Electronic Resource Notebook - Broadcasting

Students listed here

Students of Broadcasting

As students of broadcasting at Spring Arbor University, we have devoted our college careers to the pursuit of an education in the transmission of television and radio programming as well as the development of new media. Our group consists of a diverse group of students who plan to pursue careers in many different fields from television and radio to the production and distribution of new media such as podcasts and web based content.

General Resource

Section

Reinard, J. (2001). Introduction to communication research. (3rd ed.).

New York: McGraw Hill.

This resource includes a general introduction to key concepts that anyone performing research in the field of communications must know. Specifically good in informing the reader of when to use specific methods, as well as defining research related terms.

Sherman, C. & Price, P. (2001). The invisible web: Uncovering information sources search engines can’t see. Medford, NJ: Information Today.

This resource contains a treasure trove of information regarding different ways to search the web, other than general search engines (yahoo, google, etc.) This book gives information on how to get streaming audio from NPR, how to find public records online, as well as many other information sources, including: legal and criminal Resources, reference sources, education, history, health and medical information, etc.

Metzler, K. (1997). Creative writing: The writer’s guide to gathering

information by asking questions. (3rd ed.). London: Allyn and Bacon.

This book is a general resource for those who use interviews as part of their jobs. Includes chapters covering most problems that interviewers face and how to overcome those obstacles. Has a very good chapter titled: Ethics of the Interview. Book uses anecdotal stories to reinforce ideas.

Kennedy, S. D. (1998). Best bet of the internet: Reference and research

when you don’t have time to mess around. Chicago: American

Library Association.

While it may be outdated (1998) in terms of website content, this book contains a wealth of knowledge covering other topics related to searching on the internet. These include subject specific meta-sites, virtual libraries and newsrooms, mailing lists and usenet newsgroups. Best Bet Internet also includes a useful section on evaluating internet resourses.

Spring Arbor University, White Library. (2000). Library research: An introduction to research, library skills, and resources and services of the Hugh A. White Library. Retrieved December 9, 2006, from http://campus.arbor.edu/whitelibrary/LibraryResearch.htm#a

This website is a great resource for the beginning researcher. It walks you through the process of performing scholarly research. From a basic walkthrough of the general research process, to breaking down the different categorization systems, this website is a great starting point for research.

American Psychological Association (2001). Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (5th edition). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

A must have for any communications researcher. Contains every rule and regulation for writing and citing references in APA format. If you intend to submit an article in any communications journal, you must cite every source according to APA standards.

EBSCOhost Research Databases. (2006). Communication and Mass Media Complete. Retrieved December 9, 2006 from http://web.ebscohost.com/ehost/search?vid=1&hid=112&sid=17366ed9-b62b-461d-a442-77c2147aa1e1%40sessionmgr108

This database contains articles related directly to the fields of communication and mass media. Accessing this site will provide the user with thousands of scholarly articles written directly for those in the field of mass media.

OCLC FirstSearch. (2006) WorldCat Advanced Search. Retrieved December 9, 2006 from http://newfirstsearch.oclc.org/WebZ/LogDbChange?dbchangetype=quickselect:next=html/advanced.html:bad=html/home.html:sessionid=fsapp14-33676-evioqyil-2d67ku:entitypagenum=43:0:dbname=WorldCat

This database contains references to books, cd’s, and other materials owned by libraries around the United States. If your library doesn’t own the selection that you are looking for, it is possible to borrow from any library connected through interlibrary loans. A great starting point when looking for materials to help the research process.

Stacks, D. W. (1992). Essentials of communication research. New York: HarperCollins.

This text, has proven techniques, good advice, and real-world examples that you can easily apply to your own case, will turn you into an skilled communicator. Good for broadcasters as well, this book was written expressly for technologists, this is a simple, concise, and practical guide to the communication activities of writing, presentation delivery, and meeting interaction.

Lindlof, T. R. (1995). Qualitative communication research method. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.

Lindlof has written a complete text that addresses the theory and technique of qualitative research across a breadth of approaches with substantive and illuminating examples drawn from a variety of topical areas. The author address the problems and controversies of research without bogging down in indecision or glossing to happy endings.

