ELECTROCARDIO GRAPH

• An electrocardiogram (ECG) is a recording of the electrical activity on the body surface generated by the heart.

• ECG measurement information is collected by skin electrodes placed at designated locations on the body.

• The ECG signal is characterized by six peaks and valleys labelled with successive letters of the alphabet P, Q, R, S, T, and U

INTRODUCTION

• ECG must be able to deal with extremely weak signals ranging from 0.5 mV to 5.0 mV, combined with a dc component of up to 300 mV—resulting from the electrode-skin contact—

• plus a common-mode component of up to 1.5 V, resulting from the potential between the electrodes and ground.

• The useful bandwidth of an ECG signal, depending on the application, can range from 0.5 Hz to 50 Hz– for a monitoring application in intensive care units up to 1 kHz . – A standard clinical ECG application has a bandwidth of 0.05 Hz

to 100 Hz.

CAUSES OF NOISES• • power-line interference: 50–60 Hz pickup and

harmonics from the power mains• • electrode contact noise: variable contact between

the electrode and the skin, causing baseline drift• • motion artifacts: shifts in the baseline caused by

changes in the electrode-skin impedance• • muscle contraction: electromyogram-type signals

(EMG) are generated and mixed with the ECG signals• • respiration, causing drift in the baseline• • electromagnetic interference from other

electronic devices, with the electrode wires serving as antennas, and

• • noise coupled from other electronic devices, usually at high frequencies.

ECG CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

LEADS• Graphic showing the relationship between

positive electrodes, depolarization wave fronts (or mean electrical vectors), and complexes displayed on the ECG.

• In electrocardiography, the word lead may refer to either the electrodes attached to the patient, or, properly, (in which case, it is pronounced /lid/) to the voltage between two electrodes. The electrodes are attached to the patient's body, usually with very sticky circles of thick tape-like material (the electrode is embedded in the center of this circle), onto which cables clip.ECG leads use different combinations of electrodes to produce various signals from the heart.

Placement of electrodes

• Ten electrodes are used for a 12-lead ECG. They are labeled and placed on the patient's body as follows:

Limb Electrode

• The limb electrodes is placed far down on the limbs or close to the hips/shoulders, but they must be even (left vs right).

Limb Leads

• In both the 5- and 12-lead configuration, leads I, II and III are called limb leads.

• The electrodes that form these signals are located on the limbs—one on each arm and one on the left leg. (Einthoven's triangle.)

The lead connected to the right ankle is a neutral lead

Unipolar vs. Bipolar Leads

• There are two types of leads: unipolar and bipolar. • Bipolar leads have one positive and one negative pole.• In a 12-lead ECG, the limb leads (I, II and III) are bipolar

leads.• Unipolar leads also have two poles, as a voltage is

measured; however, the negative pole is a composite pole made up of signals from lots of other electrodes.

• In a 12-lead ECG, all leads besides the limb leads are unipolar (aVR, aVL, aVF, V1, V2, V3, V4, V5, and V6).

Augmented Limb Leads

• Leads aVR, aVL, and aVF are augmented limb leads.

• They are derived from the same three electrodes as leads I, II, and III. However, they view the heart from different angles (or vectors).

Pre-cordial Leads

The electrodes for the precordial leads (V1, V2, V3, V4, V5, and V6) are placed directly on the chest. Because of their close proximity to the heart, they do not require augmentation.

The precordial leads view the heart's electrical activity in the so-called horizontal plane.

The heart's electrical axis in the horizontal plane is referred to as the Z axis.

FUTURE APPLICATIONs• FUTURE APPLICATIONS• In the future, researchers hope to simplify

the ECG to a larger encyclopaedic audience.

• Technology now allows deployment of temporary and permanent cardiac electrodes in a plurality of anatomic positions capable of novel ECGs unimpeded by the skin or thoracic cage.

• ECGs can be as variable as fingerprints to a trained observer. heterogeneity as a predictor of arrhythmia.

• Someday soon, implantable devices may be programmed to measure and track heterogeneity.

Handy ECG Machine

PROPOSED SYSTEM• The designed proposed is very compact and

handy• Real Time Analysis• Highly interactive user interface• Can maintain records• Graphical analysis on stored data;• Flexibility of selection of any parameter;• 230 V. A.C. power supply.

WIRELESS TECHNOLOGY

MICRO CONTROLLERAVR Family

ECG

HEART BEAT

BODYTEMPERATURE

BluetoothModem

Power supply

Respirationtemperature

BLOCK DIAGRAM(RX)

PC

BluetoothDongle

Heart Beat Sensors

• Heart beat indication by LED

• Instant output digital signal

• Compact Size• Working Voltage +5V

DC

Working of Heartbeat Sensor

• It works on the principle of light modulation by

blood flow through finger at each pulse.

CONCLUSION

• The ECG is one of the oldest instrument-bound measurements in medicine. It has faithfully followed the progression of instrumentation technology.

• Its most recent evolutionary step, to the microprocessor based system, has allowed patients to wear their computer monitor or has provided an enhanced, high resolution ECG that has opened new vistas of ECG analysis and interpretation.

Reference:

• Introduction to Biomedical Technology– Joseph J. Carr– John M.Brown

• Bluetooth-enabled ECG Monitoring System T. K. Kho, Rosli Besar, 3 Y. S. Tan, 4 K. H.

Tee, 5 K. C. Ong Keroh Lama, 75450 Melaka,

MALAYSIA

REFERENCE

• “Heart Disease: A Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine”, Fifth Edition, by Braunwald E.

• "The clinical value of the ECG in noncardiac conditions." Chest 2004;

• WIKIPEDIA WEBSITE http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrocardiogram

• Principles of Electrocardiography by Edward J. Berbari

• ECG LIBRARY http://www.ecglibrary.com/ecghome.html

THANKING YOU

• Prof. Manoj Sankhe• Prof. Abeezar Vasi• Prof. Avinash Moore• Prof. Avinash Tandle