of 350
8/13/2019 Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Slides for S7 ECE MG University Students 2013
1/350
Some Application of Instrumentation Engg. / Automotive Sensors
Introductory Slides for Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 Page 1 of or S7 ECE 2013
Gathered aison, C.S. (Asst. Prof. in mal Jyothi College of Engg.,
8/13/2019 Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Slides for S7 ECE MG University Students 2013
2/350
Some Application of Instrumentation Engg. /Aviation
Introductory Slides for Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 Page 2 of or S7 ECE 2013
Gathered aison, C.S. (Asst. Prof. in mal Jyothi College of Engg.,
8/13/2019 Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Slides for S7 ECE MG University Students 2013
3/350
Some Application of Instrumentation Engg. /Atomic Energy
Introductory Slides for Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 Page 3 of or S7 ECE 2013
Gathered aison, C.S. (Asst. Prof. in mal Jyothi College of Engg.,
8/13/2019 Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Slides for S7 ECE MG University Students 2013
4/350
Some Application of Instrumentation Engg. /Medical Imaging
Introductory Slides for Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 Page 4 of or S7 ECE 2013
Gathered aison, C.S. (Asst. Prof. in mal Jyothi College of Engg.,
8/13/2019 Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Slides for S7 ECE MG University Students 2013
5/350
Some Application of Instrumentation Engg. /Furnace
Introductory Slides for Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 Page 5 of or S7 ECE 2013
Gathered aison, C.S. (Asst. Prof. in mal Jyothi College of Engg.,
8/13/2019 Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Slides for S7 ECE MG University Students 2013
6/350
Some Application of Instrumentation Engg. /Chemical Plant
Introductory Slides for Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 Page 6 of or S7 ECE 2013
Gathered aison, C.S. (Asst. Prof. in mal Jyothi College of Engg.,
8/13/2019 Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Slides for S7 ECE MG University Students 2013
7/350
Some Application of Instrumentation Engg. /Robotics
Introductory Slides for Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 Page 7 of or S7 ECE 2013
Gathered aison, C.S. (Asst. Prof. in mal Jyothi College of Engg.,
8/13/2019 Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Slides for S7 ECE MG University Students 2013
8/350
References1. Measurement Systems:
Ernest Doeblin & Dhanesh N Manik
2. Electronic Instrumentation:
H S Kalsi
3. Modern Electronic Instrumentation and Measurement techniques:
Albert D Helfrick & William D Cooper
4. Measurement & Instrumentation Principles:
Alan S Morris
5. Transducers & Instrumentation:
D.V. S Murthy
ELECTRONIC INSTRUMENTATIONEC 010 704 (Syllabus) 3hours lectureand 1hour tutorialper week
Introductory Slides for Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 Page 8 of or S7 ECE 2013
Gathered aison, C.S. (Asst. Prof. in mal Jyothi College of Engg.,
8/13/2019 Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Slides for S7 ECE MG University Students 2013
9/350
References6. Electronic Instrumentation and Measurements
David A Bell
7. Instrumentation-Devices and Systems:
C S Rangan, SG R arma & V S V Mani,
8. Electronic Measurements and Instrumentation:
R K Rajput,
9. Measurements and Instrumentation:
U A Bakshi, A V Bakshi,
10. A Course in Electrical and Electronic Measurements and Instrumentation:
A K Sawhney,
ELECTRONIC INSTRUMENTATIONEC 010 704 (Syllabus) 3hours lectureand 1hour tutorialper week
Introductory Slides for Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 Page 9 of or S7 ECE 2013
Gathered aison, C.S. (Asst. Prof. in mal Jyothi College of Engg.,
I t d t Slid f El t i I t t ti (EC 010 P 10 f S7 ECE 2013
8/13/2019 Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Slides for S7 ECE MG University Students 2013
10/350
References11. A Course in Electrical and Electronic Measurements and Instrumentation:
J B Gupta,
ELECTRONIC INSTRUMENTATIONEC 010 704 (Syllabus) 3hours lectureand 1hour tutorialper week
Introductory Slides for Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 Page 10 of or S7 ECE 2013
Gathered aison, C.S. (Asst. Prof. in mal Jyothi College of Engg.,
Introductory Slides for Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 Page 11 of or S7 ECE 2013
8/13/2019 Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Slides for S7 ECE MG University Students 2013
11/350
Module 1(12 hrs)
Introduction to Electronic Instrumentation
ELECTRONIC INSTRUMENTATIONEC 010 704 (Syllabus) 3hours lectureand 1hour tutorialper week
Introductory Slides for Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 Page 11 of or S7 ECE 2013
Gathered aison, C.S. (Asst. Prof. in mal Jyothi College of Engg.,
Introductory Slides for Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 Page 12 of or S7 ECE 2013
8/13/2019 Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Slides for S7 ECE MG University Students 2013
12/350
Module 2(12 hrs)Transducers
ELECTRONIC INSTRUMENTATIONEC 010 704 (Syllabus) 3hours lectureand 1hour tutorialper week
Introductory Slides for Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 Page 12 of or S7 ECE 2013
Gathered aison, C.S. (Asst. Prof. in mal Jyothi College of Engg.,
Introductory Slides for Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 Page 13 of or S7 ECE 2013
8/13/2019 Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Slides for S7 ECE MG University Students 2013
13/350
Module 3(12 hrs)Intermediate elements
ELECTRONIC INSTRUMENTATIONEC 010 704 (Syllabus) 3hours lectureand 1hour tutorialper week
y f ( g f
Gathered aison, C.S. (Asst. Prof. in mal Jyothi College of Engg.,
Introductory Slides for Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 Page 14 of or S7 ECE 2013
8/13/2019 Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Slides for S7 ECE MG University Students 2013
14/350
Module 4(12 hrs)End devices
ELECTRONIC INSTRUMENTATIONEC 010 704 (Syllabus) 3hours lectureand 1hour tutorialper week
Gathered aison, C.S. (Asst. Prof. in mal Jyothi College of Engg.,
Introductory Slides for Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 Page 15 of or S7 ECE 2013
8/13/2019 Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Slides for S7 ECE MG University Students 2013
15/350
Module 5(12 hrs)
Basic measurements
ELECTRONIC INSTRUMENTATIONEC 010 704 (Syllabus) 3hours lectureand 1hour tutorialper week
Gathered aison, C.S. (Asst. Prof. in mal Jyothi College of Engg.,
Class Slides for Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Page 1 of or S7 ECE 2013
8/13/2019 Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Slides for S7 ECE MG University Students 2013
16/350
Gathered aison, C.S. (Asst. Prof. in mal Jyothi College of Engg.,
Class Slides for Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Page 5 of or S7 ECE 2013
8/13/2019 Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Slides for S7 ECE MG University Students 2013
17/350
Module 1(12 hrs)
Introduction to Electronic Instrumentation
ELECTRONIC INSTRUMENTATIONEC 010 704 (Syllabus) 3hours lectureand 1hour tutorialper week
Gathered aison, C.S. (Asst. Prof. in mal Jyothi College of Engg.,
Class Slides for Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Page 6 of or S7 ECE 2013
8/13/2019 Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Slides for S7 ECE MG University Students 2013
18/350
Introduction to Measurement and InstrumentationoMeasurement
o
o result of
o quantitative comparison betw
opredetermined standard o unknown magnitude
oprocedure apparatus
ofor comparison
o must be provable
o
o calibration
Gathered aison, C.S. (Asst. Prof. in mal Jyothi College of Engg.,
Class Slides for Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Page 7 of or S7 ECE 2013
8/13/2019 Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Slides for S7 ECE MG University Students 2013
19/350
Measurandophysical quantity
o characteristic condition
o object of
o
measurement instrumentation -systemo
o"measurand"
omeasurement variable"
o"instrumentation variable"
o"process variable"
Gathered aison, C.S. (Asst. Prof. in mal Jyothi College of Engg.,
Class Slides for Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Page 8 of or S7 ECE 2013
8/13/2019 Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Slides for S7 ECE MG University Students 2013
20/350
Measurement Process
Gathered aison, C.S. (Asst. Prof. in mal Jyothi College of Engg.,
Class Slides for Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Page 9 of or S7 ECE 2013
8/13/2019 Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Slides for S7 ECE MG University Students 2013
21/350
Measurand
Gathered aison, C.S. (Asst. Prof. in mal Jyothi College of Engg.,
Class Slides for Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Page 10 of or S7 ECE 2013
8/13/2019 Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Slides for S7 ECE MG University Students 2013
22/350
Basic Requirements for Getting MeaningfulResult of Measurement
standard for compariso
o must be accurately defined and
o commonly acceptable.
standard
o same character as the measurandand
o usually, but not defined by
o recognized agency
o e.g., Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) or
o the International Organisation of Standards (ISO)
3. The apparatusused and methodadopted
o forthe comparisonpurposes
o must beprovable.
