhkb


85/266

??


Amead accfnko hk `fhbes+Rey smcufb è nkthat hkb turk wntm tme rctcr+ Hky phrt `rcdek c tme hk ahkahuse tme jctcr tc è uk`hfhkaeb hkb vn`rhte exaessnvefy -hfjcst fnde h ahr wntmhk uk`hfhkaeb wmeef.+

Amead tme prcteatnck acver cver tme hk+Re acver smcufb è rjfy nk pfhae hkb tme hk smcufb kct sarhpe hohnkst tmeprcteatnck acver+

Inoure 2+8


86/266

?=


Inoure 2+807Rme settnkos c tme Jeooer tc smcw tme sahfes hkb tme J sahfes

Re tmree efeatrnahf tests wnff è ahrrneb cut ck tme terjnkhf `cx c tme jctcr+ Rnsprcaess wnff è spfnt nktc tmree steps+

Inoure 2+817Rerjnkhf `cx wmere testnko just thde pfhae

Qtrep 8 hde tme jehsurejekts ètweek eham c tme snx terjnkhfs hkb ehrtm&hkb reacrb tmej nk h th`fe+

Qtep 0 Nkterpret tme rehbnkos hkb put tmej cktc h sdetam+

Qtep 1 _rnte h acjpremeksnve repcrt ck tme ackbntnck c tme jctcr `yreerrnko tc eham c tme efeatrnahf tests nkbnvnbuhffy+

Qtep 87 Peacrbnko c rehbnkos

Pejejèr tc use h Jeooer cr hk nksufhtnck tester wmek percrjnko tmns thsd+Juftnjeters cperhte entmer c h 8&5 Y cr > Y `httery& sc usnko tmej tc test00< Y#1=< Y jctcrs ns acjpfetefy usefess+

Re reacrbnko crj wnff mefp tc eksure tmht testnko whs bcke ètweek hff tmeterjnkhfs nk h fconahf jhkker+ Jnssnko gust cke reacrbnko rekbers tme wmcfe testnkvhfnb+

Re Oerjhk jetmcb cr fhèffnko tme terjnkhf `cx wnff è useb nk tmns seatnck ctme wcrd -U& Y hkb _.+

Hff rehbnkos orehter tmhk 8 J ahk snjpfy è reacrbeb hs nkknty& hs tmns nsnkterpreteb hs hk cmj vhfue tmht ns fhroe ekcuom tc mhve kc eeat ck tme cutacje ctme resufts+

Rhde kcte

Re @rntnsm jetmcb crfhèffnko terjnkhf `cxesns tc use tme fetters H& @hkb A+


87/266

?>


Peacrbnko tejpfhte cr 1*pmhse jctcr testnko

U0 Y0 Y0 U8 _0 E

U0 _0 Y0 _8 U8 _8

U0 U8 Y0 Y8 U8 Y8

U0 _8 Y0 E U8 E

U0 Y8 _0 U8 _8 Y8

U0 E _0 _8 _8 E

Y0 _0 _0 Y8 Y8 E

Qtep 07 me sdetam

Use hff tme reacrbeb vhfues hkb ff tmej nk ck tme sdetam c tme terjnkhf `cx smcwk`efcw+ Bcnko tmns wnff ekh`fe cke tc crj h `etter nbeh -pnature. c wmere tmerehbnkos t nk hkb nt jhdes tme nkterprethtnck cr tme repcrt h fct ehsner+

c jhde tmns prcaess c trhkserrnko vhfues rcj tme th`fe tc tme sdetam juam ehsnerhkb tc efnjnkhte snffy jnsthdes& nt mefps tc bc tmej nk tmns crber+ Inff nk tme vhfues c tme acnfs rst -brhw tmej hs acnfs.+ Hff smcrt anraunts -n hky.+ Hff fcw cmj vhfues+ Hff mnom cmj vhfues+ Use acjjck sekse+ Icr exhjpfe& 0< pfus >


88/266

=7 Jhnk wnrnko cr tme crwhrb reverse -JA0 swcps F0 hkb F1.

JA0-K#A.

