Electronics IndiaNew Possibilities in an Ancient Country

Hkwxksy% loZrksorZ%A

Bhugolahsarvatovrtah

The Earth is round from all sides. Aryabhatta, 476 A.D, Aryabhattiyam, Golpada, 6th sloka

(Prabodh Chandra Sengupta, Calcutta university Press 1927-Hindu mathematics)

;kstukukalglzke }s }s lVs }s p ;kstus ,dsufufeljnsukdekZeuueksLrqrsA

Sunlight travels 2202 yojanas in half nimisa.

Which calculates to 1,88,064 miles per second.

-Sayanacarya, 14th cent AD, (explanation of)RigVedsloka verse 1.50.4

nh?kkZdVqjlL;dlU; jTtq% ijLokef.kfr;Zdef.k p ;Ri`FkXHkwrsdq#r%rnqHk;adjksfrAIn a right angled triangle, the square of diagonal on the hypotenuse is equal to sum of squares of other two sides.-Baudhyana, 800 BC, BaudhyanaSulba Sutra,Ch 1-1

(Geometry at work,Catherine. A. Gorini, Cambridge University Press)

fuR;aifje.Mye~AParmanu is always in continuous stat-Kanaad Maharishi, 6th cent. B.C, VaisheshikaShastra, verse (7-1-22)

,dzLrklfLdkekfgr;k ;r LoLFkaaxq# LokfHkeq[ke~Lol~;k,dzL;rsrRirrhoHkkfrle leUrr~ dsoh,irfRo;adgsAThe Earth naturally attracts every object in space towards itself. Because of this attracting force, all objects fall on the earth.

th

- Bhaskaracharya, 11 cent A.D, SidhhantaShiromani, Bhuvanakosa,6th slok

(VasudevSharanAgarwala, Banaras Hindu University Press 1961)

vkI; xzg.kaddkHkzsirykLQfVdkarfjrksiycnsgAThat which cannot be viewed by naked eye, can be viewedwith the help of Kanch-glass/lens, Abraptala-Mica and Spatika-Crystal-Gautama, NyayaDarshan, Ch-3-46

(NyayaDarshana of Gotama edited by PanditJivanundaVidhyasagara, Calcutta, Printed at

Sucharu press, 1874)

th

11 cent A.D

Gra

vita

tion

Lens U

sa

ge

Ato

mic

Theory

14th cent. AD

Baudhayan T

heore

mSpheri

cal Eart

hSpeed o

f lig

ht

6th cent. BC

1874

800 BC

476 A.D

When you

Think of IndiaWhich scientific contribution comes to your mind?

Hkwxksy% loZrksorZ%A

Bhugolahsarvatovrtah

The Earth is round from all sides. Aryabhatta, 476 A.D, Aryabhattiyam, Golpada, 6th sloka

(Prabodh Chandra Sengupta, Calcutta university Press 1927-Hindu mathematics)

;kstukukalglzke }s }s lVs }s p ;kstus ,dsufufeljnsukdekZeuueksLrqrsA

Sunlight travels 2202 yojanas in half nimisa.

Which calculates to 1,88,064 miles per second.

-Sayanacarya, 14th cent AD, (explanation of)RigVedsloka verse 1.50.4

nh?kkZdVqjlL;dlU; jTtq% ijLokef.kfr;Zdef.k p ;Ri`FkXHkwrsdq#r%rnqHk;adjksfrAIn a right angled triangle, the square of diagonal on the hypotenuse is equal to sum of squares of other two sides.-Baudhyana, 800 BC, BaudhyanaSulba Sutra,Ch 1-1

(Geometry at work,Catherine. A. Gorini, Cambridge University Press)

fuR;aifje.Mye~AParmanu is always in continuous stat-Kanaad Maharishi, 6th cent. B.C, VaisheshikaShastra, verse (7-1-22)

,dzLrklfLdkekfgr;k ;r LoLFkaaxq# LokfHkeq[ke~Lol~;k,dzL;rsrRirrhoHkkfrle leUrr~ dsoh,irfRo;adgsAThe Earth naturally attracts every object in space towards itself. Because of this attracting force, all objects fall on the earth.

th

- Bhaskaracharya, 11 cent A.D, SidhhantaShiromani, Bhuvanakosa,6th slok

(VasudevSharanAgarwala, Banaras Hindu University Press 1961)

vkI; xzg.kaddkHkzsirykLQfVdkarfjrksiycnsgAThat which cannot be viewed by naked eye, can be viewedwith the help of Kanch-glass/lens, Abraptala-Mica and Spatika-Crystal-Gautama, NyayaDarshan, Ch-3-46

(NyayaDarshana of Gotama edited by PanditJivanundaVidhyasagara, Calcutta, Printed at

Sucharu press, 1874)

th

11 cent A.D

Gra

vita

tion

Lens U

sa

ge

Ato

mic

Theory

14th cent. AD

Baudhayan T

heore

mSpheri

cal Eart

hSpeed o

f lig

ht

6th cent. BC

1874

800 BC

476 A.D

When you

Think of IndiaWhich scientific contribution comes to your mind?

Bramhagupta proves 0/0=infinity in 620 AD in his book

Bramha Gupta Siddhanta.

xk;=h ln~la[;ensZlikabV}~;ads

voLrkljk;lrslq

:ieikfu;k }~;ad'kkgla;eLFkkI;a-Pingala, ChandasShastra, 2nd Cent. BC0

Did zero come

to your mind ?Today the digital technology is based on the binary system. Without 'zero' the 'one'

could not have done this alone. The grand success of electronics in enhancing and

enriching the human lives is greatly attributed by the ability of the machines to

'think', the flip flops, basis of which has been the 'zeroes' and 'ones'. The 'zeroes'

and 'ones' together have changed the way information is shared, stored and used.

Albert Einstein had once said, "We owe a lot to the Indians, who taught us how to count, without which no worthwhile scientific discovery could have been made". Zero was India's gift to the world.

Lancelot Hogben. said, 'In the whole history of mathematics, there has been no more revolutionary step than the one which India made when they invented zero."

Bramhagupta proves 0/0=infinity in 620 AD in his book

Bramha Gupta Siddhanta.

xk;=h ln~la[;ensZlikabV}~;ads

voLrkljk;lrslq

:ieikfu;k }~;ad'kkgla;eLFkkI;a-Pingala, ChandasShastra, 2nd Cent. BC0

Did zero come

to your mind ?Today the digital technology is based on the binary system. Without 'zero' the 'one'

could not have done this alone. The grand success of electronics in enhancing and

enriching the human lives is greatly attributed by the ability of the machines to

'think', the flip flops, basis of which has been the 'zeroes' and 'ones'. The 'zeroes'

and 'ones' together have changed the way information is shared, stored and used.

Albert Einstein had once said, "We owe a lot to the Indians, who taught us how to count, without which no worthwhile scientific discovery could have been made". Zero was India's gift to the world.

Lancelot Hogben. said, 'In the whole history of mathematics, there has been no more revolutionary step than the one which India made when they invented zero."

7500 B

C

3300 B

C

2600BC

910 B

C

468 B

C

528BC

Early

Neo

lithic cultu

re sta

rted

in

Bhirra

na in

nor

ther

n part of

Subco

ntinen

t.

Early

Indus Val

ley C

iviliza

tion

started

in G

haghra-H

akra River

valle

y in nor

th In

dia.

Mature

Indus sc

ript in ove

r 2500

citie

s of

Indus V

alle

y.

Ved

ic P

erio

d b

egan in nor

ther

n India

which

con

tributed

the

wor

lds first

scripture

s lik

e ve

d, u

panishads etc.

Yajnava

lkya

writes the

Shata

path

a

Brah

man

a, in

which

he des

cribes

the

motions of the sun and

the

moo

n.

Nirva

na of M

ahav

ira,

the

mos

t

influe

ntial tirthank

ar of

Jainism

First se

aso

n by

Gau

tam

Buddha

was

at Sa

rnaath,N

orth In

dia.

1500 B

C

350 B

C

1221

1498

1612

1947

2012

Gen

ghis K

han

inva

des

Pun

jab

and

des

troy

s citie

s.

Vas

co d

e Gam

a's first vo

yage from

Euro

pe to In

dia.

India

und

er B

ritis

h R

ule

India

n In

dep

enden

ce

Elec

tronics In

dia

Polic

y

Panini, d

escribes

the

gra

mmar and

mor

pho

logy of

Sanskrit in the

tex

t

Ash

tadhy

ayi.

India: A Modern ViewHome to the ancient Indus Valley Civilisation and a region of historic trade

routes and vast empires, the Indian subcontinent was identified with its

commercial and cultural wealth for much of its long history. Four world

religionsHinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, and Sikhism originated here, whereas

Judaism, Zoroastrianism, Christianity, and Islam arrived in the 1st millennium CE

and also helped shape the region's diverse culture. Gradually annexed by and

brought under the administration of the British East India Company from the

early 18th century and administered directly by the United Kingdom from the

mid-19th century, India became an independent nation in 1947 after a

struggle for independence that was marked by non-violent resistance led by

Mahatma Gandhi.