Gathered aison, C.S. (Asst. Prof. in mal Jyothi College of Engg.,
Class Slides for Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Page 11 of or S7 ECE 2013
8/13/2019 Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Slides for S7 ECE MG University Students 2013
23/350
Instrumentation
o tech
o instrument
o measure control
o
phy chepropo materials
o
o"instrumentation".
Gathered aison, C.S. (Asst. Prof. in mal Jyothi College of Engg.,
Class Slides for Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Page 12 of or S7 ECE 2013
8/13/2019 Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Slides for S7 ECE MG University Students 2013
24/350
Process Instrumentation
o instrument used
omeasurement and controlof
oindustrial manufacturing,
o
conversionortreatment process,othe term
o"process instrumentation
o
Gathered aison, C.S. (Asst. Prof. in mal Jyothi College of Engg.,
Class Slides for Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Page 13 of or S7 ECE 2013
8/13/2019 Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Slides for S7 ECE MG University Students 2013
25/350
Control System
o measuring
ocontrolling instrument
o
omeasurprovide
oimpulses
oremote automa tion
o
ocontrol system
Gathered aison, C.S. (Asst. Prof. in mal Jyothi College of Engg.,
Class Slides for Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Page 14 of or S7 ECE 2013
8/13/2019 Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Slides for S7 ECE MG University Students 2013
26/350
Modes of Measurement
oPrimary
o
Secondary .oTertiary .
Gathered aison, C.S. (Asst. Prof. in mal Jyothi College of Engg.,
Class Slides for Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Page 15 of or S7 ECE 2013
8/13/2019 Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Slides for S7 ECE MG University Students 2013
27/350
Primary Measurement
o
ocomparing directlywith
orefstandard
oNo conversion measurand
o
terms of lengthoE.g.:
o time ounting
o strokes of clock
o determining length
o
with ruler
Gathered aison, C.S. (Asst. Prof. in mal Jyothi College of Engg.,
Class Slides for Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Page 16 of or S7 ECE 2013
8/13/2019 Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Slides for S7 ECE MG University Students 2013
28/350
Secondary Measurement
oIndirect
o 'one translation
o
osecondary measurements
E.g. :
oPressure
o
manometers.oTemperature
o mercury thermometers
Gathered aison, C.S. (Asst. Prof. in mal Jyothi College of Engg.,
T i M
Class Slides for Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Page 17 of or S7 ECE 2013
8/13/2019 Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Slides for S7 ECE MG University Students 2013
29/350
Tertiary MeasurementoIndirect
o'two conversions
otertiary
o
o temperature
o thermocouple
Gathered aison, C.S. (Asst. Prof. in mal Jyothi College of Engg.,
G li d M t S t d
Class Slides for Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Page 18 of or S7 ECE 2013
8/13/2019 Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Slides for S7 ECE MG University Students 2013
30/350
Generalised Measurement System andits Functional Elements
Gathered aison, C.S. (Asst. Prof. in mal Jyothi College of Engg.,
P i i l t
Class Slides for Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Page 19 of or S7 ECE 2013
8/13/2019 Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Slides for S7 ECE MG University Students 2013
31/350
Primary sensing element
o sensitive
omeasured variable
oSensethe
ocondition,
ostateor
ovalueofthe
oprocess variableby
o
extractingasmall part of energyofrom the measurand,and
oproducesan output
owhich reflects this
ocondition,state or value of the
omeasurand.
Gathered aison, C.S. (Asst. Prof. in mal Jyothi College of Engg.,
V i bl i f t d l t
Class Slides for Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Page 20 of or S7 ECE 2013
8/13/2019 Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Slides for S7 ECE MG University Students 2013
32/350
Variable conversion of transducer element
oConvertssignalfrom
o
onephysicalform anotherowithout changing
oinformation content signal
Gathered aison, C.S. (Asst. Prof. in mal Jyothi College of Engg.,
Manipulation element
Class Slides for Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Page 21 of or S7 ECE 2013
8/13/2019 Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Slides for S7 ECE MG University Students 2013
33/350
Manipulation element
oOperate onsignal
o
according to math ruleowithout changing physical nature
o variable
Gathered aison, C.S. (Asst. Prof. in mal Jyothi College of Engg.,
Data transmission element
Class Slides for Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Page 22 of or S7 ECE 2013
8/13/2019 Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Slides for S7 ECE MG University Students 2013
34/350
Data transmission element
oTransmit signal
o
one location anotherowithout changing
oinformation contents
Gathered aison, C.S. (Asst. Prof. in mal Jyothi College of Engg.,
Data presentation element
Class Slides for Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Page 23 of or S7 ECE 2013
8/13/2019 Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Slides for S7 ECE MG University Students 2013
35/350
Data presentation element
oProvide indication
o
output from omanipulation elements
Gathered aison, C.S. (Asst. Prof. in mal Jyothi College of Engg.,
Data presentation element
Class Slides for Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Page 24 of or S7 ECE 2013
8/13/2019 Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Slides for S7 ECE MG University Students 2013
36/350
Data presentation element
oProvide indication
o
output from omanipulation elements
Gathered aison, C.S. (Asst. Prof. in mal Jyothi College of Engg.,
8/13/2019 Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Slides for S7 ECE MG University Students 2013
37/350
Static Characteristics
Class Slides for Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Page 26 of or S7 ECE 2013
8/13/2019 Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Slides for S7 ECE MG University Students 2013
38/350
oAccuracy
odegree of exactness measur
ocompared to expected) value
oResolution
osmallest change measur variable
oto which instrument respondoPrecision
omeasur consistency
osuccessive reading not differ
Gathered aison, C.S. (Asst. Prof. in mal Jyothi College of Engg.,
Static Characteristics
Class Slides for Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Page 27 of or S7 ECE 2013
8/13/2019 Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Slides for S7 ECE MG University Students 2013
39/350
oError
odeviation of true value
ofrom desired value
oSensitivity
oratio change in output
oto change input
Gathered aison, C.S. (Asst. Prof. in mal Jyothi College of Engg.,
Error in Measurement
Class Slides for Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Page 28 of or S7 ECE 2013
8/13/2019 Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Slides for S7 ECE MG University Students 2013
40/350
nXnYe
o Measur introduce error
o expressed
o absol perc error
o Absolute error
o
o expected value
o measured value
o
o % error 100
n
Y
nX
nY
nX
n
Y
Gathered aison, C.S. (Asst. Prof. in mal Jyothi College of Engg.,
Error in Measurement
Class Slides for Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Page 29 of or S7 ECE 2013
8/13/2019 Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Slides for S7 ECE MG University Students 2013
41/350
n
nn
X
XX
1
oRelative accuracy
o% Accuracy a
o
Precision P
o
o value nthmeasur
o average measure
100A
nX
nX
n
nn
Y
XYA
1
error%-100%
Gathered aison, C.S. (Asst. Prof. in mal Jyothi College of Engg.,
Error in Measurement
Class Slides for Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Page 30 of or S7 ECE 2013
8/13/2019 Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Slides for S7 ECE MG University Students 2013
42/350
o
Rel accuracy
o% Accuracy a
oPrecision P
o
o val nth
measur
o average set of measur
100A
nX
n
nn
X
XX 1
nX
n
nn
Y
XYA
1
error%-100%
Gathered aison, C.S. (Asst. Prof. in mal Jyothi College of Engg.,
Example 1 1
Class Slides for Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Page 31 of or S7 ECE 2013
8/13/2019 Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Slides for S7 ECE MG University Students 2013
43/350
Example 1.1
expected voltage 80V
measurement 79V
Calculate,
absolute error
% error relative accuracy
% accuracy
Gathered aison, C.S. (Asst. Prof. in mal Jyothi College of Engg.,
Solution (Example 1.1)
Class Slides for Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Page 32 of or S7 ECE 2013
8/13/2019 Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Slides for S7 ECE MG University Students 2013
44/350
( p )
o Given expected value 80Vo measurement value 79V
Absolute error e = 80V 79V = 1V
% error 1.25%
Relative accuracy, 0.9875
% accuracy a 0.9875 x 100%=98.75%
nXnY
10080
7980
100
nY
nXnY
n
nn
Y
XY
A
1
%100A
Gathered aison, C.S. (Asst. Prof. in mal Jyothi College of Engg.,
Example 1.2
Class Slides for Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Page 33 of or S7 ECE 2013
8/13/2019 Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Slides for S7 ECE MG University Students 2013
45/350
Example 1.2o
o precision of 6th measur
o Solution
o average measur value
o
o 6threading Precision
No Xn
1 98
2 101
3 102
4 97
5 101
6 100
7 103
8 98
9 106
10 99
5.10010
1005
10
99....10198
nX
99505100
501
5100
51001001 .
.
.
.