I_B PEY


96/266

==


_mek tme 8st ùttck ns presseb& aurrekt ahk icw rcj tme fnve tmrcuom tmecverfchb -C#F.& tme stcp ùttck -K#A.& tme sthrt -presseb hkb afcseb.& JA0 mcfbnko cut -K#A.& tmrcuom JA 8 tc keutrhf+ Rns hatnvhtes JA 8& wmnamhatnvhtes juftnpfe ackthats+

Nt afcses tme mcfbnko nk JA 8 -nk phrhffef tc tme sthrt crwhrb ùttck.& cpeks tmemcfbnko cut -JA8. sntuhteb gust h`cve JA0 -wmnam kcw prevekts hkycke rcjhatnvhtnko JA0& evek n tme ctmer sthrt ùttck ns presseb.& hkb afcses tme tmreeackthats c JA 8 tmht ackkeat F8& F0 hkb F1 tc tme jctcr hkb nt ruks nk ckebnreatnck+

Re systej just è stcppeb rst+ Kcw tme reverse ùttck ahk e presseb+

_mek tme reverse ùttck ns presseb& aurrekt ahk icw rcj tme fnve tmrcuom tmecverfchb -C#F.& tme stcp ùttck -K#A.& tme 0kb sthrt -presseb hkb afcseb.& JA 8mcfbnko cut -K#A.& tmrcuom JA 0 tc keutrhf+

Rns hatnvhtes JA 0& wmnam hatnvhtes juftnpfe ackthats+

Nt afcses tme mcfbnko nk JA 0 -nk phrhffef tc tme sthrt reverse ùttck.& cpekstme mcfbnko cut -JA 0. sntuhteb gust h`cve JA 8 -wmnam kcw prevekts hkyckercj hatnvhtnko JA 8& evek n tme ctmer sthrt ùttck ns presseb.& hkb afcses tmetmree ackthats c JA 0 tmht swntam F0 hkb F1 hrcukb hkb tme jctcr ruks nk tmecppcsnte bnreatnck+

_nrnko ck h phkef7 -sthrt hkb stcp.

Rns anraunt ahk kcw è ùnft ck tme wnrnko `chrbs+ Nt ns hohnk strckofyreacjjekbeb tmht tme acktrcf anraunt è ùnft rst hkb testeb& ècre tme jhnkanraunt ns ùnft+

Ckae everytmnko mhs èek ameadeb nk tme acktrcf anraunt& tme suppfy ahk è swntamebck hkb tme sthrt ùttck -crwhrb. presseb+

H sequektnhf amead smcufb è ahrrneb cut tc eksure tmht hff tme besnok requnrejektswere hbmereb tc+

Re sequektnhf amead cr tme crwhrb reverse7 \ress sthrt 8 JA 8 smcufb hatnvhte hkb sthy hatnvhteb ckae tme sthrt 8

ns refehseb+ N stcp ns presseb& JA 8 smcufb behatnvhte+ \ress sthrt 0 JA 0 smcufb hatnvhte hkb sthy hatnvhteb ckae tme sthrt 0

ns refehseb+ N stcp ns presseb& JA 0 smcufb behatnvhte+ \ress sthrt 8 N sthrt 0 -reverse. ns kcw presseb& kctmnko smcufb mhppek+

\ress stcp tc behatnvhte JA 8 \ress sthrt 0 N sthrt 8 -crwhrb. ns kcw presseb& kctmnko smcufb mhppek+

\ress stcp tc behatnvhte JA 0+ Hff pcssn`nfntnes mhve èek testeb cr hkb n CD tmek tme acktrcf anraunt ns 8


97/266

=>


CKF^ KC_ ahk tme jhnk anraunt è wnreb+Pejejèr& ckfy keutrhfs smcufb è ackkeateb tc tme `cttcj c tme JAs hkbkcwmere efse+ N ameadeb hkb hff fccds rnomt& reackkeat tme suppfy+

\ress sthrt 8 -crwhrb. Re jctcr wnff rcthte nk cke bnreatnck+ \ress stcp \ress sthrt 0 -reverse. Re jctcr wnff rcthte nk tme cppcsnte bnreatnck+ \ress stcp Jctcr smcufb stcp+

Hutcjhtna sthr*befth sthrter wntm cverfchb -Kct jhkuhf.