The Indian economy is the world's third-largest by purchasing power parity

(PPP). Following market-based economic reforms in 1991, India became one of

the fastest-growing major economies. India is a federal constitutional republic

governed under a parliamentary system consisting of 29 states and 7 union

territories. India is a pluralistic, multilingual, and a multi-ethnic society. It is also

home to a diversity of wildlife in a variety of protected habitats.

India: The Ancient ViewIndia's long mythological tradition has dominated the way of life and historical

understanding of itself. According to Bhagvad Puran, The history dates back to

eternity of which current creator (Brahma) called 'Virinchi' is a small episode.

The life of current Brahma is 311.04 trillion years of which more than 155.5

trilliion years have passed. During the life of one Brahma, one day spans 4.32

trillion years, at the end of which he dissolves the creation and goes to sleep

for an equal amount of time. Every 4.32 million years a cycle of 'yugas' take

place when new literature in form of 'Vedas' are revealed to mankind. At the

end of the third yuga that is Dwapara, history of ancient world is scripted in

form of puran and itihaas. The current text was written 5000 years ago when

the third 'yuga' came to an end and fourth which is called kaliyuga began. This

yuga will last for another .427 million years.

GMT+5 Hours. Government offices are open

from 9.30 am to 5.30 pm, Monday to Friday.

Dec-Jan: 10-15 C - north and west, 2025 C

- south and east.

March to June: Average ground 32-40 in most

parts of the plains.

The Constitution of India recognises 22

different languages those are prevalent in the

country, of which Hindi is the official language.

It is spoken in most urban cities. Besides, there

are hundreds of dialects.

The religions prevalent in the country are

Hinduism, Islam, Christianity, Sikhism, Buddhism

and Jainism. Citizens are free to practice any

religion.

Hindu: 83%

muslims: 11%

Christians: 2.5%

Sikhs: 2%

Buddhists/Jains/others: 1.5%

Tem

pera

ture

sLangua

ges

Tim

e Z

one

Religio

n

Education in India follows 10+2+3/4 system by

both public as well as the private sectors with

control and funding coming from government.

India has 137 million Internet users and almost

three fourth population are literate.

Educa

tion

HIS

TO

RY

OF IN

DIA

7500 B

C

3300 B

C

2600BC

910 B

C

468 B

C

528BC

Early

Neo

lithic cultu

re sta

rted

in

Bhirra

na in

nor

ther

n part of

Subco

ntinen

t.

Early

Indus Val

ley C

iviliza

tion

started

in G

haghra-H

akra River

valle

y in nor

th In

dia.

Mature

Indus sc

ript in ove

r 2500

citie

s of

Indus V

alle

y.

Ved

ic P

erio

d b

egan in nor

ther

n India

which

con

tributed

the

wor

lds first

scripture

s lik

e ve

d, u

panishads etc.

Yajnava

lkya

writes the

Shata

path

a

Brah

man

a, in

which

he des

cribes

the

motions of the sun and

the

moo

n.

Nirva

na of M

ahav

ira,

the

mos

t

influe

ntial tirthank

ar of

Jainism

First se

aso

n by

Gau

tam

Buddha

was

at Sa

rnaath,N

orth In

dia.

1500 B

C

350 B

C

1221

1498

1612

1947

2012

Gen

ghis K

han

inva

des

Pun

jab

and

des

troy

s citie

s.

Vas

co d

e Gam

a's first vo

yage from

Euro

pe to In

dia.

India

und

er B

ritis

h R

ule

India

n In

dep

enden

ce

Elec

tronics In

dia

Polic

y

Panini, d

escribes

the

gra

mmar and

mor

pho

logy of

Sanskrit in the

tex

t

Ash

tadhy

ayi.

India: A Modern ViewHome to the ancient Indus Valley Civilisation and a region of historic trade

routes and vast empires, the Indian subcontinent was identified with its

commercial and cultural wealth for much of its long history. Four world

religionsHinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, and Sikhism originated here, whereas

Judaism, Zoroastrianism, Christianity, and Islam arrived in the 1st millennium CE

and also helped shape the region's diverse culture. Gradually annexed by and

brought under the administration of the British East India Company from the

early 18th century and administered directly by the United Kingdom from the

mid-19th century, India became an independent nation in 1947 after a

struggle for independence that was marked by non-violent resistance led by

Mahatma Gandhi.

The Indian economy is the world's third-largest by purchasing power parity

(PPP). Following market-based economic reforms in 1991, India became one of

the fastest-growing major economies. India is a federal constitutional republic

governed under a parliamentary system consisting of 29 states and 7 union

territories. India is a pluralistic, multilingual, and a multi-ethnic society. It is also

home to a diversity of wildlife in a variety of protected habitats.

India: The Ancient ViewIndia's long mythological tradition has dominated the way of life and historical

understanding of itself. According to Bhagvad Puran, The history dates back to

eternity of which current creator (Brahma) called 'Virinchi' is a small episode.

The life of current Brahma is 311.04 trillion years of which more than 155.5

trilliion years have passed. During the life of one Brahma, one day spans 4.32

trillion years, at the end of which he dissolves the creation and goes to sleep

for an equal amount of time. Every 4.32 million years a cycle of 'yugas' take

place when new literature in form of 'Vedas' are revealed to mankind. At the

end of the third yuga that is Dwapara, history of ancient world is scripted in

form of puran and itihaas. The current text was written 5000 years ago when

the third 'yuga' came to an end and fourth which is called kaliyuga began. This

yuga will last for another .427 million years.

GMT+5 Hours. Government offices are open

from 9.30 am to 5.30 pm, Monday to Friday.

Dec-Jan: 10-15 C - north and west, 2025 C

- south and east.

March to June: Average ground 32-40 in most

parts of the plains.

The Constitution of India recognises 22

different languages those are prevalent in the

country, of which Hindi is the official language.

It is spoken in most urban cities. Besides, there

are hundreds of dialects.

The religions prevalent in the country are

Hinduism, Islam, Christianity, Sikhism, Buddhism

and Jainism. Citizens are free to practice any

religion.

Hindu: 83%

muslims: 11%

Christians: 2.5%

Sikhs: 2%

Buddhists/Jains/others: 1.5%

Tem

pera

ture

sLangua

ges

Tim

e Z

one

Religio

n

Education in India follows 10+2+3/4 system by

both public as well as the private sectors with

control and funding coming from government.

India has 137 million Internet users and almost

three fourth population are literate.

Educa

tion

HIS

TO

RY

OF IN

DIA

Ancient Indian EconomyAccording to economic historian Angus Maddison shared in his book 'The World

Economy: A Millennial Perspective', India had the world's largest economy for a long

period from 1700 BCE to 1000 AD.

India remained the largest economy of the world between 0 AD and 1000 AD and

was closely ranked 2nd (rst being China) between the year 1000 AD and 1870 AD.

India has been in the top 10 economies of the world ever since and it is on a rise

once again with IMF prediction to become the 3rd Largest economy of the world by

2015.

A History of World GDPpercentage of total, 1990 $ at purchase power parity

11000

1500

1600

1700

1820

1870

1900

1913

1940

1970

2008

Source: Angus Maddison, University of Gronigen; The Ecnomist

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

0

China

India

Japan

USA

FranceGermanyItalyBritain In

dia

n E

conom

y

Indian economy with GDP close to USD 5 Trillion is the 3rd largest economy of the world by purchasing power

parity. India is also 10th largest importer and 19th largest exporter in the world. India has shown resilient and

stable growth in last decade and has grown at second highest rate in the world amongst developed or

emerging economies.

Liberal and free market practices were adopted by Indian government in 1991 and since then the stable Indian

democracy has followed the practice of liberalisation in-spite of change in governments. There has been large

increase in per capita incomes. Economic growth has progressed at rapid pace in last two and half decades

and the trend is forecasted to accelerate further.

Indian economy is closely intertwined with the global economy and India is signatory to various free trade

regimes in the international fora like WTO, SAFTA, GSTP, APTA, ASEAN ETC.

1862

1918

1950

1964

2003

Axis b

ank

inaug

urated, w

orlds h

ighe

st A

TM at

Nathu La

Pass.

Aluminium coins w

ere introd

uced

for

the

first

time due

to co

st b

enef

it ra

tio con

sider

atio

ns.

First co

inage of

Rep

ublic

India had Lion

Capita

l of the Ashok

a Pillar on

the

one

Rup

ee

coin m

ade in N

icke

l

This cop

per

-nicke

l coin was introd

uced

to

replace

the

silv

er 2

Ann

as co

in, d

ue to

the

high co

st of silver.