Rubin, R. B. (1993). Communication research: Strategies and sources. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing Co.

This text presents strategies for selecting, refining, and researching communication topics, placing special emphasis on using library resources to search for literature. It simplifies the research process by teaching students library skills, scholarly writing, and acquainting them with the latest research technology tools.

Jablin, F. M., & Putnam, L. L. (2001). The new handbook of organizational communication: Advances in theory, research, and methods. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.

Organizational communication as a discipline has grown over the latter part of the century, but accompanying that growth has been a struggle to establish a clear identity for the field. The ongoing evolution of difficult organizations in an equally difficult global environment has scholars continuing to define and redefine the focus, the boundaries, and the future of the field. The New Handbook of Organizational Communication is a volume that ties together the various threads of this interdisciplinary area of scholarship.

Keyton, J. (2005). Communication research: Asking questions, finding answers. New York: McGraw-Hill.

Keyton’s book covers basic research issues and both quantitative and qualitative approaches to communication research. The guiding principle of the text is that methodological choices arise from one’s research questions and hypotheses. The book focuses first on the research process, and then discusses the methodological tools for understanding and conducting basic communication research projects

Booth, W. C., Colomb, J. M., & Williams, J. M. (2003). The craft of

research. 2nd ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

This is an excellent resource that walks the reader through every step of the research process. From a topic that you have an interest in to a final draft, this book will help walk the inexperienced researcher through the research process.

Wimmer, R. D. (1994). Mass media research: An introduction. Belmont,

CA: Wadsworth Publishing Co.

This text begins with an overview of mass communication research and ethics of research. It then explores each major approach to research, including qualitative, content analysis, survey research, longitudinal research, and experimental research. The text continues with a section on data analysis, and concludes with a forward-looking section on research applications, covering such topics as research in print and electronic media as well as on the Internet.

Kault D. (2003). Statistics with common sense. London: Greenwood Press.

A good book that brings the science of statistics to a level that most can understand. Helps the reader to understand the basic concepts and principles of statistics and probability. This book will be an invaluable help in trying to decipher statistics reported in the media.

Jenson, K. (2002). A handbook of media and communication research. New York: Routledge.

The Handbook of Media and Communication Research presents qualitative as well as quantitative approaches to the analysis and interpretation of media, covering perspectives from both the social sciences and the humanities. The Handbook offers a comprehensive review of earlier research and a set of guidelines for how to think about, plan, and carry out studies of media in different social and cultural contexts.

Communications Research Resources

Section

Broadcasting & Cable (2006) New York, NY, Reed Business Information.

This journal will be very useful when wanting to know the up to date trends in broadcasting, licensing and people that are in the industry.

Broadcasting & Telecommunications (2006) Ottawa, ON, Statistics

Canada.

This journal will be very useful when it comes to wanting to know about program distribution, television and radio broadcasting and telecommunications from the Canadian perspective. Possible jobs in Canada as well as adapting one of their methods to the station.

Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media (2006) Washington District,

Broadcast Education Association.

This journal provides articles, reviews, and criticism about the field of broadcasting. The articles in this journal will be helpful when looking for current research into today’s audiences and different trends in broadcasting as well as the internet and new media.

MediaWeek (2006) New York, NY, VNU eMedia, Inc.

This magazine deals with all aspects of television broadcasting; from interviews, special reports and special sections for executives and management in television, radio, cable and magazines. It’s a multi-media magazine that allows for up to date information about the field.

Gerbner, G. (Ed.). (1977). Mass media policies in changing cultures.

New York: John Wiley & Sons.

This book is dated (1977), but includes many lessons to be learned in today’s media centered world. It focuses on three different segments of Mass Media policies: International Trends, New Directions, and Developments in Theory and Research. Contributors from around the world.

Columbia Journalism Review (2006) New York, NY, Columbia

Journalism Review.

With having 75% of the audience working in journalism or communication this journal will benefit greatly because of the critical analysis of the performance of the news media. This applies to both broadcasting and print.

Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly (2006) Columbia, SC, Association for Education in Journalism & Mass Communication.