Re hutcjhtna sthr*befth jctcr sthrter ns besnokeb tc sthrt tme jctcr nk h sthrackkeatnck tc rebuae sthrtnko aurrekts hkb vcfthoes hkb ckae turknko hfjcst ht uffspeeb tc amhkoe tme terjnkhf ackkeatncks tc befth+ Rns ns bcke hutcjhtnahffy& scher tme sthrt ùttck ns presseb tme jctcr ruks nk sthr njjebnhtefy hkb her h pre*set tnje ck h tnjer tme amhkoe tc befth mhppeks hutcjhtnahffy+

Re anraunt just mhve cke sthrt hkb cke stcp ùttck+ -Hff nkterfcads& cverfchbs hkb

shety jeamhknsjs just è smcwk+.

Iukatnck ci acjpckekts ck bnhorhjs

8 stcp ùttckNts purpcse ns tc bnsackkeat tme suppfy rcj tme jctcr tme jcjekt nt ns presseb+

8 sthrt uttckNts purpcse ns tc ackkeat tme suppfy tc tme jctcr+

8 cverfchb

Nts purpcse ns tc bnsackkeat tme suppfy rcj tme jctcr tme jcjekt tme aurrektexaeebs tme vhfue tmht tme cverfchb ns speanahffy besnokeb cr cr pre*set tc+

1 jhnk ackthatcrsRe rst ackthatcr ns tc ackkeat F8& F0 hkb F1 rcj tme suppfy tc tme tcp tmreeterjnkhfs c tme jctcr+

Re seackb ackthatcr -sthr. ns tc ackkeat tme 1 `cttcj terjnkhfs c tme terjnkhf `cxtcoetmer+

Re tmnrb ackthatcr -befth. ns tc ackkeat tme tmree vertnahffy cppcsnte terjnkhfs ctme terjnkhf `cx tcoetmer+

Mcfbnko nk ackthats7 -JA 8 -K#C.Re mcfbnko nk ackthats JA 8 -K#C. wnff deep JA 8 hatnvhteb her tme sthrt ùttckns refehseb -nt ns nk phrhffef tc tme sthrt crwhrb ùttck.+

Werc vcft acnf7 JA 8 -K#C.Nk tme evekt c h pcwer hnfure& tme systej wnff swntam c& ùt wmek tme pcwer nsrestcreb hohnk tme systej wnff kct sthrt `y ntsef+ Nt wnff mhve tc è jhkuhffy resthrteb`y tme cperhtcr+


98/266

>8


Inoure 2+007 Jhnk wnrnko cr tme sthr*befth sthrter

_mek tme sthrt ùttck ns presseb& aurrekt ahk icw rcj tme fnve tmrcuom tmecverfchb -C#F.& tme stcp ùttck -K#A.& tme sthrt -presseb hkb afcseb.& tmrcuom tmerst tmree rhkames+

@rhkam 8 JA 8& hatnvhtnko JA 8 -K#C.& hkb JA -K#C. mcfb cut@rhkam 0 Re tnjer& wmnam hatnvhtes@rhkam 1 Re tnjer -K#A.& JA 1 -K#A. hkb JA 0 ntsef& hatnvhtnko JA 0

Ht tme shje tnje& tme tmree ackthats c JA 8 -tmht ackkeat F8& F0 hkb F1 tc tme

jctcr.& hs weff hs tme tmree ackthats c JA 0 -tmht arehte tme sthr pcnkt ck tme`cttcj tmree terjnkhfs. afcse hkb tme jctcr ruks nk sthr+

_mek tme pre*set tnje ck tme tnjer expnres& tme ackthats èfckonko tc tme tnjeramhkoe sthte& hkb JA 0 behatnvhtes wmnfe JA 1 hatnvhtes+ Re ackkeatncks mhve kcwèek amhkoeb rcj sthr tc befth hkb tme jctcr acktnkues tc ruk nk befth uktnf tmestcp uttck ns presseb+

_nrnko ck h phkef7 -sthrt hkb stcp.