.
n
nn
X
XX 1
Gathered aison, C.S. (Asst. Prof. in mal Jyothi College of Engg.,
Significant Figures
Class Slides for Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Page 34 of or S7 ECE 2013
8/13/2019 Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Slides for S7 ECE MG University Students 2013
46/350
g f go Significant figure
o actual information reg o mag prec
o More significant figure
o greater precision
Example 1.3
Findprecision X1X2
===>> 2 s.f
===>> 3 s.f5.98
98
101
2
1
X
X
Xn
Gathered aison, C.S. (Asst. Prof. in mal Jyothi College of Engg.,
Solution (Example 1 3)
Class Slides for Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Page 35 of or S7 ECE 2013
8/13/2019 Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Slides for S7 ECE MG University Students 2013
47/350
Solution (Example 1.3)
===>> 2 s.f
===>> 3 s.f
Precision
5.98
98
101
2
1
X
X
Xn
1X 97.0101
10198
1
975.0
101
1015.981
2X Precision = ===>more precise
Gathered aison, C.S. (Asst. Prof. in mal Jyothi College of Engg.,
Significant Figures (cont)
Class Slides for Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Page 36 of or S7 ECE 2013
8/13/2019 Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Slides for S7 ECE MG University Students 2013
48/350
g g ( )
o Rules for significant figures
All non-zero sig
Zeros bet two non-zero sig
Leading zeros not sig
Trailing zeros sig
Gathered aison, C.S. (Asst. Prof. in mal Jyothi College of Engg.,
Significant Figures (cont)
Class Slides for Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Page 37 of or S7 ECE 2013
8/13/2019 Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Slides for S7 ECE MG University Students 2013
49/350
g g ( )Example
o 1 20 300 1,2,3 sig
o 123.45 5 sig
o 1001 4 sig
o
100.02 5 sig
o 0.00001 5 sig
o 1.100 2 sig
o 0.00100 3 sig
Gathered aison, C.S. (Asst. Prof. in mal Jyothi College of Engg.,
Types of Static Error
Class Slides for Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Page 38 of or S7 ECE 2013
8/13/2019 Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Slides for S7 ECE MG University Students 2013
50/350
Types of Static Error
1) Grosshuman
2) Systematic
3) Random
Gross Error
o human mistakes reading instruments
o cannot eliminate can minimize
Gathered aison, C.S. (Asst. Prof. in mal Jyothi College of Engg.,
Types of Static Error (Cont)
Class Slides for Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Page 39 of or S7 ECE 2013
8/13/2019 Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Slides for S7 ECE MG University Students 2013
51/350
Systematic Error
shortcomingsof instrument
defective worn parts
3 types
Instrumental
Environmental
Observational
Gathered aison, C.S. (Asst. Prof. in mal Jyothi College of Engg.,
Types of Static Error (Cont)
Class Slides for Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Page 40 of or S7 ECE 2013
8/13/2019 Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Slides for S7 ECE MG University Students 2013
52/350
Instrumental error
o
o mechanical structure
o bearing friction irregular spring tensionstretching of spring
o avoided by
select suitable instrument
particular appli
correction factor
calibrate instrument
Gathered aison, C.S. (Asst. Prof. in mal Jyothi College of Engg.,
Types of Static Error (Cont)
Class Slides for Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Page 41 of or S7 ECE 2013
8/13/2019 Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Slides for S7 ECE MG University Students 2013
53/350
yp ( )
Environmental erroro external condition
o inclsurrounding area condition
osuch as temperature, humidity,
obarometer pressure
o toavoid error
air conditioner
sealing component instrument
magnetic shields
Gathered aison, C.S. (Asst. Prof. in mal Jyothi College of Engg.,
8/13/2019 Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Slides for S7 ECE MG University Students 2013
54/350
Types of Static Error (Cont)
Class Slides for Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Page 43 of or S7 ECE 2013
8/13/2019 Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Slides for S7 ECE MG University Students 2013
55/350
Random error
o unknown causes
oall systematic error accounted
o accumulation of small effect
oa high degree of accuracy
o avoided by
o increasing number of reading
ostatistical means
obest approximation of true value
Gathered aison, C.S. (Asst. Prof. in mal Jyothi College of Engg.,
Dynamic CharacteristicsClass Slides for Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Page 44 of or S7 ECE 2013
8/13/2019 Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Slides for S7 ECE MG University Students 2013
56/350
o
Instr rarely respond instantaneously
o changesin measured variables
o
omass,
o thermal capacitance,
ofluid capacitance
oelectrical capacitance
Gathered aison, C.S. (Asst. Prof. in mal Jyothi College of Engg.,
Dynamic CharacteristicsClass Slides for Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Page 45 of or S7 ECE 2013
8/13/2019 Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Slides for S7 ECE MG University Students 2013
57/350
o most common variations
o
oStep change
oLinear change
oSinusoidal change
Gathered aison, C.S. (Asst. Prof. in mal Jyothi College of Engg.,
Dynamic CharacteristicsClass Slides for Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Page 46 of or S7 ECE 2013
8/13/2019 Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Slides for S7 ECE MG University Students 2013
58/350
oStep change
oprimary element subj
o inst finitechange
o measured variable
Gathered aison, C.S. (Asst. Prof. in mal Jyothi College of Engg.,
Dynamic CharacteristicsClass Slides for Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Page 47 of or S7 ECE 2013
8/13/2019 Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Slides for S7 ECE MG University Students 2013
59/350
oLinear change
oprimary element follow
o measured variable
ochang linearly time
Gathered aison, C.S. (Asst. Prof. in mal Jyothi College of Engg.,
8/13/2019 Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Slides for S7 ECE MG University Students 2013
60/350
Dynamic CharacteristicsClass Slides for Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Page 49 of or S7 ECE 2013
8/13/2019 Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Slides for S7 ECE MG University Students 2013
61/350
o dynamic characteristics of instrument
oSpeed of response
o rapidity
o instrument respond
o changes in measured quantity
Gathered aison, C.S. (Asst. Prof. in mal Jyothi College of Engg.,
Dynamic CharacteristicsClass Slides for Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Page 50 of or S7 ECE 2013
8/13/2019 Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Slides for S7 ECE MG University Students 2013
62/350
oDynamic error
o diff betw
otrue measured value
o no static error
Gathered aison, C.S. (Asst. Prof. in mal Jyothi College of Engg.,
Dynamic CharacteristicsClass Slides for Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Page 51 of or S7 ECE 2013
8/13/2019 Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Slides for S7 ECE MG University Students 2013
63/350
o Lag
odelay response
o instrument to
ochanges in measured variable
Gathered aison, C.S. (Asst. Prof. in mal Jyothi College of Engg.,
Dynamic CharacteristicsClass Slides for Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Page 52 of or S7 ECE 2013
8/13/2019 Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Slides for S7 ECE MG University Students 2013
64/350
o
Fidelity
o degree to which instr
o indicates change in
o measured variable
owithout dynamic error
o (faithful reproduction).
Gathered aison, C.S. (Asst. Prof. in mal Jyothi College of Engg.,
Limiting Error
f i
Class Slides for Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Page 53 of or S7 ECE 2013
8/13/2019 Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Slides for S7 ECE MG University Students 2013
65/350
o accuracy of instr
o guaranteedwithin certain percentage of
o full scale reading
o manuf specify instr
o accurate at 2 %
o with full scale deflection
o reading less than full scale
o limiting error increases
Gathered aison, C.S. (Asst. Prof. in mal Jyothi College of Engg.,
Limiting Error (Cont)
Example 1 6
Class Slides for Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Page 54 of or S7 ECE 2013
8/13/2019 Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Slides for S7 ECE MG University Students 2013
66/350
Example 1.6
o 600 V voltmeter accuracy 2% full scale
o Calc limiting error when instru
oused to measur 250V
o mag of limiting error
o 0.02 x 600 = 12V
o limiting error for 250V
o (12/250) x 100 = 4.8%
Gathered aison, C.S. (Asst. Prof. in mal Jyothi College of Engg.,
Limiting Error (Cont)
Class Slides for Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Page 55 of or S7 ECE 2013
8/13/2019 Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Slides for S7 ECE MG University Students 2013
67/350
o
o limiting error voltmeter at 70V 2.143%
o
limiting error ammeter 80mA 2.813%.
o Determine limiting error of the power
o limiting error for the power
o 2.143% + 2.813%
o = 4.956%
Gathered aison, C.S. (Asst. Prof. in mal Jyothi College of Engg.,
StandardClass Slides for Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Page 56 of or S7 ECE 2013
8/13/2019 Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Slides for S7 ECE MG University Students 2013
68/350
o standard
oknown accurate measure
o
o used to determine
o values other physical quantities
o comparison method
Gathered aison, C.S. (Asst. Prof. in mal Jyothi College of Engg.,
StandardClass Slides for Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Page 57 of or S7 ECE 2013
8/13/2019 Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Slides for S7 ECE MG University Students 2013
69/350
o
All standardspreserved
oBureau International des Poids et Mesures
o(BIPM)
o International Bureau of Weight and Measures
o
Gathered aison, C.S. (Asst. Prof. in mal Jyothi College of Engg.,
Standard
o
Class Slides for Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Page 58 of or S7 ECE 2013
8/13/2019 Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Slides for S7 ECE MG University Students 2013
70/350
o
Four categories of standard
o InternationalStandard
o PrimaryStandard
oSecondaryStandard
oWorkingStandard
Gathered aison, C.S. (Asst. Prof. in mal Jyothi College of Engg.,
o International Std
International Standard
Class Slides for Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Page 59 of or S7 ECE 2013
8/13/2019 Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Slides for S7 ECE MG University Students 2013
71/350
o International Std
oDefi nternational Agreement
o
Rep
oclosest possible accuracy attainable
ocurrent sciencetechnology.
