Electrochemistry Tables

7/23/2019 Electrochemistry Tables

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Electrochemistry Tables

G E@<=M *@

1: I= =@ M E@

2: I= =@ M @I

3: A=J=M = $@

4: @<= H@-J =@

%C D C' : :> C>@ C;;: A@@>@;:-N;:;>-#> A 3.0 %:@ #@@

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http://chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/






1: I= =@ M E@

2: I= =@ M @I

3: A=J=M = $@

4: @<= H@-J =@

%C D C' : :> C>@ C;;: A@@>@;:-N;:;>-#> A 3.0 %:@ #@@

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P1: Standard Reduction Potentials by Element

P1: Standard Reduction Potentials by Element

*< @@K= @ J= E E Q J@I @ I= =. @I < @@K= I: B,

A. !.; , B.; !, !., . Standard Potentials in Aqueous Solutions, D: %K , 1985; $=@NN, G.; C@=,

.; <, . . Tables of Standard Electrode Potentials, =@M: #, 1978; K=, E. H.; BI@, E. A. Quantitative

Measurements and Chemical Equilibria, F: %K , 1972.

@=, , @=I= ===; @@ < = II. I= = = == @I= K= I=

H+ = @ H3&+. I M K= = M @= H+ K=< H3&+ = < = = < =

@I@ H2& H+; <I

H3A&4 + 2H+ + 2e R (=<@<) HA&2 + 2H2&

H3A&4 + 2H3&+

+ 2e R

(=<@<) HA&2 + 4H2&

C== @ =@ (EQ) @= L < =@.

Aluminum E ° (V)

A3+ + 3e *(*>@@>;;:*) A(s) 1.676

A@(&H)4S + 3eS (=<@<) A@( s) + 4&HS 2.310

A@F63S + 3eS (=<@<) A@( s) + 6FS 2.07

Antimony

%C D C' : :> C>@ C;;: A@@>@;:-N;:;>-#> A 3.0 %:@ #@@

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Aluminum E ° (V)

# + 3H+ + 3e *(*>@@>;;:*) #H3(g ) 0.510

2&5( s) + 6H+ + 4eS (=<@<) 2&+ +

3H2&(l )

0.605

&+ + 2H+ + 3eS (=<@<) ( s) + H2&(l ) 0.212

Arsenic

A + 3H+ + 3e *(*>@@>;;:*) AH3(g ) 0.225

H3A&4 + 2H+ + 2eS (=<@<) HA&2 +

2H2&(l )

0.560

HA&2 + 3H+ + 3eS (=<@<) A( s) +

2H2&(l )

0.240

Barium

B2+ + 2e *(*>@@>;;:*) B(s) 2.91

B&( s) + 2H+ + 2eS(=<@<) B( s) + H2&(l ) 2.365

Beryllium

B2+ + 2e *(*>@@>;;:*) B(s) 1.99

Bismuth

B3+ + 3e *(*>@@>;;:*) B(s) 0.317

B=C@4S + 3eS (=<@<) B=( s) + 4C@S 0.199

%C D C' : :> C>@ C;;: A@@>@;:-N;:;>-#> A 3.0 %:@ #@@

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Aluminum E ° (V)

Boron

B(H)3 + 3H+ + 3e *(*>@@>;;:*) B(s) +

3H2(l ) 0.890

B(&H)4S + 3eS (=<@<) B( s) + 4&HS 1.811

Bromine

B> 2 + 2e *(*>@@>;;:*) 2B> 1.087

H&B + H+ + 2eS (=<@<) B S + H2&(l ) 1.341

H&B + H+ + eS (=<@<) TB S + H2&(l ) 1.604

B> + H2(l ) +2e *(*>@@>;;:*) B> + 2H 0.76 : 1 M NH

B&3S + 6H+ + 5eS (=<@<) TB 2(l ) + 3H2& 1.5

B&3S + 6H+ + 6eS (=<@<)B S + 3H2& 1.478

Cadmium

C2+ + 2e *(*>@@>;;:*) C(s) 0.4030

C(C%)42S + 2eS (=<@<) C( s) + 4C%S 0.943

C(%H3)42+ + 2eS (=<@<) C( s) + 4%H3

0.622

Calcium

%C D C' : :> C>@ C;;: A@@>@;:-N;:;>-#> A 3.0 %:@ #@@

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Aluminum E ° (V)

C2+ + 2e *(*>@@>;;:*) C(s) 2.84

Carbon

C2(g ) + 2H+ + 2e *(*>@@>;;:*) C(g ) +H2(l )

0.106

C&2( g ) + 2H+ + 2eS (=<@<) HC&2H 0.20

2C&2( g ) + 2H+ +2eS (=<@<) H2C2&4 0.481

HCH + 2H+ + 2e *(*>@@>;;:*) CH3H 0.2323

Cerium

C3+ + 3e *(*>@@>;;:*) C(s) 2.336

C4+ + e *(*>@@>;;:*) C3+ 1.44

Cesium

\[Cs^+(aq) + e^- \rightleftharpoons Cs (s) \] -2.92

Chlorine

C2(g ) + 2e *(*>@@>;;:*) 2C 1.396

C@&S + H2&(l ) + eS (=<@<)TC@2( g ) + 2&HS 0.421 : 1 M NH

C@&S + H2&(l ) + 2eS (=<@<) C@S + 2&HS 0.890 : 1 M NH

HC@&2 + 2H+ + 2eS (=<@<) H&C@ + H2& 1.64

%C D C' : :> C>@ C;;: A@@>@;:-N;:;>-#> A 3.0 %:@ #@@

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Aluminum E ° (V)