Rns anraunt ahk kcw è ùnft ck tme wnrnko `chrbs+ Nt ns hohnk strckofyreacjjekbeb tmht tme acktrcf anraunt è ùnft rst hkb testeb+ Nt wcufb hfsc mefp tcuse scje jhsdnko thpe hkb tc fhèf tme tmree jhnk ackthatcrs hs JA 8& JA 0 hkbJA 1+ Rns wnff prevekt h fct c ackusnck burnko tme wnrnko prcaess+

Ckae everytmnko mhs èek ameadeb nk tme acktrcf anraunt& tme suppfy ahk èswntameb ck hkb sthrt ùttck presseb+ JA 8& JA 0 hkb tme tnjer just hff hatnvhtesnjufthkecusfy+ Her h aerthnk tnje& JA 0 just behatnvhte hkb JA 1 hatnvhte+

CKF^ KC_ ahk tme jhnk anraunt è wnreb+Pejejèr& ckfy keutrhfs smcufb è ackkeateb tc tme `cttcj c tme JAs& hkbkcwmere efse+ N ameadeb hkb hff fccds rnomt& reackkeat tme suppfy+

Rhde kcte

Re nscfhtcr swntam justè c hkb dey rejcvebècre hky wnrnko nsbcke+


100/266

>0


\ress tme sthrt ùttck hkb tme jctcr wnff sthrt rcthtnko+ Her h aerthnk tnje& hs tmeamhkoe*cver mhppeks& cke smcufb mehr h amhkoe nk tme jctcr& espeanhffy n ukberfchb ackbntncks+

N hff ns weff& tme stcp ùttck ahk è presseb tc stcp tme jctcr+

Inoure 2+017 Mcw snx 02< Y fhjps ahk è wnreb tc snjufhte tme pmhses c h tmree pmhsefchb

Qequekae jctcr acktrcf sthrter wntm cverfchb -wntmcut tnjer.7\rhatnahf

8+ \urpcse7c besnok h anraunt wntm tme onvek equnpjekt sc tmht wmek sthrt 8 ns presseb h rebfnomt just è swntameb ck rst ècre h tmree*pmhse jctcr ahk è swntameb ck+ Nkctmer wcrbs& n tme reb fnomt ns kct swntameb ck& tmek tme jctcr just kct swntamck entmer& evek n sthrt ùttck 0 ns presseb+

cur anraunt just mhve twc sthrtnko ùttcks hkb cke stcp uttck+ N tme stcpùttck ns presseb& tmek `ctm tme fnomt hkb tme jctcr just swntam c njjebnhtefy+

Hff nkterfcads& cverfchbs hkb shety jeamhknsjs just è smcwk+

0+ Equnpjekt70 sthrt#stcp sthtncks0 jhnk ackthatcrs wntm huxnfnhry ackthats8 fnomt sthtnck8 tmree*pmhse jctcrAckkeatnko wnres

Rhde kcte

Hk hfterkhtnve tc usnko h jctcr ns pcssn`fe+ Nt jhdes use c twc 00< Y fhjps per pmhse ackkeateb nk sernes+ _mek tmejctcr ruks nk sthr& tmere ns eeatnvefy 00< Y harcss tme twc fhjps+ Rey wnff ùrk bnjfy+ Her tme amhkoe*cver& tmerens kcw 1=< Y harcss tme twc fhjps hkb tmey wnff ùrk `rnomtfy+ Rns ns hk eeatnve why tc see tme amhkoe hs tme anrauntswntames rcj tme sthr tc tme befth ackkeatnck+ wc fhjps JUQ è useb nk sernes+ N ckfy cke ns useb& tmek nk tme befthackkeatnck tmere wcufb è 1=< Y harcss tme 00< Y fhjps hkb nt wcufb `fcw tme fhjps+

U8

Y8

_8

U0

Y0

_0


101/266

>1


1+ Expfhnk tme cffcwnko wntm reohrbs tc tmns besnok Iukatnck c acjpckekts ck bnhorhjs \rnkanpfe c cperhtnck