Gathered aison, C.S. (Asst. Prof. in mal Jyothi College of Engg.,
o Primary Std
Primary Standard
Class Slides for Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Page 60 of or S7 ECE 2013
8/13/2019 Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Slides for S7 ECE MG University Students 2013
72/350
o Primary Std
o Maintained National Std Lab
o
o Function
o calibration and verification
osecondary std
o
Each lab own secondary std
o periodically checkedcertified
o National Std LabGathered aison, C.S. (Asst. Prof. in mal Jyothi College of Engg.,
o Secondary Std
Secondary Standard
Class Slides for Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Page 61 of or S7 ECE 2013
8/13/2019 Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Slides for S7 ECE MG University Students 2013
73/350
o Secondary Std
o basic refstd used by
omeasurement calibration lab
o in industries
o maintained by
oparticular industry
o .
o Each industry
o own secondary standard
Gathered aison, C.S. (Asst. Prof. in mal Jyothi College of Engg.,
o
Working Standard
Class Slides for Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Page 62 of or S7 ECE 2013
8/13/2019 Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Slides for S7 ECE MG University Students 2013
74/350
o
Working Std
o
ocheck calibrate lab instrument
oaccuracy performance.
Gathered aison, C.S. (Asst. Prof. in mal Jyothi College of Engg.,
Calibration
Class Slides for Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Page 63 of or S7 ECE 2013
8/13/2019 Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Slides for S7 ECE MG University Students 2013
75/350
oproc
o
det correct values
o measurand
o comparison
ostandardones
Gathered aison, C.S. (Asst. Prof. in mal Jyothi College of Engg.,
o
Calibration
Class Slides for Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Page 64 of or S7 ECE 2013
8/13/2019 Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Slides for S7 ECE MG University Students 2013
76/350
o
std device ocomparison made
ostandardinstrument
o
instrument is unknown
o to be calibrated
otest instrument
Gathered aison, C.S. (Asst. Prof. in mal Jyothi College of Engg.,
o two methodologies
Calibration
Class Slides for Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Page 65 of or S7 ECE 2013
8/13/2019 Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Slides for S7 ECE MG University Students 2013
77/350
g
o obtaining comparison betw
o
test instrument standardinstrument
oDirect comparisons
o
Indirectcomparisons
Gathered aison, C.S. (Asst. Prof. in mal Jyothi College of Engg.,
Calibration Curve
Class Slides for Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Page 66 of or S7 ECE 2013
8/13/2019 Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Slides for S7 ECE MG University Students 2013
78/350
o calibration curve
o
oyields informationpertaining to
o readingsseveral input values
oselected withinfull-scale value
Gathered aison, C.S. (Asst. Prof. in mal Jyothi College of Engg.,
Calibration Curve
Class Slides for Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Page 67 of or S7 ECE 2013
8/13/2019 Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Slides for S7 ECE MG University Students 2013
79/350
o Its represented as,
Gathered aison, C.S. (Asst. Prof. in mal Jyothi College of Engg.,
Calibration Curve
Class Slides for Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Page 68 of or S7 ECE 2013
8/13/2019 Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Slides for S7 ECE MG University Students 2013
80/350
Gathered aison, C.S. (Asst. Prof. in mal Jyothi College of Engg.,
o generator applies
Direct Comparison
Class Slides for Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Page 69 of or S7 ECE 2013
8/13/2019 Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Slides for S7 ECE MG University Students 2013
81/350
o known input the meterunder test
o ratioof
o meter indicat
o knowngenerator values
ogives meter's error
o meter test instrument
o
ogenerator standard instrument
Gathered aison, C.S. (Asst. Prof. in mal Jyothi College of Engg.,
Direct Comparison
Class Slides for Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Page 70 of or S7 ECE 2013
8/13/2019 Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Slides for S7 ECE MG University Students 2013
82/350
Gathered aison, C.S. (Asst. Prof. in mal Jyothi College of Engg.,
Direct ComparisonoWith of direct comparison
Class Slides for Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Page 71 of or S7 ECE 2013
8/13/2019 Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Slides for S7 ECE MG University Students 2013
83/350
ogenerator also can be calibrated
o
othe meter standard instrument
o the generator
o test instrument
Gathered aison, C.S. (Asst. Prof. in mal Jyothi College of Engg.,
Direct Comparison
Class Slides for Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Page 72 of or S7 ECE 2013
8/13/2019 Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Slides for S7 ECE MG University Students 2013
84/350
Gathered aison, C.S. (Asst. Prof. in mal Jyothi College of Engg.,
Indirect Comparison
o
Class Slides for Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Page 73 of or S7 ECE 2013
8/13/2019 Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Slides for S7 ECE MG University Students 2013
85/350
compared with oresponsestandard instrument
osame type
o
oif test inst meter
ostandard is also meter
oif test inst generator
ostandard also generator
Gathered aison, C.S. (Asst. Prof. in mal Jyothi College of Engg.,
Indirect Comparison
Class Slides for Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Page 74 of or S7 ECE 2013
8/13/2019 Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Slides for S7 ECE MG University Students 2013
86/350
Gathered aison, C.S. (Asst. Prof. in mal Jyothi College of Engg.,
Units (Fundamental & Supplementary)o i
Class Slides for Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Page 75 of or S7 ECE 2013
8/13/2019 Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Slides for S7 ECE MG University Students 2013
87/350
ounits
oindependently chosen
onot dependent other units
Gathered aison, C.S. (Asst. Prof. in mal Jyothi College of Engg.,
od i d f
Units(Derived)
Class Slides for Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Page 76 of or S7 ECE 2013
8/13/2019 Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Slides for S7 ECE MG University Students 2013
88/350
oderivedfrom
ofundamental supplementary units.
Gathered aison, C.S. (Asst. Prof. in mal Jyothi College of Engg.,
Units (Derived)Class Slides for Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Page 77 of or S7 ECE 2013
8/13/2019 Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Slides for S7 ECE MG University Students 2013
89/350
Gathered aison, C.S. (Asst. Prof. in mal Jyothi College of Engg.,
Units (Derived)Class Slides for Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Page 78 of or S7 ECE 2013
8/13/2019 Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Slides for S7 ECE MG University Students 2013
90/350
Gathered aison, C.S. (Asst. Prof. in mal Jyothi College of Engg.,
8/13/2019 Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Slides for S7 ECE MG University Students 2013
91/350
SI PrefixesClass Slides for Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Page 80 of or S7 ECE 2013
8/13/2019 Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Slides for S7 ECE MG University Students 2013
92/350
Gathered aison, C.S. (Asst. Prof. in mal Jyothi College of Engg.,
SI PrefixesClass Slides for Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Page 81 of or S7 ECE 2013
8/13/2019 Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Slides for S7 ECE MG University Students 2013
93/350
Gathered aison, C.S. (Asst. Prof. in mal Jyothi College of Engg.,
Instrument Application Guide
o
Selection care use instrument
Class Slides for Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Page 82 of or S7 ECE 2013
8/13/2019 Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Slides for S7 ECE MG University Students 2013
94/350
Selection, care use instrumento Before using
othoroughly familiarize
o its operation
o** read the manual carefully
o Select instrumentprovide
odegree of accuracy required
o(accuracy + resolution + cost)
Gathered aison, C.S. (Asst. Prof. in mal Jyothi College of Engg.,
Instrument Application Guideo Selection, care use instrument
B f i
Class Slides for Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Page 83 of or S7 ECE 2013
8/13/2019 Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Slides for S7 ECE MG University Students 2013
95/350
o Before using
o doinspection for
o physical problem
o Before connecting
o
to circuitomake sure function switch
o range selector switch
o set-up
oproper function range
Gathered aison, C.S. (Asst. Prof. in mal Jyothi College of Engg.,
8/13/2019 Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Slides for S7 ECE MG University Students 2013
96/350
8/13/2019 Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Slides for S7 ECE MG University Students 2013
97/350
Transducers
o
Transducer
Class Slides for Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Page 6 of or S7 ECE 2013
8/13/2019 Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Slides for S7 ECE MG University Students 2013
98/350
Transducer o transforms energy
ofrom one form another
o
o
omechanical force into
o electrical signal
Gathered aison, C.S. (Asst. Prof. in mal Jyothi College of Engg.,
Electrical Transducers
o to measure non-electrical quantities
Class Slides for Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Page 7 of or S7 ECE 2013
8/13/2019 Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Slides for S7 ECE MG University Students 2013
99/350
o detector used
o converts
ophysical to displacement
o displacement actuates
o electric transducer
oacting as secondarytransducer
o output
oelectricalin nature
Gathered aison, C.S. (Asst. Prof. in mal Jyothi College of Engg.,
Advantages of Electrical Transducers
o Electricalamplification attenuation
Class Slides for Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Page 8 of or S7 ECE 2013
8/13/2019 Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Slides for S7 ECE MG University Students 2013
100/350
o
o mass-inertia effects minimised
o effects of friction minimised
o Controlled with small power level
o output
o used transmittedprocessed
o Miniaturization easily.