With this journal offering reviews, studies, opinions, articles and essays on all aspects of electronic mass communication it will be very beneficial to use in the future.

Broadcasting (2006) New York, NY, Reed Business Information.

This journal will be very beneficial because of its content about the business. When it comes to licensing and ratings and how to better oneself in the field of broadcasting.

Bryant, J., & Zillman, D. (2002). Media effects: Advances in theory and research. Mahwah, NJ: L. Erlbaum Associates.

• Reflecting recent developments in a rapidly evolving area (a.k.a. media), editors Jennings Bryant and Dolf Zillmann have expanded this second edition. All the chapters from the previous edition are included here, extensively revised and updated. Each chapter in this book reflects areas of current or renewed interests within the media effects study. Some of the Chapter topics are, media consumption and its original reception processes; intermedia processes; educational and prosocial effects; individual differences in media effects; new effects on issue perception; and third person effects.

Kubey, R. (1997). Media literacy in the information age: Current perspectives. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers.

Due to the time-sensitive content in this particular book, several revisions have been made and released. However, there is certainly core information relating to how the younger generations are obtaining and processing current media. For anyone in a media field, this source in invaluable.

Zagotita, T. (2005). Mediated: How the media shapes your world and the way you live in it. New York, NY: Bloomsburg Publishing.

Zengotita uses Marshall Mcluhans “Understanding Media”. As Mcluhan presented us with the realization that modernism was coming to an end, Zagotita has a great deal to say about saturation of postmodernism in our existence today. Mediated shows our contemporary selves and the media that make and reflect us.

Goldberg, B. (2001). Bias: A CBS insider exposes how the media distort the news.. Massachusetts Ave, Washington D.C.:

Renery Publishing.

Broadcasting journalist Bernard Goldberg reveals a corporate news culture in which the close-mindedness is stunning. Journalistic integrity has been wager to liberal opinion; Goldberg stated in his book that “Entertainment trumps hard news every time.”

Goldberg, B. (2003). Arrogance: Rescuing America from the media elite.

New York, NY: Warner Books, Inc.

In Arrogance, Goldberg punctures the bubble in which media elites live and work a culture of denial where contrary news is not welcome. He shows how they base their storied on assumptions many American don’t share which inevitably leads to bias reporting and slanted news.

Castelnero, G (2006). T.V. land detroit. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.

TV Land Detroit is based on actual interviews with the people who made Detroit TV. This book awakens the emotional attachments our community has for local TV shows. This helps broadcasters understand the agenda setting theory and see actual cases studies of how the media influences the public.

Stay, B. (1999). Mass media: Opposing viewpoints. San Diego, CA: Green haven Press, Inc.

Stay describes how television affects society through advertising and political influences through the media. Chapters four and five Stay asks the question, “Should pornography on the internet be regulated?” And are content regulations on TV beneficial for kids?”

Jay, H. (1978). TV guide: The first 25 years. New York, NY: Triangle Publications, Inc.

Television covers the entire world we live in according to Jay. Because the TV guide concerns itself with whatever TV touches, the magazine has not only brought up interesting matter but subject matter that is vital to its readers. Professor Barney Cole of the University of Indiana copied a volume of articles from TV guide magazine dealing with serious aspects of television, how it works, and how it is changing the U.S. and our environment. That work, is now used in a number of college communication courses.

Individual

Methods

Section

Hanson, G., & Weardon, S. T. (2004) Measuring newscast accuracy:applying a newspaper model to television. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 81 (3), 546-558.

This article deals with surveys for news accuracy. This study developed a working design that allows for television news to send out to the audience to see if their news coverage is accurate. A questionnaire was also adapted from newspaper literature for use in television. This method was used in Cleveland.

Converse, J. M. & Presser, S. (1986). Survey questions: Handcrafting

the standardized questionnaire. London: Sage Publications.

This book walks someone through the process of creating a survey. It includes tips on what to include in your survey as well as what to avoid. The book includes a large section on question wording and types of questions to include, as well as when to and when not to include specific types of questions.

Fowler, F. J. (1993). Survey research methods. (2nd ed.). London:

Sage Publications.