The first co

inage un

der

the

cro

wn was issued

By Q

ueen

Victoria a

ssum

ed the

title the Em

pre

ss

of In

dia.

First paper

notes

wer

e issued

by Ba

nk of

Hindusta

n, G

ener

al B

ank

of Be

ngal a

nd Bihar

and

the

Ben

gal B

ank

.

1770

A Tho

usand

rup

ee not

e was first

`intro

duc

ed b

y the

Rese

rve

Bank

of India

in 1

954.

1954

025000BC

2500 B

C

nd

2C

entu

ry B

C

3rd

Centu

ry B

C

Silver

pun

ch m

ark

coin of

the

Maurya

empire

wer

e kn

own as Ru

pyaru

pa w

hich

mea

ns 'in

form

of'.

Saka

s and

Kusha

ns is

sued

silv

er a

nd g

old

coins with

Gre

ek g

ods and

god

des

ses figuring

pro

minen

tly,

Indus V

alle

y civiliz

atio

n ex

cava

tions have

yielded

sea

ls of terraco

tta w

hich

are

deb

ated

to b

e co

insb

y J.M. K

eyne

s

Mud

ra fro

m D

wark

a, r

ecov

ered

fro

m sea

bed

clos

e to

mod

ern G

ujara

t state, is deb

ate

d to

be

mor

e of

iden

tity

value

than fina

ncia

l value.

7th

Centu

ry B

CPun

ch m

arked

' coins w

ere in use

exten

sive

ly

for trade amon

g lo

cal s

tates in a

ncient In

dia

Gup

ta's

gold coina

ge dep

icted the

king on

the ob

verse and

an Indian deity on the

reve

rse, w

ith le

gen

ds in Bra

hmi.

4th

Centu

ry B

C

1540

The first "rup

ee" is b

elieve

d to ha

ve

bee

n introd

uced

by Sh

er Sha

h Su

ri

base

d on a ratio

of 40 cop

per

piece

s

(paisa) per

rup

ee.

CU

RR

EN

CY

IN

IN

DIA

India

BRIC

World

Global Financial Crisis

East Asian Crisis

Ancient Indian EconomyAccording to economic historian Angus Maddison shared in his book 'The World

Economy: A Millennial Perspective', India had the world's largest economy for a long

period from 1700 BCE to 1000 AD.

India remained the largest economy of the world between 0 AD and 1000 AD and

was closely ranked 2nd (rst being China) between the year 1000 AD and 1870 AD.

India has been in the top 10 economies of the world ever since and it is on a rise

once again with IMF prediction to become the 3rd Largest economy of the world by

2015.

A History of World GDPpercentage of total, 1990 $ at purchase power parity

11000

1500

1600

1700

1820

1870

1900

1913

1940

1970

2008

Source: Angus Maddison, University of Gronigen; The Ecnomist

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

0

China

India

Japan

USA

FranceGermanyItalyBritain In

dia

n E

conom

y

Indian economy with GDP close to USD 5 Trillion is the 3rd largest economy of the world by purchasing power

parity. India is also 10th largest importer and 19th largest exporter in the world. India has shown resilient and

stable growth in last decade and has grown at second highest rate in the world amongst developed or

emerging economies.

Liberal and free market practices were adopted by Indian government in 1991 and since then the stable Indian

democracy has followed the practice of liberalisation in-spite of change in governments. There has been large

increase in per capita incomes. Economic growth has progressed at rapid pace in last two and half decades

and the trend is forecasted to accelerate further.

Indian economy is closely intertwined with the global economy and India is signatory to various free trade

regimes in the international fora like WTO, SAFTA, GSTP, APTA, ASEAN ETC.

1862

1918

1950

1964

2003

Axis b

ank

inaug

urated, w

orlds h

ighe

st A

TM at

Nathu La

Pass.

Aluminium coins w

ere introd

uced

for

the

first

time due

to co

st b

enef

it ra

tio con

sider

atio

ns.

First co

inage of

Rep

ublic

India had Lion

Capita

l of the Ashok

a Pillar on

the

one

Rup

ee

coin m

ade in N

icke

l

This cop

per

-nicke

l coin was introd

uced

to

replace

the

silv

er 2

Ann

as co

in, d

ue to

the

high co

st of silver.

The first co

inage un

der

the

cro

wn was issued

By Q

ueen

Victoria a

ssum

ed the

title the Em

pre

ss

of In

dia.

First paper

notes

wer

e issued

by Ba

nk of

Hindusta

n, G

ener

al B

ank

of Be

ngal a

nd Bihar

and

the

Ben

gal B

ank

.

1770

A Tho

usand

rup

ee not

e was first

`intro

duc

ed b

y the

Rese

rve

Bank

of India

in 1

954.

1954

02

5000BC

2500 B

C

nd

2C

entu

ry B

C

3rd

Centu

ry B

C

Silver

pun

ch m

ark

coin of

the

Maurya

empire

wer

e kn

own as Ru

pyaru

pa w

hich

mea

ns 'in

form

of'.

Saka

s and

Kusha

ns is

sued

silv

er a

nd g

old

coins with

Gre

ek g

ods and

god

des

ses figuring

pro

minen

tly,

Indus V

alle

y civiliz

atio

n ex

cava

tions have

yielded

sea

ls of terraco

tta w

hich

are

deb

ated

to b

e co

insb

y J.M. K

eyne

s

Mud

ra fro

m D

wark

a, r

ecov

ered

fro

m sea

bed

clos

e to

mod

ern G

ujara

t state, is deb

ate

d to

be

mor

e of

iden

tity

value

than fina

ncia

l value.

7th

Centu

ry B

CPun

ch m

arked

' coins w

ere in use

exten

sive

ly

for trade amon

g lo

cal s

tates in a

ncient In

dia

Gup

ta's

gold coina

ge dep

icted the

king on

the ob

verse and

an Indian deity on the

reve

rse, w

ith le

gen

ds in Bra

hmi.

4th

Centu

ry B

C

1540

The first "rup

ee" is b

elieve

d to ha

ve

bee

n introd

uced

by Sh

er Sha

h Su

ri

base

d on a ratio

of 40 cop

per

piece

s

(paisa) per

rup

ee.

CU

RR

EN

CY

IN

IN

DIA

India

BRIC

World

Global Financial Crisis

East Asian Crisis

Indian National Rupee (INR symbol) is the currency of India which has been in use since 6th century BC in

various forms. Reserve bank of India is the central bank which regulates the monetary policy. India has a

robust and thriving banking sector with a uniform spread throughout the country, consisting of above 150

scheduled commercial banks with about 110 thousand branches.

India also has a vibrant network of non banking financial institutions facilitating requirements of industries

and commercial enterprises.

According to Reserve Bank of India (RBI), deposits stood at Rs 10.27 lakh crore. Total bank credit in 2012-

13 stood at Rs 7.8 lakh crore, a rise of 17 per cent. RBI has projected credit growth of 16 per cent and

deposit growth of 15 per cent.

India has one of the oldest and most vibrant capital markets in the world and currently has 25 stock

exchanges regulated by an independent regulator, Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI). Bombay

Stock Exchange, Mumbai, is the oldest stock exchange of Asia, the largest in the world in terms of listed

members, 5th largest in the world in terms of electronic transactions and the 11th largest in the world by

market capitalisation.

Moneta

ry a

nd F

inance

1935

1969

1949

1990

For the first tim

e an inve

stor

(W

arb

urg Pincu

s)

was allo

wed

by RB

I to increa

se its stake

in

Kotak Mahind

ra Bank

fro

m 5

% to 10%

.

Polic

y of

liber

aliz

atio

n fa

cilitated lice

nsing

of new

Gen

eratio

n tech

-savv

y priva

te bank

s

like Axis B

ank

, ICIC

I Bank

, HDFC

Bank

etc.

The Gov

ernm

ent of

India natio

nalised

14

larg

est co

mmer

cial b

ank

s co

ntaining 8

5 p

erce

nt

of b

ank

dep

osits

in the

cou

ntry

Res

erve

Bank

of India, Ind

ia's

centra

l

bank

ing a

utho

rity, w

as es

tablishe

d

Bank

ing Reg

ulatio

n Act empow

ered

the

Res

erve

Bank

of India (RB

I) "to re

gulate,

contro

l, and

insp

ect t

he b

ank

s in In

dia".

Imper

ial b

ank

of India w

hich

later on

bec

ame State Bank

of India, w

as started

by

J.M. K

eyne

s

04

During the

first w

orld w

ar at least 9

4 b

ank

s

clos

ed in

India w

ith total a

utho

rise

d capita

l of

INR 1556 la

khs.

