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1
Assignment
on
‘Smart Textiles’
Submitted to: Submitted by:
Dr. A Mukhopadhayay Neeraj Sharma
Deptt. Of Textile Technology 12210108
NIT, Jalandhar M.tech, 1st year
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CONTENT
Sr. no Topic page
1. Introduction 1
2. Smart textile an overview 2
2.1 Smart material 3
2.2 Functions of the smart material 5
3. Wearable electronic textile 7
3.1 Life shirt 8
3.2 Smart shirt 9
3.3 ECG Shirt 10
3.4 Musical jacket 11
3.5 Lab, E-broidery project 12
4 Conclusion 12
5. References 13
3
Abstract
Smart textiles are those textiles that can change or adapt their properties according to
their environment. The definitions for smart textiles are broad and generally undefined
and the terms 'intelligent' and 'smart' textiles are often interchangeably used. They are
typically textiles that, like traditional textiles, are flexible and comfortable enough to be
worn (e.g. as full garments, part of a garment, clothing accessories, etc.), but that also
have specific functional properties. The present paper attempts to assess the field of
smart and intelligent textiles and provide an overview of the definitions, properties,
products and end uses associated with common smart functional materials used in the
creation of smart textiles.
In smart textiles and clothing can be described as textile that are able to sense stimuli
from the environment, to reach to them and adapt to them by integration of
functionalities in the textile structure [1,2]. the functionality of smart textile varies with e
level of integration and method of integration.
1. INTRODUCTION
Clothing is an environment that we need and use every day. Clothing is special because it is
personal, comfortable, close to the body, and used almost anywhere at much time. Smart
clothing is a “smart system” capable of sensing and communicating with environmental and
the wearer‟s conditions and stimuli. Stimuli and responses can be in electrical, thermal,
mechanical, chemical, magnetic, or other forms. [3]These conditions or stimuli may be in the
form of force, temperature, radiation, chemical reactions, electric and magnetic fields.
Sensors in the outer layer detect these effects, and the resulting information is conveyed for
signal processing and interpretation, at which point the cell reacts to these environmental
conditions or stimuli in a number of ways, such as movement, changing chemical
composition and reproductive actions. Nature has had billions of years and a vast laboratory
to develop life, whereas humankind has just begun to create smart materials and structures
[4]. Smart clothing differs from wearable computing in that smart clothing emphasizes the
importance of clothing while it possesses sensing and communication capabilities. Wearable
computers use conventional technology to connect available electronics and attach them to
clothing. The functional components are still bulky and rigid portable machines and remain
as non-textile materials. While constant efforts have been made toward miniaturization of
electronic components for wearable electronics, true “smart clothing” requires full textile
materials for all components. People prefer to wear textiles since they are more flexible,
comfortable, lightweight, robust, and washable. To be a comfortable part of the clothing ,it is
necessary to embed electronic functions in textiles so that both electronic functionality and
textile characteristics are retained. Smart clothing should be easy to maintain and use, and
washable like ordinary textiles. Therefore, combining wearable technology and
clothing/textile science is essential to achieve smart clothing for real wear ability [5].
2. SMART TEXTILES: AN OVERVIEW
Smart materials and structures can be defined as the materials and structures that sense and
react to environmental conditions or stimuli, such as those from mechanical, thermal,
chemical, electrical, magnetic or other sources. According to the manner of reaction, they can
be divided into passive smart, active smart and very smart materials. Passive smart materials
can only sense the environmental conditions or stimuli; active smart materials will sense and
react to the conditions or stimuli; very smart materials can sense, react and adapt themselves
accordingly. An even higher level of intelligence can be achieved from those intelligent
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materials and structures capable of responding or activated to perform a function in a manual
or pre-programmed manner.[6]
Figure 1. Figure showing functions and advantages of Smart/Engineered materials
Three components may be present in such materials: sensors, actuators and controlling units.
The sensors provide a nerve system to detect signals, thus in a passive smart material, the
existence of sensors is essential. The actuators act upon the detected signal either directly or
from a central control unit; together with the sensors, they are the essential element for active
smart materials. At even higher levels, like very smart or intelligent materials, another kind of
unit is essential, which works like the brain, with cognition, reasoning and activating
capacities. Such textile materials and structures are becoming possible as the result of a
successful marriage of traditional textiles/clothing technology with material science,
structural mechanics, sensor and actuator technology, advanced processing technology,
communication, artificial intelligence, biology, etc. [7].