Helpful tool for those who are not well versed in statistics. Another resource for those who want to create a survey, but are not experienced in the creation and implementation of surveys. This book focuses on minimizing non-sampling errors, good question design, high quality interviewing and high response rates.

Krueger, R. A. (1994). Focus groups: A practical guide for applied research. (2nd ed.). London: Sage Publications.

A step by step process of how to conduct a focus group. This book walks the reader through the planning stages of focus groups all the way to the reporting of results.

Schuman, H. & Presser, S. (1981). Questions and answers in attitude

surveys: Experiments on questions form, wording, and context.

This book is a helpful tool for those writing questions for surveys or polls that deal with attitudes, opinions, beliefs, values, preferences, etc. Chapter 11 on the tone of wording in questions is especially helpful.

Pfau, M., Haigh, M. M., Logsdon, L., Perrine, C., Baldwin, J. P., Breitenfeldt, R. E., Cesar, J., Dearden, D., Kuntz, G., Montalvo, E., Roberts, D. & Romero, R. (2004). Embedded Reporting During the Invasion and Occupation of Iraq: How the Embedding of Journalists Affects Television News Reports. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media. 49 (4). 468-487.

A detailed quantitative content analysis of news reports on the Iraq war, both embedded and non-embedded reports, looking for differences. This research article shows exactly how to use the content analysis method in regards to broadcasting and the effects of differing messages.

Krippendorff, K. (2004). Content analysis: An introduction to its methodology. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.

This book primarily focuses on the progression and expansion of content analysis in the past several decades. With the advancement of media, a floodgate of materials open to content analysis has burst open upon us. Krippendorff provides an insightful look into the process of content analysis.

Freedman, J. L. (2002). Media violence and its effect on aggression: Assessing the scientific evidence. Buffalo: University of Toronto Press.

In this book, Freedman compiles many of the studies performed on aggression and violence in the media. He compares the studies and reveals his results. Not only does this book provide wonderful in-depth examples of past media experiments, but it is also an example of a content analysis, both qualitative and quantitative.

Steinar, K. (1996). Interviews: An introduction to qualitative research interviewing. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.

This book explains the practical need for interviews in research. In addition to providing applications and definitions, this resource also delves into the philosophical realms of interviewing. Another benefit to this book is the fact the it is written on a level understandable to undergraduate students, which makes it accessible to everyone.

Gubrium, J. F., & Holstein, J. A. (2002). Handbook of interview research: Context & methods. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.

Not only does this resource provide basic and background information about interviewing, but it also applies the interviewing process to current postmodern media. In addition, the book discusses moral issues surrounding the interview process. This is a critical resource for anyone who might ever perform an interview for research purposes.

Stewart, D. W. & Shamdasani, P. N. (1990). Focus groups: Theory and

practice. London: Sage Publications.

Another useful book for someone who is inexperienced to use in the application of focus group research. This book contains a very useful section on group dynamics, as well as helpful reviews at the end of each section.

Moores, S. (1993). Interpreting audiences: The ethnography of media consumption. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.

This is a beginners book that collects and compares various ethnographic studies that have been done pertaining to media audiences (i.e. television, newspapers, magazines, etc.). This is a helpful resource when analyzing and comparing past behaviors of media consumers.

Denzin, N. K., & Lincoln, Y. S. (2000). Handbook of qualitative research.Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.

Not only does this book delve into the different qualitative methods and how to apply them, but it also looks at how they relate to the social issues in today’s society. This resource would be very helpful as a brush up for any qualitative researcher.

Altheide, D. L. (1996). Qualitative media analysis. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.

Qualitative media analysis is one of the most prominently used methods for a communication researcher. This book provides how to conduct an analysis on various forms of media such as newspapers, magazines, and television.

Smith, C. D., & Kornblum, W. (1996). In the field: Readings on the field research experience. Westport, CT: Praeger.

This book comprises the experiences of a group of noted ethnographic researchers. Not only does the book provide a better understanding for the application of field research, but takes a look at its history as well.

Prater, B. W., Wang, P., & Lavine, J. (1994). Enhancing newspaper's value as local advertising medium. Newspaper Research Journal. 15 (3), 131-143.