1750 B

C

321 B

C

1829 18651860 1913-1

8

1895First en

tirely

India

n joint stoc

k bank

was

esta

blis

hed w

hich

is still f

unctiona

l, is the

Punjab N

atio

nal B

ank

.

First fo

reign bank

in In

dia C

omptoir d

Esco

mpte d

e Pa

ris'

started

in C

alcutta

.

Oldes

t func

tioning

bank

of India, A

llaha

bad

bank

, was es

tablishe

d by a g

roup

of

Euro

pea

ns.

Union

Bank

of Calcutta

was started

by

mer

chants as joint stoc

k assoc

iatio

n,

it fa

iled in 1

848

During Bud

hist p

eriod, a

for

m of mod

ern bill

of exc

hang

e used

to ex

ist ca

lled A

desha

During V

edic p

eriod, e

viden

ce of loan ha

s

bee

n re

por

ted by histor

ians.

1921

Extending 4,000 miles (6,437 kilometres), the Silk Road derives its name from the lucrative trade in Chinese silkcarried out along its

length, beginning during the Han Dynasty (206 BC 220 AD).The Silk Road was a series of trade and cultural transmission routes that

were central to cultural interaction through regions of the Asian continent connecting the West and East by linking traders, merchants,

pilgrims, monks, soldiers, nomads, and urban dwellers from China to the Mediterranean Sea during various periods of time. In addition

to economic trade, the Silk Road served as a means of carrying out cultural trade among the civilizations along its network.

The transmission of Buddhism to China via the Silk Road began in the 1st century AD, according to a semi-legendary account of an

ambassador sent to the West by the Chinese Emperor Ming (5875 AD). During this period Buddhism began to spread throughout

Southeast, East, and Central Asia. Mahayana, Theravada, and Tibetan Buddhism are the three primary forms of Buddhism that spread,

through the Silk Road, across Asia.

Spices such as cinnamon, cassia, cardamom, ginger, pepper, and turmeric were known, and used for commerce, in the Eastern World

well into antiquity. These spices found their way into the Middle East before the beginning of the Christian Era, where the true sources of

these spices was withheld by the traders, and associated with fantastic tales. Prehistoric writings and stone age carvings of neolithic

age obtained indicates that India's South West Coast path, especially Kerala had established itself as a major spice trade centre from

as early as 3000 B.C, which marks the beginning of Spice Trade.

Silk Route Trade in Ancient India

A statue depicting

Buddha giving sermon,

from Sarnath, 8th

century, found at 300 km

South-west from Urumqi,

Xinjiang

Indian monk teaching

East-Asian monk,

Bezeklik, Eastern Tarim

Basin, 9th10th century.

2006

FIN

AN

CIA

L IN

STIT

UTIO

N IN

IN

DIA

Reserve bank of IndiaCentral bank and Supreme Monetary Authority

Scheduled Banks

Commercial Banks Co-operatives

Foreign Banks

40

Regional Rural

Banks (196)

Urban

Co-operatives

Banks

States

Co-operatives

Banks

Public Sector Banks

(27)

Public Sector Banks

(30)

Old

(22)

New

(8)

Other Nationalised Banks

(19)

State Bank Of Indiaia

And Associate Banks

(8)

Indian National Rupee (INR symbol) is the currency of India which has been in use since 6th century BC in

various forms. Reserve bank of India is the central bank which regulates the monetary policy. India has a

robust and thriving banking sector with a uniform spread throughout the country, consisting of above 150

scheduled commercial banks with about 110 thousand branches.

India also has a vibrant network of non banking financial institutions facilitating requirements of industries

and commercial enterprises.

According to Reserve Bank of India (RBI), deposits stood at Rs 10.27 lakh crore. Total bank credit in 2012-

13 stood at Rs 7.8 lakh crore, a rise of 17 per cent. RBI has projected credit growth of 16 per cent and

deposit growth of 15 per cent.

India has one of the oldest and most vibrant capital markets in the world and currently has 25 stock

exchanges regulated by an independent regulator, Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI). Bombay

Stock Exchange, Mumbai, is the oldest stock exchange of Asia, the largest in the world in terms of listed

members, 5th largest in the world in terms of electronic transactions and the 11th largest in the world by

market capitalisation.

Moneta

ry a

nd F

inance

1935

1969

1949

1990

For the first tim

e an inve

stor

(W

arb

urg Pincu

s)

was allo

wed

by RB

I to increa

se its stake

in

Kotak Mahind

ra Bank

fro

m 5

% to 10%

.

Polic

y of

liber

aliz

atio

n fa

cilitated lice

nsing

of new

Gen

eratio

n tech

-savv

y priva

te bank

s

like Axis B

ank

, ICIC

I Bank

, HDFC

Bank

etc.

The Gov

ernm

ent of

India natio

nalised

14

larg

est co

mmer

cial b

ank

s co

ntaining 8

5 p

erce

nt

of b

ank

dep

osits

in the

cou

ntry

Res

erve

Bank

of India, Ind

ia's

centra

l

bank

ing a

utho

rity, w

as es

tablishe

d

Bank

ing Reg

ulatio

n Act empow

ered

the

Res

erve

Bank

of India (RB

I) "to re

gulate,

contro

l, and

insp

ect t

he b

ank

s in In

dia".

Imper

ial b

ank

of India w

hich

later on

bec

ame State Bank

of India, w

as started

by

J.M. K

eyne

s

04

During the

first w

orld w

ar at least 9

4 b

ank

s

clos

ed in

India w

ith total a

utho

rise

d capita

l of

INR 1556 la

khs.

1750 B

C

321 B

C

1829 18651860 1913-1

8

1895First en

tirely

India

n joint stoc

k bank

was

esta

blis

hed w

hich

is still f

unctiona

l, is the

Punjab N

atio

nal B

ank

.

First fo

reign bank

in In

dia C

omptoir d

Esco

mpte d

e Pa

ris'

started

in C

alcutta

.

Oldes

t func

tioning

bank

of India, A

llaha

bad

bank

, was es

tablishe

d by a g

roup

of

Euro

pea

ns.

Union

Bank

of Calcutta

was started

by

mer

chants as joint stoc

k assoc

iatio

n,

it fa

iled in 1

848

During Bud

hist p

eriod, a

for

m of mod

ern bill

of exc

hang

e used

to ex

ist ca

lled A

desha

During V

edic p

eriod, e

viden

ce of loan ha

s

bee

n re

por

ted by histor

ians.

1921

Extending 4,000 miles (6,437 kilometres), the Silk Road derives its name from the lucrative trade in Chinese silkcarried out along its

length, beginning during the Han Dynasty (206 BC 220 AD).The Silk Road was a series of trade and cultural transmission routes that

were central to cultural interaction through regions of the Asian continent connecting the West and East by linking traders, merchants,

pilgrims, monks, soldiers, nomads, and urban dwellers from China to the Mediterranean Sea during various periods of time. In addition

to economic trade, the Silk Road served as a means of carrying out cultural trade among the civilizations along its network.

The transmission of Buddhism to China via the Silk Road began in the 1st century AD, according to a semi-legendary account of an

ambassador sent to the West by the Chinese Emperor Ming (5875 AD). During this period Buddhism began to spread throughout

Southeast, East, and Central Asia. Mahayana, Theravada, and Tibetan Buddhism are the three primary forms of Buddhism that spread,

through the Silk Road, across Asia.

Spices such as cinnamon, cassia, cardamom, ginger, pepper, and turmeric were known, and used for commerce, in the Eastern World

well into antiquity. These spices found their way into the Middle East before the beginning of the Christian Era, where the true sources of

these spices was withheld by the traders, and associated with fantastic tales. Prehistoric writings and stone age carvings of neolithic

age obtained indicates that India's South West Coast path, especially Kerala had established itself as a major spice trade centre from

as early as 3000 B.C, which marks the beginning of Spice Trade.

Silk Route Trade in Ancient India

A statue depicting

Buddha giving sermon,

from Sarnath, 8th

century, found at 300 km

South-west from Urumqi,

Xinjiang

Indian monk teaching

East-Asian monk,

Bezeklik, Eastern Tarim

Basin, 9th10th century.

2006

FIN

AN

CIA

L IN

STIT

UTIO

N IN

IN

DIA

Reserve bank of IndiaCentral bank and Supreme Monetary Authority

Scheduled Banks

Commercial Banks Co-operatives

Foreign Banks

40

Regional Rural

Banks (196)

Urban

Co-operatives

Banks

States

Co-operatives

Banks

Public Sector Banks

(27)

Public Sector Banks

(30)

Old

(22)

New

(8)

Other Nationalised Banks

(19)

State Bank Of Indiaia

And Associate Banks

(8)

LothalThe Oldest port city of the world was Lothal Port situated in Gujarat state.