C@&3S + 2H+ + eS (=<@<) C@&2( g ) + H2& 1.175

C@&3S + 3H+ + 2eS(=<@<)HC@&2 + H2& 1.181

C@&4S + 2H+ + 2eS(=<@<) C@&3

S + H2& 1.201

C4-(=) + H2() + 2- *(*>@@>;;:*) C3

-(=)

+ 2H-(=)0.17

C3-(=) + H2() + 2- *(*>@@>;;:*) C2

-(=)

+ 2H-(=) 0.35

C2-(=) + H2() + 2- *(*>@@>;;:*) C-(=)

+ 2H-(=)0.59

Chromium

C> 3+ + e *(*>@@>;;:*) C> 2+ 0.424

C> 2+ + 2e *(*>@@>;;:*) C>(s) 0.90

C 2&72S + 14H+ + 6eS(=<@<) 2C 3+ +

7H2&(l )

1.36

C&42S + 4H2&(l ) + 3eS(=<@<)2C(&H)4

S

+ 4&HS 0.13 : 1 M NH

Cobalt

C;2+ + 2e *(*>@@>;;:*) C;(s) 0.277

C;3+ + e *(*>@@>;;:*) C;2+ 1.92

%C D C' : :> C>@ C;;: A@@>@;:-N;:;>-#> A 3.0 %:@ #@@

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Aluminum E ° (V)

C(%H3)63+ +eS (=<@<) C(%H3)6

2+ 0.1

C(&H)3( s) + eS (=<@<) C(&H)2( s) + &HS 0.17

C(&H)2( s) + 2eS (=<@<) C( s) + 2&HS 0.746

Copper

C+ + e *(*>@@>;;:*) C(s) 0.520

C2+ + e *(*>@@>;;:*) C+ 0.159

C2+ + 2e *(*>@@>;;:*) C(s) 0.3419

C2+ + I +e *(*>@@>;;:*) CI(s) 0.86

C2+ + C + e *(*>@@>;;:*) CC(s) 0.559

Fluorine

F2( g ) + 2H+ + 2eS (=<@<) 2HF 3.053

F2( g ) + 2eS (=<@<) 2FS 2.87

Gallium

GO3+P + 3S =<@< G() -0.56

Gold

A+ + e *(*>@@>;;:*) A(s) 1.83

%C D C' : :> C>@ C;;: A@@>@;:-N;:;>-#> A 3.0 %:@ #@@

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Aluminum E ° (V)

AI3+ + 2eS (=<@<) AI+ 1.36

A

3+

+ 3e

*(*>@@>;;:*) A(s)1.52

AIC@4S + 3eS (=<@<) AI( s) + 4C@S 1.002

Hydrogen

2H+ + 2S =<@< H2() 0.00000

H2& + eS (=<@<) TH2( g ) + &HS 0.828

Iodine

2() + 2S =<@< 2S 0.5355

3S + 2eS (=<@<) 3S 0.536

H& + H+ + 2eS (=<@<) S + H2&(l ) 0.985

&3S + 6H+ + 5eS (=<@<) T2( s) + 3H2&(l ) 1.195

&3S+ 3H2&(l ) + 6eS (=<@<) S + 6&HS 0.257

Iron

F2+ + 2e *(*>@@>;;:*) F(s) 0.44

F3+ + 3e *(*>@@>;;:*) F(s) 0.037

%C D C' : :> C>@ C;;: A@@>@;:-N;:;>-#> A 3.0 %:@ #@@

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Aluminum E ° (V)

F3+ + eS (=<@<) F2+ 0.771

F(C%)63S + eS(=<@<) F(C%)6

4S 0.356

F(<)63+ +eS(=<@<)F(<)6

2+ 1.147

Lanthanum

L3+ + 3e *(*>@@>;;:*) L(s) 2.38

Lead

!2+ + 2e *(*>@@>;;:*) !(s) 0.126

!2() + 4H+ +2- *(*>@@>;;:*) !2+(=) +

2H2()1.46

&2( s) + 4S &42S + 4H+ + 2eS (=<@<)

&4( s) + 2H2&(l )

1.690

&4( s) + 2eS (=<@<) ( s) + &42S 0.356

Lithium

L+ + e *(*>@@>;;:*) L(s) 3.040

Magnesium

M2+ + 2e *(*>@@>;;:*) M(s) 2.356

$(&H)2( s) + 2eS (=<@<) $( s) + 2&HS 2.687

Manganese

%C D C' : :> C>@ C;;: A@@>@;:-N;:;>-#> A 3.0 %:@ #@@

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Aluminum E ° (V)

M:2+ + 2e *(*>@@>;;:*) M:(s) 1.17

$3+ + eS (=<@<) $2+ 1.5

$&2( s) + 4H+ + 2eS (=<@<) $2+ +

2H2&(l )

1.23

M:2() + 4H+ + - *(*>@@>;;:*) M:3+ (=) +

H2(I)0.95

$&4

S

+ 4H

+

+3e

S

(=<@<) $&2( s) +2H2&(l )