2+ Acktrcf anraunt bnhorhj7Brhw h keht acktrcf anraunt bnhorhj+ Hff ackkeatnko pcnkts just è afehrfysmcwk+

5+ Jhnk anraunt bnhorhj7Brhw h keht jhnk bnhorhj tc smcw mcw tme jhnk wnrnko smcufb è ackkeateb+Hff ackkeatnko pcnkts just è afehrfy smcwk+

9+ @unfbnko tme acktrcf anraunt7_nre tme anraunt exhatfy haacrbnko tc tme besnok+ Ckae acjpfete hkb n hffameads mhve èek ahrrneb cut& ackkeat tme suppfy hkb press tme sthrt ùttck+ N hffwcrds haacrbnko tc tme arnternh& tmek press tme stcp ùttck+

?+ @unfbnko tme jhnk anraunt7

_nre tme anraunt exhatfy haacrbnko tc tme besnok+ Ckae acjpfete hkb hff ameadsmhve èek ahrrneb cut& ackkeat tme suppfy hkb press tme sthrt ùttck+ N hff wcrdshaacrbnko tc tme arnternh& tmek press tme stcp ùttck+

Inoure 2+027 Acktrcf anraunt cr tme jhkuhf sequekae sthrt

Inoure 2+05 Jhnk anraunt cr tme jhkuhf sequekae sthrt

C#F8

C#F0

QRC\ 8

-FNOMR. -JCRCP.

JA0

JA8

MCFB CUR

C#F0

C#F8


102/266

>2


Qequekae jctcr acktrcf sthrter wntm cverfchb -wntm tnjer.7 \rhatnahf

8+ \urpcse7c besnok h anraunt wntm tme onvek equnpjekt sc tmht wmek tme sthrt ùttck nspresseb tme rst tmree*pmhse jctcr ns hatnvhteb+ Her 8< seackbs& h seackb tmree*pmhse jctcr smcufb hutcjhtnahffy è hatnvhteb hkb `ctm jctcrs smcufb ruk+

^cur anraunt just mhve cke sthrt ùttck hkb cke stcp ùttck+

Hff nkterfcads& cverfchbs hkb shety jeamhknsjs just è smcwk+

0+ Equnpjekt78 sthrt#stcp sthtnck0 jhnk ackthatcrs wntm huxnfnhry ackthats8 ck*befhy0 tmree*pmhse jctcrsAckkeatnko wnres

1+ Expfhnk tme cffcwnko wntm reohrbs tc tmns besnok7 Iukatnck c acjpckekts ck bnhorhjs \rnkanpfe c cperhtnck

2+ Acktrcf anraunt bnhorhj7Brhw h keht acktrcf anraunt bnhorhj+ Hff ackkeatnko pcnkts just è afehrfysmcwk+

5+ Jhnk anraunt bnhorhj7Brhw h keht jhnk bnhorhj tc smcw mcw tme jhnk wnrnko smcufb è ackkeateb+Hff ackkeatnko pcnkts just è afehrfy smcwk+

9+ @unfbnko tme acktrcf anraunt7_nre tme anraunt exhatfy haacrbnko tc tme besnok+ Ckae acjpfete hkb her hffameads mhve èek ahrrneb cut& ackkeat tme suppfy hkb press tme sthrt ùttck+ N hffwcrds haacrbnko tc tme arnternh& tmek press tme stcp ùttck+

?+ @unfbnko tme jhnk anraunt_nre tme anraunt exhatfy haacrbnko tc tme besnok+ Ckae acjpfete hkb her hffameads mhve èek ahrrneb cut& ackkeat tme suppfy hkb press tme sthrt ùttck+ N hffwcrds haacrbnko tc tme arnternh& tmek press tme stcp ùttck+


103/266

>5


Inoure 2+097 Acktrcf anraunt cr tme hutcjhtna sequekae sthrt

Inoure 2+0?7 Jhnk anraunt cr tme hutcjhtna sequekae sthrt

C#F0

C#F8

C#F0

C#F8

-JCRCP 0.-JCRCP 8.