During the year 1954, ruins of this port city were excavated. The archeological

studies reveal that this ancient port city was once a part and parcel of Indus

valley civilization, which flourished 4500 years age. (around 2400 BC). This

port city flourished with the trade and commerce. From here, beads, jewellery,

textiles and mineral ores were exported.

TransportRoads of cities as mentioned in Vedas (1750-500 BCE) were segregated

for three services, for pedestrians, for bullock carts and vehicles (rathas)

that run at different speeds. In a verse of Yajur Veda (9-8), there is a

description about the vehicle that uses a machine and runs with a jet

speed.

Elections in Ancient IndiaUtthiramerur inscriptions of 920 CE suggest that there was a fixed minimum

and maximum age limit for aspiring candidates, required for the candidate

to have acquired property through honest means and have proven

administrative ability. It disqualified candidates having taken any bribe or

having misappropriated property.

IIndia has world's 3rd largest road network, 4th largest rail-road network, 13 major ports, 19 international

airports and above 125 other airports.

India has about 80% tele-density and is targeted to achieve 100 % tele-density by 2020. India has 3rd

largest internet users in the world though the internet penetration is still around 12% and is awaiting an

explosive growth with the expansion of 3G, 4G, LTE and WiMAX Services. Government of India has

undertaken a project to connect entire country including remote areas the country through a National

Optical Fibre Network to provide broadband connectivity to the last citizen.

India, with an installed power generation capacity of about 230 GW is the 5th largest producer of

electricity in the world. It is expected to be second largest in energy demands by 2035. Currently, close to

70% energy generation is from fossil fuels and has tremendous capacity to generate clean energy from

renewable sources. India has the 5th largest wind power market and also plans to add about 20 GW of

solar power capacity by 2022. India also has a target to achieve 63,000 MW through nuclear power by

2032.

Infr

astr

uctu

re a

nd Industr

y

1984

2002

Radio taxis wer

e introd

uced

and

bec

ome

increa

sing

ly p

opular with

the

pub

lic.

Delhi M

etro

, curre

ntly w

orld's 13th

larg

est m

etro

in te

rms o

f len

gth, w

as s

tarted

.

2006

Indian Ra

ilways

tra

nspor

ted 8

224 m

illion

passen

ger

s and

ove

r 969 m

illion tonn

es of

freight a

nnua

lly.

2012

First Metro

of India w

hich

was un

der

gro

und

started

.

Hindusta

n Aer

onautics Limite

d (HAL) w

as

foun

ded

. HAL ha

s playe

d a

major ro

le in

the

Def

ence

aviatio

n of

India.

06

1928

1873

Oldes

t op

eratin

g electric tram in

Asia,run

by the

calcutta

Tra

mways

Com

pany

(CTC

)

Calcutta

was started

.

1903

1853

1600BC

1928

Gen

eral m

otor

s started

in its fa

ctor

y at

Bom

bay.First assem

bled car was on

roa

d on

4th d

ec 1

928.

Hor

ses bec

ame pop

ular mod

e of

tra

nspor

t

in g

and

hara

, nor

ther

n India in

Swat rive

r

valle

y. The

first tra

in of India sta

rted

its trip fro

m

Bori Bun

der

in M

umbai to Th

ane

.

First stea

m car was made in In

dia by Sa

mue

l

John

gre

en in

Madra

s. Two ye

ars la

ter, first

stea

m b

us ran made by

the

same co

mpany

.

3000BC

Bullo

ck carts wer

e primary

mod

e of

land

transpor

t in H

arrappan Civiliza

tion.

Air In

dia b

ecom

e the wor

lds first

all-jet airlin

e.

1964

TR

AN

SPO

RT IN

IN

DIA

LothalThe Oldest port city of the world was Lothal Port situated in Gujarat state.

During the year 1954, ruins of this port city were excavated. The archeological

studies reveal that this ancient port city was once a part and parcel of Indus

valley civilization, which flourished 4500 years age. (around 2400 BC). This

port city flourished with the trade and commerce. From here, beads, jewellery,

textiles and mineral ores were exported.

TransportRoads of cities as mentioned in Vedas (1750-500 BCE) were segregated

for three services, for pedestrians, for bullock carts and vehicles (rathas)

that run at different speeds. In a verse of Yajur Veda (9-8), there is a

description about the vehicle that uses a machine and runs with a jet

speed.

Elections in Ancient IndiaUtthiramerur inscriptions of 920 CE suggest that there was a fixed minimum

and maximum age limit for aspiring candidates, required for the candidate

to have acquired property through honest means and have proven

administrative ability. It disqualified candidates having taken any bribe or

having misappropriated property.

IIndia has world's 3rd largest road network, 4th largest rail-road network, 13 major ports, 19 international

airports and above 125 other airports.

India has about 80% tele-density and is targeted to achieve 100 % tele-density by 2020. India has 3rd

largest internet users in the world though the internet penetration is still around 12% and is awaiting an

explosive growth with the expansion of 3G, 4G, LTE and WiMAX Services. Government of India has

undertaken a project to connect entire country including remote areas the country through a National

Optical Fibre Network to provide broadband connectivity to the last citizen.

India, with an installed power generation capacity of about 230 GW is the 5th largest producer of

electricity in the world. It is expected to be second largest in energy demands by 2035. Currently, close to

70% energy generation is from fossil fuels and has tremendous capacity to generate clean energy from

renewable sources. India has the 5th largest wind power market and also plans to add about 20 GW of

solar power capacity by 2022. India also has a target to achieve 63,000 MW through nuclear power by

2032.

Infr

astr

uctu

re a

nd Industr

y

1984

2002

Radio taxis wer

e introd

uced

and

bec

ome

increa

sing

ly p

opular with

the

pub

lic.

Delhi M

etro

, curre

ntly w

orld's 13th

larg

est m

etro

in te

rms o

f len

gth, w

as s

tarted

.

2006

Indian Ra

ilways

tra

nspor

ted 8

224 m

illion

passen

ger

s and

ove

r 969 m

illion tonn

es of

freight a

nnua

lly.

2012

First Metro

of India w

hich

was un

der

gro

und

started

.

Hindusta

n Aer

onautics Limite

d (HAL) w

as

foun

ded

. HAL ha

s playe

d a

major ro

le in

the

Def

ence

aviatio

n of

India.

06

1928

1873

Oldes

t op

eratin

g electric tram in

Asia,run

by the

calcutta

Tra

mways

Com

pany

(CTC

)

Calcutta

was started

.

1903

1853

1600BC

1928

Gen

eral m

otor

s started

in its fa

ctor

y at

Bom

bay.First assem

bled car was on

roa

d on

4th d

ec 1

928.

Hor

ses bec

ame pop

ular mod

e of

tra

nspor

t

in g

and

hara

, nor

ther

n India in

Swat rive

r

valle

y. The

first tra

in of India sta

rted

its trip fro

m

Bori Bun

der

in M

umbai to Th

ane

.

First stea

m car was made in In

dia by Sa

mue

l

John

gre

en in

Madra

s. Two ye

ars la

ter, first

stea

m b

us ran made by

the

same co

mpany

.

3000BC

Bullo

ck carts wer

e primary

mod

e of

land

transpor

t in H

arrappan Civiliza

tion.

Air In

dia b

ecom

e the wor

lds first

all-jet airlin

e.

1964

TR

AN

SPO

RT IN

IN

DIA

Indian Industries account for 26% of GDP and 22% of total workforce. India is 11th in the world in terms of

nominal factory output.

India's manufacturing sector contributes about 15% of GDP and 50% of the country's exports. It employs about

70 million people. Indian manufacturing sector has been one of the best performing in the last decade and has

achieved recognition for quality and efficiency. India has moved from 4th rank in 2010 to 2nd rank in 2013 in

global manufacturing competitiveness ranking in the view of global CEO's as reported by Deloitte.

India's services industry ranks 13th in service output and provides employment to 27% of the workforce.

Contribution of the services sector in Indian economy over the last decade has been around 65% . Information

Technology has been one of the fastest growing sectors which is attributed to specialization, availability of highly

educated and English speaking human resource pool and growing global demand. The sector has increased it's

contribution to India's GDP from 1.2% in 1998 to 7.5% in 2012 and the export share has grown from less than

4% in 1998 to about 25% in 2012. Within the global sourcing industries, India has about 60% share of

outsourced services. IT industry also witnessed 30 times increase in patents filed in last 5 years. With over 500

global delivery centres, employing more than 100,000 foreign nationals, Indian IT industry has presence in over

60 countries.Infr

astr

uctu

re a

nd Industr

y

India has 5000 years of navigational history. The English word "Navigation" sounds very

close to the Sanskrit word "Navagati" which meant sea voyage. For centuries India was a

central commercial hub with trade links not only with Greeks, Romans, Egyptians, Portuguese,

Dutch, French and British but also with Asian countries like China, Japan, Indonesia, Burma,

Java and Singapore through navigation. The Wall Street journal dt. 28.05.2003 had

published a news item regarding America's war on Iraq. It says "A ship built based on the

technology mentioned in old Indian literature, proved extremely useful in the war. This ship

travels faster than many other ships. It transported more number of tanks than other ships and

had capacity to convey nearly 500 Soldiers. Further it used to cover 2500 kms in 48 hours."