Gathered aison, C.S. (Asst. Prof. in mal Jyothi College of Engg.,
Transducer (General Structure)
o transducer two parts:
o Sensing or Detector Element
Class Slides for Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Page 9 of or S7 ECE 2013
8/13/2019 Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Slides for S7 ECE MG University Students 2013
101/350
o Sensingor Detector Element
o responds to
o change in physical phenomenon &
o Transduction Element
o transforms outputofsensing elemento to electrical output
o acts as asecondary transducer
Gathered aison, C.S. (Asst. Prof. in mal Jyothi College of Engg.,
Transducer (Classification)
o
Class Slides for Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Page 10 of or S7 ECE 2013
8/13/2019 Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Slides for S7 ECE MG University Students 2013
102/350
basis of transductionform used
ii. asprimary andsecondary transducers,
iii. aspassiveand active transducers,
iv. as analogueand digitaltransducers, and
v. as transducersand inversetransducers
Gathered aison, C.S. (Asst. Prof. in mal Jyothi College of Engg.,
8/13/2019 Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Slides for S7 ECE MG University Students 2013
103/350
Classification asPrimary and Secondary Transducers
Class Slides for Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Page 12 of or S7 ECE 2013
8/13/2019 Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Slides for S7 ECE MG University Students 2013
104/350
Gathered aison, C.S. (Asst. Prof. in mal Jyothi College of Engg.,
8/13/2019 Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Slides for S7 ECE MG University Students 2013
105/350
Classification asPassive and Active Transducers
o Passive Transducers
o derivepowerfor transduction from
Class Slides for Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Page 14 of or S7 ECE 2013
8/13/2019 Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Slides for S7 ECE MG University Students 2013
106/350
o auxiliary power source
o "externally powered transducers".
o Active transducers
o do not require auxiliary power source produce output
o self generating type
Gathered aison, C.S. (Asst. Prof. in mal Jyothi College of Engg.,
Classification asAnalogue and Digital Transducers
o Analogue Transducers.
t i t i t
Class Slides for Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Page 15 of or S7 ECE 2013
8/13/2019 Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Slides for S7 ECE MG University Students 2013
107/350
o convert input into
o
analogueoutput
o continuousfunction of time
o Digital Transducers.
o convert input into
o electrical output
o form ofpulses
Gathered aison, C.S. (Asst. Prof. in mal Jyothi College of Engg.,
8/13/2019 Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Slides for S7 ECE MG University Students 2013
108/350
Transducer (Classification)
Class Slides for Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Page 17 of or S7 ECE 2013
8/13/2019 Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Slides for S7 ECE MG University Students 2013
109/350
Gathered aison, C.S. (Asst. Prof. in mal Jyothi College of Engg.,
Transducer (Classification)
Class Slides for Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Page 18 of or S7 ECE 2013
8/13/2019 Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Slides for S7 ECE MG University Students 2013
110/350
Gathered aison, C.S. (Asst. Prof. in mal Jyothi College of Engg.,
8/13/2019 Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Slides for S7 ECE MG University Students 2013
111/350
Transducer (Classification)
Class Slides for Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Page 20 of or S7 ECE 2013
8/13/2019 Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Slides for S7 ECE MG University Students 2013
112/350
Gathered aison, C.S. (Asst. Prof. in mal Jyothi College of Engg.,
Transducer (Classification)
Class Slides for Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Page 21 of or S7 ECE 2013
8/13/2019 Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Slides for S7 ECE MG University Students 2013
113/350
Gathered aison, C.S. (Asst. Prof. in mal Jyothi College of Engg.,
Basic Requirements of a Transducer
Ruggedness
oAbility withstand overloads
Class Slides for Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Page 22 of or S7 ECE 2013
8/13/2019 Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Slides for S7 ECE MG University Students 2013
114/350
y
osafety stops overload protection
Linearity
oAbility reproduceinput-output chara
o
symmetricallylinearlyOverall linearity is the main factor considered.
Gathered aison, C.S. (Asst. Prof. in mal Jyothi College of Engg.,
Basic Requirements of a Transducer
Repeatability:
oAbility reproduce outputsignal
Class Slides for Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Page 23 of or S7 ECE 2013
8/13/2019 Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Slides for S7 ECE MG University Students 2013
115/350
y p p g
o whensame measurand applied
orepeatedlysame environmental conditions
Convenient instrumentation:
o
highanalogue outputsignalo highsignal to noise ratio
Digital output preferred in many cases.
Gathered aison, C.S. (Asst. Prof. in mal Jyothi College of Engg.,
Basic Requirements of a Transducer
High stability and reliability:
oMin error measurement
Class Slides for Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Page 24 of or S7 ECE 2013
8/13/2019 Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Slides for S7 ECE MG University Students 2013
116/350
ounaffected temperature, vibration
o environmental variations
Good Dynamic response:
o
Outputfaithful inputo taken asfunction of time
The effect is analysed as the frequency response.
Gathered aison, C.S. (Asst. Prof. in mal Jyothi College of Engg.,
Basic Requirements of a Transducer
Excellent Mechanical Characteristics:
o affectperformance
Class Slides for Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Page 25 of or S7 ECE 2013
8/13/2019 Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Slides for S7 ECE MG University Students 2013
117/350
ostatic quasi-static dynamic states
major effects
Mechanical hysteresis-
o
imperfect response osensing elements
oIntegrated over dimensions
ostrained transducer
Effect depends on the raw material used, ageing, etc.
Gathered aison, C.S. (Asst. Prof. in mal Jyothi College of Engg.,
Basic Requirements of a Transducer
Viscous flow or creep
o due to viscous flow material
Class Slides for Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Page 26 of or S7 ECE 2013
8/13/2019 Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Slides for S7 ECE MG University Students 2013
118/350
oofsensing element
oMagnitudeincreases
oincreasing loadtemperature
Materials low melting point larger creep values
Gathered aison, C.S. (Asst. Prof. in mal Jyothi College of Engg.,
Basic Requirements of a Transducer
Elastic after effect
o continued deformation
Class Slides for Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Page 27 of or S7 ECE 2013
8/13/2019 Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Slides for S7 ECE MG University Students 2013
119/350
oload applied kept constant
decreases with time
oLike creep similar relaxation towards
o
originalpositionowhen load removed.
Virtually no residual deformation is observed.
Gathered aison, C.S. (Asst. Prof. in mal Jyothi College of Engg.,
Basic Requirements of a Transducer
Built-in integrated device
o noise,
Class Slides for Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Page 28 of or S7 ECE 2013
8/13/2019 Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Slides for S7 ECE MG University Students 2013
120/350
oasymmetry
oother defects minimized
Gathered aison, C.S. (Asst. Prof. in mal Jyothi College of Engg.,
8/13/2019 Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Slides for S7 ECE MG University Students 2013
121/350
Basic Requirements of a Transducer
Repeatability:
oAbility reproduce outputsignal
Class Slides for Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Page 30 of or S7 ECE 2013
8/13/2019 Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Slides for S7 ECE MG University Students 2013
122/350
o whensame measurand applied
orepeatedlysame environmental conditions
Convenient instrumentation:
o highanalogue outputsignal
o highsignal to noise ratio
Digital output preferred in many cases.
Gathered aison, C.S. (Asst. Prof. in mal Jyothi College of Engg.,
Basic Requirements of a Transducer
High stability and reliability:
oMin error measurement
Class Slides for Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Page 31 of or S7 ECE 2013
8/13/2019 Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Slides for S7 ECE MG University Students 2013
123/350
ounaffected temperature, vibration
o environmental variations
Good Dynamic response:
oOutputfaithful input
o taken asfunction of time
The effect is analysed as the frequency response.