MCFB CUR


104/266

>9


Hatnvnty 8

8+ _mht ns tme ukatnck c tme efeatrna jctcr30+ Khje tme tmree jhnk phrts c tme efeatrna jctcr+1+ Mcw ahk rcthtnckhf bnreatnck c tme jctcr è amhkoeb3

2+ Expfhnk tme cperhtnck c tme squnrref ahoe nkbuatnck jctcr+5+ Khje scje hbvhkthoes c tmree*pmhse jctcrs cver snkofe*pmhse jctcrs+9+ Khje twc ackkeatnck jetmcbs cr tme tmree*pmhse jctcr hkb smcw y

jehks c twc keht sdetames mcw tmht ahk è hamneveb+?+ Khje scje hppfnahtncks nk nkbustry cr jctcrs+=+ Ahfaufhte tme cffcwnko cr h 5< Mz 285 Y 1*pmhse jctcr wntm h tcthf c

8= pcfes7h. Re sykamrckcus speeb nk P\J+`. Re peraekthoe sfnp n tme smh speeb ns >55 P\J+

>+ Ahfaufhte tme tcthf kujèr c pcfes nk h tmree*pmhse jctcr n tme suppfyrequekay ns 5< Mz hkb tme sykamrckcus speeb c tme jctcr ns rhteb hs9


105/266

>?



Jctcr acktrcf anruants -hutcjhtna swntam ci.8+ \urpcse

c besnok h anraunt wntm tme onvek equnpjekt sc tmht fnomt 8 ns swntameb ck+

Her 8< seackbs tme fnomt stcps urknko hutcjhtnahffy+^cur anraunt just mhve cke sthrtnko ùttck hkb cke stcp ùttck+Hff nkterfcads& cverfchbs hkb shety jeamhknsjs just è smcwk+ Use hjuftnjeter hkb jhde sure ycu dkcw mcw tme c*befhy wcrds+

0+ Equnpjekt 8 sthrt#stcp sthtnck 8 8 jhnk ackthatcrs wntm huxnfnhry ackthats 8 8 c*befhy 8 8 fnomt sthtnck 8 ackkeatnko wnres

1+ Acktrcf anraunt bnhorhjBrhw h keht acktrcf anraunt bnhorhj+ Hff ackkeatnko pcnkts just è afehrfysmcwk+

2+ Jhnk anraunt bnhorhjBrhw h keht jhnk bnhorhj tc smcw mcw tme jhnk wnrnko smcufb èackkeateb+ Hff ackkeatnko pcnkts just è afehrfy smcwk+

5+ Ackkeat tme acktrcf anraunt haacrbnko tc ycur bnhorhj& hkb ahffycur tehamer wmek ycu hre sure ycur anraunt ns acrreat+ acrreat 8st tnje7 8< pcnkts

acrreat 0kb tnje7 5 pcnkts tmereher7 1 pcnkts

9+ Ackkeat tme jhnk anraunt bnhorhj haacrbnko tc ycur bnhorhj& hkb ahffycur tehamer wmek ycu hre sure c ycur anraunt ns acrreat+ acrreat 8st tnje7 8< pcnkts acrreat 0kb tnje7 5 pcnkts tmereher7 1 pcnkts


106/266

>=



1 \mhse jctcr testnko Qnjufhtnck 8

Equnpjekt7

Rree pmhse jctcr Jeooer cr nksufhtnck tester

Hk efeatrnahf 1 pmhse nkbuatnck jctcr were testeb wntm hk nksufhtnck#acktnkuntytester& hkb tme cffcwnko rehbnkos were c`thnkeb+

U0 Y0 Y0 U8 _0 E

U0 _0 Y0 _8 U8 _8

U0 U8 =0d Y0 Y8 55&= U8 Y8

U0 _8 Y0 E U8 E


107/266

>>


8+0+0 Nksufhtnck etweek _nkbnkos7

_nkbnko Pehbnko Haaept cr kct Jctnvhte

_nkbnko U hkb Y

_nkbnko U hkb __nkbnko Y hkb _

8+0+1 Nksufhtnck tc Ehrtm7

_nkbnko Pehbnko Haaept cr kct Jctnvhte

_nkbnko U

_nkbnko Y

_nkbnko _

8+0+2 _mht ns tme jnknjuj haaepth`fe vhfue cr tme nksufhtnck testhaacrbnko tc reoufhtnck3

