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2. 2 ELECTRICITY FROM VIBRATION & ITS IMPACT Introduction:- With the growing demands of human needs the utilisation of conventional energy has increased tremendously. Consequently environmental issues like global warming etc. have risen. Keeping these facts in view this model has been prepared to present an idea on how the daily energy requirement can be fulfilled in a more practical, feasible and economical way by converting mechanical energy of vibration into electric energy. Aim & Objectives:- Conservation and Utilization of Natural Resources. This present model ensures the reduction in the use of coal and other sources of energy. By the reduction in the consumption of coal, its reserves will last for a longer time in earth and will give service to mankind for a longer time. This will save a huge amount of money which the government spends for purchasing power for street light. It can reduce the vibration and noise from our society. Scientific Principle Involved:-Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting is based upon the piezoelectric effect. The essence of the piezoelectric effect works as follows: by applying a mechanical stress to a crystal, one can generate a voltage or potential energy difference, and thus a current. Piezoelectric materials can become electrically polarized or undergo a change in Polarization when subjected to a stress because the slight change in the dimension of a Piezoelectric material results in the variation in bond lengths between cat ions and anions caused by stress. This phenomenon was discovered on many crystals, for instance, Tourmaline, topaz, quartz, Rochelle salt, and cane sugar, by Jacques and Pierre Curie brothers in 1880, and named as piezoelectricity or piezoelectric effect, which describes a relationship between stress and voltage. Conversely, a piezoelectric material will have a change in dimension when it is exposed in an electric field. This inverse mechanism is called electrostriction. Those devices utilizing the piezoelectric effect to convert Mechanical strains into electricity are called transducers. Piezoelectric generator principle:- The vibrations energy harvesting principle using piezoelectric materials is illustrated below. The conversion chain starts with a mechanical energy source from vibration. The vibrations are converted into electricity via piezoelectric element. The electricity produced is thereafter formatted by a static converter before supplying a storage system or the load (electrical device). 3. 3 What is piezoelectric generator? Piezoelectric generators work due to the piezoelectric effect. This is the ability of certain materials to create electrical potential when responding to mechanical changes. To put it more simply, when compressed or expanded or otherwise changing shape a piezoelectric material will output some voltage. Piezoelectric material:- (a) Naturally-occurring crystals:- Berlinite (AlPO4), a rare phosphate mineral that is structurally identical to quartz Cane sugar Quartz Rochelle salt Topaz Tourmaline-group minerals (b) Man-made crystals:- Gallium orthophosphate (GaPO4), a quartz analogic crystal Langasite (La3Ga5SiO14), a quartz analogic crystal (c) Man-made ceramics:- Barium titanate (BaTiO3)Barium titanate was the first piezoelectric ceramic discovered. Lead titanate (PbTiO3) Lead zirconate titanate (Pb[ZrxTi1x]O3 0