Gathered aison, C.S. (Asst. Prof. in mal Jyothi College of Engg.,
8/13/2019 Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Slides for S7 ECE MG University Students 2013
124/350
Basic Requirements of a Transducer
Viscous flow or creep
o due to viscous flow material
Class Slides for Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Page 33 of or S7 ECE 2013
8/13/2019 Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Slides for S7 ECE MG University Students 2013
125/350
oofsensing element
oMagnitudeincreases
oincreasing loadtemperature
Materials low melting point larger creep values
Gathered aison, C.S. (Asst. Prof. in mal Jyothi College of Engg.,
Basic Requirements of a Transducer
Elastic after effect
o continued deformation
Class Slides for Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Page 34 of or S7 ECE 2013
8/13/2019 Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Slides for S7 ECE MG University Students 2013
126/350
oload applied kept constant
decreases with time
oLike creep similar relaxation towards
o originalposition
owhen load removed.
Virtually no residual deformation is observed.
Gathered aison, C.S. (Asst. Prof. in mal Jyothi College of Engg.,
8/13/2019 Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Slides for S7 ECE MG University Students 2013
127/350
8/13/2019 Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Slides for S7 ECE MG University Students 2013
128/350
Resistive Transducers
oResistance metal conductor
Class Slides for Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Page 37 of or S7 ECE 2013
8/13/2019 Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Slides for S7 ECE MG University Students 2013
129/350
Gathered aison, C.S. (Asst. Prof. in mal Jyothi College of Engg.,
Potentiometric Transducers
o POT
o resistiveelement with
Class Slides for Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Page 38 of or S7 ECE 2013
8/13/2019 Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Slides for S7 ECE MG University Students 2013
130/350
oslidingcontact
osliding contact wiper
o motion of sliding contact
oranslatory rotational
Gathered aison, C.S. (Asst. Prof. in mal Jyothi College of Engg.,
Helipots
o combinationof
oi.e., translationalas well as rotational.
oTheirresistive element form of
Class Slides for Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Page 39 of or S7 ECE 2013
8/13/2019 Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Slides for S7 ECE MG University Students 2013
131/350
f f
ohelix
o helipots.
o helical elements
omulti-turm
o can be used for
o translationalor rotarymotion
Gathered aison, C.S. (Asst. Prof. in mal Jyothi College of Engg.,
Linear POT
Class Slides for Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Page 40 of or S7 ECE 2013
8/13/2019 Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Slides for S7 ECE MG University Students 2013
132/350
Gathered aison, C.S. (Asst. Prof. in mal Jyothi College of Engg.,
Rotational POT
Class Slides for Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Page 41 of or S7 ECE 2013
8/13/2019 Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Slides for S7 ECE MG University Students 2013
133/350
Gathered aison, C.S. (Asst. Prof. in mal Jyothi College of Engg.,
Helical POT
Class Slides for Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Page 42 of or S7 ECE 2013
8/13/2019 Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Slides for S7 ECE MG University Students 2013
134/350
Gathered aison, C.S. (Asst. Prof. in mal Jyothi College of Engg.,
Diagrammatic Representations of POTs
Class Slides for Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Page 43 of or S7 ECE 2013
8/13/2019 Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Slides for S7 ECE MG University Students 2013
135/350
Gathered aison, C.S. (Asst. Prof. in mal Jyothi College of Engg.,
Diagrammatic Representations of POTs
Class Slides for Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Page 44 of or S7 ECE 2013
8/13/2019 Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Slides for S7 ECE MG University Students 2013
136/350
Gathered aison, C.S. (Asst. Prof. in mal Jyothi College of Engg.,
Construction of POTs
o resistive body
o wire wound
o thin platinum nickel alloy
Class Slides for Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Page 45 of or S7 ECE 2013
8/13/2019 Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Slides for S7 ECE MG University Students 2013
137/350
o thin platinum nickelalloy
o wound insulatedformer
o elements also made
ocermet
o mouldedcarbon
ocarbon film
othin metal
Gathered aison, C.S. (Asst. Prof. in mal Jyothi College of Engg.,
8/13/2019 Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Slides for S7 ECE MG University Students 2013
138/350
Analysis on Working of POTs
Class Slides for Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Page 47 of or S7 ECE 2013
8/13/2019 Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Slides for S7 ECE MG University Students 2013
139/350
Gathered aison, C.S. (Asst. Prof. in mal Jyothi College of Engg.,
Capacitive Transducers
o
ProximityTransducers.oDisplacement Transducer.
Class Slides for Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Page 48 of or S7 ECE 2013
8/13/2019 Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Slides for S7 ECE MG University Students 2013
140/350
oDisplacementTransducer.
oNon-loading,oNon-contact, and
oNon-invasive
Gathered aison, C.S. (Asst. Prof. in mal Jyothi College of Engg.,
Capacitive Transducers
o
o parallel plate capacitor
d
AC r
0
Class Slides for Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Page 49 of or S7 ECE 2013
8/13/2019 Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Slides for S7 ECE MG University Students 2013
141/350
dowhere,
o0= absolute permittivity offree space
or= dielectric constant of the mediumbetween the plates
(relative permittivity)
oA = areaof theplates
od= distanceof separation between theplates
Gathered aison, C.S. (Asst. Prof. in mal Jyothi College of Engg.,
Properties of Some Dielectric Materials
Class Slides for Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Page 50 of or S7 ECE 2013
8/13/2019 Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Slides for S7 ECE MG University Students 2013
142/350
Gathered aison, C.S. (Asst. Prof. in mal Jyothi College of Engg.,
Capacitive Thickness Transducer
oplates arranged
osheet
o passed betweenplates
Class Slides for Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Page 51 of or S7 ECE 2013
8/13/2019 Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Slides for S7 ECE MG University Students 2013
143/350
o
without touching them
Gathered aison, C.S. (Asst. Prof. in mal Jyothi College of Engg.,
Capacitive Thickness Transducer
oCapacitance of theSystem:
Class Slides for Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Page 52 of or S7 ECE 2013
8/13/2019 Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Slides for S7 ECE MG University Students 2013
144/350
owhere:
oatotal separation betweenplates
otthicknessofthesheet
Gathered aison, C.S. (Asst. Prof. in mal Jyothi College of Engg.,
Capacitive Thickness Transducero increasein
o thickness sheettocausesanincreaseof
Class Slides for Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Page 53 of or S7 ECE 2013
8/13/2019 Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Slides for S7 ECE MG University Students 2013
145/350
othe capacitancebyC, and hence
oSolvingfor C/C0
owhere:
oN=Sensitivity Factor
Gathered aison, C.S. (Asst. Prof. in mal Jyothi College of Engg.,
Capacitive Displacement Transducer
Class Slides for Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Page 54 of or S7 ECE 2013
8/13/2019 Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Slides for S7 ECE MG University Students 2013
146/350
Gathered aison, C.S. (Asst. Prof. in mal Jyothi College of Engg.,
Capacitive Displacement Transducer
oIf air gap decreased x
Class Slides for Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Page 55 of or S7 ECE 2013
8/13/2019 Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Slides for S7 ECE MG University Students 2013
147/350
oIf air gap decreasedx,
othe capacitanceincreases byC
owhere,
Gathered aison, C.S. (Asst. Prof. in mal Jyothi College of Engg.,
Capacitive Displacement Transducer(Using Movable Dielectric Core)
Class Slides for Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Page 56 of or S7 ECE 2013
8/13/2019 Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Slides for S7 ECE MG University Students 2013
148/350
Gathered aison, C.S. (Asst. Prof. in mal Jyothi College of Engg.,
Capacitive Proximity Transducer
Class Slides for Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Page 57 of or S7 ECE 2013
8/13/2019 Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Slides for S7 ECE MG University Students 2013
149/350
Gathered aison, C.S. (Asst. Prof. in mal Jyothi College of Engg.,
Capacitive Proximity Transducer
oThe OutputSignal,
Class Slides for Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Page 58 of or S7 ECE 2013
8/13/2019 Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Slides for S7 ECE MG University Students 2013
150/350
where:
Gathered aison, C.S. (Asst. Prof. in mal Jyothi College of Engg.,
Capacitive Strain Transducer
Class Slides for Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Page 59 of or S7 ECE 2013
8/13/2019 Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Slides for S7 ECE MG University Students 2013
151/350
Gathered aison, C.S. (Asst. Prof. in mal Jyothi College of Engg.,
Capacitive Strain Transducer
Class Slides for Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Page 60 of or S7 ECE 2013
8/13/2019 Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Slides for S7 ECE MG University Students 2013
152/350
where:
Gathered aison, C.S. (Asst. Prof. in mal Jyothi College of Engg.,
Variable Area Capacitive Transducer
Class Slides for Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Page 61 of or S7 ECE 2013
8/13/2019 Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Slides for S7 ECE MG University Students 2013