1.70

$&4S+ 8H+ + 5eS (=<@<) $2+ + 4H2&(l ) 1.51

M:4 + 2H2(l ) + 3e *(*>@@>;;:*) M:2(s) +

4H0.60

Mercury

H2+ + 2e *(*>@@>;;:*) H(l ) 0.8535

2H2+ + 2e *(*>@@>;;:*) H22+ 0.911

H22+ + 2eS (=<@<) 2H(l ) 0.7960

H2C@2( s) + 2eS (=<@<) 2H(l ) + 2C@S 0.2682

H&( s) + 2H+ + 2eS (=<@<) H(l ) + H2&(l ) 0.926

%C D C' : :> C>@ C;;: A@@>@;:-N;:;>-#> A 3.0 %:@ #@@

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Aluminum E ° (V)

H2B 2( s) + 2eS (=<@<) 2H(l ) + 2B S 1.392

H22( s) + 2eS (=<@<) 2H(l ) + 2S 0.0405

Molybdenum

M;3+ + 3e *(*>@@>;;:*) M;(s) 0.2

$&2( s) + 4H+ + 4eS (=<@<) $( s) +

2H2&(l )

0.152

$&42S + 4H2&(l ) + 6eS (=<@<)$( s) +

8&HS 0.913

Nickel

N2+ + 2e *(*>@@>;;:*) N(s) 0.257

%=(&H)2 + 2eS (=<@<) %=( s) + 2&HS 0.72

%=(%H3)62+ + 2eS (=<@<) %=( s) + 6%H3

0.49

Nitrogen

*N2() + 5H+ + 4 *>@@>;;: N2H5+* 0.23

%2&( g ) + 2H+ + 2eS (=<@<) %2( g ) + H2&(l ) 1.77

%C D C' : :> C>@ C;;: A@@>@;:-N;:;>-#> A 3.0 %:@ #@@

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Aluminum E ° (V)

2%&( g ) + 2H+ + 2eS (=<@<) %2&( g ) +

H2&(l )

1.59

H%&2 + H+ +eS (=<@<) %&( g ) + H2&(l ) 0.996

2H%&2 + 4H+ + 4eS (=<@<) %2&( g ) +

3H2&(l )

1.297

%&3S + 3H+ + 2eS (=<@<) H%&2 + H2&(l ) 0.94

**E N2() + H+ (=) + - *>@@>;;:

HN2(=) *1.07

N3-(=) + 4H+(=) + 3- *(*>@@>;;:*) N() +

2H2()0.96

Oxygen

* 2() + 2H+ + 2 *>@@>;;: H22* 0.695

&2( g ) + 4H+ + 4eS (=<@<) 2H2&(l ) 1.229

H2&2 + 2H+ + 2eS (=<@<) 2H2&(l ) 1.763

&2( g ) + 2H2&(l ) + 4eS (=<@<) 4&HS 0.401

&3( g ) + 2H+ + 2eS (=<@<) &2( g ) + H2&(l ) 2.07

2 () + - *(*>@@>;;:*) 2-(=) -0.33

%C D C' : :> C>@ C;;: A@@>@;:-N;:;>-#> A 3.0 %:@ #@@

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Aluminum E ° (V)

2 (=) + - *(*>@@>;;:*) 2-(=) -0.16

Phosphorous

*!(,@) + 3H+ + 3 *>@@>;;: !H3()* 0.06

H3&3+ 2H+ + 2eS (=<@<) H3&2 + H2&(l ) -0.50

H3&4 + 2H+ + 2eS (=<@<) H3&3 +

H2&(l )-0.28

Platinum

!@2+ + 2e *(*>@@>;;:*) !@(s) 1.2

!@C42 + 2e *(*>@@>;;:*) !@(s) + 4C 0.73

!@C62 + 2e *(*>@@>;;:*) !@C4

2- + 2C 0.68

Potassium

K+ + e *(*>@@>;;:*) K(s) -2.93

Rubidium

"+ + - *(*>@@>;;:*) " (s) -2.98

Ruthenium

"3+ + e *(*>@@>;;:*) "2+ 0.249

I&2( s) + 4H+ + 4eS (=<@<) I( s) +

2H2&(l )

0.68

I(%H3)63+ + eS (=<@<) I( s) +

I(%H3)62+

0.10

%C D C' : :> C>@ C;;: A@@>@;:-N;:;>-#> A 3.0 %:@ #@@

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Aluminum E ° (V)

I(C%)63S +eS (=<@<) I( s) + I(C%)6

4S 0.86

Selenium

*#() + 2*>@@>;;: #E2* 0.67 : 1 M NH

( s) + 2H+ + 2eS (=<@<) H2( g ) 0.115

H2&3 + 4H+ + 4eS (=<@<) ( s) +

3H2&(l )

0.74

&43S + 4H+ + eS (=<@<) H2&3 +

H2&(l )

1.151

Silicon

*#F6E2 + 4 *>@@>;;: #() + 6F* 1.37

=&2( s) + 4H+ + 4eS (=<@<) =( s) + 2H2&(l ) 0.909

=&2( s) + 8H+ + 8eS (=<@<) =H4( g ) +

2H2&(l )

0.516

Silver

A+ + e *(*>@@>;;:*) A(s) 0.7996

AB>(s) + e *(*>@@>;;:*) A(s) + B> 0.071

A2C2&4( s) + 2eS (=<@<) 2A( s) + C2&42S 0.47

%C D C' : :> C>@ C;;: A@@>@;:-N;:;>-#> A 3.0 %:@ #@@

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Aluminum E ° (V)