Kushinagar was the city of ninth century BC. Buildings of this city had the cylindrical structures

erected on its top to allow free flow of air and light. These structures stand today to the

astonishment of world. Great bath, drainage systems, well planned dwelling places of Mohan-

jo-daro create awe and wonder within us. Mortar coating appears on the ruined walls of this

ancient city. The quality and sizes of bricks used for construction are visible to us even today.

They reflect the height of engineering excellence of our ancestors. Most of the Indian towns

were built in the form of perfect squares or concentric circles with temple being located at the

central position, along with formation of royal roads on the four sides of the temple.

Iron pillar located in the compound of Kutubminar, Delhi, speaks volumes about the advanced

metallurgical knowledge prevailing in ancient India. Standing firm on the ground for past

1500 years, taking heat, storm, thunder into its stride, the Iron pillar never rusted an inch in its

marathon innings. The height of this Iron pillar is 7.5 metres, and 40 cm in diameter, six tones in

weight. This marvel seems to have been manufactured during the time of Gupta Kings.

Similarly, Buddha's bronze statue found in Bihar, never rusted an inch and stood the test of time

for more than 2000 years.

63,940 kilometers of railway line; one million railway

passengers; 650 million tones of cargo; biggest employer in the

world with 16 lakh employees on its rolls; around two crore

people depending on Indian railways for their livelihood; Indian

railways shines brightly with grandeur and splendour. As per

2005 statistics, Indian Railways has 2,16,717 wagons, 39,936

passenger boogies, 17,339 engines and 14,244 trains

crisscross the country among them 8002 trains carry

passengers.

Indian Industries account for 26% of GDP and 22% of total workforce. India is 11th in the world in terms of

nominal factory output.

India's manufacturing sector contributes about 15% of GDP and 50% of the country's exports. It employs about

70 million people. Indian manufacturing sector has been one of the best performing in the last decade and has

achieved recognition for quality and efficiency. India has moved from 4th rank in 2010 to 2nd rank in 2013 in

global manufacturing competitiveness ranking in the view of global CEO's as reported by Deloitte.

India's services industry ranks 13th in service output and provides employment to 27% of the workforce.

Contribution of the services sector in Indian economy over the last decade has been around 65% . Information

Technology has been one of the fastest growing sectors which is attributed to specialization, availability of highly

educated and English speaking human resource pool and growing global demand. The sector has increased it's

contribution to India's GDP from 1.2% in 1998 to 7.5% in 2012 and the export share has grown from less than

4% in 1998 to about 25% in 2012. Within the global sourcing industries, India has about 60% share of

outsourced services. IT industry also witnessed 30 times increase in patents filed in last 5 years. With over 500

global delivery centres, employing more than 100,000 foreign nationals, Indian IT industry has presence in over

60 countries.Infr

astr

uctu

re a

nd Industr

y

India has 5000 years of navigational history. The English word "Navigation" sounds very

close to the Sanskrit word "Navagati" which meant sea voyage. For centuries India was a

central commercial hub with trade links not only with Greeks, Romans, Egyptians, Portuguese,

Dutch, French and British but also with Asian countries like China, Japan, Indonesia, Burma,

Java and Singapore through navigation. The Wall Street journal dt. 28.05.2003 had

published a news item regarding America's war on Iraq. It says "A ship built based on the

technology mentioned in old Indian literature, proved extremely useful in the war. This ship

travels faster than many other ships. It transported more number of tanks than other ships and

had capacity to convey nearly 500 Soldiers. Further it used to cover 2500 kms in 48 hours."

Kushinagar was the city of ninth century BC. Buildings of this city had the cylindrical structures

erected on its top to allow free flow of air and light. These structures stand today to the

astonishment of world. Great bath, drainage systems, well planned dwelling places of Mohan-

jo-daro create awe and wonder within us. Mortar coating appears on the ruined walls of this

ancient city. The quality and sizes of bricks used for construction are visible to us even today.

They reflect the height of engineering excellence of our ancestors. Most of the Indian towns

were built in the form of perfect squares or concentric circles with temple being located at the

central position, along with formation of royal roads on the four sides of the temple.

Iron pillar located in the compound of Kutubminar, Delhi, speaks volumes about the advanced

metallurgical knowledge prevailing in ancient India. Standing firm on the ground for past

1500 years, taking heat, storm, thunder into its stride, the Iron pillar never rusted an inch in its

marathon innings. The height of this Iron pillar is 7.5 metres, and 40 cm in diameter, six tones in

weight. This marvel seems to have been manufactured during the time of Gupta Kings.

Similarly, Buddha's bronze statue found in Bihar, never rusted an inch and stood the test of time

for more than 2000 years.

63,940 kilometers of railway line; one million railway

passengers; 650 million tones of cargo; biggest employer in the

world with 16 lakh employees on its rolls; around two crore

people depending on Indian railways for their livelihood; Indian

railways shines brightly with grandeur and splendour. As per

2005 statistics, Indian Railways has 2,16,717 wagons, 39,936

passenger boogies, 17,339 engines and 14,244 trains

crisscross the country among them 8002 trains carry

passengers.

Educa

tion

Indian Talent Pool:

India has the highest youth population in world. The youth's upwardly mobile aspirations have been driving

the growth of the country. The youth's aspirations have also created a wanting and social emphasis on higher

education in the country with technical streams of higher education getting the preference. India is also

ranked 2nd in the world in terms of enrolments in higher educational institutions and offers education and

training in almost all aspects of human creative and intellectual endeavors: arts and humanities; natural,

mathematical and social sciences, engineering; medicine; dentistry; agriculture; education; law; commerce

and management; music and performing arts; national and foreign languages; culture; communications etc.

India has above 650 universities, over 33,000 colleges, around 25.9 million students enrolled in more than

45,000 degree and diploma institutions in the country. It has witnessed particularly high growth in the last

decade, with enrolment of students increasing at a CAGR of 10.8% and institutions at a CAGR of 9%.

Engineering is the preferred educational stream for Indian youth, as a result of which India produces around

361,000 engineering graduates and post graduates every year.

From the vast pool of engineering graduates, India produced around 222,000 fresh engineering graduates

in streams relevant to the electronics industry, namely computer science, software, electronics and

communications, electrical and electronics and Information Technology (IT). These streams comprise nearly

62% of the total engineering turnouts. India institutions also produce 100,000 PhDs every year.

English has been the medium of instruction for most of the higher educational system in India, more so in

context of technical education. For corporate India, English has been the language of business and this has

also influenced the society at large to be English savvy.

1945

1956

1965

Institu

tes of

Tec

hnolog

y Act le

d to

dev

elop

men

t of

IIT's, a

globally

rec

ognize

d

bra

nd tod

ay.

Elem

enta

ry and

Sec

ondary

Educ

atio

n Act

cre

ated fa

ir and

equa

l oppor

tunitie

s

to all ch

ildre

n irre

spec

tive of

caste or

class.

Unive

rsity

Gra

nts Com

mission

Act cre

ated

conc

ern fo

r stand

ard

s and

qua

lity in the

educ

atio

n sy

stem

in U

nive

rsities

.

1961

42 C

entral U

nive

rsities

, 285 Sta

te U

nive

rsities

,

130 D

eemed

Unive

rsities

and

125 Priva

te

Unive

rsities

.

2010

2014

Right to Ed

ucatio

n act g

ives

eve

ry child a

right to full tim

e elem

enta

ry educ

atio

n of

satis

factor

y and

equita

ble q

uality in a

for

mal

scho

ol.

All India cou

ncil of

tec

hnical e

duc

atio

n

was se

t-up

as a natio

nal lev

el A

pex

Adviso

ry

Bod

y to con

duc

t.

08

ED

UC

ATIO

N IN

IN

DIA

Nalanda was one of the world's first residential universities. In the 10th century when Hieun Tsang entered the university, there were

10,000 students, 1510 teachers, and about 1,500 workers at

Nalanda. They came from all parts of India and foreign lands like

Korea, Japan, China, Tibet, Persia, Sumatra, Java, Sri Lanka and

Turkey. Casts, creed and nationality were no barriers in keeping with

the Buddhist spirit. Nalanda was maintained by the revenue from

seven villages which were granted by the king. One could study

subjects like science, medicine, astrology, fine-arts, literature, Buddhism,

Hinduism, commerce, administration and astronomy.