153/350
Gathered aison, C.S. (Asst. Prof. in mal Jyothi College of Engg.,
8/13/2019 Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Slides for S7 ECE MG University Students 2013
154/350
Variable Area Capacitive Transducer
Class Slides for Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Page 63 of or S7 ECE 2013
8/13/2019 Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Slides for S7 ECE MG University Students 2013
155/350
where:
When the teethalignment changes &
oeffective contactlength becomes l
Gathered aison, C.S. (Asst. Prof. in mal Jyothi College of Engg.,
Variable Area Capacitive Transducer
oFractional Changein Capacitance,
C
otoChange in length l
Class Slides for Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Page 64 of or S7 ECE 2013
8/13/2019 Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Slides for S7 ECE MG University Students 2013
156/350
where:
Gathered aison, C.S. (Asst. Prof. in mal Jyothi College of Engg.,
Capacitive Pressure Transducer
Class Slides for Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Page 65 of or S7 ECE 2013
8/13/2019 Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Slides for S7 ECE MG University Students 2013
157/350
Gathered aison, C.S. (Asst. Prof. in mal Jyothi College of Engg.,
Capacitive Pressure Transducer
Class Slides for Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Page 66 of or S7 ECE 2013
8/13/2019 Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Slides for S7 ECE MG University Students 2013
158/350
Gathered aison, C.S. (Asst. Prof. in mal Jyothi College of Engg.,
Capacitive Microphone
Class Slides for Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Page 67 of or S7 ECE 2013
8/13/2019 Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Slides for S7 ECE MG University Students 2013
159/350
Gathered aison, C.S. (Asst. Prof. in mal Jyothi College of Engg.,
Capacitive Level Transducer
Class Slides for Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Page 68 of or S7 ECE 2013
8/13/2019 Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Slides for S7 ECE MG University Students 2013
160/350
Gathered aison, C.S. (Asst. Prof. in mal Jyothi College of Engg.,
Capacitive Level Transducer
oCapacitance
odue to two columns
oliquidandvapour
Class Slides for Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Page 69 of or S7 ECE 2013
8/13/2019 Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Slides for S7 ECE MG University Students 2013
161/350
Gathered aison, C.S. (Asst. Prof. in mal Jyothi College of Engg.,
Capacitive Moisture Transducer
Class Slides for Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Page 70 of or S7 ECE 2013
8/13/2019 Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Slides for S7 ECE MG University Students 2013
162/350
Gathered aison, C.S. (Asst. Prof. in mal Jyothi College of Engg.,
Capacitive Hygrometer
Class Slides for Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Page 71 of or S7 ECE 2013
8/13/2019 Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Slides for S7 ECE MG University Students 2013
163/350
Gathered aison, C.S. (Asst. Prof. in mal Jyothi College of Engg.,
Peizo-Electric Transducers
Class Slides for Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Page 72 of or S7 ECE 2013
8/13/2019 Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Slides for S7 ECE MG University Students 2013
164/350
Gathered aison, C.S. (Asst. Prof. in mal Jyothi College of Engg.,
Peizo-Electric Transducersosymmetrical crystalline materials
o Quartz Rochelle salt Barium titanate
oproduceemf
owhen placedunder stress
Class Slides for Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Page 73 of or S7 ECE 2013
8/13/2019 Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Slides for S7 ECE MG University Students 2013
165/350
o peizo electric transducers
o a crystal placed between solid base
oforce-summing member
oconversely varying potential
o proper axis of crystal
o
changedimensionsoof crystal
odeforming it
Gathered aison, C.S. (Asst. Prof. in mal Jyothi College of Engg.,
Peizo-Electric Transducers
o twomain groups piezoelectric crystals
oNatural crystals
o(quartz and tourmaline).
o
Class Slides for Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Page 74 of or S7 ECE 2013
8/13/2019 Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Slides for S7 ECE MG University Students 2013
166/350
o
Synthetic crystalso(Rochelle salt, lithium sulphate,
odipotassium tartrate etc).
Gathered aison, C.S. (Asst. Prof. in mal Jyothi College of Engg.,
Desirable Propertiesof Piezoelectric Materials
Stability.
High output.
Class Slides for Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Page 75 of or S7 ECE 2013
8/13/2019 Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Slides for S7 ECE MG University Students 2013
167/350
Insensitivity to temperature and humidity.
The ability to be formed into most desirable shape
Gathered aison, C.S. (Asst. Prof. in mal Jyothi College of Engg.,
Natural vs.SyntheticPiezoelectric Materials
Advantages
Natural crystals :
(i) Higher mechanical and thermal stability.
Class Slides for Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Page 76 of or S7 ECE 2013
8/13/2019 Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Slides for S7 ECE MG University Students 2013
168/350
(ii) Ability to withstand higher stresses.
(iii) Low leakage.
(iv) Good frequency response.
Synthetic materials
ohave a higher voltage sensitivity.
Gathered aison, C.S. (Asst. Prof. in mal Jyothi College of Engg.,
Working Principleof Piezoelectric Materials
oThe magnitudeandpolarityof
othe induced charge onthe crystalsurfaceis
Class Slides for Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Page 77 of or S7 ECE 2013
8/13/2019 Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Slides for S7 ECE MG University Students 2013
169/350
oproportional to
othe magnitudeand direction of
othe appliedforce.
Gathered aison, C.S. (Asst. Prof. in mal Jyothi College of Engg.,
Working Principleof Piezoelectric Materials
oThe chargeatthe electrode
ogives rise to voltage (E),given by,
,
Class Slides for Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Page 78 of or S7 ECE 2013
8/13/2019 Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Slides for S7 ECE MG University Students 2013
170/350
o
Where;
Gathered aison, C.S. (Asst. Prof. in mal Jyothi College of Engg.,
Advantages &Disadvantagesof Piezoelectric Transducers
Class Slides for Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Page 79 of or S7 ECE 2013
8/13/2019 Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Slides for S7 ECE MG University Students 2013
171/350
Gathered aison, C.S. (Asst. Prof. in mal Jyothi College of Engg.,
Proximity Sensors
oproximity sensor consists of
oan element that changeseither itsstate
oor an analogue signal
owhenit is closeto an object.
Class Slides for Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Page 80 of or S7 ECE 2013
8/13/2019 Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Slides for S7 ECE MG University Students 2013
172/350
o(often not actually touching)
oMagnetic,
o capacitance
oinductance
oeddy current o
Gathered aison, C.S. (Asst. Prof. in mal Jyothi College of Engg.,
8/13/2019 Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Slides for S7 ECE MG University Students 2013
173/350
Eddy Current Proximity Sensor
Class Slides for Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Page 82 of or S7 ECE 2013
8/13/2019 Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Slides for S7 ECE MG University Students 2013
174/350
Gathered aison, C.S. (Asst. Prof. in mal Jyothi College of Engg.,
Eddy Current Proximity Sensor
o coilsupplied with a c
o alternating magnetic field produced
oIf metal inclose proximity
oto magnetic field
oeddy currents induced in it
Class Slides for Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Page 83 of or S7 ECE 2013
8/13/2019 Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Slides for S7 ECE MG University Students 2013
175/350
o eddy currents producea magnetic field
o distorts the magnetic responsible for their production
o
impedance of the coil changes andsoothe amplitude of the alternating current.
Gathered aison, C.S. (Asst. Prof. in mal Jyothi College of Engg.,
Advantages ofEddy Current Proximity Sensor
Small in size.
Relatively inexpensive.
Hi h fl ibilit
Class Slides for Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Page 84 of or S7 ECE 2013
8/13/2019 Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Slides for S7 ECE MG University Students 2013
176/350
High flexibility.
High sensitivity to small displacements.
Gathered aison, C.S. (Asst. Prof. in mal Jyothi College of Engg.,
Capacitance Proximity Sensor
Class Slides for Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Page 85 of or S7 ECE 2013
8/13/2019 Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Slides for S7 ECE MG University Students 2013
177/350
Gathered aison, C.S. (Asst. Prof. in mal Jyothi College of Engg.,
Capacitance Proximity Sensor
o consists of simple plate
o
owith object(earthed)
o as other plate
Class Slides for Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Page 86 of or S7 ECE 2013
8/13/2019 Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Slides for S7 ECE MG University Students 2013
178/350
o as other plate
oAs object approaches sensor
oseparation betw plate
o and object changes
o significant
oas object close tosensor.
Gathered aison, C.S. (Asst. Prof. in mal Jyothi College of Engg.,
8/13/2019 Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Slides for S7 ECE MG University Students 2013
179/350
Hall Voltage
o currentin N-typespecimen
o carried by electrons
o electrons, as result Hall effect,
oaccumulate side 1
Class Slides for Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Page 88 of or S7 ECE 2013
8/13/2019 Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Slides for S7 ECE MG University Students 2013
180/350
oaccumulateside 1
o gets negatively charged
orelative toside 2
oConsequently potential difference develops
obetween 12
ocalled 'Hall voltage' (V H).