AC(s) + e *(*>@@>;;:*) A(s) + C 0.2223

AI(s) + e *(*>@@>;;:*) A(s) + I 0.152

A2( s) + 2eS (=<@<) 2A( s) + 2S 0.71

A(%H3)2+ + eS (=<@<) A( s) + 2%H3

0.373

Sodium

*N+ + *>@@>;;: N()* 2.713

Strontium

*#>E2+ + 2 *>@@>;;: #>()* 2.89

Sulfur

*#() + 2 *>@@>;;: #E2* 0.407

( s) + 2H+ + 2eS (=<@<) H2 0.144

2&62S + 4H+ + 2eS (=<@<) 2H2&3

0.569

2&82S + 2eS (=<@<)2&4

2S 1.96

4&62S + 2eS (=<@<)22&3

2S 0.080

2&32S + 2H2&(l ) + 2eS(=<@<) 2&4

2S +

4&HS 1.13

%C D C' : :> C>@ C;;: A@@>@;:-N;:;>-#> A 3.0 %:@ #@@

L:.



Aluminum E ° (V)

2&32S + 3H2&(l ) + 4eS(=<@<)2&3

2S +

6&HS

2&42S + 4H+ + 2eS(=<@<) 2&6

2S +

2H2&(l )

0.25

&42S + H2&(l ) + 2eS(=<@<) &3

2S+ 2&HS 0.936

&42S + 4H+ + 2eS(=<@<) H2&3

2S+

H2&(l )0.172

Thallium

*$E3+ + 2 *>@@>;;: $+* 0.77 : 1 M HC

$3+ + 3e *(*>@@>;;:*) $(s) 0.742

Tin

#:2+ + 2e*(*>@@>;;:*) #:(s) -0.14

4+ + 2eS (=<@<) 2+ 0.154

Titanium

*$E2+ + 2 *>@@>;;: $()* 0.163

*=3+ + eS (=<@<) *=2+ 0.37

Tungsten

*'2() + 4H+ + 4 *>@@>;;: '() +

2H2()* 0.119

%C D C' : :> C>@ C;;: A@@>@;:-N;:;>-#> A 3.0 %:@ #@@

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Aluminum E ° (V)

&3( s) + 6H+ + 6eS (=<@<) ( s) +

3H2&(l )

0.090

Uranium

%3+ + 3e *(*>@@>;;:*) %(s) 1.66

4+ + eS (=<@<) 3+ 0.52

&2+ + 4H+ + eS(=<@<)4+ + 2H2&(l ) 0.27

&22+ + eS(=<@<)&2

+ 0.16

&22+ + 4H+ + 2eS(=<@<) 4+ + 2H2&(l ) 0.327

Vanadium

*&E2+ + 2 *>@@>;;: &()* 1.13

3+ + eS (=<@<) 2+ 0.255

&2+ + 2H+ +eS (=<@<)3+ + H2&(l ) 0.337

&22+ + 2H+ +eS (=<@<) &2+ + H2&(l ) 1.000

Zinc

2+() + 2S (=<@<) () 0.7618

%C D C' : :> C>@ C;;: A@@>@;:-N;:;>-#> A 3.0 %:@ #@@

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Aluminum E ° (V)

(&H)42S + 2eS (=<@<) ( s) + 4&HS 1.285

(%H3)42+ + 2eS (=<@<) ( s) + 4%H3

1.04

(C%)42S + 2eS (=<@<) ( s) + 4C% 1.34

Contributors

G DJ= HJM (DIK =J=M)

%C D C' : :> C>@ C;;: A@@>@;:-N;:;>-#> A 3.0 %:@ #@@

L:.

http://dpuadweb.depauw.edu/harvey_web/Index.html

http://www.depauw.edu/





P2: Standard Reduction Potentials by Value

P2: Standard Reduction Potentials by Value

*< @@K= @ J= E @ I= =. @I < @@K= I: B, A. !.; ,

B.; !, !., . Standard Potentials in Aqueous Solutions, D: %K , 1985; $=@NN, G.; C@=, .; <, .

. Tables of Standard Electrode Potentials, =@M: #, 1978; K=, E. H.; BI@, E. A. Quantitative Measurements and

Chemical Equilibria, F: %K , 1972.

*< @ = I< < < ( =J) I < < L= < .

Standard Cathode (Reduction) Half-Reaction Standard Reduction Potential E° (volts)