2.1 Smart materials
Smart materials can be classified in many different ways, for example depending on their
transforming function: property change capability, energy change capability, discrete
size/location or reversibility. Smart materials can also be classified depending on their
behavior and function as passive smart, active smart or very smart[10]. Another way of
classifying them is to look at the role they could have in a smart structure, as sensors or
actuators. Smart textiles can be divided in to four types based on their functions.
1. Passive smart materials are materials or systems which only sense the environmental
conditions or stimuli. They are just sensors. They show up what happened on them, Such as
changing color, shape, thermal and electrical resistivity. These kinds of textile materials are
more or less comparable with high functional and performance textiles. Micro fibers are Very
passive, waterproof; but at the same time permeable to water vapor.
2. Active smart materials are materials and system that can both sense and respond to the
external conditions or stimuli. Their prior functions are sensing and giving reaction to the
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stimuli. This shows they are both sensors as well as actuators to the environmental
conditions.
3. Very smart materials are materials and systems which can execute triple functions; First,
they are sensors which can receive stimuli from the environment; Secondly they are able to
give reaction based on the stimuli; Thirdly they can adapt and reshape themselves
accordingly to the environmental condition. We can compare this system with the animal
chameleon; Chameleon has a nature of taking the color of the surrounding then react by
changing the skin color of itself to the color of the surrounding and adapts to protect itself
from the predators.
4. Materials with even higher level of intelligence develop artificial intelligence to the
computers. These kinds of materials and systems are not fully achieved in the current
investigation of human beings. This may be achieved from the coordination of those Very
smart (intelligent) materials and structures with advanced computer interface.Intelligent
textiles are frequently based on smart materials that are transformed into the shape of a fibre,
yarn and/or textile structure (woven, nonwoven or knitted) [7][8] [9]. Intelligent textiles are
fibres and fabrics with a significant and reproducible automatic change of properties due to
defined environmental influences. Other textiles that are more passive can be called high
performance textiles. Microfibres are very passive, but waterproof, but at the same time
permeable to water vapour.
Figure 2. Microfibers
Wearable Computing is different form smart clothing. Wearable computing is used for
everything you wear that has some element of electronics. Smart can be interpreted as either
clever or as fashionable/chic. Some say that smart clothing can be a combination of both
meanings. The most typical way is to put electronic devices, like mobiles and MD players,
into pockets. This should be called an intelligent solution, but never intelligent textiles when
it is not including textile which themselves are defined as intelligent. But it is still wearable
computing. Intelligent textiles can be divided into these groups [11]:
Phase Change Material
Shape Memory Materials
Chromic Materials
Other intelligent fabrics
Electronic/Conductive textiles
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Figure 3. External stimuli energies and their corresponding chromic name.
Figure 4. The six functions of a smart textile system.
2.2 Functions of smart textiles
Basically, 5 functions can be distinguished in an intelligent suit, namely:
Sensors
Data processing
Actuators
Storage
Communication
They all have a clear role, although not all intelligent suits will contain all functions. The
functions may be quite apparent, or may be an intrinsic property of the material or structure.
They all require appropriate materials and structures, and they must be compatible with
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the function of clothing: comfortable, durable, resistant to regular textile maintenance
processes and so on [11].
Figure 4. Working of Smart Textiles
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3. WEARABLE SYSTEMS – ELECTRONIC TEXTILES
A wearable system that provide several functions:-
sensor unit: registration of biometric and environmental data and of user commands
network unit: transmission of data within the wearable computer and to external
networks
processing unit: calculating, analyzing and storing data
power unit: supplying energy
actuator unit: adapting to situations, creating an effect on the user, displaying
Figure 5. The vision for interactive textiles (“i-textiles”), embodying the paradigm of
“the fabric is the computer.”
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Figure 6. Systemization of wearable electronic systems
A totally new generation of garments has been created with the incorporation of information
and communication technology (ICT) into the clothing. The extremely rapid development in
sensor technology and ICT has brought miniaturized and efficient devices to the market,
which makes it possible to use the clothing as a platform for measuring a variety of
biophysical and other metrics or even actuating movements. These so-called wearable
computers have been defined as devices that meet at least the following criteria: [12] .
The hardware device must contain a central processing unit (CPU).
The device is able to run user-defined software applications.
The system is supported by (worn on) the user's body enabling a greater hands-free
computing and/or non-invasive bio monitoring functionality.
The computer should always be accessible and ready to interact with the wearer,
either through the use of a wire line and/or by wireless communication.