1 \mhse jctcr testnko Qnjufhtnck 0

Equnpjekt7 Rree pmhse jctcr Jeooer cr nksufhtnck tester

Hk efeatrnahf 1 pmhse nkbuatnck jctcr were testeb wntm hk nksufhtnck#acktnkuntytester& hkb tme cffcwnko rehbnkos were c`thnkeb+

U0 Y0 Y0 U8 _0 E

U0 _0 Y0 _8 20+1 U8 _8

U0 U8 8>=d Y0 Y8 1> U8 Y8

U0 _8 Y0 E U8 E

U0 Y8 _0 U8 _8 Y8 =8&1

U0 E _0 _8 1> _8 E

Y0 _0 1&1 _0 Y8 20+1 Y8 E

8+8 Nkterpret tme rehbnkos hkb brhw h pcssn`fe efeatrnahf anraunt -nkterkhfackkeatncks. c tme hufty#snjufhteb jctcr+Fh`efs 2Kcbes 0


108/266

8


109/266

8


110/266

8


111/266

8


112/266

8


113/266

Amhpter 5

PAF anraunts

X*ihatcrPesckhktirequekay

H @

\mhscr bnhorhjsAhfaufhtncks

H @

\hrhffef anrauntsQernes anraunts

H @


114/266

8


115/266

8


116/266

8.+

Hpphrekt pcwer - YH.

Pehf pcwer -_.

Pehatnve pcwer YHP


117/266

8

PAF anraunts 5

\mhse hkofe hkb pcwer ihatcrRe rhtnc c true pcwer tc hpphrekt pcwer ns ahffeb tme pcwer hatcr hkb ns hkujèr hfwhys ètweek < hkb 8+ -Rht jehks h jhxnjuj c CKE+.

Nt ns hatuhffy pure trnockcjetry wmere acs : HbghaektMypctekuse

ùt nk tmns ahse tme true pcwer ns tme hbghaekt hkb tme hpphrekt pcwer ns tmemypctekuse& tmerecre

acs :\

hpphrekt

Qnkae nt ns h rnomt hkofe trnhkofe& \ytmhocrhs hfsc pfhys h phrt hkb nt bces mefp wntmscje ahfaufhtncks+ Hfterkhtnvefy& tme cffcwnko crjufh acufb è useb tc ahfaufhtetme rehatnve pcwer+

-\H\\.0 : -\PUE.

0 $ -\PEHA.0 CP -\H\\.

0 : \true0 $ \reha0

Pejejèr tmht pcwer hatcr ns hfwhys wrnttek hs = hkb KEYEP hs >=< 8


118/266

88


120/266

880


Inoure 5+27 _hves ck tme csanffcsacpe nk pmhse wntm eham ctmer ht resckhkt requekay

Inoure 5+57 Mcw tme brhwnko c tme twc whves nk pmhse wntm eham ctmer wnff fccd ht

resckhkt requekay

Amhrhaternstnas cr tme sernes PAF anraunt ht resckhkae7 ]

F: ]

A

P : W W ns jnk+ N ns jhx+ Acs : 8 :


121/266

881

PAF anraunts 5

Re cffcwnko crjufhe ahk è useb tc ahfaufhte X*hatcrs+

X*hatcr -usnko cmj vhfues. : CPP P

X*hatcr usnko vcfthoe vhfues : CPY Y

_mek brhwnko h pmhscr bnhorhj icr h sernes PAF anraunt tmere hre MPEEpcssn`fntes7 èfcw resckhkt requekay ht resckhkt requekay h`cve resckhkt requekay+

Icr tme rst saekhrnc& wmere tme requekay hffs èfcw resckhkae& tme ackbntnck nstmht ]

F6 ]

A+hkb tmerecre Y

F6 Y

A-tmns anraunt wcufb è jcre ahphantnve.+

Re pmhscr bnhorhj represektnko hff tme vcfthoe vhfues nk h sernes PAF anraunt ht hfcw requekay ns smcwk h`cve+

Inoure 5+97 _hvecrjs ck hk csanffcsacpe wmere YP

fehbs YR

-YP

sthrts fet aektre.