L+(=) + - *(*>@@>;;:*) L() 3.040

B2+ + 2e*(*>@@>;;:*) B(s) 2.92

"+ + - *(*>@@>;;:*) " (s) -2.98

K+(=) + - *(*>@@>;;:*) K() -2.93

C+(=) + - *(*>@@>;;:*) C() -2.92

B2+(=) + 2- *(*>@@>;;:*) B() -2.91

#> 2+(=) + 2- *(*>@@>;;:*) #>() -2.89

C2+(=) + 2- *(*>@@>;;:*) C() 2.84

N+(=) + - *(*>@@>;;:*) N() 2.713

$(&H)2( s) + 2eS(=<@<) $( s) + 2&HS 2.687

L3+ + 3e*(*>@@>;;:*) L(s) 2.38

%C D C' : :> C>@ C;;: A@@>@;:-N;:;>-#> A 3.0 %:@ #@@

L:. 2







M2+(=) + 2- *(*>@@>;;:*) M() -2.356

C3+ + 3e*(*>@@>;;:*) C(s) 2.336

A@(&H)4S + 3eS(=<@<) A@( s) + 4&HS 2.310

A@F63S + 3eS(=<@<) A@( s) + 6FS 2.07

B2+ + 2e*(*>@@>;;:*) B(s) 1.99

B(&H)4S + 3eS(=<@<) B( s) + 4&HS 1.811

%3+ + 3e*(*>@@>;;:*) %(s) 1.66

A3+(=) + 3- *(*>@@>;;:*) A() 1.676

=F62S + 4eS(=<@<) =( s) + 6FS 1.37

(C%)42S + 2eS(=<@<) ( s) + 4C% 1.34

(&H)42S + 2eS(=<@<) ( s) + 4&HS 1.285

M:2+ + 2e*(*>@@>;;:*) M:(s) 1.17

2+ + 2eS(=<@<) ( s) 1.13

2&32S + 2H2&(l ) + 2eS (=<@<) 2&4

2S +

4&HS 1.13

(%H3)42+ + 2eS (=<@<) ( s) + 4%H3

1.04

2 (=) + - *(*>@@>;;:*) 2-(=) -1.0

%C D C' : :> C>@ C;;: A@@>@;:-N;:;>-#> A 3.0 %:@ #@@

L:. 2



C(C%)42S + 2eS(=<@<) C( s) + 4C%S 0.943

$&42S + 4H2&(l ) + 6eS(=<@<)$( s) +

8&HS

0.913

=&2( s) + 4H+ + 4eS(=<@<) =( s) +

2H2&(l )

0.909

&42S + H2&(l ) + 2eS (=<@<) &3

2S+

2&HS 0.936

C> 2+ + 2e *(*>@@>;;:*) C>(s) 0.90

B(&H)3 + 3H+ + 3eS (=<@<) B( s) +

3H2&(l )

0.890

2H2() + 2- *(*>@@>;;:*) H2() + 2H-(=) -0.828

:2+(=) + 2- *(*>@@>;;:*) :() 0.7618

C(&H)2( s) + 2eS(=<@<) C( s) + 2&HS 0.746

C> 3+(=) + 3- *(*>@@>;;:*) C>() 0.424

%=(&H)2 + 2eS(=<@<) %=( s) + 2&HS 0.72

A2( s) + 2eS(=<@<) 2A( s) + 2S 0.71

( s) + 2eS(=<@<) 2S 0.67 : 1 M NH

%C D C' : :> C>@ C;;: A@@>@;:-N;:;>-#> A 3.0 %:@ #@@

L:. 2



C(%H3)42+ + 2eS(=<@<) C( s) + 4%H3

0.622

2&32S + 3H2&(l ) + 4eS (=<@<)2&3

2S +

6&HS

0.576 : 1 M NH

4+ + eS (=<@<) 3+ 0.52

=&2( s) + 8H+ + 8eS (=<@<) =H4( g ) +

2H2&(l )

0.516

# + 3H+ + 3e *(*>@@>;;:*) #H3(g ) 0.510

H3&3+ 2H+ + 2eS (=<@<) H3&2 +

H2&(l )

-0.50

%=(%H3)62+ + 2eS (=<@<) %=( s) + 6%H3

0.49

2C&2( g ) + 2H+ +2eS(=<@<) H

2C

2&

4

0.481

C> 3+ + e*(*>@@>;;:*) C> 2+ 0.424

F2+(=) + 2- *(*>@@>;;:*) F() -0.44

( s) + 2eS(=<@<) 2S 0.407

C2+(=) + 2- *(*>@@>;;:*) C() 0.4030

A(%H3)2+ + eS(=<@<) A( s) + 2%H3

0.373

*=3+ + eS(=<@<) *=2+ 0.37

%C D C' : :> C>@ C;;: A@@>@;:-N;:;>-#> A 3.0 %:@ #@@

L:. 2



&4( s) + 2eS(=<@<) ( s) + &42S 0.356

C;2+(=) + 2- *(*>@@>;;:*) C;() 0.277

2&42S + 4H+ + 2eS (=<@<) 2&62S +

2H2&(l )

0.25

%2( g ) + 5H+ + 4eS(=<@<) %2H5+ 0.23

H3&4 + 2H+ + 2eS(=<@<) H3&3 +

H2&(l )

-0.28

N2+(=) + 2- *(*>@@>;;:*) N() 0.257

3+ + eS (=<@<) 2+ 0.255

A + 3H+ + 3e *(*>@@>;;:*) AH3(g ) 0.225

C&2( g ) + 2H+ + 2eS (=<@<) HC&2H 0.20

M;3+ + 3e *(*>@@>;;:*) M;(s) 0.2

#:2+ + 2e *(*>@@>;;:*) #:(s) 0.19 : 1 M HC

*=2+ + 2eS(=<@<) *=( s) 0.163

$&2( s) + 4H+ + 4eS(=<@<) $( s) +

2H2&(l )