Takshila is the oldest university known to the world.Established around 2700 years ago, it was home to

over 10500 students where the students from all across

the world used to come to attain specialization in over

64 different elds of study like vedas, grammar,

philosophy, ayurveda, agriculture, surgery, politics,

archery, warfare, astronomy, commerce, futurology,

music, dance, etc. Famous graduates of this University

include the ones like Chanakya, Panini, Charaka, Vishnu

Sharma, Jivaka etc.

Odantapuri was considered the second oldest of

Indias universities. This was situated in Maghada,

about 6 miles away from Nalanda. According to the

Tibetan records there were about 12,000 students at

Odantapuri. Our knowledge of this seat of learning is

obscure, and we are not in a position to give more

details. This too perished at the hands of the Muslim

invaders. It is said they mistook the universities with

their high walls for fortresses. They thought the

Ruins of Somapura university erected during (AC 810-

850) cover an area of about 1 square mile in

Bangladesh today. There was a large gate and the

buildings were surrounded by a high-wall. There were

about 177 cells for monks in additions to the shrines

and image houses. A common refectory and a kitchen

are among the ruins, Remains of three -strayed

buildings are to be seen. This university flourished for

about 750 years before it was abandoned after the

Muslim invasion.

Vallabhi University achieved as much

fame as Nalanda. While Nalanda was

the centre for Mahayana Buddhism,

Vallabhi achieved fame as the centre for

Hinayana Buddhism. The Maitraka kings

spent lavishly to maintain their university.

As reported by Hieum Tsang " There are

about 100 monasteries and about 6,000

resident monks studying at Vallabhi. Most

of them belong to the Sammitiya Sect.

There are also many Hindu temples and

a large Hindu population in this past of

the country. The Buddha had visited this

land during his ministry. There are stupas

erected by King Asoka to mark the spots

hallowed by the Buddhas visit."

Odanta

puri

Som

apura

Takshila

Nala

nda

Vallabhi

1750 B

C

1854

Thom

aso

n College

of Civil

Enginee

ring

- first en

ginee

ring

of India

college

was started

in

Roor

kee.

3rd

Cen

tury

Five

unive

rsities

existed

as an inte

rlinke

d

system

spon

sore

d b

y state, V

ikra

mash

ila, N

aland

a,

Somapura O

dantapur

a a

nd Jaggadala

.

Unive

rsity

of Pu

spagiri w

as on

e of

the

old

est

Buddhist e

stablis

hmen

ts in

the

wor

ld w

hich

Chine

se tra

velle

r Xua

nzang

visite

d in

639 C

E.

63

9

Nala

nda unive

rsity

existed

which

taug

ht

subjects lik

e fine

arts, m

edicine, m

athem

atic

s,

astro

nomy, p

olitics a

nd the

art o

f war.

3rd

ce

ntu

ry

18

18

1st U

nive

rsity

of Mod

ern India, s

rira

mpur

colle

ge was started

in 1

818 a

nd g

ot the

sta

tus

of unive

rsity

in 1

829.

Akb

ar op

ened

a la

rge nu

mber

of scho

ols and

colle

ges

with

curricu

lum b

ase

d on stud

ents

individua

l nee

ds and

pra

ctical n

eces

sitie

s of

life

.

16th

Centu

ry

Anc

ient ved

ic educ

atio

n sy

stem

pro

vided

fre

e

scho

oling a

nd college ed

ucatio

n, in

sub

jects lik

e

Educa

tion

Indian Talent Pool:

India has the highest youth population in world. The youth's upwardly mobile aspirations have been driving

the growth of the country. The youth's aspirations have also created a wanting and social emphasis on higher

education in the country with technical streams of higher education getting the preference. India is also

ranked 2nd in the world in terms of enrolments in higher educational institutions and offers education and

training in almost all aspects of human creative and intellectual endeavors: arts and humanities; natural,

mathematical and social sciences, engineering; medicine; dentistry; agriculture; education; law; commerce

and management; music and performing arts; national and foreign languages; culture; communications etc.

India has above 650 universities, over 33,000 colleges, around 25.9 million students enrolled in more than

45,000 degree and diploma institutions in the country. It has witnessed particularly high growth in the last

decade, with enrolment of students increasing at a CAGR of 10.8% and institutions at a CAGR of 9%.

Engineering is the preferred educational stream for Indian youth, as a result of which India produces around

361,000 engineering graduates and post graduates every year.

From the vast pool of engineering graduates, India produced around 222,000 fresh engineering graduates

in streams relevant to the electronics industry, namely computer science, software, electronics and

communications, electrical and electronics and Information Technology (IT). These streams comprise nearly

62% of the total engineering turnouts. India institutions also produce 100,000 PhDs every year.

English has been the medium of instruction for most of the higher educational system in India, more so in

context of technical education. For corporate India, English has been the language of business and this has

also influenced the society at large to be English savvy.

1945

1956

1965

Institu

tes of

Tec

hnolog

y Act le

d to

dev

elop

men

t of

IIT's, a

globally

rec

ognize

d

bra

nd tod

ay.

Elem

enta

ry and

Sec

ondary

Educ

atio

n Act

cre

ated fa

ir and

equa

l oppor

tunitie

s

to all ch

ildre

n irre

spec

tive of

caste or

class.

Unive

rsity

Gra

nts Com

mission

Act cre

ated

conc

ern fo

r stand

ard

s and

qua

lity in the

educ

atio

n sy

stem

in U

nive

rsities

.

1961

42 C

entral U

nive

rsities

, 285 Sta

te U

nive

rsities

,

130 D

eemed

Unive

rsities

and

125 Priva

te

Unive

rsities

.

2010

2014

Right to Ed

ucatio

n act g

ives

eve

ry child a

right to full tim

e elem

enta

ry educ

atio

n of

satis

factor

y and

equita

ble q

uality in a

for

mal

scho

ol.

All India cou

ncil of

tec

hnical e

duc

atio

n

was se

t-up

as a natio

nal lev

el A

pex

Adviso

ry

Bod

y to con

duc

t.

08

ED

UC

ATIO

N IN

IN

DIA

Nalanda was one of the world's first residential universities. In the 10th century when Hieun Tsang entered the university, there were

10,000 students, 1510 teachers, and about 1,500 workers at

Nalanda. They came from all parts of India and foreign lands like

Korea, Japan, China, Tibet, Persia, Sumatra, Java, Sri Lanka and

Turkey. Casts, creed and nationality were no barriers in keeping with

the Buddhist spirit. Nalanda was maintained by the revenue from

seven villages which were granted by the king. One could study

subjects like science, medicine, astrology, fine-arts, literature, Buddhism,

Hinduism, commerce, administration and astronomy.

Takshila is the oldest university known to the world.Established around 2700 years ago, it was home to

over 10500 students where the students from all across

the world used to come to attain specialization in over

64 different elds of study like vedas, grammar,

philosophy, ayurveda, agriculture, surgery, politics,

archery, warfare, astronomy, commerce, futurology,

music, dance, etc. Famous graduates of this University

include the ones like Chanakya, Panini, Charaka, Vishnu

Sharma, Jivaka etc.

Odantapuri was considered the second oldest of

Indias universities. This was situated in Maghada,

about 6 miles away from Nalanda. According to the

Tibetan records there were about 12,000 students at

Odantapuri. Our knowledge of this seat of learning is

obscure, and we are not in a position to give more

details. This too perished at the hands of the Muslim

invaders. It is said they mistook the universities with

their high walls for fortresses. They thought the

Ruins of Somapura university erected during (AC 810-

850) cover an area of about 1 square mile in

Bangladesh today. There was a large gate and the

buildings were surrounded by a high-wall. There were

about 177 cells for monks in additions to the shrines

and image houses. A common refectory and a kitchen

are among the ruins, Remains of three -strayed

buildings are to be seen. This university flourished for

about 750 years before it was abandoned after the

Muslim invasion.

Vallabhi University achieved as much

fame as Nalanda. While Nalanda was

the centre for Mahayana Buddhism,

Vallabhi achieved fame as the centre for

Hinayana Buddhism. The Maitraka kings

spent lavishly to maintain their university.

As reported by Hieum Tsang " There are

about 100 monasteries and about 6,000

resident monks studying at Vallabhi. Most

of them belong to the Sammitiya Sect.

There are also many Hindu temples and

a large Hindu population in this past of

the country. The Buddha had visited this

land during his ministry. There are stupas

erected by King Asoka to mark the spots

hallowed by the Buddhas visit."

Odanta

puri

Som

apura

Takshila

Nala

nda

Vallabhi

1750 B

C

1854

Thom

aso

n College

of Civil

Enginee

ring

- first en

ginee

ring

of India

college

was started

in

Roor

kee.

3rd

Cen

tury

Five

unive

rsities

existed

as an inte

rlinke

d

system

spon

sore

d b

y state, V

ikra

mash

ila, N

aland

a,

Somapura O

dantapur

a a

nd Jaggadala

.