Applications of wearable technology can be found not only in garments but also in belts,
glasses, shoes and other clothing accessories as well as in implants. And the functions can be
manifold: biophysical monitoring (heart rate, ECG, temperatures, moisture, etc.), amusement
(music, games), positioning (GPS), motion monitoring or muscle actuation, communication,
etc. Many technical questions, such as power supply to the system, interfacing, signal
transmission, care and durability properties, and general usability, have to be considered at
the development stage. Although the real commercial breakthrough of wearable technology
products has yet to happen, there are published reports of several interesting prototypes for
different user groups. A couple of examples can be mentioned:
3.1 The LifeShirtTM
by the US company Vivo metrics has been developed for a
simultaneous monitoring of several physiological signals and patients' reports of
symptoms and well-being. It consists of three parts: a garment, a data recorder and
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analysis software. Sensors in the garment continuously monitor respiration,
electrocardiogram (ECG), activity and posture, and the data are analysed and visually
displayed. The system has been extensively tested, also in extreme conditions such as
air force pilot testing at 7.5 G, mountaineering at 4,500m altitude, motor racing and
long-haul trailer truck driving, and it is said to be reliable, comfortable and user-
friendly. It has been approved according to different standards.
3.2 Smart Shirt is intended for monitoring the physical condition of the wearer. The base
fabric provides the necessary physical infrastructure for the Smart Shirt and is made
from typical textile fibers (e.g., cotton, polyester, blends; woven, knitted, nonwoven,
etc.); the choice of fibers is dictated by the intended application. The developed
interconnection technology has been used to create a flexible and wearable framework
to plug in sensors for monitoring a variety of vital signs including heart rate,
respiration rate, and electrocardiogram (EKG), body temperature, and pulse oximetry,
which is a measure of the percentage of hemoglobin saturated by oxygen. In addition,
by plugging a microphone into the Smart Shirt, voice can be recorded. These sensors
can be positioned in desired locations on the body and plugged into the Smart Shirt.
The flexible data bus integrated into the structure transmits the information from the
suite of sensors to the multifunction processor known as the Smart Shirt Controller.
This controller, in turn, processes the signals and transmits them wirelessly (using an
appropriate communication protocol such as Bluetooth/ 802.11b) to desired locations
such as a doctor‟s office, a hospital, or a battlefield triage station. The bus also
transmits electrical signals, thermal energy, and sound to the sensors (and hence, the
wearer) from external sources, thus making the Smart Shirt a valuable interactive
information infrastructure [13].
Figure 7. Smart shirt and its working
The motherboard, or “plug-and-play,” concept means that other sensors can be easily
integrated into the structure. For instance, a sensor to detect oxygen levels or hazardous
gases can be integrated into a variation of the Smart Shirt that can be used by firefighters.
This information, along with vital signs, can be transmitted to the command center or fire
station where personnel can continuously monitor the firefighter‟s condition and provide
appropriate instructions, including ordering the individual to evacuate the scene, if
necessary [13].
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3.3 ECG shirt
The development of wearable monitoring systems is already having an effect on
healthcare in the form of “Telemedicine”. “The integration of high-technology into
textiles, e.g. modern communication or monitoring systems or the development of new
materials with new functions, has just started with timidity, but the branch already
propagates an enormous boom for this sector Personalized Health care The concept of
personalized healthcare empowers the individual with the management and assessment of
their own healthcare needs. Wearable devices allow physiological signals to be
continuously monitored during normal daily activities. This can overcome the problem of
infrequent clinical visits that can only provide a brief window into the physiological
status of the patient. Smart clothing serves an important role in remote monitoring of
chronically ill patients or those undergoing rehabilitation. It also promotes the concept of
preventative healthcare. Given the current world demographics there is a need to shift the
focus of healthcare delivery from treatment to prevention and also to promote wellness
monitoring rather than diagnosis of illness. SFIT for personal health monitoring, "so
called" intelligent biomedical clothing was initiated in the early. It is one of the most
important applications for SFIT wearable systems. The first promising results
(prototypes) have been achieved by few research teams in Europe and USA, following the
"application pull" approach. These prototypes incorporate mainly electrocardiogram and
respiration monitoring (and accessorily other physiological and physical parameters
depending on the targeted applications) by implementing strain fabric sensors and fabric
electrodes. Representative examples are e.g.:
o Wireless-enabled garment with embedded textile sensors for simultaneous acquisition and
continuous Monitoring of ECG, respiration, EMG, and physical activity. The “smart
cloth” embeds a strain fabric sensor based on piezo resistive yarns and fabric electrodes
realized with metal based yarns.
o Sensitized vest including fully woven textile sensors for ECG and respiratory frequency
detection and a Portable electronic board for motion assessment, signal pre-processing,
and Bluetooth connection for data Transmission.
o Wearable sensitized garment that measures human heart rhythm and respiration using a
three lead ECG shirt. The conductive fiber grid and sensors are fully integrated (knitted)
in the garment (Smart Shirt).