0.152

AI(s) + e *(*>@@>;;:*) A(s) + I 0.152

#:2+(=) + 2- *(*>@@>;;:*) #:() -0.14

%C D C' : :> C>@ C;;: A@@>@;:-N;:;>-#> A 3.0 %:@ #@@

L:. 2



!2+(=) + 2- *(*>@@>;;:*) !() -0.126

C&42S + 4H2&(l ) +

3eS (=<@<)2C(&H)4S + 4&HS

0.13 : 1 M NH

&2( s) + 4H+ + 4eS(=<@<) ( s) +

2H2&(l )

0.119

( s) + 2H+ + 2eS(=<@<) H2( g ) 0.115

C&2( g ) + 2H+ + 2eS(=<@<) C&( g ) +

H2&(l )

0.106

&3( s) + 6H+ + 6eS(=<@<) ( s) +

3H2&(l )

0.090

H22( s) + 2eS(=<@<) 2H(l ) + 2S 0.0405

F3+

(=) + 3-

*(*>@@>;;:*) F() -0.037

2H+(=) + 2- *(*>@@>;;:*) H2() 0.00

( s,K<=) + 3H+ + 3eS(=<@<) H3( g ) 0.06

AB>(s) + e*(*>@@>;;:*) A(s) + B> 0.071

4&62S + 2eS(=<@<)22&3

2S 0.080

C(%H3)63+ +eS(=<@<)C(%H3)6

2+ 0.1

%C D C' : :> C>@ C;;: A@@>@;:-N;:;>-#> A 3.0 %:@ #@@

L:. 2



I(%H3)63+ + eS(=<@<) I( s) +

I(%H3)62+

0.10

( s) + 2H+

+ 2eS

(=<@<) H20.144

#:4+(=) + 2- *(*>@@>;;:*) #:2+(=) 0.154

C2+(=) + - *(*>@@>;;:*) C+(=) 0.159

&22+ + eS (=<@<)&2

+ 0.16

C(&H)3( s) + e

S

(=<@<) C(&H)2( s) +&HS

0.17

C4-(=) + H2() + 2- *(*>@@>;;:*)

C3-(=) + 2H-(=)

0.17

&42S + 4H+ + 2eS (=<@<) H2&3

2S+

H2&(l )

0.172

B=C@4S + 3eS(=<@<) B=( s) + 4C@S 0.199

&+ + 2H+ + 3eS(=<@<) ( s) + H2&(l ) 0.212

AC() + - *(*>@@>;;:*) A() + C-(=) 0.2223

HCH + 2H+ + 2e*(*>@@>;;:*) CH3H 0.2323

HA&2 + 3H+ + 3eS(=<@<) A( s) +

2H2&(l )

0.240

"3+ + e*(*>@@>;;:*) "2+ 0.249

%C D C' : :> C>@ C;;: A@@>@;:-N;:;>-#> A 3.0 %:@ #@@

L:. 2



&3S+ 3H2&(l ) + 6eS(=<@<) S + 6&HS 0.257

H2C@2( s) + 2eS(=<@<) 2H(l ) + 2C@S 0.2682

&2+ + 4H+ + eS (=<@<)4+ + 2H2&(l ) 0.27

B3+ + 3e*(*>@@>;;:*) B(s) 0.317

&22+ + 4H+ + 2eS (=<@<) 4+ +

2H2&(l )

0.327

&2+ + 2H+ +eS(=<@<)3+ + H2&(l ) 0.337

C2+(=) + 2- *(*>@@>;;:*) C() 0.3419

C3-(=) + H2() + 2- *(*>@@>;;:*)

C2-(=) + 2H-(=)

0.35

F(C%)63S + eS (=<@<) F(C%)6

4S 0.356

&2( g ) + 2H2&(l ) + 4eS(=<@<) 4&HS 0.401

C@&S + H2&(l ) + eS (=<@<) TC@2( g ) +

2&HS0.421 : 1 M NH

A2C2&4( s) + 2eS(=<@<) 2A( s) +

C2&42S 0.47

C+(=) + - *(*>@@>;;:*) C() 0.52

I2() + 2- *(*>@@>;;:*) 2I-(=) 0.5355

%C D C' : :> C>@ C;;: A@@>@;:-N;:;>-#> A 3.0 %:@ #@@

L:. 2



3S + 2eS(=<@<) 3S 0.536

G3+ + 3eS(=<@<) G( s) -0.56

C2+ + C + e*(*>@@>;;:*) CC(s) 0.559

2&62S + 4H+ + 2eS(=<@<) 2H2&3

0.569

H3A&4 + 2H+ + 2eS(=<@<) HA&2 +

2H2&(l )

0.560

C2-(=) + H2() + 2- *(*>@@>;;:*)

C-(=) + 2H-(=)0.59

M:4 + 2H2(l ) + 3e*(*>@@>;;:*) M:2(s)

+ 4H0.60

2&5( s) + 6H+ + 4eS(=<@<) 2&+ +

3H2&(l )

0.605

!@C62

+ 2e

*(*>@@>;;:*) !@C42-

+ 2C

0.68

I&2( s) + 4H+ + 4eS(=<@<) I( s) +

2H2&(l )

0.68

&2( g ) + 2H+ + 2eS(=<@<) H2&20.695

!@C42 + 2e*(*>@@>;;:*) !@(s) + 4C 0.73

H2&3 + 4H+ + 4eS(=<@<) ( s) +

3H2&(l )

