1

Electromagnetic WavePropagation

Elements of Electromagnetics Fourth Edition Sadiku 2Copyright © 2007 Oxford University Press

Figure 10.1 Plot of E(z, t) = A sin(t z) (a) with constant t, (b) with constant z.

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Figure 10.2 Plot of E(z, t) = A sin(t z) at time (a) t 0, (b) t T/4, (c) t = T/2; P moves in the +z-direction with velocity u.

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Figure 10.3 For Example 10.1; wave travels along ax.

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Figure 10.4 For Practice Exercise 10.1(c).

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Figure 10.5 An E-field with an x-component traveling in the z-direction at times t 0 and t t; arrows indicate instantaneous values of E.

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Figure 10.6 Loss angle of a lossy medium.

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Figure 10.7 Plots of E and H (a) as functions of z at t 0; and (b) at z 0. The arrows indicate instantaneous values.

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Figure 10.8 Illustration of skin depth.

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Figure 10.9 Skin depth at high frequencies, << a.

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Figure 10.10 Illustration of power balance for EM fields.

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Figure 10.11 A plane wave incident normally on an interface between two different media.

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Figure 10.12 Standing waves E 2Eio sin 1z sin t ax. The curves 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, . . ., are, respectively, at times t 0, T/8, T/4, 3T/8, T/2, . . . ; 2/1.

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Figure 10.13 Standing waves due to reflection at an interface between two lossless media; 2/1.

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Figure 10.14 For Example 10.8.

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Figure 10.15 Oblique incidence of a plane wave: (a) illustration of i, r, and t; (b) illustration of the normal and tangential components of k.

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Figure 10.16 Oblique incidence with E parallel to the plane of incidence.

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Figure 10.17 Oblique incidence with E perpendicular to the plane of incidence.

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Figure 10.18 Propagation vectors of Example 10.11.

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Figure 10.19 Satellite communications configurations. (From W. Stallings, Data and Computer Communications, 5th ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1997, p. 90.)

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Figure 10.20 Microwave oven. (From N. Schlager, ed., How Products Are Made. Detroit: Gale Research, 1994, p. 289.)

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Figure 10.21 A two-port network.

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Figure 10.22 For Problem 10.47.

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Figure 10.23 For Problem 10.49.

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Figure 10.24 For Problem 10.56.