Gathered aison, C.S. (Asst. Prof. in mal Jyothi College of Engg.,
Hall Voltage
oHall voltage in an N-typesemiconductor
o ispositive surface 2
o
o P type
Class Slides for Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Page 89 of or S7 ECE 2013
8/13/2019 Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Slides for S7 ECE MG University Students 2013
181/350
o P-type
o
opositivesurface 1
Gathered aison, C.S. (Asst. Prof. in mal Jyothi College of Engg.,
Hall Voltage
o magnitude Hall voltage (VH)
Class Slides for Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Page 90 of or S7 ECE 2013
8/13/2019 Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Slides for S7 ECE MG University Students 2013
182/350
oWhere;
Gathered aison, C.S. (Asst. Prof. in mal Jyothi College of Engg.,
Uses of Hall Effect Hall effect may be used for:
1. Determining
o N-type or P-type
2. Determining carrier concentration
3. Calculating mobility
Class Slides for Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Page 91 of or S7 ECE 2013
8/13/2019 Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Slides for S7 ECE MG University Students 2013
183/350
3. Calculating mobility
o (having measured the conductivity).
4. Magnetic field meter.oThe Hall voltage V Hforagiven current
oisproportional to B.
o V H
omeasuresthe magnetic field B.
Gathered aison, C.S. (Asst. Prof. in mal Jyothi College of Engg.,
Uses of Hall Effect
Hall effect multiplier.
oThe instrument gives an outputproportional to
otheproduct of two signals
o
ifcurrent Iis madeproportional to one input and
Class Slides for Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Page 92 of or S7 ECE 2013
8/13/2019 Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Slides for S7 ECE MG University Students 2013
184/350
f p p poif Bisproportional to second input
o Hall voltage V Hisproportional to
otheproduct of the two inputs
Gathered aison, C.S. (Asst. Prof. in mal Jyothi College of Engg.,
Hall EffectDisplacement Transducer
Class Slides for Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Page 93 of or S7 ECE 2013
8/13/2019 Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Slides for S7 ECE MG University Students 2013
185/350
Gathered aison, C.S. (Asst. Prof. in mal Jyothi College of Engg.,
Hall EffectDisplacement Transducer
o measure linear displ or
o locatestructural element
oin cases where it is possible to
ochange the magnetic field strength
Class Slides for Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Page 94 of or S7 ECE 2013
8/13/2019 Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Slides for S7 ECE MG University Students 2013
186/350
g g f g
oby variation inthegeometry of
oa magnetic structure.
Gathered aison, C.S. (Asst. Prof. in mal Jyothi College of Engg.,
Hall EffectDisplacement TransduceroThe Hall effect element located in gap
oadjto permanent magnet
ofield strength in gap
odue to permanent member
o changed by changing
Class Slides for Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Page 95 of or S7 ECE 2013
8/13/2019 Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Slides for S7 ECE MG University Students 2013
187/350
o changed by changing
oposition of ferromagnetic plate
oThe voltage output Hall effect element
opropto field strength
oingap function of the position displacement
oofferromagnetic plate
owith respect to structure.
Gathered aison, C.S. (Asst. Prof. in mal Jyothi College of Engg.,
Hall Effect Fluid Level Transducer
Class Slides for Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Page 96 of or S7 ECE 2013
8/13/2019 Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Slides for S7 ECE MG University Students 2013
188/350
Gathered aison, C.S. (Asst. Prof. in mal Jyothi College of Engg.,
Hall Effect Fluid Level Transducer
o magnet attached to float
oas level changes
o float distance
ofrom Hall sensor changes
Class Slides for Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Page 97 of or S7 ECE 2013
8/13/2019 Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Slides for S7 ECE MG University Students 2013
189/350
f g
o result Hall voltage output
o a measure of
o distance of float from
osensor hence level
oof the fuel in tank
Gathered aison, C.S. (Asst. Prof. in mal Jyothi College of Engg.,
Hall Effect
Class Slides for Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Page 98 of or S7 ECE 2013
8/13/2019 Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Slides for S7 ECE MG University Students 2013
190/350
Gathered aison, C.S. (Asst. Prof. in mal Jyothi College of Engg.,
8/13/2019 Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Slides for S7 ECE MG University Students 2013
191/350
Hall Voltage
oCurrentin N-typespecimen
o carried by electrons
o electrons, as result Hall effect,
oaccumulateside 1
Class Slides for Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Page 100 of or S7 ECE 2013
8/13/2019 Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Slides for S7 ECE MG University Students 2013
192/350
o gets negatively charged
orelative toside 2
oConsequently potential difference develops
obetween 12
ocalled 'Hall voltage' (V H).
Gathered aison, C.S. (Asst. Prof. in mal Jyothi College of Engg.,
Hall Voltage
oHall voltage in an N-typesemiconductor
o ispositive surface 2
oOn the other hand,
Class Slides for Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Page 101 of or S7 ECE 2013
8/13/2019 Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Slides for S7 ECE MG University Students 2013
193/350
,
o P-type
o
o
positivesurface 1
Gathered aison, C.S. (Asst. Prof. in mal Jyothi College of Engg.,
8/13/2019 Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Slides for S7 ECE MG University Students 2013
194/350
Uses of Hall Effect Hall effect may be used for:
1. Determining
o N-type or P-type
2. Determining carrier concentration
3. Calculating mobility
Class Slides for Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Page 103 of or S7 ECE 2013
8/13/2019 Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Slides for S7 ECE MG University Students 2013
195/350
o (having measured the conductivity).
4. Magnetic field meter.oThe Hall voltage V Hforagiven current
oisproportional to B.
o V H
omeasuresthe magnetic field B.
Gathered aison, C.S. (Asst. Prof. in mal Jyothi College of Engg.,
Uses of Hall Effect
Hall effect multiplier.
oThe instrument gives an outputproportional to
otheproduct of two signals
o ifcurrent Iis madeproportional to one input and
Class Slides for Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Page 104 of or S7 ECE 2013
8/13/2019 Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Slides for S7 ECE MG University Students 2013
196/350
oif Bisproportional to second input
o Hall voltage V Hisproportional to
otheproduct of the two inputs
Gathered aison, C.S. (Asst. Prof. in mal Jyothi College of Engg.,
Hall EffectDisplacement Transducer
Class Slides for Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Page 105 of or S7 ECE 2013
8/13/2019 Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Slides for S7 ECE MG University Students 2013
197/350
Gathered aison, C.S. (Asst. Prof. in mal Jyothi College of Engg.,
Hall EffectDisplacement Transducer
o measure linear displ or
o locatestructural element
oin cases where it is possible to
ochange the magnetic field strength
Class Slides for Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Page 106 of or S7 ECE 2013
8/13/2019 Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Slides for S7 ECE MG University Students 2013
198/350
o by variation inthegeometry of
oa magnetic structure.
Gathered aison, C.S. (Asst. Prof. in mal Jyothi College of Engg.,
Hall EffectDisplacement Transducer
oThe Hall effect element located in gap
oadjto permanent magnet
ofield strength in gap
odue to permanent member
Class Slides for Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Page 107 of or S7 ECE 2013
8/13/2019 Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Slides for S7 ECE MG University Students 2013
199/350
o changed by changing
oposition of ferromagnetic plate
oThe voltage output Hall effect element
opropto field strength
oingap function of the position displacement
oofferromagnetic plate
owith respect to structure.
Gathered aison, C.S. (Asst. Prof. in mal Jyothi College of Engg.,
Hall Effect Fluid Level Transducer
Class Slides for Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Page 108 of or S7 ECE 2013
8/13/2019 Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Slides for S7 ECE MG University Students 2013
200/350
Gathered aison, C.S. (Asst. Prof. in mal Jyothi College of Engg.,
8/13/2019 Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Slides for S7 ECE MG University Students 2013
201/350
Variable Inductance Transducers
o
ochange magnetic characteristic
o
of electrical circuitoin response to measure
Class Slides for Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Page 110 of or S7 ECE 2013
8/13/2019 Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Slides for S7 ECE MG University Students 2013
202/350
oinresponse to measure
o
odisplacement,
ovelocity,
oacceleration
Gathered aison, C.S. (Asst. Prof. in mal Jyothi College of Engg.,
Types of Variable Inductance Transducers
1. Self-generating type.
o voltageisgeneratedbecause of
o the relative motionbetween
o a conductorand a magnetic field.
Class Slides for Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Page 111 of or S7 ECE 2013
8/13/2019 Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Slides for S7 ECE MG University Students 2013
203/350
o classified as follows:
Electro-magnetic
Electro-dynamictype.
Eddy current
Gathered aison, C.S. (Asst. Prof. in mal Jyothi College of Engg.,
Passive type
o motionof an object resultsin
ochanges in the inductanceof the coils
oof the transducer.
classified
Types of Variable Inductance Transducers
Class Slides for Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Page 112 of or S7 ECE 2013
8/13/2019 Electronic Instrumentation (EC 010 704) Slides for S7 ECE MG University Students 2013
204