0.74

$3+ + 3e*(*>@@>;;:*) $(s) 0.742

%C D C' : :> C>@ C;;: A@@>@;:-N;:;>-#> A 3.0 %:@ #@@

L:. 2



F3+(=) + - *(*>@@>;;:*) F2+(=) 0.771

H22+(=) + 2- *(*>@@>;;:*) 2H() 0.7960

A+(=) + - *(*>@@>;;:*) A() 0.7996

H2+

(=) + 2-

*(*>@@>;;:*) H() 0.8535

C2+ + I +e*(*>@@>;;:*) CI(s) 0.86

I(C%)63S +eS(=<@<) I( s) +

I(C%)64S

0.86

C@&S + H2&(l ) + 2eS(=<@<) C@S + 2&HS 0.890 : 1 M NH

2H2+(=) + 2- *(*>@@>;;:*) H22+(=) 0.911

H&( s) + 2H+ + 2eS(=<@<) H(l ) +

H2&(l )

0.926

%&3S + 3H+ + 2eS(=<@<) H %&2 +

H2&(l )

0.94

M:2() + 4H+ + - *(*>@@>;;:*) M:3+ (=) +

H2(I)0.95

N3-(=) + 4H+(=) + 3- *(*>@@>;;:*) N()

+ 2H2()0.96

H& + H+ + 2eS(=<@<) S + H2&(l ) 0.985

H%&2 + H+ +eS(=<@<) %&( g ) + H2&(l ) 0.996

&22+ + 2H+ +eS(=<@<) &2+ + H2&(l ) 1.000

%C D C' : :> C>@ C;;: A@@>@;:-N;:;>-#> A 3.0 %:@ #@@

L:. 2



AIC@4S + 3eS(=<@<) AI( s) + 4C@S 1.002

N2 () + H+ (=) + - *(*>@@>;;:*) HN2

(=) 1.07

B> 2() + 2- *(*>@@>;;:*) 2B> -(=) 1.087

F(<)63+ +eS (=<@<) F(<)6

2+ 1.147

&43S + 4H+ + eS(=<@<) H2&3 +

H2&(l )

1.151

C@&3S + 2H+ + eS(=<@<) C@&2( g ) + H2& 1.175

C@&3S + 3H+ + 2eS (=<@<) HC@&2 + H2& 1.181

&3S + 6H+ + 5eS(=<@<) T2( s) +

3H2&(l )

1.195

!@2+ + 2e*(*>@@>;;:*) !@(s) 1.2

C@&4S + 2H+ + 2eS (=<@<) C@&3

S + H2& 1.201

2() + 4H+(=) + 4- *(*>@@>;;:*) 2H2() 1.229

$&2( s) + 4H+ + 2eS(=<@<) $2+ +

2H2&(l )

1.23

*@3+ + 2eS (=<@<) *@+ 0.77 = 1 $ HC@

%C D C' : :> C>@ C;;: A@@>@;:-N;:;>-#> A 3.0 %:@ #@@

L:. 3



2H%&2 + 4H+ + 4eS(=<@<) %2&( g ) +

3H2&(l )

1.297

H&B + H

+

+ 2e

S

(=<@<) B

S

+ H2&(l )

1.341

C> 272-(=) + 14H+(=) + 6- *(*>@@>;;:*)

2C> 3+(=) + 7H2()1.36

C 2&72S + 14H+ + 6eS (=<@<) 2C 3+ +

7H2&(l )

1.36

C2() + 2- *(*>@@>;;:*) 2C-(=) 1.396

AI3+ + 2eS(=<@<) AI+ 1.36

H2B 2( s) + 2eS(=<@<) 2H(l ) + 2B S 1.392

C4+(=) + - *(*>@@>;;:*) C3+(=) 1.44

!2() + 4H+ +2- *(*>@@>;;:*) !2+(=) +

2H2()

1.46

B&3S + 6H+ + 6eS(=<@<) B S + 3H2& 1.478

$3+ + eS(=<@<) $2+ 1.5

M:4-(=) + 8H+(=) + 5- *(*>@@>;;:*)

M:2+(=) + 4H2()1.51

B&3S + 6H+ + 5eS(=<@<) TB 2(l ) +

3H2&

1.5

A3+ + 3e*(*>@@>;;:*) A(s) 1.52

%C D C' : :> C>@ C;;: A@@>@;:-N;:;>-#> A 3.0 %:@ #@@

L:. 3



2%&( g ) + 2H+ + 2eS(=<@<) %2&( g ) +

H2&(l )

1.59

H&B + H

+

+ e

S

(=<@<) TB

S

+ H2&(l )

1.604

HC@&2 + 2H+ + 2eS(=<@<) H&C@ + H2& 1.64

&2( s) + 4S &42S + 4H+ + 2eS(=<@<)

&4( s) + 2H2&(l )

1.690

$&4S + 4H+ +3eS(=<@<) $&2( s) +

2H2&(l )

1.70

C4+ + e*(*>@@>;;:*) C3+ 1.72

%2&( g ) + 2H+ + 2eS(=<@<) %2( g ) +

H2&(l )

1.77

H2

2(=) + 2H+(=) + 2- *(*>@@>;;:*)

2H2() 1.763

A+ + e*(*>@@>;;:*) A(s) 1.83

C;3+(=) + - *(*>@@>;;:*) C;2+(=) 1.92

2&82S + 2eS(=<@<)2&4

2S 1.96

3() + 2H+(=) + 2- *(*>@@>;;:*) 2() +

H2()