Unive

rsity

of Pu

spagiri w

as on

e of

the

old

est

Buddhist e

stablis

hmen

ts in

the

wor

ld w

hich

Chine

se tra

velle

r Xua

nzang

visite

d in

639 C

E.

63

9

Nala

nda unive

rsity

existed

which

taug

ht

subjects lik

e fine

arts, m

edicine, m

athem

atic

s,

astro

nomy, p

olitics a

nd the

art o

f war.

3rd

ce

ntu

ry

18

18

1st U

nive

rsity

of Mod

ern India, s

rira

mpur

colle

ge was started

in 1

818 a

nd g

ot the

sta

tus

of unive

rsity

in 1

829.

Akb

ar op

ened

a la

rge nu

mber

of scho

ols and

colle

ges

with

curricu

lum b

ase

d on stud

ents

individua

l nee

ds and

pra

ctical n

eces

sitie

s of

life

.

16th

Centu

ry

Anc

ient ved

ic educ

atio

n sy

stem

pro

vided

fre

e

scho

oling a

nd college ed

ucatio

n, in

sub

jects lik

e

Department of Information Technology, government of India has further taken initiatives to improve the

talent pools quantity and quality by investing in number of post graduates and PhDs in faculties relevant

to electronics systems design and manufacturing(ESDM) .

Apart from the regular higher education system, Department of Electronics and Information Technology

(Deity), Government of India, has also taken initiatives to provide skill development beyond the classrooms.

It has setup institutional partnerships with investment of the order of billions of USD to enhance skills

relevant to the ESDM sector. For example, Govt. of India has initiated a program under National Skill

Development Corporation (NSDC), to train 500 Million Indians in industry relevant skills by 2022.

Sector Skill Councils (SSCs) have been setup to bring together Industry, Labour, Academia and

Government together with an objective of bridging the identified skill gaps. It extends its support to set up

sector specific academies of excellence for conducting research and prepare plan of action for the sector.

Deity has also initiated two programs with Telecom Sector Skill Council (TSSC) and Electronic Sector Skill

Council (ESSCI) to specifically cater to skill development needs of telecom sector and electronics sector by

setting up 500 training centres nationwide and train 5 million Indians by signing MOU's with around 200

industries.

Deity has also setup an educational institute to provide higher level education specific to ESDM sector in

fields which are not normally catered to by other technical institutions. It is called National Institute of

Electronics and Information Technology (NIELIT) and provides Post Graduate level technical education in

fields like electronics design, embedded systems etc. Educa

tion

Department of Information Technology, government of India has further taken initiatives to improve the

talent pools quantity and quality by investing in number of post graduates and PhDs in faculties relevant

to electronics systems design and manufacturing(ESDM) .

Apart from the regular higher education system, Department of Electronics and Information Technology

(Deity), Government of India, has also taken initiatives to provide skill development beyond the classrooms.

It has setup institutional partnerships with investment of the order of billions of USD to enhance skills

relevant to the ESDM sector. For example, Govt. of India has initiated a program under National Skill

Development Corporation (NSDC), to train 500 Million Indians in industry relevant skills by 2022.

Sector Skill Councils (SSCs) have been setup to bring together Industry, Labour, Academia and

Government together with an objective of bridging the identified skill gaps. It extends its support to set up

sector specific academies of excellence for conducting research and prepare plan of action for the sector.

Deity has also initiated two programs with Telecom Sector Skill Council (TSSC) and Electronic Sector Skill

Council (ESSCI) to specifically cater to skill development needs of telecom sector and electronics sector by

setting up 500 training centres nationwide and train 5 million Indians by signing MOU's with around 200

industries.

Deity has also setup an educational institute to provide higher level education specific to ESDM sector in

fields which are not normally catered to by other technical institutions. It is called National Institute of

Electronics and Information Technology (NIELIT) and provides Post Graduate level technical education in

fields like electronics design, embedded systems etc. Educa

tion

Origin of modern Indian endeavours in electronics sector dates back to November 1894 when Indian

scientist Sir J.C. Bose made first demonstrations of wireless technology at Calcutta. Many other Indian

scientists continued to work in the nascent phase of modern physics and electronics field like P.C. Ray, M.

Saha, S.N. Bose, Sir C.V Raman, H.J. Bhabha were a few among others. However, growth of electronics

industry in India started in 1965 when government of India developed an orientation towards indigenous

space and defence technology. This followed by development of consumer electronics like radios,

calculators and black & white televisions etc. A major policy decision in 1982 allowed colour televisions to

be imported and soon many other products followed. The year 1985 saw the advent of Computers and

Telephone Exchanges. Software boom in mid 1990s shifted India's focus to software riding on highly

educated English speaking Indian talent pool. The electronics sector in those rapid growth years somehow

got overlooked. With change in consumption patterns fuelled by increase in size and purchasing power of

Indian Middle class, the electronic goods market started seeing an exponential boom.India

n E

lectr

onic

s S

ecto

r

10

1975

1979

1991

The first mob

ile cellular pho

ne w

as laun

ched

in In

dia. F

irst In

dian ring

tone

was patriotic

song

sa

re ja

han se

ach

ha.

Indias first S

uper

computer

, PARA

M 8000

was d

evelop

ed by gov

ernm

ent r

un Cen

tre

(C-D

AC).

Bhaskara

-I - First exp

erim

enta

l rem

ote

sensing satellite. C

arried TV a

nd m

icro

wave

camer

as.

Elec

tron

ics Cor

por

atio

n of

India Ltd

. (EC

IL)

was es

tablishe

d to des

ign, d

evelop

and

market com

puter

s using p

rimarily

compon

ents m

ade in In

dia.

1961

(TRA

I) act a

llowed

entry

of priva

te ser

vice

pro

vider

s in telec

ommun

icatio

n busines

s.

1997

Ary

abha

ta satellite Frist Satellite of India

Prov

ided

tec

hnolog

ical e

xper

ienc

e in b

uilding

and

oper

atin

g a

satellite sys

tem.

1971

ELEC

TR

ON

ICS IN

IN

DIA

In 1895, Sir J. C. Bose gave his rst public demonstration of electromagnetic waves at calcutta. He sent an electromagnetic

wave across 75 feet passing through walls and body of the Chairman, Lieutenant Governor of Bengal. Later, he demonstrated

before the scientic community at London, his instrument called CO-HERER by using mercury as conducting material and a

telephone.

In 1896 the Daily Chronicle of England reported: "The inventor (J.C. Bose) has transmitted signals to a distance of nearly a mile

and herein lies the rst and obvious and exceedingly valuable application of this new theoretical marvel."

The wavelengths he used ranged from 2.5 cm to 5 mm. In his presentation to the Royal Institution in January 1897 Bose

speculated on the existence of electromagnetic radiation from the sun, suggesting that either the solar or the terrestrial

atmosphere might be responsible for the lack of success so far in detecting such radiation - solar emission was not detected until

1942, and the 1.2 cm atmospheric water vapor absorption line was discovered during experimental radar work in 1944.

Photograph below shows J.C. Bose at the Royal Institution in London in January 1897.

Wireless Technology from India

1885

1897

1854

1959

1967

1961

ELCIN

A Electro

nic Industries Assoc

iatio

n of

India (Fo

rmer

ly Electro

nic Com

pon

ent

Industries Assoc

iatio

n) w

as es

tablishe

d.

Def

ence

Electro

nics Res

earch La

bor

atory

(DLR

L) w

as es

tablishe

d to mee

t the ne

eds and

require

men

ts of elec

tron

ic sys

tems of

def

ence

.

Television

bro

adca

sts started

in In

dia calle

d

Doo

rdar

shan

(Mea

ning

see

ing thing

s of

far

away)F

irst com

puter

in In

dia, n

amed

HEC

-2M, w

as

installe

d a

t Calcutta

's Indian Statis

tical Institute.

God

rej Ind

ia w

as es

tablishe

d a

s elec

tron

ic

pro

duc

t manu

facturer.

Indian telegra

ph act, p

rovided

the

exc

lusive

privileges

to es

tablish telegra

ph lin

es on

priva

te a

s well a

s pub

lic p

roper

ty.

1854

Radio Bro

adca

st sta

rted

in In

dia und

er A

ll

India Radio or Aka

shva

ni (mea

ning

voice

from

the

sky

).

Origin of modern Indian endeavours in electronics sector dates back to November 1894 when Indian

scientist Sir J.C. Bose made first demonstrations of wireless technology at Calcutta. Many other Indian

scientists continued to work in the nascent phase of modern physics and electronics field like P.C. Ray, M.

Saha, S.N. Bose, Sir C.V Raman, H.J. Bhabha were a few among others. However, growth of electronics

industry in India started in 1965 when government of India developed an orientation towards indigenous

space and defence technology. This followed by development of consumer ele