A good example of how to use a focus group to achieve your goals. This study could be adapted to fit any type of broadcast media that relies on local advertising.

Yin, R. K. (1984). Case study research: Designs and methods. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.

Yin provides an outlined step by step description of case studies for the new researcher. This book defines case study research, explains design, and summarizes data collection in a thorough yet understandable manner.

McKeown, N. (1982). Case studies and projects in communication. New York: Methuen.

Although slightly outdated, McKeown’s book provides extensive knowledge of case studies. Not only does McKeown provide definitions and descriptions, but he also offers hands on projects for researchers to better understand the subject matter.

Berkhofer, R. F. (1969). A behavioral approach to historical analysis. New York: Free Press.

This book takes an exhaustive look at a research method that is often overlooked. Understanding historical analysis allows researchers to be able to take hard look at a past scenario. By understanding the past, we can make comparisons and predictions of the future.

Neuendorf, K. A. (2001). The content analysis guidebook. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.

This book provides step by step instruction in understanding and implementing content analysis. This is a text aimed at upper-level graduates, which allows us to increase our research knowledge and the expand into new areas of research.

Weber, R. P. (1990). Basic content analysis: quantitative applications inthe social sciences. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.

This book is an in-depth look at quantitative content analysis, but from a social science aspect. This would be a good resource if we were conducting research that involves the social sciences. It also includes content on working with computers and charts.

Riffe, D., Lacy, S., & Fico, F. G. (2005). Analyzing media messages: Using quantitative content analysis in research. (2 ed.). Mahwah, NJ: L. Erlbaum Associates.

This text book provides a comprehensive look at quantitative content analysis. Of all of the research methods, this particular method is often the hardest to grasp. This book allows a researcher to understand the process better through step-by-step instructions and current applications.

Reference

Section

ReferencesAltheide, D. L. (1996). Qualitative media analysis. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage

Publications.American Psychological Association (2001). Publication Manual of the American

Psychological Association (5th edition). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

Berkhofer, R. F. (1969). A behavioral approach to historical analysis. New York: Free Press.

Booth, W. C., Colomb, J. M., & Williams, J. M. (2003). The craft of research. (2nd ed.). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Broadcasting (2006) New York: Reed Business Information.Broadcasting & Cable (2006) New York: Reed Business Information.Broadcasting & Telecommunications (2006) Ottawa, ON: Statistics Canada. Bryant, J., & Zillman, D. (2002). Media effects: Advances in theory and

research. Mahwah, NJ: L. Erlbaum Associates.Castelnero, G (2006). T.V land detroit. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan

Press.Converse, J. M. & Presser, S. (1986). Survey questions: Handcrafting the

standardized questionnaire. London: Sage Publications.

Denzin, N. K., & Lincoln, Y. S. (2000). Handbook of qualitative research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.

EBSCOhost Research Databases. (2006). Communication and Mass Media Complete. Retrieved December 9, 2006 from http://web.ebscohost.com/ehost/search?vid=1&hid=112&sid=17366ed9-b62b-461d-a442-77c2147aa1e1%40sessionmgr108

Fowler, F. J. (1993). Survey research methods. (2nd ed.). London: Sage Publications.

Freedman, J. L. (2002). Media violence and its effect on aggression: Assessing the scientific evidence. Buffalo: University of Toronto Press.

Gerbner, G. (Ed.). (1977). Mass media policies in changing cultures. New York: John Wily & Sons.

Goldberg, B. (2003). Arrogance: Rescuing America from the media elite.New York: Warner Books, Inc.

Goldberg, B. (2001). Bias: A CBS insider exposes how the media distort the news. Massachusetts Ave, Washington D.C.: Renery Publishing.

Gubrium, J. F., & Holstein, J. A. (2002). Handbook of interview research: Context & methods. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.

Hanson, G., & Weardon, S. T. (2004). Measuring newscast accuracy: Applying a newspaper model to television. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 81 (3), 546-558.

Jablin, F. M., & Putnam, L. L. (2001). The new handbook of organizational communication: Advances in theory, research, and methods. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.