Figure 8. shirt for measuring rehabilitation
The Smart Wear Research Center, developed textile-based ECG electrodes using
embroidery. Stainless steel yarns were used to embroider electrodes the embroidered
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electrodes were attached to knitted shirts with spandex content from 0% to 7% to
examine the effect of fabric elasticity on ECG monitoring and on wearer‟s comfort
[14].
Figure 9. ECG shirt with embroidered electrodes
3.4 The Musical Jacket, developed at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
Media Laboratory from a Levi‟s denim jacket, incorporates an embroidered fabric keypad
with conducting fibers, a sewn conducting-fabric bus, a battery pack, a pair of commercial
speakers, and a miniature MIDI synthesizer pin.6 When the fabric keypad is touched, it
communicates through the fabric bus to the MIDI synthesizer, which generates notes. The
synthesizer sends audio to the speakers over the fabric bus, made from stainless steel
conductive fibers. The embroidered keypad and fabric bus allow the elimination of most of
the wires, connectors, and plastic inserts that would make the jacket stiff, heavy, and
uncomfortable. It allows a wearer with very little musical experience to play not only
different individual notes, but also to manipulate and control entire rhythmic tunes.[15]
3.5 MIT Media Lab, E-broidery project [16]:
Conductor lines were realized by embroidering metal fibers or weaving silk threads that were
wrapped in thin copper foil. The main drawback was the need for protection against shorting
and corrosion, as the conductive fibers are not insulated .
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Figure 10. E-broidery project MIT Media Lab,
4. CONCLUSION
A number of researches and developments conducted in areas such as advanced materials,
polymers, micro-electronics, computers and information technology. These are all done for
the development and advancement of new materials and better communication. Textiles are
also changing day by day. The hybridization of textiles and electronics brought changes in
the interactive textiles. The developing field of smart textiles could show a lot of new things
in all its applications. It has importance for medicine and healthcare, protective clothing„s, in
the casual clothing„s and lifesaving products.
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5. REFERNCE
1. Lieva Van Langenhove., and Carla Herleer ,2004, “smart clothing: A New Life”
International journal of clothing Science and technology, PP. 63-72.
2. Lan Po Tang S and Stylio G K, 2006, “An overview of smart technologies for
clothing design and engineering”, International Journal of cothing science and
technology, pp. 108
3. Gilsoo Cho, Smart Clothing: Technology and Applications, CRC press, PP. 2-5.
4. X.Tao (ed.), Smart Fibres, Fabrics and Clothing, Woodhead Publishing, Cambridge,
2001.
5. http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/20100042366_2010045164.pdf
accessed on 28/5/2013
6. Dr T Ramachandran, The Indian Textile Journal December 2008 issue LINK
http://www.indiantextilejournal.com accessed on 28/5/2013
7. L Shanmugasundaram, Smart & intelligent textiles, The Indian Textile Journal
February 2008 issue LINK http://www.indiantextilejournal.com accessed on
28/5/2013
8. Electronic Textiles: A new generation textiles, R. Kholiya & S. Jahan,pp. 67-71.
9. X M Tao (ed.), Wearable electronics and photonics, Woodhead publishing,
Cambridge, 2005
10. Henock Hunde Dadi , Literature over view of Smart textiles, University of Borås
LINK http://bada.hb.se accessed on 29/05/2013
11. Carl André Nørstebø, Intelligent Textiles, Soft Products,LINK
http://faculty.mu.edu.sa accessed on 29/05/2013.
12. E.R Post, Smart Fabric, or “Wearable Clothing”, www.lizarum.com as accessed on 18
Oct 2012.
13. S.Park and S.Jayaraman, Smart Textiles:Wearable Electronic Systems, pp. 585-590
14. Gilsoo Cho, Smart Clothing: Technology and Applications, PP. 5-6
15. Sungmee Park and Sundaresan Jayaraman, Smart Textiles: Wearable Electronic
Systems , MRS BULLETIN/AUGUST 2003, pp 505-507
16. CA Nørstebø , Intelligent Textiles, Soft Products, Norwegian University of Science
and Technology,PP 580-590
17. S WAGNER, Electrotextiles: Concepts and challenges, www.princeton.edu accessed
on 30/5/2013 LINK