2.07

B&( s) + 2H+ + 2eS(=<@<) B( s) +

H2&(l )

2.365

%C D C' : :> C>@ C;;: A@@>@;:-N;:;>-#> A 3.0 %:@ #@@

L:. 3



F2() + 2- *(*>@@>;;:*) 2F-(=) 2.87

F2( g ) + 2H+ + 2eS(=<@<) 2HF 3.053

Contributors


%C D C' : :> C>@ C;;: A@@>@;:-N;:;>-#> A 3.0 %:@ #@@

L:. 3







P3: Activity Series of Metals

P3: Activity Series of Metals

*< reactivity series = = @, = =J=M <=< @K. = I = < I

=@ =@ =, K<M @ A K=@@ @ < @ B = @I= = A = <=< = < =. A=J=M

= < @, @= = = =J=M.

Metals Metal Ion Reactivity

K K+

N N+

L L+

B B2+

#> #> 2+

C C2+

>@ @ @>

M M2+

A A3+

M: M:2+

: :2+

C> C> 2+

>@ @

%C D C' : :> C>@ C;;: A@@>@;:-N;:;>-#> A 3.0 %:@ #@@

L:. 3







F F2+

C C2+

C; C;2+

N N2+

#: #:2+

! !2+

H2 H+ : ;> ;>;:

# #2+

B B2+

C C2+

H H2+

A A+

A A3+

!@ !@+

:>@

< @ = @@ = @ = @I= < @ @ = M =@@M =@ <=

"@@ @" L= = < "== @" L= < @. *< < @@ @ K=@@ "=@"

< == @ < K K @.

Only a metal higher in the reactivity series will displace another.

A @ =@ @ = @= below = = < =J=M =, I J. F L@, N= = =J <

= @ =@ = @I=

() + CIO2+P() =<K O2+P() + CI()

HKJ, =@J cannot =@ = @I=. = = ==I=< K < =@ <M

= <M K. =I = <=<@M =J = @ =@ <M K:

%C D C' : :> C>@ C;;: A@@>@;:-N;:;>-#> A 3.0 %:@ #@@

L:. 3



2 % () + 2 H2& (@) =<K 2 %&H () + H2 ()

# =J @ @= = N= =@ <M K I =@M K=< =:

() + H2&4 () =<K &4 () + H2 ()

*< @ < =@ H

+

= = =@M =N M <= == J H = < =J=M =. *< IM K < @ < K=< K < < ' = < . F L@, @=I = I= =J

K=< K, K< =I K=< @ K I =@ <M . A <==

@I@= =J@J= @ =@ = I= I == = <= .

Origin

*< =J=M @ = I < = = =@=M <= @ =I= =. A <M @@

@ <M K=@@ ==J = K< <M .

=I < =@ I <@@ @ @ = @ "%@ " @ =I=; < =I @

K<=< L= = < -@ II K<=< I< @ < <= @@ K=< < @ >I

K @. $@ < I= < @ @M @ @ = =J < ==@ @ K<=<

I= < @ < @. GI 1A @ < =J < .

$@ K=< @ I @ =J <= I @ (< K<=< K=@@

@) L= I< < ==J I@I < <M <@ @ @M.

%C D C' : :> C>@ C;;: A@@>@;:-N;:;>-#> A 3.0 %:@ #@@

L:. 3



P4: Polarographic Half-Wave Potentials

P4: Polarographic Half-Wave Potentials

*< @@K= @ J= E 1/2 J@I @ I= =. @I D, !. A. Analytical Chemistry

Handbook , $GK-H=@@: %K , 1995.

Element E 1/2 (volts vs. SCE) Matrix

A3+ + 3e⇋ A(s) 0.5 0.2 M @@ (H 4.54.7)

C2+ + 2e⇋ C(s) 0.60

0.1 M KC

0.05 M H2#4

1 M HN3

C> 3+ + 3e⇋ C>(s)

0.35 (+3 J +2)

1.70 (+2 J 0)

1 M NH4C 1 M NH3

1 M NH4+/NH3 > ( 89)

C;3+

+ 3e⇋ C;(s)

0.5 (+3 ?J +2)

1.3 (+2 ?J 0) 1 M NH4C 1 M NH3

C;2+ + 2e⇋ C;(s) 1.03 1 M K#CN

CI2+ + 2eS ? CI( s)

0.04

0.22

0.1 M K#CN

0.1 M NH4C4

1 M N2#4

0.5 M ;@ @>@ (H 7.5)

F3+ + 3e⇋ F(s)

0.17 (+3 J +2)

1.52 (+2 J 0)0.5 M ; @>@>@ (H 5.8)

F3+ + eS ? F2+ 0.27 0.2 M N2C24 (H < 7.9)

!2+ + 2e⇋ !(s)

0.405

0.435

1 M HN3

1 M KC

%C D C' : :> C>@ C;;: A@@>@;:-N;:;>-#> A 3.0 %:@ #@@

L:. 3







Element E 1/2 (volts vs. SCE) Matrix

M:2+ + 2e⇋ M:(s) 1.65 1 M NH4C 1 M NH3

N2+ + 2e⇋ N(s)

R0.70

R1.09

1 M K#CN

1 M NH4C 1 M NH3

2+ + 2eS ? ( s) 0.995

1.33

0.1 M KC

1 M NH4C 1 M NH3

Contributors






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