Jay, H. (1978). TV guide: The first 25 years. New York: Triangle Publications, Inc.

Jenson, K. (2002). A handbook of media and communication research. New York: Routledge.

Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media (2006) Washington District, Broadcast Education Association.

Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly (2006) Columbia, SC, Association for Education in Journalism & Mass Communication.

Kault D. (2003). Statistics with common sense. London: Greenwood Press.Kennedy, S. D. (1998). Best bet of the internet: Reference and research when

you don’t have time to mess around. Chicago: American Library Association.Krueger, R. A. (1994). Focus groups: A practical guide for applied research.

(2nd ed.). London: Sage Publications.Krippendorff, K. (2004). Content analysis: An introduction to its methodology.

Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.

Kubey, R. (1997). Media literacy in the information age: Current perspectives. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers.

Lindlof, T. R. (1995). Qualitative communication research method. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.

McKeown, N. (1982). Case studies and projects in communication. New York: Methuen.

MediaWeek (2006) New York: VNU eMedia, Inc.Columbia Journalism Review (2006) New York: Columbia Journalism Review. Metzler, K. (1997). Creative writing: The writer’s guide to gathering

information by asking questions. (3rd ed.). London: Allyn and Bacon.Moores, S. (1993). Interpreting audiences: The ethnography of media

consumption. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.Neuendorf, K. A. (2001). The content analysis guidebook. Thousand Oaks, CA:

Sage Publications.OCLC FirstSearch. (2006) WorldCat Advanced Search. Retrieved December

9, 2006 from http://newfirstsearch.oclc.org/WebZ/LogDbChange?dbchangetype=quickselect:next=html/advanced.html:bad=html/home.html:sessionid=fsapp14-33676-evioqyil-2d67ku:entitypagenum=43:0:dbname=WorldCat

Pfau, M., Haigh, M. M., Logsdon, L., Perrine, C., Baldwin, J. P., Breitenfeldt, R. E., Cesar, J., Dearden, D., Kuntz, G., Montalvo, E., Roberts, D. & Romero, R. (2004). Embedded Reporting During the Invasion and Occupation of Iraq: How the Embedding of Journalists Affects Television News Reports. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media. 49 (4), 468-487.

Prater, B. W., Wang, P., & Lavine, J. (1994). Enhancing newspaper's value as local advertising medium. Newspaper Research Journal. 15 (3), 131-143.

Reinard, J. (2001). Introduction to communication research. (3rd ed.). New York: McGraw Hill.

Riffe, D., Lacy, S., & Fico, F. G. (2005). Analyzing media messages: Using quantitative content analysis in research. (2 ed.). Mahwah, NJ: L. Erlbaum Associates.

Rubin, R. B. (1993). Communication research: Strategies and sources. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing Co.

Schuman, H. & Presser, S. (1981). Questions and answers in attitude surveys: Experiments on questions form, wording, and context. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.

Sherman, C. & Price, P. (2001). The invisible web: Uncovering information sources search engines can’t see. Medford, NJ: Information Today.

Smith, C. D., & Kornblum, W. (1996). In the field: Readings on the field research experience. Westport, CT: Praeger.

Spring Arbor University, White Library. (2000). Library research: An introduction to research, library skills, and resources and services of the Hugh A. White Library. Retrieved December 9, 2006, from http://campus.arbor.edu/whitelibrary/LibraryResearch.htm#a

Stacks, D. W. (1992). Essentials of communication research. New York: HarperCollins.

Stay, B. (1999). Mass media: Opposing viewpoints. San Diego: Green haven Press, Inc.

Steinar, K. (1996). Interviews: An introduction to qualitative research interviewing. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.

Stewart, D. W. & Shamdasani, P. N. (1990). Focus groups: Theory and practice. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.

Weber, R. P. (1990). Basic content analysis: quantitative applications in the social sciences. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.

Wimmer, R. D. (1994). Mass media research: An introduction. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing Co.

Yin, R. K. (1984). Case study research: Designs and methods. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.

Zagotita, T. (2005). Mediated: How the media shapes your world and the way you live in it. New York: Bloomsburg Publishing.