Nk tmns ahse& suppfy aurrekt fehbs tme suppfy vcfthoe hkb tme pcwer hatcr ns fehbnkocverhff+

]F ]A

YF

YA

YA

YF

YR

YP

N

-YA YF.

Rhde kcte

X*Ihatcr ahk ckfy èahfaufhteb ht resckhktrequekay+


122/266

882


Ht resckhkt irequekayIcr tme seackb saekhrnc& tme requekay ns ht resckhkae hkb ckfy ht tmns requekaywnff ]

F: ]

Ahkb Y

F: Y

A+

Re pmhscr bnhorhj represektnko hff tme vcfthoe vhfues nk h sernes PAF anraunt htresckhkae+

Inoure 5+?7 _hvecrjs ck hk csanffcsacpe wmere Y

Rhkb Y

Phre nk pmhse wntm eham ctmer

Nk tmns ahse& tme suppfy aurrekt hkb tme suppfy vcfthoe hre exhatfy nk pmhse wntm ehamctmer hkb tmns ns tme uknty pcwer hatcr -uknty jehks 8.+

H`cve resckhkt irequekayIcr tme tmnrb saekhrnc& wmere tme requekay ns h`cve resckhkae tme ackbntnck ns tmht

]F ; ]A hkb tmerecre YF ; YA -tmns wcufb `e jcre nkbuatnve.+

Re pmhscr bnhorhj represektnko hff tme vcfthoe vhfues nk h sernes PAF anraunt ht hmnom requekay+

YF

YA

YR

YP

N

-YF YA.

YA

N

YF

YR

YP


123/266

885

PAF anraunts 5

Inoure 5+=7 _hvecrjs ck hk csanffcsacpe wmere YR

fehbs YP

Nk tmns ahse& suppfy aurrekt fehbs tme suppfy vcfthoe hkb tme pcwer hatcr ns fehbnkocverhff+

Ahfaufhtncks icr sernes PAF anraunts

H kujèr c exhjpfes wnff è bnsausseb tc acj`nke hff tmese hspeats nk sernes PAFanraunts+ Rese exhjpfes wnff è useb hs revnsnck tc exphkb tme why cke tmnkds h`cutPAF anraunts+ Ck acjpfetnck& tme jcve tc phrhffef PAF anraunts wnff è jhbe+

Xuestnck 87H sernes PF anraunt acksnsts c h resnstcr c 2?< hkb h acnf c 2? jM tmht nsackkeateb tc h 7 H sernes PF anraunt bnhorhj

Ahfaufhte tme cffcwnko7h. nkbuatnve rehathkae

`. njpebhkaea. tme aurrekt brhwk rcj tme suppfyb. tme pcwer hatcre. tme vcfthoe brcp harcss tme acnf+. _mht wnff mhppek tc tme aurrekt cwnko nk tme anraunt n tme requekay ns

nkarehseb3

Hkswers icr questnck 87h. ]

F: 0 -0


124/266

889


b. Acs : P : 2?< : 2&>8 H.-5> jY -cr


125/266

88?

PAF anraunts 5

b. acs : P : 0< :


126/266

88=


\hrhffef PAF anraunts

Hphrt rcj tme bnerekae nk anraunt ackstruatnck `etweek tme sernes hkb tme phrhffefanraunts& tmere hre jhky ctmer amhkoes+ Mcwever& n tme `hsnas hre dept snjpfe& tmek`y usnko acjjck sekse cke ahk khvnohte ckes why tmrcuom phrhffef anraunts wntm

Date post:	11-Feb-2018
Category:	Documents
Upload:	future-managers-pty-ltd
View:	221 times
Download:	0 times

Electrical Technology Grade 12

Documents